Water Testing Tutorial_english

8/8/2019 Water Testing Tutorial_english

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TRAINING MANUAL&

TOOLKIT

NEERJAALA DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION INITIATIVE

A JOINT VENTURE BYDigita l Empowerment Found a tion (DEF)Glob a l Ra inwa ter Harvesting Co llec tive (GRWHC) &Dep artment o f Sc ienc e & Tec hnology (DST)


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WATER TESTING TUTORIAL/ GUIDELINES

Imp ortanc e o f Wate r as Resourc e

Wate r a nd fresh a ir a re th e una voida b le resource s for life. More tha n 90 p erce ntof hum a n bo d y is c om p osed of w a ter. But unfortunate ly, a va ilab le d rinkingwa te r a nd wa te r ta b le is shrinking a c ross the g lob e. The m a jor rea son fo r this a re:

1. Excess usage of underground water resource2. Deforestation3. Increasing population4. High industrial de velop me nt5. Pollut ion Explosion6. Clima te/ Environme nt c hang e7. High w ater dem and8. La c k of know led ge of w a ter rec ycling and judicious usag e

In de velop ing c ountry like Ind ia, p op ulation co mb ined w ith ind ustriald eve lop me nt is ha rd -pressing on w a ter de ma nd resulting in the shrinka ge ofwa te r tab le. This ta b le is shrinking even in the wa te r rich a rea s in Ind ia. The lowrainfa ll sta tes a re even wo rse h it. The shrinking wa te r tab le, ba d industria l wa stema na g em ent p ra c tices, imp rop er sa nitation a re m ostly resp onsible for thed ete riora ting drinking w a ter qua lity. The situa tion de ma nd s imm ed iate a ttent iona nd this p rob lem must b e ta c kled a t the sma llest p ossib le leve l.

ESSENTIA LS TO ENSURE GOOD DRINKING WATER QUALITY

The mo st e ssentia l req uirem ent to ensure g oo d q ua lity drinking wa ter a va ila b ilityto a ll is reg ular te sting of d rinking w a te r. These results must reside in the p ub licd om ain. One of the ac c ess po ints c an be internet d om ain. Neerja al p rovides thissolution b y exp osing pub lic d om a in, whic h ma kes a va ila b le wa ter qua lity rep ortsa nd va rious othe r informa tive rep orts b a sed on w a ter co llec ted from va rioussource s of w a ter a t the loc a lity leve l (Low er tha n villa g e leve l) in d ifferent p a rts ofIndia.

We ha ve from last few yea rs reg ula rly tra ining p eo p le in the villa g es on w a terte sting metho d s using wa te r te sting kits. We a lso fo llow BIS sta nd a rds fo r d rinkingwa ter, whe n we reco mm end wa ter qua lity as po rta ble or non-portab le.


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WATER TESTING METHODS

Wate r testing req uires the fo llow ing me c ha nism to b e follow ed :

1. Sa mp les c ollec tion2. Physic a l Test3. Biolo g ica l Test4. Che mic a l Test5. Rec ord Kee p ing - Data -form filling in p hysica l forma t

COLLECTION OF SAMPLES

First o f a ll, the testing te a m go es to the wa ter bo d y p resent in the vicinity toc ollec t sa mp le wa ter to b e tested . There c ould b e va rious source s viz. Ha ndp ump , Ope n Well, Ta nka [o r sa y unde rg round wa ter reservoir] et c .

Sam pling from Hand pum p

Ma terials Req uired1. Pa pe r a nd M atc h stic k2. A sa mp ling bo ttle3. A sticker la b el4. Sketc h Pen

Process

Burn a p iec e of p ap er and keep the flam e a t the mouth of the hand pump

a nd the w a ter pip e fo r few sec ond s. It kills the b a c teria p resent o n surfac e.

Burning mouth of hand pump Collecting water after cleaning Labeling sample taken

Op erate the ha nd p ump for 4-5 minutes Onc e w a ter strea m flows free ly, wa sh your hand s a nd the sa mp le b ottle

properly. Fill 80%-90% of the b ot tle with sa mp le wa te r. Lea ve som e sp a c e fo r oxygen to

a void killing the b ac teria of sam ple w ate r. Close the b ottle tightly. La b el the sa mp le bo ttle with source , loc a tion, d a te a nd time . Id ea lly, the

sa mp les nee d to b e tested within 12 hours sa mp ling.


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Sam pling from Tanka

Ma terials Req uired1. A buc ket2. Rope3. A Sa mp ling b ottle4. A sticker label5. Sketc h Pen

Process

Wash the b uc ket b efo re using it. Dip the b uc ket in the Ta nka 3-4 times b efo re d ra wing o ut the sa mp le wa ter.

Drawing water from Tanka Collecting water aftercleaning

Labeling sample taken

Wash your ha nd s a nd the sa mp le b ott le p rop erly. Fill 80%-90% of sa mp ling b ot tle with sa mp le wa te r from the b uc ket. Lea ve

som e spa c e for oxyge n to a void killing the b ac teria of sa mp le w a ter. Close the b ott le tightly. La b el the sa mp le bo ttle with source , loc a tion, d a te a nd time . Id ea lly, the

sa mp les nee d to b e tested within 12 hours sa mp ling.

Sam pling from Ope n Well

Ma terials Req uired1. A buc ket2. Rope3. A sa mp ling bo ttle4. Sticker Label5. Sketc h Pen

Process

Wash the b uc ket b efo re using it. Dip the b ucket in the o p en w ell 3-4 time s be fore d raw ing out the sam ple

water.


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Drawing water from Well Collecting water after

cleaning Labeling sample taken

Wash your ha nd s a nd the sa mp le b ott le p rop erly. Fill 80%-90% of sa mp ling b ot tle with sa mp le wa te r from the b uc ket. Lea ve

som e spa c e for oxyge n to avo id killing the b ac teria of sam ple w ate r. Close the b ottle tightly. La be l the sa mp le bo ttle with source, loca tion, da te a nd time . Ide ally, the

sa mp les nee d to b e t ested within 12 hours sa mp ling .

PHYSICAL TEST

Physica l test inc ludes:

1. Ta ste (Using yo ur tongue )2. Co lor (By loo king a t the c olor of wa ter)3. Od or (By sme lling the sa mp le wa ter)4. Tra nsp a ren c y / Turbidity (By loo king for the c larity o f wa te r)5. Tem p erature (me a sured using the rmo me ter)

Testing water color/ clarity Testing Turbidity Testing Odor


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CHEMIC AL TESTS (USING WATER TESTING KIT)

The wa te r Testing Kit be ing used for testing wa te rp urity c om es from Peo p le s Sc ienc e Institute ,Dehradun.

NOTE: - The kit should b e kept in a c oo l and d ry p la c e.

Components of the Wate r Testing Kit

Physica l Comp onent

The p hysic al c om pone nt co nsists of:

Sa mp le Co llec tion Bottles Distilled Wate r Bottle 50ml Bea ker Me a suring Cylind er 500ml Beaker 100 ml Co nic a l Flask 25 ml Test Tub es Test Tub e Sta nd Co li form Ba c te ria Bot tle

4-5 Syring es of 5ml ea c h Wire-net She et Sma ll Sp oon Thermo me ter Ta iloring t a p e Disp osa l Surgica l Ha nd Gloves Brea thing Ma sk Glasses


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Chemica l Comp onents

The c hem ica l co mp onents c onsist of:

Litmus Pa p er

Chlorid e Re-Ag ent A Chlorid e Re-Ag ent B Fluorid e Re-Ag ent A Tota l Ha rdness Re-Agent A Tota l Ha rdness Re-Ag ent B Tota l Ha rdness Re-Agent C Nitrate Re-Ag ent A Nitrate Re-Ag ent B Iron Re-Ag ent A Iron Re-Ag ent B Iron Re-Ag ent C Iron Re-Ag ent D Fec a l Co li form Med ia A Dissolved Oxygen Reagent A Dissolved Oxyge n Rea gen t B

Additional c omp onents

TDS Meter and Ph Meter Bucket and Gas Stove


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Ad ditional c om po nents c onsist of:

TDS Mete r PH Mete r Plastic Buc ket Kerosen e Sto ve

CHEMICAL TESTS

PH Test

(A) Test with Litmus Paper

Pour the sam p le w ate r in a b ea ker. Dip the Litmus Pa p er (provide d in the kit) in it fo r a sec ond . Ob serve the c ha ng e in co lor. Ma tc h the resultant c olor ag a inst a list of c olors

on th e p h c olor strip a nd note the num b er be sides it (provide d in the kit).

Dipping Litmus paper in water Matching with color strip

If the c olor cha ng es to a ny c olor (less tha n 7), the sa mp le w a ter is a c idic. If the c olor c hang es to any c olor (greate r than 7), the sa mp le wa ter is ac idic.

(B) Test with PH Testing Ma c hine

Pour the sam p le w ate r in a b ea ker. Dip the PH testing m a c hine in the sa mp le

water. Ta ke the rea d ing on the d igita l disp la y on the

machine. If the reading is less than 7, it is acidic.

If the rea d ing is g rea te r than 7, it is a lka line .

Testing PH with digital device

NOTE: -The p orta b le rang e of PH is b et we en 6.5 and 8.5.


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TDS (Tota l Dissolved Solids) TEST

Pour the sam p le w ate r in a b ea ker. Dip the TDS te sting m a c hine in the sa mp le

water. Ta ke the rea d ing on the d igita l d isp la y on

the mac hine. If the rea d ing is b etwe en 700 and 1000, it is

a b solutely p ota b le. A rea d ing up to 2000 isp ermissible to b e c onsid ered a s p ota b le.

NOTE: -The device reads 1/10 th of the actual reading, i.e. if the reading is 70 means TDS is 70 * 10 = 700.

Any rea d ing mo re tha n 2000 is non p ortab le.

Testing with the TDS meter

CHLORIDE TEST

Pou r the sa mp le wa te r in a m ea suring c ylinde r. Fill it up to 25 ml ma rk. Tra nsfer the sa mp le in a c onic a l fla sk. Sa mp le wo n t ha ve a ny c olor. Ad d 6 (six) d rop s of C hloride Re-Ag ent A into the sa mp le a nd sha ke the fla sk

ge ntly, while a d ding reag ent.

Taking 25ml water sample Adding chloride Reagent A Adding chloride Reagent B

The c olor o f solution turns lig ht yellow . Ta ke 5ml of Chlorid e Re-Ag ent B in a syringe a nd a d d it to the yellow solution

d rop b y d rop ; at the sa me time sha king the fla sk ge ntly until it turns red . If 5ml

of Re-Ag ent is not suffic ient , ad d mo re of Re-Ag ent B in the sa me wa y till thesolution b ec om es Red .

Multiply the to ta l ml of Re-Ag ent B co nsumed with 20 viz. 14ml X 20 = 280mg / lite r. The result shows the a mo unt o f chlorid e p resen t per liter of w a te r.


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TOTAL HARDNESS TEST

Ta ke 25ml of sa mp le wa ter into me a surem ent c ylind er. Tra nsfer the w a te r from me a suring c ylinde r to a c on ica l flask. Water is

c olorless. Ad d 1ml of Tota l Ha rd ness Re-Ag ent B with the help of sp oo n (p rovide d in the

kit) into the fla sk. Sha ke the fla sk ge ntly after ad d ing the rea ge nt.

Taking 25 ml Sample water Adding Reagent B Resulting Solution

Ad d 10 d rop s of Tota l Ha rd ness Re-Ag ent A to the solution. Ad d Tota l Ha rd ness Re-Ag ent C, d rop b y d rop while sha king the fla sk ge ntly,

till the c olor turns light b lue.

Adding Reagent A Adding Reagent C in drops Light blue solution attained

Multip ly the c onsume d Re-Ag ent C w ith 80 and the result show s a mo unt o fto ta l ha rdne ss in mg/ lite r viz. 3x80=240 mg/ lite r.

FLOURIDE TEST

Pour 25ml of sa mp le wa ter into me a surem ent c ylinder. Transfer the wa te r from me a suring c ylinde r to a te st tub e. Wate r is c olo rless. Ad d 30 drops (1.5ml) of Fluorid e Re-Ag ent into the test tub e.

Taking sample water Adding Fluoride reagent Possible colors


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Lea ve it for an ho ur (1 hr). The c olor turns lig ht ye llow . If the c olor sta ys yellow , the sa mp le is non-p ota b le a nd the Fluorid e leve l is

a round 3.5 mg/ liter. If the c olor cha ng es to lig ht p ink, then the sa mp le is p ota b le a nd the Fluorid e

leve l is a round 1.5mg / lite r.

NITRATE TEST

Pour 25ml of wa ter into m ea surem ent b ea ker Tra nsfer the w a te r from me a suring c ylinde r to a c on ica l flask. Water is

c olorless. Hea t it on low fla me (using sto ves or ga s b urner) till en tire sa mp le in the flask

evaporates.

Taking water sample Evaporating the sample water

Let the fla sk co ol off.

Adding Nitrate reagent A Measure and add 25 mldistilled water

Adding Nitrate reagent B

Ad d 20 d rop s of Nitra te Re-Ag ent A into the Flask. Ad d 25ml o f Distilled wa te r into the Flask. Ad d 3ml (60 drop s) of Nitra te Re-Ag ent B into the fla sk (drop -by-drop ). The c olor o f the mixture turns yellow . Ma tc h the c olor of solution w ith the g ree n c hart (given in the b oo klet) to find

out the Nitrate qua ntity.


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Resultingcolor

solutionSta nd a rd Nitra te C ha rt

If it me a sures till 10 mg / lite r, the wa te r is p orta b le. If mea surem ent g oe s a b ove 45 mg / liter, the sa mp le is non-p ota b le.

IRON TEST

Pour 25ml of wa ter into m ea surem ent b ea ker Tra nsfer the w a te r from me a suring c ylinde r to a c on ica l flask. Water is

c olorless. Ad d 1 mg (20 d rop s) of Iron-Re-Ag ent A a nd 0.5 mg (10 d rop s) of Iron Re-

Ag en t B into to fla sk. Hea t the solution on low flam e t ill 5 ml o f wa te r rem a ins in the Flask.

Taking Sample Adding Reagent A followed byreagent B

Heating the solution till 5 ml isleft in the flask

Ad d 5 ml (100 d rop s) of Iron Re-Ag ent C into the rem a ining 5 ml solution d ropby drop.

Ad d 2 ml (40 drop s) of Iron Re-Ag ent D into the solution with the help ofsyringe, d rop b y drop .

Ad d 15ml (40 drop s) of Distilled Water into the flask.


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Adding Reagent C Adding Reagent D Adding 15 ml distilled

water

Sha ke the flask swiftly and let it rest fo r 15 minutes. Ob serve the c ha nge of c olor of the resulting solution. The c olor ma y cha ng e. Ma tc h the c olor of solution w ith the Sta nd a rd C olor Chart of Iron to find out

the a pp rop riate Iron q uantity.

If it me a sures till 0.7 mg/ lite r, the wa te r is p ota b le. If mea surem ent g oe s a b ove 0.7, the w a ter is non-p ota b le.

BACTERIA L OR COLIFORM TEST

Pour 50ml of sa mp le wa ter into me a suring c ylinder. Pou r 50 ml of C oli form M ed ia to the Co li form Testing Bot tle. Ad d sa mp le wa te r to the Co li form Testing Bot tle. The solution w ould turn Pink. Lea ve the solution fo r 12 hours a round 30*C to 37*C. Ob serve the c hang e in co lor. If the solution tu rns Yellow, the n the b a c te rial presenc e is mo re tha n 10

mg / liter and it ind ic ate s that the sam ple is non-pota ble. If the solution rem a ins Pink, it me a ns no b a c te rial presenc e a nd the n it is sa fe

to d rink and p otab le


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RECORD KEEPING - DATA FORM FILLING IN PHYSICAL FORMAT

Rec ord keep ing ha s to b e d one b y filling the form format p rovided by theimplementer.

GENERAL INSTRUCTIO NS

The p la c e imm ed ia tely surround ing the Ha nd p ump , Ta nka, or Well should b ekept c lea n to a void see p a ge a nd othe r ailme nts. This is just a g ene ra l hyg ienicp ra c tice b ut it must b e d rilled into the c om mo n villa g e fo lks to ensure sa fed rinking wa ter for them .


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For mo re Information

ContactDigita l Emp ow ermen t Found a tion

3 rd Floo r, 44, Ka lu Sa raiNea r Naraya na IIT Ac a d em y

New Delhi 110016Email: d efindia@g ma il.c om , nee rja a l@d efindia.net
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]

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Water Testing Tutorial_english