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www.efc.sog.unc.edu Shadi Eskaf Environmental Finance Center University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 919-962-2785 [email protected] Water System Revenues

Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

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Page 1: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

www.efc.sog.unc.edu

Shadi Eskaf

Environmental Finance Center

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

919-962-2785

[email protected]

Water System Revenues

mailto:[email protected]
Page 2: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

www.efc.sog.unc.edu

Page 3: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

www.efc.sog.unc.edu

• Understand how to pay for the costs of

running your water system

• Look more closely at your rates

Session Objectives

Page 4: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

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Systems Love Low Rates, but...

“Once again, the [City’s] Water

Department proved to have some of the

lowest water and sewage rates in the

state.”

Page 5: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

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Do these rates send the right signals to

our customers, based on our objectives?

Will it provide sufficient cost recovery?

Are we allocating the costs to the

right customers?

What exactly does this include?

Will our customers understand these

rates?

Will our customers be able to pay these rates?

Are we following the

applicable laws? Will revenues be

resilient to changing water demands?

Page 6: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

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• Prices cover full “costs” of service

• Prices send and reinforce strategic messages

• Prices follow State’s laws and policies

• Beneficiaries pay for their benefits

• Ability to pay is recognized and addressed

• Simple

“Ideal” Pricing Has Several Characteristics Sometimes Those Characteristics Conflict

Page 7: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

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• Operations & maintenance expenditures

• Taxes and accounting costs

• Contingencies for emergencies

• Principal and interest on long-term debt

• Reserves for capital improvement

• Source water protection

“Full Cost Pricing”

Page 8: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

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Determining Your Financial Needs

• Your current O&M costs

• Your current and future debt service

• Your planned capital projects

• Your rainy day fund in case of budget shortfalls

Page 9: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

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Determining Financial Need

• Start with your current budgets. How have they changed over time? What is the cost per customer?

• Then include any known future expenses

• Remember inflation, changes in customer levels, etc.

Page 10: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

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Things to Watch Out For

• Do you have good detail on your O&M costs?

• Is your capital planning complete? Realistic?

• What is your goal for your utility

Page 11: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

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• Pay as you go (current receipts)

• Save in advance and pay

• Pay later (someone loans you money)

• Grants (let someone else pay)

Ways To Pay

Page 12: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

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• Pay as you go (current receipts)

• Save in advance and pay

• Pay later (someone loans you money)

• Grants (let someone else pay)

The Main Source: Your Revenue

Page 13: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

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• Rates

• Period charges

• Assessments

• One-time fees

• Innovative funding sources (services)

• Debt

Types of Revenue

Page 14: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

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• What type of rates and monthly charges

to you levy?

– Charges based on metered usage?

– Flat monthly charges?

– Something else?

– Nothing?

Rates & Monthly Charges

Page 15: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

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Town of Jacksonville

Page 16: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

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Designing Rate Structures That

Support Your Objectives

Available at: http://efc.sog.unc.edu/

Free guide written for system managers

http://efc.sog.unc.edu/
http://efc.sog.unc.edu/
http://efc.sog.unc.edu/
Page 17: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

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Rank Your Rate Setting Objectives

1. ________

2. ________

3. ________

4. ________

Full cost recovery/ revenue stability

Encouraging conservation

Fostering business-friendly

practices

Maintaining affordability

(keeping rates low – to whom?)

Refer to this list and focus on the highest ranked objectives when following the guidelines for selecting the appropriate rate structure design.

Page 18: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

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What are your rate setting

objectives?

With others from your system,

fill out page 1 of the exercise

Page 19: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

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1. Customer classes/distinction

2. Billing period

3. Base charge

4. Consumption allowance included with base charge

5. Volumetric rate structure

6. (If applicable) Number of blocks, block sizes and

rate differentials

7. (Optional) Drought Rates

8. Frequency of rate changes

Elements of Rate Structure Designs

Page 20: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

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• One rate structure for all

Target: All are equal

Customer Classes/Distinctions

Page 21: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

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• Different rates for customers outside

municipal limits/service area

boundaries

Target: “Outside” customers

Customer Classes/Distinctions

Page 22: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

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#2 Mount Pleasant

Page 23: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

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• Separate rate structure for residential,

irrigation, commercial, industrial,

governmental, or wholesale customers

Target: Specific type of customers

Customer Classes/Distinctions

Page 24: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

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#3 City of Stockbridge

Page 25: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

www.efc.sog.unc.edu

• One rate structure, but with different

base charges based on meter size

Target: Non-residential or multi-family

housing

Customer Classes/Distinctions

Page 26: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

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#2 Mount Pleasant

Page 27: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

www.efc.sog.unc.edu

#3 City of Stockbridge

Page 28: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

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• One rate structure for all, but with

blocks that implicitly only target non-

residential use

Target: Non-residential

Customer Classes/Distinctions

Page 29: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

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#4 Union Point

Page 30: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

www.efc.sog.unc.edu

• Negotiated rate structure with individual

high-use customers (typically an

industrial customer)

Target: Only one customer

Use with caution

Customer Classes/Distinctions

Page 31: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

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Mark your Customer Classes on

your exercise sheet

Page 32: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

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Billing Period

More Frequently Less Frequently (e.g.: Monthly) (e.g.: Quarterly)

Suggestion: Use a monthly billing period if you can afford it

Page 33: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

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Mark your Billing Period on your

exercise sheet

Page 34: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

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Base Charges

High Base Charge

Low Base Charge

Suggestion: Smaller utilities

should lean towards higher base charges

Page 35: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

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Mark your Base Charge on your

exercise sheet

Page 36: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

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Consumption Allowance

with Base Charge

Do not Include some Include high include any amount amount (0 gallons) (e.g. 1,000 gal/mo) (e.g. 3,000 gal/mo)

Suggestion: For systems with low base charges, do not include any consumption allowance. For systems with high

base charges but wish to encourage conservation, keep consumption allowance low, if any.

Page 37: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

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Mark your Consumption

Included in the Base Charge on

your exercise sheet

Page 38: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

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• Fair and simple

Volumetric Rate Structure Uniform (“Flat”) Rates

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Consumption (GPM) P

rice

($

/10

00

gal

lon

s)

5 4 3 2 1 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Consumption (GPM)

Mo

nth

ly B

ill (

$)

Page 39: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

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#2 Mount Pleasant

Page 40: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

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• Conservation-

oriented, good for

seasonal

communities

Volumetric Rate Structure Seasonal (Uniform) Rates

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Consumption (GPM) P

rice

($

/10

00

gal

lon

s)

5 4 3 2 1 0

Winter

Summer

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Consumption (GPM)

Mo

nth

ly B

ill (

$)

Summer

Winter

Page 41: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

www.efc.sog.unc.edu

#6 Perquimans County

Page 42: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

www.efc.sog.unc.edu

• Conservation-

oriented

• Lifeline rates for

low consumption

Volumetric Rate Structure Increasing Block Rates

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Consumption (GPM) P

rice

($

/10

00

gal

lon

s)

5 4 3 2 1 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Consumption (GPM)

Mo

nth

ly B

ill (

$)

Page 43: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

www.efc.sog.unc.edu

#3 City of Stockbridge

Page 44: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

www.efc.sog.unc.edu

• Provide price

break for large

users (e.g.:

industrial)

• Do not use for

residential

Volumetric Rate Structure Decreasing Block Rates

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Consumption (GPM) P

rice

($

/10

00

gal

lon

s)

5 4 3 2 1 0

Mo

nth

ly B

ill (

$)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Consumption (GPM)

Page 45: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

www.efc.sog.unc.edu

#4 Union Point

Page 46: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

www.efc.sog.unc.edu

Mark your Rate Structure on

your exercise sheet

Page 47: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

www.efc.sog.unc.edu

For block rate structures to be effective:

• Decide on the correct number of blocks

• Decide on where the blocks should

end/start

• Set significant rate differentials between

blocks

(If Applicable) Block Designs

Page 48: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

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For block rate structures to be effective:

• Keep in mind your base charge and

consumption allowance

• Meter reading must be punctual, and

meters must be replaced frequently

• Think about large families

(If Applicable) Block Designs

Page 49: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

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#5 – Too Many Blocks!

Page 50: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

www.efc.sog.unc.edu

If you have block rates, mark

your Number of Blocks on your

exercise sheet

Page 51: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

www.efc.sog.unc.edu

• Prepare for drought in advance: create

an ordinance in advance to give the

utility the ability to raise rates

temporarily during a water shortage

scenario (sometimes called “drought

surcharges”).

(Optional) Drought Rates

Page 52: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

www.efc.sog.unc.edu

#7 Lake Egypt Water District

Page 53: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

www.efc.sog.unc.edu

Mark whether your have

Drought Rates on your exercise

sheet

Page 54: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

www.efc.sog.unc.edu

Source: Fayetteville Observer 2/6/04

Page 55: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

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• Always review your rates annually (recommended)

• Review your financial health indicators annually, and then review your rates if any of the indicators reflect poor financing

• If having difficulty analyzing and raising rates, consider an ordinance that automatically raises rates based on inflation in years in between rate studies as a minimum (though NOT ideal)

Frequency of Rate Changes

Page 56: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

www.efc.sog.unc.edu

#8 Village of Richmond

Page 57: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

www.efc.sog.unc.edu

Mark your Frequency of Rate

Review on your exercise sheet

Page 58: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

www.efc.sog.unc.edu

Important: Avoid maintaining low rates at

the expense of your utility’s financial

health. It will either lead to a sudden,

massive rate increase in the future or to

failing systems and endangering public

health.

Page 59: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

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Scenario: Rural Water Utility With Naturally High Costs and Excess Capacity, Wants to Maintain Affordability

1. Customer class: possible create separate residential class.

2. Billing period: use monthly.

3. Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to high volume users.

4. Consumption allowance: if including, set at a lifeline amount (~2,000 gallons/month).

5. Volumetric rate structure: probably use uniform

6. (If applicable) Block design: if using, first block at least 4,000 gallons/month, depending on your customers’ consumption.

7. (Optional) Temporal adjustments: none.

8. Frequency of rate changes: annual.

Page 60: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

www.efc.sog.unc.edu

Look at your rate setting

objectives. Look at your rate

structure. Do they line up?

What changes do you want to

consider?

Page 61: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

www.efc.sog.unc.edu

A Quick Aside on

Increasing Rates

Page 62: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

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How Rates and Usage Interact Set rates based on projected water use

Raising rates lowers water use

Rule of thumb: water use declines ~2-5% as rates increase 10%

Page 63: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

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Guidebooks on Setting Rates/Financial Planning

http://www.epa.gov/safewater/smallsystems http://www.awwa.org

http://www.epa.gov/ogwdw/smallsystems/pdfs/guide_smallsystems_final_ratesetting_guide.pdf

http://www.epa.gov/safewater/smallsystems
http://www.awwa.org/
http://www.epa.gov/ogwdw/smallsystems/pdfs/guide_smallsystems_final_ratesetting_guide.pdf
Page 64: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

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EFC’s Water & Sewer Rates Analysis Model http://efc.sog.unc.edu/ Find it in Resources / Tools

Free, simplified Excel tool allowing you to model and compare two rate

structures on your projected fund balance

Funded by NC

DENR Public

Water Supply

Section

http://efc.sog.unc.edu/
http://efc.sog.unc.edu/
Page 65: Water System Revenues · Base charge: if majority of customers use little water, charge fair base charge and include allowance. Otherwise, low base charge, and shift high rates to

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EFC Resources for Water Systems to Help with Rate Setting

• Guidebooks on designing appropriate rate structures based on utility objectives

• Do-it-yourself tools in Excel to allow you to analyze your rates and try out scenarios

• Benchmarking rates and financial performance (Rates Dashboard) • Documents that provide information and data on NC rates, tap & impact

fees, financial practices, etc. • Capital planning reference guide • Trainings and workshops • Direct assistance • Weekly blog posts on related financial and managerial issues • And more…

http://efc.sog.unc.edu

http://efc.sog.unc.edu/

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