ARMY TM 5-813-4AIR FORCE AFM 88-10, VOL. 4

WATER SUPPLY, WATER STORAGE

DEPARTMENTS OF THE ARMY AND T H E A I R F O R C E

20 SEPTEMBER 1985

This manual has been preparedby or for the Government and ispublic property and not subjectto copyright.

Reprints or republications ofthis manual should include acredit substantially as follows:“Joint Departments of theArmy and Air Force USA, Tech-nical Manual TM 5-813-4/AFM88-10, Volume 4, Water Supply,Water Storage.

TECHNICAL MANUAL

No. 5-813-4AIR FORCE MANUAL

No. 88-10, VOLUME 4

CHAPTER

APPENDIX

1.

2.

3.

4.

A.

BIBIOLO-

GRAPHY B .

FIGURE 1-1.

2-.

2-.

HEADQUARTERSDEPARTMENTS OF THE ARMY

ANDTHE AIR FORCE

WASHINGTON , DC, 20 September 1985

WATER SUPPLY, WATER STORAGE

GENERAL Paragraph

1-11-2

TYPES OF STORAGE2-12-22-3

DETERMINATION OF CAPACITY REQUIREMENTS3-13-23-3

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF WATERSTORAGE FACILITIES

4-14-24-34-44-5

REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

TYPICAL DESIGN EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ����Ôñ}

FIGURES

1-11-1

2-12-12-1

3-13-23-2

4-14-14-14-14-1A-1

B-1

1-3

2-2

2-3

*This manual supersedes TM 5-813-4/AFM 88-10, Chap. 4, 2 July 1958.

i

CHAPTER 1

GENERAL

1-1. PurposeThis manual provides design criteria for water

storage requirements at military facilities, gives atypical design analysis for tanks and reservoirs,and provides guidance on the procedures to be fol-lowed in selecting sites for such storage works.The manual covers requirements for treated waterstorage in the distribution system, but not thestorage requirements for raw water supplies orfire deluge systems. This manual is applicable toall elements of the Army and Air Force planningand designing water storage facilities at fixed in-stallations.

1-2. Objectives of Storagea. Flow requirements. Storage should meet peak

flow requirements, equalize system pressures, andprovide emergency water supply. The water supplysystem must provide flows of water sufficient inquantity to meet all points of demand in the distri-bution system. To do so, the source must producethe required quantity and quality, pressure levelswithin the distribution system must be highenough to provide suitable pressure, and water dis-tribution mains must be large enough to carrythese flows. It is usually inefficient and uneco-nomical to construct the treatment plant andpumping stations sufficiently large to meet thelargest anticipated water demands. A water treat-ment plant is less efficient if flow rates throughthe plant are rapidly varied. Water storage facili-ties are constructed within a distribution networkto meet the peak flow requirements exerted on thesystem and to provide emergency storage.

b. Cost. At times it is desirable to know the costof constructing water storage for fire protection. Insuch cases only the actual fire flow for the fireperiod will be used in establishing the proportion-ate share of the total cost of storage. Cost of thatportion of the storage required for concurrent do-mestic, industrial, or special demands that cannotbe curtailed during the fire period will not becharged to fire protection.

c. Meeting peak flow requirements. Water supplysystems must be designed to satisfy maximum an-ticipated water demands. The peak demands usu-ally occur on hot, dry, summer days when largerthan normal amounts of water are used for water-ing lawns and washing vehicles and equipment. Inaddition, most industrial processes, especially

those requiring supplies of cooling water, experi-ence greater evaporation on hot days, thus requir-ing more water. The water treatment plant canoperate at a relatively uniform rate throughoutthe day of maximum demand if enough storage isavailable to handle variations in water use. Thenecessary storage can be provided in elevated,ground, or a combination of both types of storage.

d. Distribution system pressures.(1) System pressure requirements.

(a) Minimum pressures. Water distributionsystem, including pumping facilities and storagetanks or reservoirs, should be designed so thatwater pressures of at least 40 lb/in2 at groundlevel will be maintained at all points in thesystem, including the highest ground elevations inthe service area. Minimum pressures of 30 lb/in2,under peak domestic flow conditions, can be toler-ated in small areas as long as all peak flow re-quirements can be satisfied. During firefightingflows, water pressures should not fall below 20 lb/in2 at the hydrants, in new systems. This require-ment does not constitute justification for changingexisting storage facilities solely for the purpose ofincreasing residual pressures to 20 psi. Refer toTM 5-813-6/AFM 88-10, Vol. 6 for additionalguidance on minimum residual pressures for fireflow.

(b) Maximum pressure. Maximum waterpressures in distribution mains and service linesshould not normally exceed 75 lb/in2 at groundelevation. Static pressures up to 100 lb/in2 can betolerated in distribution systems in small, low-lying areas. Higher pressures require pressure re-ducing valves on feeder mains or individual serv-ice lines to restrict maximum service pressures to75 lb/in2.

(c) Multiple pressure levels. If an extensivearea has pressures higher than 75 lb/in2 or lowerthan 40 lb/in2 under a single pressure level config-uration, it may be appropriate to divide the systeminto two or more separate areas, each having dif-ferent pressure levels. Within each level, pressureswithin the distribution system should range from40 to 75 lb/in2 at ground elevation.

(2) Pressure distribution with elevated storage.

(a) Elevated storage within the distributionsystem permits distribution pumps at the treat-ment plant to operate at uniform rates.

1-1

(b) The usefulness of elevated storage isshown in figure 1-1. The system illustrated infigure 1-1 (A) (withoutstorage at the plantsystem demand rates intion rate, assuming the

elevated storage) requiressufficient to provide forexcess of the plant produc-plant is operated at a uni-

form rate. The pump station forces water into theservice main, through which it is carried to threeload areas: A, B, and C. Since all loads on thesystem are met without the use of elevated stor-age, the pump station must be capable of supply-ing the peak rates of water use to Areas A, B, andC, simultaneously, while maintaining the waterpressure to Area C at a sufficient level. The mini-mum recommended pressure in the distributionsystem under peak nonemergency flow conditionsis 40 lb/in2. Figure l-l(B) assumes the construc-tion of an elevated storage tank on the servicemain between Areas B and C, with peak loads inArea C and part of the peak load in Area B beingsatisfied from this tank. The elevation of the tankensures adequate pressures within the system. Thestorage in the tank is replenished when water de-mands are low and the pump station can fill thetank while still meeting all flow and pressure re-quirements in the system. The figure 1-1 (B) ar-rangement reduces required capacity of the distri-bution pumps.

(c) Most elevated storagethe distribution system. That is,

tanks “float” onthe elevated tank

is hydraulically connected to the distributionsystem, and the volume of water in the tank tendsto maintain system pressures at a uniform level.When water use is high and pumping facilitiescannot maintain adequate pressures, water is dis-charged from elevated tanks. Conversely, whenwater use is low, the pumps, which operate withina reasonably uniform head-capacity range, supplyexcess water to the system and the elevated stor-age is refilled.

e. Provision of emergency water supplies.(1) Firefighting flows. This demand can occur

at any time, but may well coincide with otherlarge water demands on the system. Necessaryflows for firefighting purposes are as given in TM5-813-6/AFM 88-10, Vol. 6, and TM 5-813-7/AFM88-10, Vol. 7. Storage and distribution facilitieswill include capacity for required firefighting flowsat adequate pressures at any point of the installa-tion.

(2) Other emergencies. Water storage must pro-vide an emergency supply of water in the eventthe water treatment plant, distribution pumps, or

. .a principal transmission main is out of service.The amount of emergency storage required de-pends on the reliability of the system and theextent of other safeguards incorporated into thesystem, i.e., finished water interconnections with amunicipality (for either normal or emergency use).

1 - 2

I

(B) WATER FLOWS AND PRESSURES WITH ELEVATED

WATERPRESSURE

WATER

STORAGE

1-3

TYPES OF

2-1. GeneralRequired storage capacity at military installationsis met by use of elevated or ground storage. Ele-vated storage, feeds the water distribution systemby gravity flow. Storage which must be pumpedinto the system is generally in ground storagetanks. Clearwell storage, which is usually part of awater treatment plant, is not included in comput-ing storage unless sufficient firm pumping capac-ity is provided to assure that the storage can beutilized under emergency conditions, and thenonly to the extent of storage in excess of the 24-hour requirements of the treatment plant. Clear-well storage is used to supply peak water demandrates in excess of the production rate, and to pro-vide a reservoir for plant use, filter backwashsupply, and water supply to the system for shortperiods when plant production is stopped becauseof failure or replacement of some component orunit of treatment.

2-2. Ground Storage

a. General. Ground storage is usually located—remote from the treatment plant but within thedistribution system. Ground storage is used toreduce treatment plant peak production rates andalso as a source of supply for repumping to ahigher pressure level. Such storage for repumpingis common in distribution systems covering a largearea, because the outlying service areas arebeyond the range of the primary pumping facili-ties.

b. Type. Ground storage tanks or reservoirs,below ground, partially below ground, or con-structed above ground level in the distributionsystem, may be accompanied by pump stations ifnot built at elevations providing the requiredsystem pressure by gravity. However, if the ter-rain permits, this design location of ground tanksat elevation sufficient for gravity flow is preferred.Concrete reservoirs are generally built no deeperthan 20-25 feet below ground surface. If rock ispresent, it is usually economical to construct thestorage facility above the rock level. In a singlepressure level systems, ground storage tanksshould be located in the areas having the lowestsystem pressures during periods of high water use.In multiple pressure level systems, ground storagetanks are usually located at the interface betweenpressure zones with water from the lower pressure

STORAGE

zones filling the tanks and being passed to higherpressure zones through adjacent pump stations.

2-3. Elevated Storage

a. General. Elevated storage is provided withindistribution system to supply peak demand ratesand equalize system pressures. In general, elevatedstorage is more effective and economical thanground storage because of the reduced pumping re-quirements, and the storage can also serve as asource of emergency supply since system pressurerequirements can still be met temporarily whenpumps are out of service.

b. Type. The most common types of elevatedstorage are elevated steel tanks, and standpipes.An example of a conventional elevated steel tankis given in figure 2–1. In recent years, elevatedtanks supported by single pedestals, such as shownin figure 2–2, have been constructed where esthet-ic considerations are an important part of thedesign process. (See American Water Works Asso-ciation D100, Standard for Welded Steel Tanks forWater Storage (app A).)

c. Standpipe. A standpipe is a tall cylindricaltank normally constructed of steel or reinforcedconcrete. Only the portion of the storage volume ofa standpipe that meets the requirements of dbelow is considered useful storage for pressureequalization purposes. The lower portion of thestorage acts to support the useful storage and toprovide a source of emergency water supply.

d. Elevated storage. Elevated storage tanksshould be located in the areas having the lowestsystem pressures during intervals of high wateruse to be effective in maintaining adequate systempressures and flows during periods of peak waterdemand. These are those of greatest water demandor those farthest from pump stations. Elevatedtanks are generally located at some distance fromthe pump station(s) serving a distribution pressurelevel, but not outside the boundaries of the servicearea, unless the facility can be placed on a nearbyhill. Additional considerations for siting of elevat-ed storage are conditions of terrain, suitability ofsubsurface soil and/or rock for foundation pur-poses, and hazards to low-flying aircraft. Elevatedtanks are built on the highest available ground, upto static pressures of 75 lb/in 2 in the system, so asto minimize the required construction cost andheights.

2-1

R /SER

2-2

ACCESS

s’

u

RINGS

PIPE

ELEVATED STORAGE TANK

(ALTERNATIVE DESIGN)

2 - 3

CHAPTER 3

DETERMINATION OF CAPACITY REQUIREMENTS

3-1. Total Storage RequirementsThe amount of water storage provided will con-form to the requirements set forth herein. Requestfor waivers to depart from these requirements willbe forwarded to HQDA (DAEN-ECE-G) WASH DC20314 for Army projects and to HQ USAF/LEEEUWASH DC 20332 for Air Force projects.

a. All military installations. In general, totalstorage capacity, including elevated and groundstorage, will be provided in an amount not lessthan the greatest of the following items (para. 3-2).

Item 1: Fifty percent of the averagetotal daily domestic requirements plus allindustrial requirements. This will provideminimum operational storage needed tobalance average daily peak demands onthe system and to provide an emergencysupply to accommodate essential waterneeds during minor supply outages of upto a one-day duration. For the purposes ofthis item, essential water needs do not in-clude the fire demand.

Item 2: The fire demand. The firedemand is the required fire flow needed tofight a fire in the facility (including waterrequired to support fire suppression sys-tems) which constitutes the largest re-quirement for any facility served by thewater supply system (calculated IAW TM5-813-6/AFM 88-10, Vol. 6); plus 50 per-cent of the average domestic demand rateplus any industrial or other demand thatcannot be reduced during a fire period.This amount will be reduced by theamount of water available under emer-gency conditions during the period of thefire (TM 5-813-l/AFM 88-10, Vol. 1).

NOTE

The fire demand quantity must be main-tained in storage for fire protection at alltimes except following a fire fighting opera-tion when the fire demand quantity wouldbe depleted. It is recognized that duringdaily periods of peak consumption due toseasonal demands, the amount of water instorage will be less than full storage ca-pacity; however, conservation methodswill be instituted to prevent drawdown of

water in storage below the fire demandquantity. Water storage greater than theamount determined by the largest ofItems 1, 2, or 3 may be required becauseof appropriate adjustments for emergencywater quantity or other applicable factors;however, this must be substantiated byactual data on a repeated annual basisdocumenting the low storage levels occur-ring during normal peak demand.

Item 3: The sum of Items 1 and 2above, that is, the sum of fifty percent ofthe average total daily domestic require-ments, all industrial requirements for anaverage day which cannot be shut offduring emergency conditions, and the re-quired fire demand. The sum of the aboveitems will be reduced by the amount ofwater available in 24 hours under emer-gency conditions. This will provide maxi-mum storage where emergency watersupply is a minimum over a 24-hourperiod or a supply main outage would sig-nificantly affect overall supply conditions.The most economical alternative for meet-ing the water storage requirements willbe selected in all cases. Installation of ad-ditional emergency pumping facilities, ad-ditional water supply connections, drillingadditional wells or other modifications tothe water system which will be more costeffective than increasing storage capacitywill be developed.

b. Special considerations. The amount of storagerequired for plant and special projects will bebased on industrial, domestic, and fire-protectionrequirements. Each project will be considered onthe basis of specific need. Hospital storage facili-ties will be designed in accordance with the latestedition of the Joint Commission AccreditationManual for Hospitals, American Hospital Associa-tion.

c. Amount of water available under emergencyconditions.

(1) The amount of water available under emer-gency conditions is considered to be that availablefrom auxiliary-powered pumps during electric-cur-rent outage, from electric-motor-driven pumpswith the largest pump out of service, from one ormore supply mains with the main of greatest ca-

3-1

pacity out of service, or from the water-treatmentplant with one filter out of service. Normally thecapacity of the clearwell storage at the treatmentplant will not be considered part of the requiredstorage.

(2) Where the water supply is obtained fromwells, all of which are equipped with standbypower and located within the distribution system,the emergency supply will be considered as thequantity available from all but one of the wells.Where one well has a capacity greater than theothers, that one will be assumed out of service.Where only 50 percent of the wells have standbypower, the emergency supply will reconsidered asthe quantity available from the wells havingstandby power.

(3) Where the project is supplied from a de-pendable existing source, such as a municipalsystem with adequate storage and standby facili-ties, through supply lines not subject to damage byfloods, high pressure, or other unusual conditions,the amount of water available under emergencyconditions is that obtainable with the largest con-nection inoperative.

(4) Where the supply is delivered through asingle supply main, the maximum amount of stor-age as determined in paragraph 3-la will be pro-vided.

(5) Where the peak demand for water is avail-able at adequate residual pressure through two ormore lines while the line having the greatest ca-pacity is out of service, no storage will be required.

(6) Where the peak demand for water is avail-able through two or more lines but is not availableif the line having the greatest capacity is out ofservice, storage will be required. The quantity ofwater available under emergency conditions withthe line of greatest capacity out of service will beconsidered in calculating the amount of storage re-quired.

d. Irrigation requirements. Where irrigation re-quirements, are justified in arid or semi-arid re-gions, such irrigation quantities will be included asan industrial requirement of Items 1, 2, and 3 ofsubparagraph 3-la and not as a domestic require-ment. Water requirements may be increased abovethose indicated in TM 5-630 for Army installationsprovided that the increased rates can be substanti-ated by a local or regional Soil Conservation Serv-ice or recognized local authority as the minimum

rate to sustain lawn-type turf. Irrigation require-ments for Air Force installations should be sub-stantiated by a local or regional Soil ConservationService or recognized local authority as the mini-mum rate to sustain lawn-type turf.

3-2. Elevated Storage CapacityThe total elevated storage capacity at all militaryinstallations, except plant and special projects,should not be less than the amount determined inparagraph 3-la Item 2, nor less than 50 percent ofthe total required storage, unless special condi-tions prevail which would negate the need for suchstorage. For projects with design populations of10,000 or less, consideration will be given to pro-viding all elevated storage where the storage willresult in an economical and reliable system. Forprojects such as storage depots or aircraft hangerswith deluge sprinkler systems, ground storage res-ervoirs with booster pumps will generally be themore economical method of supplying large vol-umes of water for fire protection. Elevated tankswill normally be provided for initial sprinklerdemand in storage warehouses. Water storage canbe most economically provided by constructingground storage reservoirs on high ground. Howev-er, in the absence of suitable terrain, elevatedtanks will be required.

3-3. Economic Analysesa. General. Economic analyses of storage re-

quirements could guide decisions on the imple-menting or postponing of expenditures for newtransmission mains, the constructing of boosterpumping facilities to increase transmission maincapacities instead of adding new mains, the in-creasing of the quantity of storage within a distri-bution system, and the providing of elevated stor-age or ground storage with booster pumping facili-ties.

b. Distribution storage. Distribution storage is in-tended to meet peak flow requirements or emer-gency needs, maintain system pressures, and thusreduce the required capacities of the treatmentplant and pump stations. The design of storage fa-cilities, in accordance with paragraphs 3-1 and 3–2, will be determined by feasibility studies whichtake into account all engineering, economic,energy, and environmental factors. Analysis willbe in accordance with AFR 178-1 for Air Forceprojects and AR 11-28 for Army projects.

3 - 2

CHAPTER 4

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF WATER STORAGE FACILITIES

4-1. Reservoir CoversAll treated water reservoirs must be covered toprevent contamination by dust, birds, leaves, andinsects. These covers will be, insofar as possible,watertight at all locations except vent openings.Special attention should be directed towardmaking all doors and manholes watertight. Ventopenings must be protected to prevent the entry ofbirds and insects; and vent screens should be keptfree of ice or debris so that air can enter or leavethe reservoir area as temperature and water levelsvary. All overflows or other drain lines must bedesigned so as to eliminate the possibility of floodwaters or other contamination entering the reser-voir. Reservoir covers also protect the stored waterfrom sunlight, thus inhibiting the growth of algae.Further prevention of algae growth or bacterialcontamination, due to the depletion of the chlorineresidual, can be obtained by maintaining sufficientflow through the reservoir so that water in thereservoir does not become stagnant. Minimal flowsthrough the reservoir also help to prevent icebuildup during cold periods.

4-2. Altitude ValvesAll storage tanks will be provided with altitudevalves to prevent overflows. These altitude valveswill be installed in concrete pits having provisionfor draining either by gravity or pumping. Drainswill not be connected to sanitary sewers. Everyprecaution will be taken to prevent the collectionof water from any source in valve pits.

4-3. Instrumentation and ControlStorage measurements are used for monitoring, in-ventory, and system controls. Elevated and groundstorage measurements will be made by pressuresensitive instruments directly connected by staticpressure lines at points of no flow. Undergroundstorage measurements will be made by air bubblerback pressure sensitive instruments or by float ac-

tuated instruments. The direct pressure measure-ments of elevated tanks will be suppressed to read-out only the water depth in the elevated bowl.High and low level pressure sensitive switches willbe used for alarm status monitoring and for pumpcut-off controls. Intermediate level switches, pres-sure or float actuated, will be used for normalpump controls. Metering, monitoring, and pumpcontrol requirements at some point remote fromstorage must use level telemetering instruments.Telemetering over local direct wire communica-tions facilities will use 15 second time duration orimpulse duration telemetering equipment. Teleme-tering over leased telephone lines often requiresthe introduction of a tone transmitter and receiverkeyed by the time-impulse telemetering equip-ment. High storage level will initiate the shut-down of supply pumping units and actuation of anoverflow alarm in that order. Low storage levelwill initiate startup of supply pumping or wellpumping units or distribution pumping unit shut-down.

4-4. DisinfectionPotable water storage facilities, associated piping,and ancillary equipment must be disinfectedbefore use. Disinfection will be accomplished fol-lowing procedures and requirements of AmericanWater Works Standard D105. In no event will anyof the above equipment or facilities be placed inservice prior to verification by the supporting med-ical authority, by bacteriological tests, that disin-fection has been accomplished.

4-5. Design AnalysesThe design analyses will set forth the basis bywhich storage capacities and locations have beendetermined. Except where standard specificationsfor tanks or towers are used, the analyses willshow the method by which the structural adequa-cy of the unit has been determined.

4-1

APPENDIX A

REFERENCES

A-1. Government Publicationsa. Department of the Army.

AR 11-28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Economic Analysis andsource Management.

TM 5-630 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repairs and Utilities,Land Management.

b. Department of the Air Force.AFR 178-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Economic Analysis and

source Management.c. Departments of the Army and Air Force.

TM 5-813-l/AFM 88-10, Vol. 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Water Supply: Sources

Program Evaluation for Re-

Ground Maintenance and

Program Evaluation for Re-

and General Considerations.TM 5-813-5/AFM 88-10, Vol. 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Water Supply: Water Distribution Systems.TM 5-813-6/AFM 88-10, Vol. 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Water Supply: Water Supply for Fire Protection.TM 5-813-7/AFM 88-10, Vol. 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Water Supply: Water Supply for Special Projects.

A-2. Nongovernment Publications

Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals, 875 N. Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60661Accreditation Manual for Hospital, 1979

American Water Works Association Standard, (AWWA) American Water Works Association, 6666 W.Quincy Avenue, Denver, Colorado 80235

Standards:D100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Welded Steel Tanks for Water Storage.D105 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Disinfection of Water Storage Facilities.

A-1

APPENDIX B

TYPICAL DESIGN EXAMPLES

B-1. General

The following typical design examples illustrate procedures to be followed in the determination of totalcapacity requirements for water storage facilities at Army or Air Force installations.

B-2. Example No. 1: Communications base; permanent construction

a. Effective population.

b. Water source. Wells on post; average yield 150 gal/rein each.c. Treatment. Chlorination.

e. Well requirements.

Total well yield: Assuming 24-hour/day well operation, one well has sufficient yield to meet the requireddaily demand rate of 130 gal/rein. However, for firm production capability, it is necessary to have twowells, each capable of 130 gal/rein.Minimum pump requirement: The dependable output of the source of Supply, i.e. the two wells, must beequal to, or greater than, the required daily demand. ‘l?hus, each well Should be equipped with a 150-gal/pump. Two reliable sources of electric service should be provided, or one pump should be equipped withboth an electric motor and standby internal combustion engine. The size and number of distributionpumps required are related to the type, size, and location of storage facilities. Provisions of elevated stor-age will reduce the required pump capacity.

f. Storage requirement.

.

B-1

g. Water main sizes. The water distribution system will have mains of adequate size to meet peak domes-tic demand (see TM 5-813-l/AFM 88-10, Vol. 1) and pressure requirements at all locations. General designcriteria for water mains is given in TM 5-813-5/AFM 88-10, Vol. 5.

B-3.

a.

b.c.d.

Example No. 2: Permanent camp.

Effective population.Nonresident: NegligibleResident: 20,000

Water source. Surface supply from river.Treatment. Coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and chlorination.Required daily demand and fire flows.

e.

B - 2

B-4. Example No. 3: A barracks, Type 1, Fire resistive construction unsprinkled facilities, floor area 125,000 sq. ft.

B - 3

B - 4

BIBLIOGRAPHY

American Iron and Steel Institute. SteelTanks for Liquid Storage. New York, New York:American Iron and Steel Institute (no date given).

American Water Works Association.AWWA Manual M8, A Training Course in WaterDistribution. Denver, Colorado: American WaterWorks Association, 1962.

Brock, Dan A. “Determination of Opti-. mum Storage in Distribution System Design.”

Journal of the American Water Works Association(1963) 55:1027.

Clark, J. W., Warren Viessman, Jr., andM. J. Hammer. Water Supply and Pollution Con-trol. 2nd ed. Scranton, Pennsylvania: InternationalTextbook Company, 1971.

Fair, G. M., J. C. Geyer, and D. A. Okun.Elements of Water Supply and Wastewater Dispos-al. New York, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,1971.

Lorenz, J. B. “Storage Considerations forWater Distribution Systems,” a paper presented at

the Engineering Institute for Water Storage Facili-ties. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin-Extension, October 16, 1965.

Proudfit, D. P. “Storage Consideration inRelation to Source, Capacity and Peak Demands,”a paper presented at the Sanitary Engineering In-stitute. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wiscon-sin, March 1, 1965.

Proudfit, D. P. and J. B. Lorenz. “Param-eters for Determining Adequacy of Storage Capac-ity for Large and Small Systems on the Basis ofPeak Demands and Fire Flow Requirements,” Pro-ceedings AWWA 95th Annual Conference, Minne-apolis, Minn., June 9-12, 1975, Paper No. 7-3.Denver, Colorado: American Water Works Associa-tion, 19750

Twort, A. C., R. C. Heather, and F. M.Law. Water Supply, 2nd ed. New York, New York:American Elsevier Publishing Company, Inc., 1974.

—

B-5

The proponent agency of this publication is the Office of the Chief of Engineers,United States Army. Users are invited to send comments and suggested improve-ments on DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms)direct to HQDA (DAEN-ECE-G), WASH DC 20314-1000.

By Order of the Secretaries of the Army and theAir Force:

Official:

ROBERT M. JOYCEMajor General, United States Army

The Adjutant General

Official:

JAMES H. DELANEY, Colonel, USAF

JOHN A. WICKHAM, JR.General, United States Army

Chief of Staff

CHARLES A. GABRIEL, General, USAFChief of Staff

Director of Administration-

Distribution:

Army: To be distributed in accordance with DA Form 12-34B, requirements for TM 5-800 Series: Engi-neering and Design for Real Property Facilities.

Air Force: F.

B - 7