WATER RESOURCES ISSUES IN THE ESCWA REGION · DEFINITIONS Freshwater withdrawal as percentage of total renewable water resources: Agriculture share of gross domestic product (GDP):

WATER RESOURCES ISSUES IN THE ESCWA REGION

COUNTRY FACT SHEETS

3

INTRODUCTION

Scarce water resources are one of the defining features of the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) region. The high population growth rates have reduced the per capita supply of freshwater in every ESCWA country, hindering efforts aimed at alleviating poverty and promoting sustainable development. The emerging change in climatic conditions places additional stress on limited resources.

As conventional water resources have became insufficient to meet demand, ESCWA countries have increasingly turned to non-conventional water resources to fill the gap. Non-conventional water resources in ESCWA countries consist primarily of desalinated water and the use of treated wastewater.

The purpose of these Country Fact Sheets is to examine the water situation in the region, with particular emphasis on the desalination industry as a growing source of freshwater in many of the ESCWA countries. The Fact Sheets examine the trend in population growth, freshwater availability, and water use, highlighting the consumption trends of the most water-intensive sectors in each country. The desalination of each country is presented in terms of quantity produced, type of technology and type of feedwater used, and provides the predicted future desalination volume.

ABBREVIATIONS

bcm/d: billion cubic meters per dayGDP: gross domestic productm3/d: cubic meters per daym3/p/yr: cubic meters per person per yearmcm/d: million cubic meters per dayMED: multiple effect distillationMSF: multi- stage flushingRO: reverse osmosis

4


5

DEFINITIONS

Agriculture share of gross domestic product (GDP):Definition: The aggregation of economic activities of Section A (agriculture, hunting and forestry) and Section B (fishing), expressed as a share in GDP for the year 2007, except for Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan and United Arab Emirates, whose figure is for the year 2006. Source: National Accounts Estimates of Main Aggregates, United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), available at: http://data.un.org/Default.aspx.

Agriculture water withdrawal as percentage of total renewable water resourcesDefinition: The water withdrawn for irrigation expressed as a percentage of the total actual renewable water resources for various years. This parameter is an indication of the pressure on the renewable water resources caused by agriculture activities. Source: AQUASTAT, available at: http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html.

Dependency ratio (in per cent) Definition: The per cent of renewable water resources originating outside the country. This indicator theoretically varies between 0 per cent and 100 per cent. A country with a dependency ratio of 0 per cent does not receive any water from neighboring countries. A country with a dependency ratio of 100 per cent receives all its renewable water from upstream countries, without producing any of its own. Source: AQUASTAT, available at: http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html.

Desalination capacity Definition: Expressed in cubic meters per day (m3/d) is the water desalinated daily for the year 2008.Source: Desaldata database accessed during June 2009 and available at: http://Desaldata.com. Desalination capacity growth forecast Definition: Expressed in million cubic meters per day (mcm/d) is the expected amount of water desalinated for 20062010- and 20112015-. Source: Global Water Intelligence (GWI), 2007; Desalination Markets 2007: A Global Forecast.

Desalination feedwater type Definition: Is the type of water desalinated which can be seawater, river water, wastewater, brackish water or other types of water/not identified type of desalted water.Source: Desaldata database accessed during June 2009 and available at: http://Desaldata.com.

Desalination technology used:Definition: Is the type of technology used for desalting water which can include multi-stage flushing (MSF), multiple effect distillation (MED), reverse osmosis (RO) and other types that include electrodialysis (ED) and vapor compression (VC). Source: Desaldata database accessed during June 2009 and available at: http://Desaldata.com.

Freshwater withdrawal as percentage of total renewable water resources:Definition: Is the total freshwater withdrawn, expressed as a percentage of the internal renewable water resources for various years. It is an indication of the pressure on the internal renewable freshwater resources. Source: AQUASTAT, available at: http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html.

GDP/capita Definition: Is the GDP calculated as the aggregate of production divided by the population size for the year 2007, except for Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan and United Arab Emirates whose figure is for the year 2006. Source: National Accounts Estimates of Main Aggregates, UNSD, available at http://data.un.org/Default.aspx.

Improved water supply coverage (in per cent) Definition: Is the percentage of the total population using improved water sources for the year 2006. An “improved” source is one that is likely to provide «safe» water, such as a household connection, a borehole, etc. Source: World Health Organization (WHO)/United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation, available at: http://www.wssinfo.org/.

Non-conventional sources of water Definition: Refers to water that can be available for use without increasing the load on primary renewable freshwater resources. Water can be: 1) desalinated water; 2) adequately treated domestic or industrial wastewater; or 3) agricultural drainage water. Treatment requirements vary by country. Source: AQUASTAT, available at: http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html.

Population Definition: De facto population in a country, area or region as of 1 July of the year 2007, except for Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan and United Arab Emirates where figure is for year 2006. Source: Demographic Statistics, UNSD, available onhttp://data.un.org/Default.aspx.

Population density Definition: The number of inhabitants per square kilometer of total area. Source: AQUASTAT, available at: http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html.

Population growth rate Definition: Average exponential rate of growth of the population over a given period. It is calculated as in (Pt/P0)/t where t is the length of the period. It is expressed as a percentage. Source: The State of the World’s Children 2009, UNICEF available at: http://data.un.org/Default.aspx.

Sectoral water withdrawal Definition: Is the agricultural, municipal and industrial water withdrawal as percentage of total water withdrawal.Source: AQUASTAT, available at: http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html.

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Total renewable water resources per capita Definition: The total annual actual renewable water resources per inhabitant. Source: AQUASTAT, available at: http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html.

Total water use per capita Definition: Expressed in m3/year per inhabitant, is the total annual amount of water withdrawn per capita. Source: AQUASTAT, available at: http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html.

Urban population/ rural populationDefinition: Rural population is calculated as the difference between the total population and the urban population. Source: United Nations World Population Prospects; The 2006 Revision and World Urbanization Prospects: The 2007 Revision, available at: http://esa.un.org/unup).

ESCWA 1

Population 227,684,000 Total renewable water resources per capita m3/p/yr

Population growth rate 2.4% GDP/capita US $ 4,800

Improved water supply coverage (in per cent) Desalination feedwater type

Desalination capacity (2008) 26,927,000 m3 d Agriculture share of GDP 6in per cent Desalination technology used

Desalination capacity growth forecast (mcm/d)

0

20

40

60

80

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

1960 1980 2000 2010 2015 2020 2025

p/Km

2

Thou

sand

Rural Urban Popula�on density

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007

0

20

40

60

80

100

1990 1995 2000 2004 2006

perc

enta

ge

Rural Urban

Seawater83%

Brackish water10%

Pure and river1%

Wastewater2%

Other4%

MSF53%

MED 9%

RO28%

Other10%

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

2006-2010 2011-2015

RO

MED

MSF

1Data compiled by ESCWA.

8


9

Des

alin

atio

n ca

paci

ty (2

008)

78

3,00

0 m

3 /d

To

tal w

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use

per

cap

ita

480

m3 /p

/yr

Des

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n te

chno

logy

use

d

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ater

wit

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(200

3)

Des

alin

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n ca

paci

ty g

row

th fo

reca

st (m

cm/d

)

Des

alin

atio

n fe

edw

ater

type

MSF

36%

MED

37

%

RO

21%

Oth

er6%

Agr

icul

tura

l 44

%

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icip

al

50%

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stri

al

6%

0

0.050.

1

0.150.

2

0.250.

3

0.35

2006

-201

020

11-2

015

mcm/d

MSF

MED

RO

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ater

87%

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ckis

h W

ater

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ther

6%

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m

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gro

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rate

(199

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f GD

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US

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400

600

800

1000

1200

0

200

400

600

800

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0

1,20

0

1960

1980

2000

2010

2015

2020

2025

p/km2

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den

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0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

1962

1967

1972

1977

1982

1987

1992

1997

2002

2007

020406080100

1990

1995

2000

2004

2006

percentage

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050100

150

200

250

1992

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2007

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10


11

Des

alin

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paci

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008)

71

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and

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1

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3

2006

-201

020

11-2

015

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(199

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07)

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120,

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1960

1980

2000

2010

2015

2020

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den

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0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

1962

1967

1972

1977

1982

1987

1992

1997

2002

2007

889092949698100

1990

1995

2000

2004

2006

Percentage

050100

150

200

250

1992

2002

2007

Percentage

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12


13

Des

alin

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paci

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31

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%

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0

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1

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2

2006

-201

020

11-2

015

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29,6

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00

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1980

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2015

2020

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0

8,00

0

10,0

00

12,0

00

1962

1967

1972

1977

1982

1987

1992

1997

2002

2007

020406080100

1990

1995

2000

2004

2006

Percentage

Rur

alU

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020406080100

1992

2002

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l Fr

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IR

AQ

14


15

Des

alin

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n ca

paci

ty (2

008)

22

7,00

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3 /d

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tal w

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use

per

cap

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160

m3 /

p/yr

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tech

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of w

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alin

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n fe

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type

RO

99%

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icul

tura

l 65

%

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al31

%

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stri

al

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1

1 992

1993

2005

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AN

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on g

row

th ra

te (1

990-

2007

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gric

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re s

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of G

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3%

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U

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2,70

0

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ende

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o

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prov

ed w

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sup

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(in

per c

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raw

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s pe

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of t

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re

sour

ces

010203040506070

0

2,00

0

4,00

0

6,00

0

8,00

0

10,0

00

1960

1980

2000

2010

2015

2020

2025

p/Km2

Thousand

Rur

alU

rban

Po

pula

�on

den

sity

-

2,00

0

4,00

0

6,00

0

8,00

0

10,0

00

12,0

00

1962

1967

1972

1977

1982

1987

1992

1997

2002

2007

86889092949698100

1990

1995

2000

2004

2006

Percentage

Rur

alU

rban

020406080100

120

1987

1992

2007

Percentage

Agr

icul

tura

l Fr

eshw

ater

JO

RDA

N

16


17

Des

alin

atio

n ca

paci

ty (2

008)

2,

390,

000m

3 /d

To

tal w

ater

use

per

cap

ita

370

m3 /p

/yr

Des

alin

atio

n te

chno

logy

use

d

Se

ctor

al w

ater

wit

hdra

wal

(200

2)

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esal

inat

ion

capa

city

gro

wth

fore

cast

(mcm

/d)

D

esal

inat

ion

feed

wat

er ty

pe

MSF

82%

RO

18%

Agr

icul

tura

l 54

%

Mun

icip

al

44%

Indu

stri

al2%

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

2006

-201

020

11-2

015

mcm/d

RO

MED

MSF

Seaw

ater

82%

Bra

ckis

h w

ater

2%W

aste

wat

er16

%

KUW

AIT

Popu

lati

on

2,41

1,00

0

Tota

l ren

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le w

ater

reso

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s m

3 /p/y

r

Po

pula

tion

gro

wth

rate

(199

0-20

07)

1.7%

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icul

ture

sha

re o

f GD

P 0%

G

DP/

capi

ta

US

$ 38

,600

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ater

sup

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rage

(in

per c

ent)

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020406080100

120

140

160

0

1,00

0

2,00

0

3,00

0

4,00

0

5,00

0

1960

1980

2000

2010

2015

2020

2025

p/Km2

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Rur

alU

rban

Po

pula

�on

dens

ity

010203040506070

1962

1967

1972

1977

1982

1987

1992

1997

2002

2007

020406080100

1990

1995

2000

2004

2006

Percentage

Rur

alU

rban

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1997

2002

Percentage

Agr

icul

tura

l Fr

eshw

ater

KU

WA

IT

18


19

Des

alin

atio

n ca

paci

ty (2

008)

28

,000

m3 /d

Tota

l wat

er u

se p

er c

apita

32

0 m

3 /p/

yr

Des

alin

atio

n te

chno

logy

use

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Sect

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wat

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ourc

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f wat

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D

esal

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pe

MED

52

%

RO

48%

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icul

tura

l60

%

Mun

icip

al29

%

Indu

stri

al11

%

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

1994

2000

2005

BCM/Yr

Des

alin

ated

wat

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er r

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d

Seaw

ater

91%

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ater

9%

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NO

N

Popu

lati

on

3,76

0,00

0

Tota

l ren

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le w

ater

reso

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s m3 /p/yr

Popu

lati

on g

row

th ra

te (1

990-

2007

) 1.

9%

A

gric

ultu

re s

hare

of G

DP

6%

GD

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pita

U

S $

6,00

0

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1%

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(in

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Wat

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s pe

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re

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0100

200

300

400

500

0

1,00

0

2,00

0

3,00

0

4,00

0

5,00

0

6,00

0

1960

1980

2000

2010

2015

2020

2025

p/Km2

Thousand

Rur

alU

rban

Po

pula

�on

dens

ity

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

1962

1967

1972

1977

1982

1987

1992

1997

2002

2007

020406080100

1990

1995

2000

2004

2006

Percentage

Rur

alU

rban

020406080100

120

1997

2002

Percentage

Agr

icul

tura

l Fr

eshw

ater

LE

BAN

ON

20


21

Des

alin

atio

n ca

paci

ty (2

008)

96

0,00

0m3 /d

Tota

l wat

er u

se p

er c

apita

52

0 m

3 /p/y

r D

esal

inat

ion

tech

nolo

gy u

sed

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oral

wat

er w

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raw

al (2

003)

D

esal

inat

ion

capa

city

gro

wth

fore

cast

(mcm

/d)

D

esal

inat

ion

feed

wat

er ty

pe

MSF

44%

MED

9%

RO

41%Oth

er6%

Agr

icul

tura

l89

%

Mun

icip

al10

%In

dust

rial

1%

0

0.050.

1

0.150.

2

0.250.

3

0.350.

4

2006

-201

020

11-2

015

mcm/d

RO

MED

MSF

Seaw

ater

84%

Bra

ckis

h w

ater

2%

Was

tew

ater

6%O

ther

8%

OM

AN

Popu

lati

on

2,74

4,00

0

Tota

l ren

ewab

le w

ater

reso

urce

s m

3 /p/y

r

Po

pula

tion

gro

wth

rate

(199

0-20

07)

3.7%

Agr

icul

ture

sha

re o

f GD

P 1%

G

DP/

capi

ta

US

$ 15

,500

Dep

ende

ncy

rati

o

0%

Impr

oved

wat

er s

uppl

y co

vera

ge (i

n pe

r cen

t)

W

ater

wit

hdra

wal

as

perc

enta

ge o

f tot

al re

new

able

wat

er

reso

urce

s

0123456789

0

500

1,00

0

1,50

0

2,00

0

2,50

0

3,00

0

3,50

0

4,00

0

1960

1980

2000

2010

2015

2020

2025

p/Km2

Thousand

Rur

alU

rban

Po

pula

�on

dens

ity

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

1962

1967

1972

1977

1982

1987

1992

1997

2002

2007

657075808590

1990

1995

2000

2004

2006

Percentage

Rur

alU

rban

7580859095100

1992

2002

2007

Percentage

Agr

icul

tura

l Fr

eshw

ater

O

MA

N

22


23

Des

alin

atio

n ca

paci

ty (2

008)

11

,000

m3 /d

Tota

l wat

er u

se p

er c

apita

11

0 m

3 /p/y

r D

esal

inat

ion

tech

nolo

gy u

sed

Sect

oral

wat

er w

ithd

raw

al (2

005)

N

on c

onve

ntio

nal s

ourc

es o

f wat

er

D

esal

inat

ion

feed

wat

er ty

pe

RO

100%

Agr

icul

tura

l45

%

Mun

icip

al40

%

Indu

stri

al

7%O

ther

8%

0

0.00

2

0.00

4

0.00

6

0.00

8

0.01

0.01

2

2001

2005

BCM/Yr

Des

alin

ated

wat

er

Trea

ted

was

tew

ater

reu

sed

Seaw

ater

72%

Bra

ckis

h w

ater

20%

Pure

and

ri

ver

8%

PALE

STIN

E

Popu

lati

on

3,76

2,00

0

Tota

l ren

ewab

le w

ater

reso

urce

s m

3 /p/y

r

Po

pula

tion

gro

wth

rate

(199

0-20

07)

2%

A

gric

ultu

re s

hare

of G

DP

8%

GD

P/ca

pita

U

S $

1,36

0

D

epen

denc

y ra

tio

3%

Im

prov

ed w

ater

sup

ply

cove

rage

(in

per c

ent)

Wat

er w

ithd

raw

al a

s pe

rcen

tage

of t

otal

rene

wab

le w

ater

re

sour

ces

0100

200

300

400

500

600

700

0

1,00

0

2,00

0

3,00

0

4,00

0

5,00

0

6,00

0

7,00

0

1960

1980

2000

2010

2015

2020

2025

p/Km2

Thousand

Rur

alU

rban

Po

pula

�on

dens

ity

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

1962

1967

1972

1977

1982

1987

1992

1997

2002

2007

84868890929496

1990

1995

2000

2004

2006

Percentage

Rur

alU

rban

0102030405060

2002

2007

Percentage

Agr

icul

tura

l Fr

eshw

ater

PA

LEST

INE

24


25

Des

alin

atio

n ca

paci

ty (2

008)

2,

050,

000

m3 /d

Tota

l wat

er u

se p

er c

apita

54

0 m

3 /p/y

r D

esal

inat

ion

tech

nolo

gy u

sed

Sect

oral

wat

er w

ithd

raw

al (2

005)

D

esal

inat

ion

capa

city

gro

wth

fore

cast

(mcm

/d)

D

esal

inat

ion

feed

wat

er ty

pe

MSF

62%

MED

16

%

RO

4%

Oth

er18

%

Agr

icul

tura

l59

%

Mun

icip

al39

%

Indu

stri

al2%

0

0.050.

1

0.150.

2

0.250.

3

0.350.

4

2006

-201

020

11-2

015

mcm/d

RO

MED

MSF

Seaw

ater

69%

Bra

ckis

h w

ater

1%

Oth

er30

%

QAT

AR

Popu

lati

on

1,44

8,00

0

Tota

l ren

ewab

le w

ater

reso

urce

s m

3 /p/y

r

Popu

lati

on g

row

th ra

te (1

990-

2007

) 3.

5%

A

gric

ultu

re s

hare

of G

DP

0%

GD

P/ca

pita

U

S $

76,0

00

D

epen

denc

y ra

tio

3%

Im

prov

ed w

ater

sup

ply

cove

rage

(in

per c

ent)

Wat

er w

ithd

raw

al a

s pe

rcen

tage

of t

otal

rene

wab

le w

ater

re

sour

ces

020406080

0

200

400

600

800

1,00

0

1,20

0

1960

1980

2000

2010

2015

2020

2025

p/Km2

Thousand

Rur

alU

rban

Po

pula

�on

den

sity

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1962

1967

1972

1977

1982

1987

1992

1997

2002

2007

020406080100

1990

1995

2000

2004

2006

Percentage

Rur

alU

rban

0

100

200

300

400

500

1997

2002

2007

Percentage

Agr

icul

tura

l Fr

eshw

ater

Q

ATA

R

26


27

Des

alin

atio

n ca

paci

ty (2

008)

10

,598

,000

m3 /d

Tota

l wat

er u

se p

er c

apita

98

0 m

3 /p/y

r D

esal

inat

ion

tech

nolo

gy u

sed

Sect

oral

wat

er w

ithd

raw

al (2

006)

D

esal

inat

ion

capa

city

gro

wth

fore

cast

(mcm

/d)

D

esal

inat

ion

feed

wat

er ty

pe

MSF

46%

MED

10

%

RO

41%

Oth

er3%

Agr

icul

tura

l 88

%

Mun

icip

al9%

Indu

stri

al3%

0

0.51

1.52

2.53

2006

-201

020

11-2

015

mcm/d

RO

MED

MSF

Seaw

ater

78%

Bra

ckis

h w

ater

19%

Pure

and

ri

ver

1%

Oth

er2%

SAU

DI A

RABI

A

Popu

lati

on

23,6

79,0

00

To

tal r

enew

able

wat

er re

sour

ces

m3 /p

/yr

Popu

lati

on g

row

th ra

te (1

990-

2007

) 2.

5%

A

gric

ultu

re s

hare

of G

DP

3%

GD

P/ca

pita

U

S $

14,6

00

D

epen

denc

y ra

tio

0%

Impr

oved

Wat

er S

uppl

y co

vera

ge (i

n pe

r cen

t)

W

ater

wit

hdra

wal

as

perc

enta

ge o

f tot

al re

new

able

wat

er

reso

urce

s

024681012

0

5,00

0

10,0

00

15,0

00

20,0

00

25,0

00

30,0

00

35,0

00

40,0

00

1960

1980

2000

2010

2015

2020

2025

p/Km2

Thousand

Rur

alU

rban

Po

pula

�on

dens

ity

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1962

1967

1972

1977

1982

1987

1992

1997

2002

2007

020406080100

1990

1995

2000

2004

2006

Percentage

Rur

alU

rban

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1992

2007

Percentage

Agr

icul

tura

l Fr

eshw

ater

SA

UD

I ARA

BIA

28


29

Des

alin

atio

n ca

paci

ty (2

008)

43

,800

m3 /d

Tota

l wat

er u

se p

er c

apita

1,

100

m3 /p

/yr

Des

alin

atio

n te

chno

logy

use

d

Se

ctor

al w

ater

wit

hdra

wal

(200

0)

N

on-c

onve

ntio

nal s

ourc

es o

f wat

er

D

esal

inat

ion

feed

wat

er ty

pe

MED

4%

RO

50%

Oth

er46

%

Agr

icul

tura

l96

%

Mun

icip

al2%

Indu

stri

al2%

0

0.00

01

0.00

02

0.00

03

0.00

04

0.00

05

1990

1995

2000

BCM/Yr

Des

alin

ated

wat

erTr

eate

d w

aste

wat

er r

euse

d

Seaw

ater

99%

Bra

ckis

h w

ater

1%

SUD

AN

Popu

lati

on

36,2

97,0

00

To

tal r

enew

able

wat

er re

sour

ces

m3 /p

/yr

Popu

lati

on g

row

th ra

te (1

990-

2007

) 2.

3%

A

gric

ultu

re s

hare

of G

DP

32%

G

DP/

capi

ta

US

$ 1,

200

Dep

ende

ncy

rati

o

77%

Impr

oved

wat

er s

uppl

y co

vera

ge (i

n pe

r cen

t)

W

ater

wit

hdra

wal

as

perc

enta

ge o

f tot

al re

new

able

wat

er

reso

urce

s

05101520

0

10,0

00

20,0

00

30,0

00

40,0

00

50,0

00

60,0

00

1960

1980

2000

2010

2015

2020

2025

p/Km2

Thousand

Rur

al

Urb

an

Popu

la�o

n de

nsit

y

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

1962

1967

1972

1977

1982

1987

1992

1997

2002

2007

020406080100

1990

1995

2000

2004

2006

Percentage

Rur

alU

rban

0102030405060

1992

1997

2002

Percentage

Agr

icul

tura

l Fr

eshw

ater

SU

DA

N

30


31

Des

alin

atio

n ca

paci

ty (2

008)

13

,500

m3 /d

Tota

l wat

er u

se p

er c

apita

86

0 m

3 /p/y

r D

esal

inat

ion

tech

nolo

gy u

sed

Sect

oral

wat

er w

ithd

raw

al (2

003)

N

on-c

onve

ntio

nal s

ourc

es o

f wat

er

D

esal

inat

ion

feed

wat

er ty

pe

RO

100%

Agr

icul

tura

l 88

%

Mun

icip

al9%

Indu

stri

al3%

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

1997

2002

2003

BCM/Yr

Des

alin

ated

wat

erTr

eate

d w

aste

wat

er r

euse

dSe

awat

er2%

Bra

ckis

h w

ater

97%

Pure

and

ri

ver

1%

SYRI

AN

ARA

B RE

PUBL

IC

Popu

lati

on

19,1

72,0

00

To

tal r

enew

able

wat

er re

sour

ces

m3 /p

/yr

Popu

lati

on g

row

th ra

te (1

990-

2007

) 2.

6%

A

gric

ultu

re s

hare

of G

DP

22%

G

DP/

capi

ta

US

$ 1,

900

Dep

ende

ncy

rati

o

72%

Im

prov

ed W

ater

Sup

ply

cove

rage

(in

per c

ent)

Wat

er w

ithd

raw

al a

s pe

rcen

tage

of t

otal

rene

wab

le w

ater

re

sour

ces

020406080100

120

0

5,00

0

10,0

00

15,0

00

20,0

00

25,0

00

30,0

00

1960

1980

2000

2010

2015

2020

2025

p/Km2

Thousand

Rur

alU

rban

Po

pula

�on

dens

ity

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

1962

1967

1972

1977

1982

1987

1992

1997

2002

2007

020406080100

1990

1995

2000

2004

2006

Percentage

Rur

alU

rban

020406080100

1997

2002

2007

Percentage

Agr

icul

tura

l Fr

eshw

ater

SY

RIA

N A

RAB

REPU

BLIC

32


33

Des

alin

atio

n ca

paci

ty (2

008)

8,

743,

000

m3 /d

Tota

l wat

er u

se p

er c

apita

94

0 m

3 /p/y

r D

esal

inat

ion

tech

nolo

gy u

sed

Sect

oral

wat

er w

ithd

raw

al (2

005)

D

esal

inat

ion

capa

city

gro

wth

fore

cast

(mcm

/d)

D

esal

inat

ion

feed

wat

er ty

pe

MSF

63%

MED

6%RO

12%

Oth

er19

%

Agr

icul

tura

l 83

%

Mun

icip

al15

%

Indu

stri

al2%

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.81

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2006

-201

020

11-2

015

mcm/d

RO

MED

MSF

Seaw

ater

98%

Bra

ckis

h w

ater

1%

Oth

er1%

UN

ITED

ARA

B EM

IRAT

ES

Po

pula

tion

4,

229,

000

To

tal r

enew

able

wat

er re

sour

ces

m3 /p

/yr

Po

pula

tion

gro

wth

rate

(199

0-20

07)

5%

A

gric

ultu

re s

hare

of G

DP

2%

GD

P/ca

pita

U

S $

38,8

00

D

epen

denc

y ra

tio

0%

Im

prov

ed W

ater

Sup

ply

cove

rage

(in

per c

ent)

Wat

er w

ithd

raw

al a

s pe

rcen

tage

of t

otal

rene

wab

le w

ater

re

sour

ces

0102030405060

0

1,00

0

2,00

0

3,00

0

4,00

0

5,00

0

6,00

0

7,00

0

1960

1980

2000

2010

2015

2020

2025

p/Km2

Thousand

Rur

alU

rban

Po

pula

�on

dens

ity

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1962

1967

1972

1977

1982

1987

1992

1997

2002

2007

020406080100

1990

1995

2000

2004

2006

Percentage

Rur

alU

rban

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

1992

1997

2007

Percentage

Agr

icul

tura

l Fr

eshw

ater

U

NIT

ED A

RAB

EMIR

ATES

34


35

Des

alin

atio

n ca

paci

ty (2

008)

58

,300

m3 /d

Tota

l wat

er u

se p

er c

apita

18

0 m

3 /p/y

r D

esal

inat

ion

tech

nolo

gy u

sed

Sect

oral

wat

er w

ithd

raw

al (2

000)

D

esal

inat

ion

capa

city

gro

wth

fore

cast

(mcm

/d)

D

esal

inat

ion

feed

wat

er ty

pe

MSF

8%

MED

58

%

RO

14%

Oth

er20

%

Agr

icul

tura

l 90

%

Mun

icip

al8%

Indu

stri

al2%

0

0.00

5

0.01

0.01

5

0.02

0.02

5

0.03

2006

-201

020

11-2

015

mcm/d

RO

MED

MSF

Seaw

ater

83%

Bra

ckis

h w

ater

16%

Pure

and

ri

ver

1%

YEM

EN

Popu

lati

on

21,2

20,0

00

To

tal r

enew

able

wat

er re

sour

ces

m3 /p

/yr

Popu

lati

on g

row

th ra

te (1

990-

2007

) 3.

5%

A

gric

ultu

re s

hare

of G

DP

11%

G

DP/

capi

ta

US

$ 97

0

D

epen

denc

y ra

tio

0

%

Impr

oved

wat

er s

uppl

y co

vera

ge (i

n pe

r cen

t)

W

ater

wit

hdra

wal

as

perc

enta

ge o

f tot

al re

new

able

wat

er

reso

urce

s

01020304050

0

10,0

00

20,0

00

30,0

00

40,0

00

1960

1980

2000

2010

2015

2020

2025

p/Km2

Thousand

Rur

alU

rban

Po

pula

�on

dens

ity

0

100

200

300

400

500

1962

1967

1972

1977

1982

1987

1992

1997

2002

2007

020406080100

1990

1995

2000

2004

2006

Percentage

Rur

alU

rban

050100

150

200

1992

2002

Percentage

Agr

icul

tura

l Fr

eshw

ater

YE

MEN

Documents

WATER RESOURCES ISSUES IN THE ESCWA REGION · DEFINITIONS Freshwater withdrawal as percentage of total renewable water resources: Agriculture share of gross domestic product (GDP):