for potable purposes.* Shuval reported on recent advances in technology that are snducive to achieving greater efficiency in water use.

The Second National Conference on Complete Water Reuse stressed inplant in- dustrial reuse and better use of water through proper planning and manage- ment.O The problems associated with zero pollutant discharge and the interaction of wastewater controls with land and air were

ESOURCES PLANNI 'r" .;: Dworkin and Baumann formulated a $nulation model for evaluating the eco- nomic efficiency of water reuse. The na- ture and role of professional bias in the decision-making process was described and de results of applying the model to the Colorado Springs, Colo., water supply dem- onstrated reuse to be an efficient low-cost method of supplementing the municipal supply. A model was developed by Cic- cone to determine the relationship be- tween demand for water and alternative methods to satisfy water needs at a mili- tary base. Water supply problems were evaluated using a present value cost method, and concepts of wastewater re-

and dual-supply systems were sed as feasible supply alternatives. artins cites upland surface w

oundwaters, and river waters as ihe ces of supply in Great Britain. The of river supplies was considered in-

direct reuse and offered the best alterna- tiie for future supplies, but research on health risks and qu as found to be needed.

R Holm et allo reported on an environ- ental conference which dealt with indus-

trial reuse as it related to water quality and quantity, economics, communication, and education of industry peop gble for process water systems. @ Nelsonll reported on metho mnomicaliy evaiuate potential power plant recycle/reuse programs. The need

a sealed cooling system for industrial

use, its benefits in terms of thermal pollu- tion abatement, and the reduction in water usage were described by Mace.lZ Van Eeden l3 described a cooling system in South Africa that conserved water by op- erating at higher levels of DS and restricted blow down. The cooling water is con- centrated six to eight times, mixed with demineralizer brines, and used for convey- ing fuel ash; treated sewage effluents are used as make-up water, Quality criteria were established for cooling water as a firs step in a total recycle system using ion ex- change, evaporation, and filtration. Prengle et aZ.I4 reported on the study results and the fouling prediction method developed

The proposed discharge standards poultry processing plants and studies on I plant recycle as a means of meeting effl ent limitations were discussed by Woo ard et d . 1 5 Physical-chemical treatme and recycling of individual process effluents were considered potential solutions to the problem. Chian described a study of the treatment of vehicle wash-rack wastewater using ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis processes to produce a reusable water. Brown et al.17 reported on modifications of the water usage program in an integrated wire and cable plant that resulted in sav- ings of 15,000 gal (56.8 cu m) of water from the air scrubbing system and the re- use of 14,000 gpd (53.0 cu m/day ) of Pb containing water for cooling purposes.

Dixson and Roche1* have patented a process to treat wastewater from a demin- eralization system so that it can be reused in subsequent steps of the regeneration process. Frost l9 obtained a patent for an improved process for the manufacture of roofing felts which involves the incorpora- tion of the separated sludge into the felt

n a cl

water recycle sys- tems were evaluated by Heinke et d 2 0

Water consumption varied from 100 gall car (379 l/car) without recycle to 10-40 gal/car (38-152 I/car ) with partial recycle. Totai recycle systems and reuse water qual- ity requirements were assessed. Huang and Austinz1 reported on a system using

.

Vol. 48, No. 6, June 1976 11

LITERATURE REVIEW

air-flotation to reclaim water from aircraft washing operations that produced an efflu- ent for reuse in the next power check op- eration. Milios 22 described design features

cooling and quenching application ment work and cooling purposes in stations, incinerators, and engines. try has contributed to additional tre

bleach plant waste and to produce a re- ' ' usable effluent. Treatment costs varied IREUCATloN

. An integrated recovery method was re- ported to be an efficient means of maintain-

Malhotra and Myers 34 summar available data on municipal irrig

1176 Journal WPCF

I

cated that maximum grass and legume dry

reevaluate the goals dy at Mililani Town, aluate groundwater

in the earlier phases of the study, conomical, conservational, and re-

s involved in wastewater pro-

ned sewer overflows into a per-

erving valuable potable aquifer . White40 described the recharge

e moving through the Bay Park, N. Y. de-

s follows: Total N-7 percent;

3 mg/l and resulted the leaching of pyrite that is native

e soil. Vecchioli et reported that

(0.9 m/1,000 cu m ) during intermittent in jection into the aquifer.

Mills and Ewing 4b described Water tory 21, a facility that combines a 15

oratorlmulti-stage flash desalter plant; can meet requirements for seawater int sion control and water supply developmen

et ~ 1 . " ~ pointed out the uncertainties garding the long term health effects a

wastewater augmentation of domestic water

be recycled for reuse.

Barnard discussed the modifications existing wastewater treatment systems th would enable the future reuse of the efflu ent if the need arises. By including pr visions for niitrient removal in the init; design of activated sludge systems, reu could be realized in a more economica

Vol. 48, No. 6, June 1976 117 \

I

‘ LITERATUREREVIEW

manner. A treatment system consisting of screening, aeration, clarification, filtration, breakpoint chlorination, dechlorination, re- 5* Shuva17 H. I* ‘ verse osmosis, carbon adsorption, and ozone oxidation was examined by Besik s1 as a

Environmental Protection Agency, Reuse Reconsidered.” Enoiron.

wash operations. Adams et aLS4 examined the organic residue in recycled wastewater from recreational boats and homes in iso- lated areas in an effort to identify and treat the discoloration and odor-causing com- 9. Martin, A. E., suppli

cycling of Drinking Water.” Bull., 31, 3, 251 (1975). .

Experiments were conducted using a 10. Holm, A. R., et al., “Water Reuse sawgrass marsh system to renovate waste- Monitoring Highlight Denver M

Tappi, 58, 7, 18 (1975).

tory Industrial Cooling.” EB. 6.

Water Poll. Control, 74, 211 (197

into the ,Reduction of Pollution

South Africa.

Ext. Ser. 145, 9 (1974).

AD-A01 1 856/2 (Dec. 1974). 18. Dixson, D. L., and Roche, B. A., “Ion 3. “Health Effect\ Relating to Direct and In- change Wastewater Treatment.” U.

’ direct Reuse of Wastewater for Human Patent 3,862,032; C h i . A h . , 82, 144 Consuniption.” WHO Intl. Ref. Center Tech. Ser., 7 (Sept. 1975).

4. U. S . Environmental Protection Agency, “Re- search Needs for the Potable Rewe of 62313 (1975).

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