Water Pollution2

7/31/2019 Water Pollution2

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Water is a ubiquitous chemical substance that is composed of hydrogen and oxygen and

is vital for all known forms of life.

In typical usage, water refers only to its liquid form or state, but the substance also has asolid state, ice, and a gaseous state, water vapor or steam. Water covers 71% of the Earth'ssurface. On Earth, it is found mostly in oceans and other large water bodies, with 1.6% ofwater below ground in aquifers and 0.001% in the air as vapor, clouds (formed of solid andliquid water particles suspended in air), and precipitation.Oceans hold 97% of surfacewater, glaciers and polar ice caps 2.4%, and other land surface water such as rivers, lakesand ponds 0.6%.

Water on Earth moves continually through a cycle of evaporation or transpiration(evapotranspiration), precipitation, and runoff, usually reaching the sea. Over land,evaporation and transpiration contribute to the precipitation over land.

Clean, fresh drinking water is essential to human and other lifeforms. Access to safedrinking water has improved steadily and substantially over the last decades in almostevery part of the world. However, some observers have estimated that by 2025 more thanhalf of the world population will be facing water-based vulnerability. A recent report(November 2009) suggests that by 2030, in some developing regions of the world, waterdemand will exceed supply by 50%.


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Water is the chemical substance with chemical formula H2O: one molecule ofwater has two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to a single oxygen atom.

Water appears in nature in all three common states of matter and may take manydifferent forms on Earth: water vapor and clouds in the sky; seawater and icebergs

in the polar oceans; glaciers and rivers in the mountains; and the liquid in aquifersin the ground.

The major chemical and physical properties of water are:

Water is a tasteless, odorless liquid at standard temperature and pressure. Thecolor of water and ice is, intrinsically, a very light blue hue, although water appears

colorless in small quantities. Ice also appears colorless, and water vapor isessentially invisible as a gas.

Water is transparent, and thus aquatic plants can live within the water becausesunlight can reach them. Only strong UV light is slightly absorbed.


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Water can dissolve many different substances,giving it varying tastes and odors. Humans andother animals have developed senses which (more

or less) enable them to evaluate the potability ofwater by avoiding water that is too salty or putrid.Humans also tend to prefer cold water to lukewarmwater since cold water is likely to contain fewer

microbes. The taste advertised in spring water ormineral water derives from the minerals dissolvedin it: Pure H2O is tasteless and odorless. Theadvertised purity of spring and mineral water refersto absence of toxins, pollutants and microbes.


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Main articles: Hydrology and Water distribution on EarthA graphical distribution of the locations of water on Earth.Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface; the oceans contain 97.2% of theEarth's water.

The Antarctic ice sheet, which contains 90% of all fresh water on Earth, isvisible at the bottom. Condensed atmospheric water can be seen asclouds, contributing to the Earth's albedo.

Hydrology is the study of the movement, distribution, and quality of waterthroughout the Earth. The study of the distribution of water ishydrography. The study of the distribution and movement of groundwateris hydrogeology, of glaciers is glaciology, of inland waters is limnologyand distribution of oceans is oceanography. Ecological processes with

hydrology are in focus of ecohydrology.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Earth%27s_water_distribution.gif


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WATER POLLUTION

Water pollution is the contamination of waterbodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans, groundwater).

Water pollution affects plants and organisms living

in these bodies of water; and, in almost all casesthe effect is damaging either to individual speciesand populations, but also to the natural biologicalcommunities.

Water pollution occurs when pollutants aredischarged directly or indirectly into water bodieswithout adequate treatment to remove harmfulcompounds.
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SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION.

1) INDUSTRY

Industry is a huge source of water pollution, it produces pollutants that areextremely harmful to people and the environment.

Many industrial facilities use freshwater to carry away waste from the plant andinto rivers, lakes and oceans.

Pollutants from industrial sources include:

Asbestos This pollutant is a serious health hazard . Asbestos fibres canbe inhaled and cause illnesses such as asbestosis, lung cancer, intestinalcancer and liver cancer.

Lead This is a metallic element and can cause health and environmentalproblems. It is a non-biodegradable substance so is hard to clean up oncethe environment is contaminated. Lead is harmful to the health of manyanimals, including humans, as it can inhibit the action of bodily enzymes.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://dimer.tamu.edu/simplog/images/gallery/industry.jpg&imgrefurl=http://dimer.tamu.edu/simplog/archive.php%3Fblogid%3D3%26pid%3D5862&usg=___SU55VxqRu67Wg0d_NDgYa-YWvY=&h=400&w=600&sz=32&hl=en&start=2&itbs=1&tbnid=pppuwQBgmrlTgM:&tbnh=90&tbnw=135&prev=/images%3Fq%3DINDUSTRY%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den


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2) OIL POLLUTION IN WATER Oceans are polluted by oil on a daily basis from oil spills, routine

shipping, run-offs and dumping.

Oil spills make up about 12% of the oil that enters the ocean. The restcome from shipping travel, drains and dumping.

An oil spill from a tanker is a severe problem because there is such a

huge quantity of oil being spilt into one place.

Oil spills cause a very localised problem but can be catastrophic tolocal marine wildlife such as fish, birds and sea otters.

Oil cannot dissolve in water and forms a thick sludge in the water. Thissuffocates fish, gets caught in the feathers of marine birds stoppingthem from flying and blocks light from photosynthetic aquatic plants.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://library.thinkquest.org/CR0215471/oil_spill_on_fire.jpg&imgrefurl=http://library.thinkquest.org/CR0215471/oil_spills.htm&usg=__LhZcWRwcGWOcQ9gzu88_RBG2rjk=&h=267&w=400&sz=16&hl=en&start=18&itbs=1&tbnid=HANSkcfjg24LHM:&tbnh=83&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Doil%2Bpollution%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Denhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://menlocampus.wr.usgs.gov/50years/accomplishments/images/PWS_tanker_oil_spill.jpg&imgrefurl=http://menlocampus.wr.usgs.gov/50years/accomplishments/oil.html&usg=__wK08rZ_0uRHrdXFdDUwouryqQRo=&h=371&w=580&sz=56&hl=en&start=1&itbs=1&tbnid=FfGGuf1kP59QsM:&tbnh=86&tbnw=134&prev=/images%3Fq%3Doil%2Bpollution%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den


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3) RADIO ACTIVE WASTE

Nuclear waste is produced from industrial, medical andscientific processes that use radioactive material. Nuclearwaste can have detrimental effects on marine habitats.Nuclear waste comes from a number of sources:

Operations conducted by nuclear power stations produceradioactive waste. Nuclear-fuel reprocessing plants innorthern Europe are the biggest sources of man-madenuclear waste in the surrounding ocean. Radioactive tracesfrom these plants have been found as far away as

Greenland.

Mining and refining of uranium and thorium are alsocauses of marine nuclear waste.


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HARMS OF WATER POLLUTION

Virtually all types of water pollution are harmful to the health of humansand animals. Water pollution may not damage our health immediately butcan be harmful after long term exposure. Different forms of pollutantsaffect the health of animals in different ways:

Heavy metals from industrial processes can accumulate in nearby lakesand rivers. These are toxic to marine life such as fish and shellfish, andsubsequently to the humans who eat them.

Industrial waste often contains many toxic compounds that damage thehealth of aquatic animals and those who eat them. Some of the toxins inindustrial waste may only have a mild effect whereas other can be fatal.They can cause immune suppression, acute poisoning.

Microbial pollutants from sewage often result in infectious diseases thatinfect aquatic life and terrestrial life through drinking water. Microbialwater pollution is a major problem in the developing world, with diseasessuch as cholera and typhoid fever being the primary cause of infantmortality.


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HARMS OF WATER POLLUTION

Organic matter and nutrients causes an increase in aerobicalgae and depletes oxygen from the water column. Thiscauses the suffocation of fish and other aquatic organisms.

Sulfate particles from acid rain can cause harm the health

of marine life in the rivers and lakes it contaminates, andcan result in mortality.

Suspended particles in freshwater reduces the quality ofdrinking water for humans and the aquatic environment formarine life. Suspended particles can often reduce theamount of sunlight penetrating the water, disrupting thegrowth of photosynthetic plants and micro-organisms.


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PREVENTIONS If you want to help keep our waters clean, there are many

things you can do to help. You can prevent water pollutionof nearby rivers and lakes as well as groundwater anddrinking water by following some simple guidelines in youreveryday life.

Conserve water by turning off the tap when running wateris not necessary. This helps prevent water shortages andreduces the amount f contaminated water that needstreatment.

Be careful about what you throw down your sink or toilet.Don't throw paints, oils or other forms of litter down thedrain.

Use environmentally household products, such as washingpowder, household cleaning agents and toiletries.


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PREVENTIONS

Take great care not to overuse pesticides and fertilisers.This will prevent runoffs of the material into nearby watersources.

By having more plants in your garden you are preventingfertiliser, pesticides and contaminated water from runningoff into nearby water sources.

Don't throw litter into rivers, lakes or oceans. Help clean upany litter you see on beaches or in rivers and lakes, makesure it is safe to collect the litter and put it in a nearbydustbin.


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Water fit for human consumption is called drinking water or potablewater. Water that is not potable can be made potable by filtration ordistillation (heating it until it becomes water vapor, and thencapturing the vapor without any of the impurities it leaves behind),or by other methods (chemical or heat treatment that kills bacteria).Sometimes the term safe water is applied to potable water of a lower

quality threshold . Water that is not fit for drinking but is not harmfulfor humans when used for swimming or bathing is called by variousnames other than potable or drinking water, and is sometimescalled safe water, or "safe for bathing". Chlorine is a skin andmucous membrane irritant that is used to make water safe for

bathing or drinking. Its use is highly technical and is usuallymonitored by government regulations (typically 1 part per million

(ppm) for drinking water, and 12 ppm of chlorine not yet reactedwith impurities for bathing water).

MAKING OURSELVES SAFE


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This natural resource is becoming scarcer in certain places, and itsavailability is a major social and economic concern. Currently, about abillion people around the world routinely drink unhealthy water.

Most countries accepted the goal of halving by 2015 the number ofpeople worldwide who do not have access to safe water and sanitation

during the 2003 G8 Evian summit. Even if this difficult goal is met, it willstill leave more than an estimated half a billion people without access tosafe drinking water and over a billion without access to adequatesanitation.

Poor water quality and bad sanitation are deadly; some five milliondeaths a year are caused by polluted drinking water. The World HealthOrganization estimates that safe water could prevent 1.4 million childdeaths from diarrhea each year.

It is, rather, the distribution of potable and irrigation water which isscarce, rather than the actual amount of it that exists on the earth.

SCARCE OF DRINKING WATER


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Sewage treatment, ordomesticwastewater treatment, is the process ofremoving contaminants from wastewater

and household sewage, both runoff anddomestic. It includes physical, chemical,

and biological processes to remove

physical, chemical and biological

contaminants.
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Its objective is to produce a wastestream (or treated effluent) and a solidwaste or sludge suitable for dischargeor reuse back into the environment. Thismaterial is often inadvertentlycontaminated with many toxic organic

and inorganic compounds.
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Sewage is created by residences, institutions, and commercial and

industrial establishments. Raw influent (sewage) includes householdwaste liquid from toilets, baths, showers, kitchens, sinks, and so forth

that is disposed of via sewers.

In many areas, sewage also includes liquid waste from industry and

commerce. A lot of sewage also includes some surface water from roofs

or hard-standing areas.

Municipal wastewater therefore includes residential, commercial, and

industrial liquid waste discharges, and may include storm water runoff.

Examples of treatment processes used for storm water include

sedimentation basins, wetlands, buried concrete vaults with various

kinds of filters, and vortex separators (to remove coarse solids
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Pre-treatment removes materials thatcan be easily collected from the rawwastewater before they damage or clogthe pumps and skimmers of primarytreatment clarifiers.
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In the primary sedimentation stage, sewageflows through large tanks, commonly called"primary clarifiers" or "primary sedimentationtanks".

The tanks are large enough that sludge cansettle and floating material such as grease andoils can rise to the surface and be skimmed off.

The main purpose of the primary sedimentationstage is to produce both a generallyhomogeneous liquid capable of being treated

biologically and a sludge that can be separatelytreated or processed.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.westbasin.org/files/images/water-recycling-process.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.westbasin.org/education/water-information/water-recycling&usg=__XXue7NlRpOC6-Q52x7EC2KNvjfE=&h=461&w=550&sz=52&hl=en&start=2&itbs=1&tbnid=e4jui7rmTWhjjM:&tbnh=111&tbnw=133&prev=/images?q=primary+treatment+of+wastewater&gbv=2&hl=enhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.thewatertreatments.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/primary-treatment-sewage.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.thewatertreatments.com/waste-water-treatment/primary-treatment-sewage-treatment-waste&usg=__5bGBlKY7Vwr0qkN5WQ_8zETGbJY=&h=293&w=530&sz=26&hl=en&start=9&itbs=1&tbnid=ALcP6AoJaExsGM:&tbnh=73&tbnw=132&prev=/images?q=secondary+treatment+of+wastewater&gbv=2&hl=en


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Secondary treatment is designed to substantially degrade thebiological content of the sewage which are derived from

human waste, food waste, soaps and detergent.

The majority of municipal plants treat the settled sewageliquor using aerobic biological processes. For this to be

effective, the biota require both oxygen and a substrate on

which to live.

There are a number of ways in which this is done. In all thesemethods, the bacteria and protozoa consume biodegradable

soluble organic contaminants (e.g. sugars, fats, organic

short-chain carbon molecules, etc.) and bind much of the

less soluble fractions into floc.
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There are many methods through whichthe wastewater undergoes in thesecondary treatment in order to get

purified.the process include:- Activated sludge

Surface-aerated basins

Filter beds (oxidizing beds)

Biological aerated filters

Membrane bioreactors

Secondary sedimentation

Rotating biological contactors


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Here is a video on sewage treatment

plant


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There are lots of uses ofwater. They are listedbelow :

Water is used fordrinking, washing ,bathing , etc.

Its also used for

irrigation purpose. A lot of water is used

to make food. Almostevery food contains

water


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o Water is also used in

industry

o Water is used in dams

to manufacture hydro-electricity

o Its also used in vehicles

to make the

temperature of theengine to cool down.

o Its also used in

construction work.


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Water can dissolve almost

everything in the world.

The only things which water

cant dissolve is desertsand, oil, ghee and butter.

Water can dissolve tea

leaves, coffee. Salt, sugar,

soil, mud, lemon, turmeric

powder, red chili powder,

etc,


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There are lots ofriver action planstaken by the

government takento make the riverspollution less.

In the few slidesafter this you willsee about the fewtwo India's river

action plans.


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An plan was setup to saveriver Ganga.

The plan was launched in1985.

It was aimed to reduce thepollution levels in theganga.

But, the increasing

population and

industrialization havealready damaged

this mighty river beyond

repair.


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This plan was setupto save riverYamuna.

It was launched in1993.

It had a plan torestore the river

yamuna to its pastglory.

There were twoplans setup named

as YAP-I and YAP-II.


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Reuse of water wheneverpossible, Kitchen watercan be used for wateringthe plant.

Plan your kitchen activityto avoid wastage of fueland water.

Plastic materials can be amurder weapons for

wildlife, minimise their use.Blown from land androadsides, they often endup in the water, where theycan entangle and kill birds

and fishes.


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Take showers instead of baths.Showers use less water - if youlimit them to five minutes. Installlow-flow shower-heads

Use sprinkler for irrigation.

Use scientific method ofapplication fertilizers. .

Run your dishwasher, washingmachine, and dryer only whenyou have full loads. Whenpossible, use an outdoor

clothesline instead of aclothesdryer.

Fix leaks promptly. A drippingjoint can waste more than 76liters of water a day. .


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Don't keep on the taprunning while having,bath, brushing teeth, orwashing dishes it wastes

about 2 liters of waterevery minute.

Dont hose down yourlawn or corridor to cleanit. Sweep it off.

Dont wash the clothesand kitchen utensils inthe water bodies

Dont litter. Whencamping, keep the areasclean.


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Avoid throwing flowers,sweets, puja materialsinto a river. It will degradethe quality of water. The

river wont be happy withthis.

Avoid throwing deadbodies in a river. This willultimately landing in the

mouth of dogs, vultures &other animals.

Never dump anything intothe water bodies.

Avoid use of weedicides


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Water Pollution2