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Water Pollution Monitoring Of Nitrates Leaching From Agricultural Fields With Industrial Crop Harvesting Practices. The Belgian Case Of Onsite Lysimeters
As A Monitoring Tool. Fonder Nathalie (1), Jean Marie Marcoen(2),
Dimitri Xanthoulis (3)
(1) Epuvaleau npo, Avenue de la Faculté d’Agronomie, 5030 Gembloux ; [email protected](2) GRENeRA, Geopedology Laboratory, Gembloux Agricultural University, Passage des déportés, 2, 5030 Gembloux ; [email protected];(3) Gembloux Agricultural University, Department of Hydrology and Rural Hydraulics, Passage des déportés, 2, 5030 Gembloux ;
OUTLINESClimate : Cold Temperate, ocean influenced
Latitude : 52°N
Annual Temperature : 10°C
Rainfall : 800-1200 mm/yr
Rain Frequency : 200 days/yr
Belgium is a Kingdom with FEDERAL STATE GOV.
3 Communities, corresponding to population groups (language and culture)
3 Regions corresponding to economic autonomy desires
(In charge of Agriculture and Water management, amongst other)
Federal Government manage Army, Foreign Affairs, Public Health, Justice, Finance, Social Security, etc.
6 Mi Inh
1 Mi Inh
3,5 MI Inh
Area = 32500 KM2
Pop. 10,5 Mi Inh.
Density 315 Inh/Km2
Context
1991 : European Nitrate Directive (91/676/CEE) aims at moderating or preventing water pollution from nitrates released by agricultural practices
2000 : creation of NITRAWAL, npo as a consortium of 4 partners to provide support to farmers (1 from Water sector, 1 from agricultural sector, 2 scientific partners from Walloon universities – GRENeRA, ECOP)
2002 : Transposition into the Wallon law with the PGDA (Programme de Gestion Durable de l’Azote) / Sustainable Nitrogen Management Program
- standards on mineral and organic fertilization rates- agricultural practices code
2005 : Condemnation by EU for non complete transcription- PGDA review process
2007 : New PGDA having impacts on the operation managements by farmers
2003 – now : scientific studies- test the relevance of the environmental indicator defined,- adequacy standards / water quality preservation,- advices on crop rotation and sequences
Material and method
Data collection
Crops rotation above lysimeters implementation
Plots / Years
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
2002 Sugar beets Sugar beets Spinach / Beans Wheat Broad Beans / Chervil
2003 Wheat + Inset crop
Broad Beans / Cabbages
Flax + Inset crop
Sugar beets Wheat + Inset crop
2004 Beans Spinach / Beans + Inset crop
Broad Beans / Cabbages
Wheat + Inset crop
Sugar beets
2005 Wheat + Inset crop
Chicories Carrots Broad Beans Wheat + Inset crop
2006 Broad Beans / Spinach
Wheat Potatoes Wheat + Inset crop
Haricots
2007 Wheat Carrots Sugar beets Beans Wheat + Inset crop
2008 Carrots Broad Beans / Cabbages
Wheat Wheat + Inset crop
Sugar beets
2009 Beans Leeks Broad Beans Broad Beans Wheat
Results for Water Quantity
Water Budget :
Water collected = Infiltration water
In Wallonia : Pluviometry = 100%, Infiltration = 6 to 28%
In Lysimeters,
Water collected = P + I – ETM (assumption to have a closed lysimeter)
P= Pluviometry
I = Irrigation
ETM= ET * Kc (cultural coefficient)
Results obtained over 5 drainage seasons = 12 to 14%
The Walloon Environmental indicator APL
APL = Azote Potentiellement Lessivable / Potentially Leachable Nitrogen
Issued from the “Survey Surface Agricole” (Agricultural Surface Survey) - 25 farms
- total of 220 fields
Annual sampling - first at spring, leading to fertilisation rate recommendations
- secondly at autumn, to assess residue after harvest
Annual APL (Environmental Indicator) is defined per crops and their related acceptable nitrogen residue in the soil after harvest.
If above, - penalties for the farmers
Lysimeter project : no plots received any negative assessment from the Environmental indicator
Nevertheless, high to very high values of nitrate content are observed in lysimeters
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AP
L (k
g N
-NO
3/ha
), N
O3-
(m
g/l)
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Cum
Col
l Vol
(l)
APL 60-90 cm (kg N-NO3/ha) APL 30-60 cm (kg N-NO3/ha)
APL 0-30 cm (kg N-NO3/ha) cc NO3- (mg/l)
cumulative collected volume (l)
Plot P1Disturbed soil lysimeterimplementation on 8 August 2003
Crops
Wheat Carrots
N Fertilisation
2004 20082003
Spinach
66 U N-min
97 U N-min
B BeansPhaceliaWheatBeansOat
80 U N-min
58 U N-min
78 U N-min
65 U N-min
58 U N-min200 U N-org
2005 2006 2007
Wheat
WHO Drinking water standard (50 mg NO3-/L)
Summary Table for Water Quality
Conclusion and recommendation
- Lysimeters are reliable to collect representative seepage water amounts
- Lysimeters confirm the reliability of APL Environmental Indicator
- Unfortunately, respect of legislation ≠ water quality preservation
- N management has to be defined over the whole crop rotation sequence and not per individual crops
Conclusion and recommendation-Cereals + inset crop / without OK / non OK
- Sugar beet OK
- Potato with no winter cover non OK
- Any vegetable should have a winter cover crop
- Spinach + beans (+ inset crop) non OK (OK)
- Broad beans + Spinach or cabbage or wheat non OK
Works in progress investigate :
- specific crop sequences and rotations,
- fertilisation recommendation rates for the different crops grown in the Belgian Walloon region
THANK YOU FOR
YOUR ATTENTION