17
Water and the Changes of State The energy required to heat (or cool) a solid (or heat/cool a liquid or a gas) can be calculated using q = msT. It requires additional energy to change states. The energy required to convert a specific amount of the solid to a liquid is known as the heat of fusion (q = H fus ) and the energy required to convert a specific amount of a liquid to a gas is the heat of vaporization (q = H vap ). The total amount of energy can be calculated from q T = q 1 + q 2 + q 3 ... Temperature o C Heating curve for water Heating curve for water

Water Heat

Embed Size (px)

DESCRIPTION

work

Citation preview

Page 1: Water Heat

Water and the Changes of StateThe energy required to heat (or cool) a solid (or heat/cool a liquid or a gas) can be calculated using q = msT. It requires additional energy to change states. The energy required to convert a specific amount of the solid to a liquid is known as the heat of fusion (q = Hfus) and the energy required to convert a specific amount of a liquid to a gas is the heat of vaporization (q = Hvap).

The total amount of energy can be calculated from qT = q1 + q2 + q3...

Tem

pera

ture

o C

Heating curve for waterHeating curve for water

Page 2: Water Heat

Water and the Changes of StateQ. How many kilojoules of energy are needed to change 15.0 g of ice at -5.00oC to steam at 125.0 oC?

The first step is to design a pathway:

q1 = msT for ice from -5.0 to 0.0 oC, the specific heat of ice is 4.213 J/g oC

q2 = Hfus for ice to liquid at 0.0oC

q3 = msT for liquid 0.0oC to 100.0 oC

q4 = Hvap for liquid to steam at 100.0oC

q5 = msT for steam 100.0 to 125.0 oC; the specific heat of steam is 1.900 J/g oC

so qT = q1 + q2 + q3 + q4 + q5

The next step is to calculate each q:

q1= (15.0 g) (4.213 J/g oC) (0.0 - (-5.0) oC) = 316 J

q2 = (335 J / g) (15.0 g) = 5025 J

q3= (15.0 g) (4.184 J/g oC) (100.0 - (0.0) oC) = 6276 J

q4 = (2260 J / g) (15.0 g) = 33900 J

q5= (15.0 g) (1.900 J/g oC) (110 - 100 oC) = 285 J

qT = 316 J + 5025 J + 6276 J + 33900 J + 285 J = 45.8 kJ

Page 3: Water Heat

Energy & Change of State• SI unit of energy = Joule (J)

• The energy required to vaporize a substance, q, is proportional to the amount of substance. This energy is called the heat of vaporization, Hvap. The process is endothermic, therefore Hvap is positive.

Hvap = q/m → q = Hvap x m

• When vapor condenses into a liquid, the reverse energy change, heat energy is removed from the substance. Known as the heat of condensation. This process is exothermic, therefore Hcon is negative.

Page 4: Water Heat

• To melt a solid, energy must be added to overcome the forces that hold the crystal structure together. This is known as the heat of fusion, Hfus. The process is endothermic, therefore Hfus is positive.

Hfus = q/m → q = Hfus x m

Hfus of a substance is the energy required to melt one gram of that substance.

• The heat of solidification is the reverse of heat of fusion and is exothermic and Hsol is negative.

Energy & Change of State

Page 5: Water Heat

Energy & Change of Temperature: Specific Heat

• The specific heat is the heat flow required to change the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius, c.

• q = m x c x T

• Specific heat of water = 4.18 J/g °C

= 1 cal/g °C

1 cal = 4.184 J1 cal = 4.184 J

Page 6: Water Heat

Change in Temperature plus Change of State

If you were to take some ice from a freezer, place it in a flask and apply steady heat to it, five things would happen:

• The ice would warm to its melting point.

• The ice would melt at the melting point.

• The water would warm to its boiling point.

• The water would boil at the boiling point.

• The steam would become hotter.

Page 7: Water Heat
Page 8: Water Heat

How to calculate the total heat flow for a change in temperature plus a change of

state

• Step 1 : Sketch a graph having the shape shown on the next slide. Be sure to mark all relevant starting and ending points.

• Step 2: Calculate the heat flow, q, for each parts of the graph between all of the starting and ending points.

• Step 3: Add the heat flows. Be sure the units are the same, either kilojoules or joules, for all numbers being added.

Page 9: Water Heat

Sample problem for a change in temperature plus a change of stateProblem: Calculate the total heat flow when 19.6 grams of ice, initially at -12°C, is heated to steam at 115°C.

Required information:Given:

m = 19.6 g

Ti = -12°C

Tf = 115°C

Look up the following:

Tm = 0°C Tb = 100ºC

Hfus = 335 J/g

Hvap = 2.26 kJ/g

Page 10: Water Heat

1

2

3

45

Page 11: Water Heat

Answer:

q1 = 0.48 kJ q2 = 6.53 kJ q3 = 8.19 kJ q4 = 44.3 kJ q5 = 0.59 kJ

q = q1 + q2 = q3 + q4 + q5 = 60.1 kJ

Set up for answersq1 = m x c x T

q2 = m x Hfus

q3 = m x c x T

q4 = m x Hvap

q5 = m x c x T

Page 12: Water Heat

PRACTICE PROBLEMS #21a1. Which contains less heat, ice at 0oC or water at 0oC? Explain your

answer.

2. On the basis of KMT, explain why vapor pressure increases with temperature.

3. Write equations to show how the following metals react with water.

a) aluminum b) calcium c) potassium d) iron

Ice at 0oC contains less heat than liquid water at the same temperature. Heat must be added to convert ice to water, so the water will contain that much more additional heat energy. Also the liquid state is in motion much more than the solid state. An increase in motion can only be accomplished by an increase in energy.

According to the kinetic molecular theory, the vapor pressure of a liquid should increase with temperature because of the increase in collisions and kinetic energy that always accompanies an increase in heat energy (temperature). KEm = 3/2 RT. The increase in energy thus motion allows the liquid molecules to escape (overcome the surface tension and other cohesive forces maintaining the liquid state) from the surface of the liquid into the gas phase.

a) Al (s) + 3H2O (g) 3H2 (g) + Al2O3 *requires steamb) Ca (s) + 2H2O H2 (g) + Ca(OH)2 *slowly at ambient temperaturec) 2K (s) + 2H2O H2 (g) + 2KOH + heat * vigorous at ambient temperatured) 3Fe (s) + 4H2O (g) 4H2 (g) + Fe3O4 *requires steam

Page 13: Water Heat

PRACTICE PROBLEMS #21b1. Explain the physical process of boiling.1. Explain the physical process of boiling.

2. Why does ice float in water?2. Why does ice float in water?

3. Why does water have a relatively high boiling point?3. Why does water have a relatively high boiling point?

4. Explain if ice will float in ethyl alcohol (d = 0.789 g/L)?4. Explain if ice will float in ethyl alcohol (d = 0.789 g/L)?

5. 5. How much energy is needed to change 62.74 g of water at How much energy is needed to change 62.74 g of water at 15.0015.00ooC to steam at 103.0 C to steam at 103.0 ooC?C?

6. Magnesium carbonate, MgCO6. Magnesium carbonate, MgCO33, forms a hydrate containing , forms a hydrate containing

39.1 % water of hydration. Calculate the formula of this 39.1 % water of hydration. Calculate the formula of this hydrate.hydrate.

See next slide for essay/answerSee next slide for essay/answer

1.645 x 101.645 x 1055 J or 3.931 x 10 J or 3.931 x 1044 cal cal

MgCOMgCO33 . 3 H . 3 H22OO

Page 14: Water Heat

1. Explain the physical process of boiling.1. Explain the physical process of boiling.

At room temperature the water molecules have enough energy to allow the particles to move past each other but not enough to escape the surface tension. As the temperature of water increases, the heat energy (from the burner) is transferred to kinetic energy (for the molecules) leading to an increase in the molecular motion of the molecules. This action results in an increase in the vapor pressure above the surface of the liquid. When the vapor pressure of the water equals the external pressure, boiling begins. Now a sufficient amount of the molecules have enough energy to resist the attractive forces. Bubbles of vapor are formed throughout the liquid and these bubbles rise to the surface to escape.

Page 15: Water Heat

2. Why does ice float in water?2. Why does ice float in water?

Ice floats in its own liquid due to the intermolecular force, hydrogen bonding. As water freezes, the molecular motion of the molecules slow down and the partial positive end (hydrogen) of one water molecule is attracted to the partial negative end (oxygen) of another water molecule. Combine this event with the bent shape of water and the molecules become arranged in a 3-D hexagonal array. This array creates pockets of vacuum (empty space) in the lattice structure as well as a decrease in the number of molecules per unit volume. The mass is directly related to the number of molecules therefore, in the solid state, since there are less particles then there must be less mass per unit volume therefore the solid is less dense than the liquid.

Page 16: Water Heat

3. Why does water have a relatively high boiling point?3. Why does water have a relatively high boiling point?

Water has a relatively high boiling point because of the amount of intermolecular forces present. Water experiences LDF (London Dispersion Forces) and d-d (dipole-dipole) forces, along with the additional attractive force, Hydrogen bonding. A large amount of heat energy is required to break all of these forces in order for a phase transition to occur, thus the high boiling point.

4. Explain if ice will float in ethyl alcohol (d = 0.789 g/L)?4. Explain if ice will float in ethyl alcohol (d = 0.789 g/L)?Ice would not float in pure ethyl alcohol because the density of water is 1.000 g/mL which is greater than 0.789 g/mL for ethyl alcohol. Yet since ethyl alcohol also undergoes a small degree of hydrogen bonding, the sinking effect is not as dramatic as it would be with a nonpolar substance.

Page 17: Water Heat

GROUP STUDY PROBLEMS #21Short Essay

1. Can ice be colder than 0.0oC? Justify your answer.

2. Why does a boiling liquid maintain a constant temperature when heat is continually being added?

3. Why does a lake freeze from the top down?

Math

1. Suppose 50.0 g of ice at 0.0oC are added to 285g of water at 22.0oC. Is there sufficient ice to lower the temperature of the system to 0.0oc and still have ice remaining? Show all work.

2. A mixture of 70.0 mL of hydrogen and 50.0 mL of oxygen is ignited to form water. Does any gas remain unreacted?

3. A 25.0 g sample of a hydrate of FePO4 was heated until all the water was driven off. The mass of anhydrous sample is 16.9 g. What is the formula of the hydrate?