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Water & Energy: Available & Future Options
Shafick Adams
04 March 2014
The WRC Value Proposition
The WRC will contribute solutions to South African, African and Global water challenges through Research and Development by developing and harnessing the water research and development capability in South Africa.
A Responsive WRC Vision
To have highly informed water decision-making through science and technology at all levels, in all stakeholder groups, and innovative water solutions through research and development for South Africa, Africa and the world.
Calling Card:
SA’s Premier Water Knowledge Resource
The WRC Mission
To be a global water knowledge node and South Africa’s premier water knowledge hub active across the Innovation Value Chain that:
informs policy and decision making
creates new products, innovation and services for socio-economic development
develops human capital in the water science sector
empowers communities and reduces poverty
supports the national transformation and redress project
develops sustainable solutions and deepens water research and development in South Africa, Africa and the developing world
The Mandate Of The WRC
The mandate of the WRC (the Water Research Act, Act no 34 of 1971) highlights the following functions to be carried out by the organisation:
Promoting co-ordination, co-operation and communication in the area of water research and development
Establishing water research needs and priorities
Stimulating and funding water research according to priority
Promoting effective transfer of information and technology
Enhancing knowledge and capacity building within the water sector
Centre to Strategy is the WRC Knowledge Tree
Commission appropriate research projects to actively inform both policy development by Government partners and decision makers
To capitalise on projects that have potential to develop new intellectual property or to introduce innovations which create new or improved technologies
A strive for high student participation in its projects
WRC and its partners will increase projects at (a) have a direct impact on the lives and livelihoods of communities through water-related interventions and (b) build sufficient capacity to assist with the post project sustainability of those interventions
This is a core principle driving all WRC projects and activities This is done by addressing the enabling principles of sustainable development, namely, protection of water resources, optimal water use, equity between generations, current equitable access, environmental integration, and good governance.
Transformation and redress is a central driver within the organisation as well as in the project portfolio. The goal is cross-cutting in that it drives the human capital development and empowerment of communities.
Linkages
Source: (MIT) Graedel and van der Voet, 2010
8
Energy sources
RENEWABLES
Solar
Wind
Biomass
Hydro
FOSSIL FUELS
Coal
Crude Oil
Natural Gas
NUCLEAR FUELS
Uranium
Impact on water resources
ENERGY USE
IN THE
WATER SECTOR
Drinking Water
45%
Wastewater
55%
Pumping 70%
Treatment 30%
Aeration 60%
Pumping 30%
Other 10%
Energy Use
Energy production currently uses 2.5% of the water in South Africa.
The Energy Sector – pre-2007
4-Mar-14 10 Mexico 2009
SA – coal-based power generation (74%)
National grid system
Makes up 45% of the installed electricity capacity of Africa
Utility – Eskom provides 95% of South Africa’s needs and ca. 66% of Africa’s needs
SA has vast reserves of coal – hence not diversified and can be considered “dirty”
Low-cost (cheap)
Coverage was not 100% Breakdown of energy sources in South Africa (Burton et al.,
2009b)
The Energy Sector – post-2008
4-Mar-14 11 Mexico 2009
SA has a managed “energy crisis”
What has led to this development:
Massive electrification campaign post- 1994 to give electricity to disadvantaged communities
Rapid urbanisation
Rapid industrial development - GDP has grown substantially annually between 2002 and 2008
Poor planning and slow implementation
Demand has superseded supply – estimated that SA requires 25 to 40 GW by 2025.
Breakdown of energy sources in South Africa (Burton et al., 2009b)
Source: V Naidoo
The opportunity
4-Mar-14 Mexico 2009 12
Research looking at :
Efficiency (current systems)
Generation
Alternative systems
Lower energy systems
Off grid – decentralised
Impacts on water resources
2014/03/04 13
WATER CYCLE
ENERGY SAVING MATRIX
Drinking Water Wastewater
Raw Water Treatment Distribution Sewerage Treatment Disposal
Energy Estimate (% of whole) 25 10 65 25 60 15
Dem
and
Man
age-
men
t
Conservation (Water &
Energy) SA-MB SA-MB SA-MB
Leakage Reduction SA-EMF
Infiltration/Inflow
Reduction
Pu
mp
ing
Optimise Gravity Flow
Pumping and pumps SA-KZN; SA-CT2;
SA-CT1 SA-CT1
SA1; SA-KZN; SA-
CT1
SA-KZN; SA-CT2;
SA-CT1; SA-EM2 SA-CT2; SA-CT1 SA-CT1
Management systems SA-UW1; SA-EMF SA-UW1; SA-EMF SA-EM1; SA-UW1;
SA-EMF SA-EM3 SA-EM3; SA-JW6 SA-EM3
Tre
atm
ent
Clarification / Primary
Aeration
SA-JW1; SA-JW2;
SA-ERWAT
Mixing / Coagulation
Nutrient Removal
RAS Pumping
Membrane Treatment SA-SC; SA-EC1
Disinfection / UV
New WWT systems SA-GAU; SA-OM
Slu
dg
e Thickening / Dewatering
Digestion / Co-digestion SA-JW3
Sludge Drying SA-JW4
Building Services
Gen
erat
ion
Mini Hydro-Turbines SA-CT3; SA-EM6;
SA-EM7
Wind Turbines
Solar Power
Biogas / CHP SA-JW5; SA-EM5;
SA-JW6
Case Studies – Energy efficiency
WRC has release an energy efficiency compendium for water and wastewater systems. WRC Report No. TT 565/13
14
Water & Energy
Generation from Water Distribution Systems
Generation from Water Distribution Systems
4-Mar-14 16
Taps into an unutilised source of hydropower by installing micro-hydropower harnessing technologies, such as turbines, within pressurised conduits of the gravity water supply distribution systems
There are 284 municipalities and several water supply utilities all own and operate gravity water supply distribution systems. Hence, there exists the potential to upgrade many of the existing water supply networks without any major structural modifications to generate small scale hydropower systems for on-site use.
Project done with University of Pretoria and in partnership the Tshwane Municipality, Bloemwater and the Ethekwini Municipality
Generation: Energy from Wastewater
4-Mar-14 17
WRC Report 1732/1/09 also identified: Different energy generating or saving technologies or approaches
Anaerobic Digestion Algal Ponds (Biodiesel + low energy system) Bioethanol Waste Heat Recovery (Energy Pinch / Optimization) Energy efficiency at WWTW Microbial fuel cells
Anaerobic Digestion Algal Ponds
Biogas from WWTW
Biogas from waste water treatment works.
Using biogas energy to power WWTW and heat digesters.
Livestock Manure and Bio-gas Generation
Feasibility of rural domestic bio-gas supply Potential to improve energy, income and food security Rainwater harvesting techniques to collect water for bio-gas and bio-slurry production Environmentally friendly food production On-going research project on sustainable use of grasslands, cattle manure and rainwater harvesting for bio-gas generation Appropriate rainwater harvesting techniques Grazingland, livestock herding and food production Bio-gas as energy source for cooking, heating and lighting
Source: Backeberg & Sanewe 2013
Integrating RWH, Food production and biogas generation
Pilot testing in Okhombe
Preliminary findings on Energy
Biodigester: AGAMA BiogasPro6
Households required to feed digester
20l water per day
20kg cow manure per day
Provides approx. 2 hours burn time per day
Project is viable
Further research required
Agro-forestry and Bio-fuel Production
Implementation of agro-forestry systems has progressed relatively slow in South Africa Main focus on food and timber production in specialised farming and forestry systems Lack of knowledge on applicable crop and tree combinations On-station research to determine effect on water use Alley cropping systems established to determine suitability for households in rural communities Range of tree species tested Various products and services Complementary water use by food crops and bio-fuel production
Source: Backeberg & Sanewe 2013
2014/03/04 23
Geothermal
2014/03/04 24
Geothermal
Two criteria are required for direct hydrogeothermal electricity production: high temperature and high flow rate. The differential between ambient temperature and that of the thermal spring water should be as high as possible. Unfortunately, Sout h African thermal springs have relatively low temperatures, and appear not to be suitable for use for the generation of electricity. Deeper boreholes?
Brandvlei, which has a temperature of 64°C and a flow rate of 0.127m3/s (126 l/s) is the most suitable for the generation of electricity. Hartnady & Jones (2007), estimate a power generation capacity of least 27 megawatts.
Unconventional gas
Water Resources
Sourcing the water
Mining - WRC - DMR
- Chamber of mines
Development - WRC - DWA
Environmental impact
Surface water - WRC - DWA
Groundwater / aquifers
- WRC - DWA
Induced seismicity
- CGS - UP
Biodiversity - SANBI
Energy security
Social impact
Economic development
Hydrocarbon security
-DoE - SANEDI
Trade balance - Treasury
- DTI
Downstream industry
development - DTI
Local supply chain
- DTI
Rural development - WRC
- Department of Rural Development and Land
Reform
Job creation - DTI
Post-mining legacies - HSRC
Dealing with water pollution,
production water and
waste handling - WRC - DMR - DEA - DWA
Short term
Post-mining
Research & development
• Greater skills base • Repurposing skills and
technologies for water and other sectors
• Increased number of postgraduates
• Increased number of peer-reviewed articles
Water treatment
(desalinisation) - WRC - CSIR
Involvement of industry, academia and consultants are implied in all aspects
Relations
DWA DMR
DEA
PetroSA
Academics
WRC CGS
NGOs
Industry
? Public
Others ? ?
Duplication / coordination Capacity Financing Transparency Holistic view Governance etc….
?
PASA
Disciplinary Research
Our water challenges
“In order to address our current challenges we need to both do different things as well as do the things we currently do differently”.
R Mershalkar, former DG CSIR India
One of them is to collaborate better!
Conclusions
4-Mar-14 Mexico 2009 29
Right frameworks and enabling environment must be in place at national, provincial and local government levels.
More needs to be done at the Research level to support horizon 2 and 3 type energy technology options
Capacity needs to be built to sustain and improve on such options
Need for demonstration style projects to promote AD and close the capacity gap.
