WATER & DISEASES

Murray BiedlerJuly 09, 2012

Current Medical Reality

Disease Morbidity (episodes/year)

Mortality (deaths/year)

Diarrhoeal diseases

1,000,000,000 3,300,000

Intestinal worms 1,500,000,000 100,000

Shistosomiasis 200,000,000 200,000

Malaria 400,000,000 1,500,000

Total burden/year 3,100,000,000 5,000,000

F-DIAGRAM: TRANSMISSION ROUTES

WATER-RELATED DISEASES

ENVIRONMENTAL CLASSIFICATIONS

Faecal-Oral Water-Washed Water-Based Water-Related Vectors

Faecal-Oral Diseases Pathogens transmitted by human

excreta and then ingested Infections of intestinal tract

(diarrhoea) - illness & death Personal & domestic hygiene important

PRIMARY

WATER & FOOD BORNE

TRANSMISSION

SECONDARY FAECAL-ORAL

TRANSMISSION

Environmental vibrion reservoir

Transmision routesCholera

Faecal-Oral DiseasesDiarrhoeas & Dysenteries Amoebic Cholera E.Coli Shigellosis

Enteric Fevers

Typhoid

Poliomyelitus Hepatitus A Leptospirosis

Water-Washed Diseases Quantity of water more important

than quality of water Linked to personal and domestic hygiene

Water-Washed Diseases

Skin and Eye Infections

Skin sepsis Scabies Fungal Skin Infections Trachoma/Blindness

Others

Louse-borne Typhus

Water-Based Diseases

Vector based in water

Ingested Dracunculiasis or

Guinea Worm

Skin Penetrating Schistosomiasis

or Bilharziasis

Insect Vector Diseases

Spread by insects that :

– breed in water – bite near water.

Insect Vector Diseases

Breed in Water

malaria (anopheles) dengue (aedes) yellow fever (aedes) onchocerciasis or river blindness

(simulium black fly)

Bite Near Water

trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness (glosina tsetse fly)

TRANSMISSION MECHANISMS

PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES

Water Borne (Cholera)

•Improve quality of drinking water•Prevent casual use of unimproved sources

Water Washed(Cholera, Scabies)

•Increase water quantity used•Improve accessibility and reliability of domestic water supply•Improve hygiene practices

Water Based(Guinea Worm)

•Decrease need for contact with infected water•Control snail population (water treatment)•Reduce contamination of surface waters by excreta

Water Related(Malaria)

•Improve surface water management•Destroy breeding sites of insects•Decrease need to visit breeding sites•Use (impregnated) mosquito netting•Do Indoor Residual Spraying

Reduce Reservoir

Interrupt Transmission

Prevent Disease in population

Treat Disease in person

Reservoir transmission Host

Control of Diseases Related to WHS