Water Conservation Guidelines and Plans in Zambia

8/2/2019 Water Conservation Guidelines and Plans in Zambia

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WATER CONSERVATION GUIDELINES

AND

PLANS IN ZAMBIA

Written and Compiled by Charles Bwalya Chisanga, BSc Natural Resources

March 2003


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Water Conservation


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Chapter 1

Introduction

Water Conservation means the preservation, control and development of water

resources (surface and groundwater) whether by storage, including natural groundstorage, prevention of pollution or other means so as to ensure that adequate and reliable

for all purposes in the most suitable and economic way against whilst safeguarding

legitimate interests. Water Conservation Guidelines can be developed for Agriculture,Commercial, Industrial, Municipal, Residential and Landscaping.

Water conservation measures include such things as metering, improved water

accounting, leak detection, water-use audits, retrofits, reuse and recycling, and landscapeimprovements, reducing evaporation through mulching, delaying runoff, recirculating

cooling or other water, water to enable it to be re-used, reducing waste water to enable it

to be re-used, rainwater harvesting, changing crop varieties, changing farming methods

and irrigation type.

Surface Storage: Both impounding and storage reservoirs are filled as required whenriver flow exceeds a minimum which must be allowed to continue downstream. There is

no discrimination on the type of runoff collected. Runoff has two components, direct run-

off (surface) and indirect runoff (springs).

Water for Cooling Purposes: The Minister may grant licenses to water users for cooling

purposes from groundwater provided the same is returned ton the aquifer after use.

Water Pollution: the law should govern the pollution of water. In practice, the law is

very difficult to operate. The power to make bylaws for the protection of the source from

pollution within defined area should be given, whether on the surface or groundwater.

The section should also make it an offence to be guilty of any act or neglect wherebyany springs, well or audit the water from which is used or likely to be used for human

consumption or domestic purposes or manufacturing food or drink for human

consumption, is polluted or likely to be contaminated

Water quality conservation: Various measures are being undertaken for conservation of

water quality on bodies of inland water such as rivers and lakes, including the

establishment of environmental quality standards, effluent control at factories and otherplaces of work, construction of sewerage systems and implementation of purification

measures on rivers.

Power of the Minister to enforce conservation: Sections of the Water Act should give

power to the Minister {MEWD) the duty to promote the conservation and proper use of

water resources and the provision of water supplies and to ensure the effective execution

by water undertakers under his control and direction, of a national policy relating towater.


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Catchment Council: It shall be the duty of the catchment council or board in exercising

the functions conferred on or transferred to them by or under this Act, to conserve so faras practicable the water resources of their area.

Measurement of precipitation: Precipitation measurements shall be made to determine

the level of water use in a given year. The Minister shall have power to direct that thisshall be so.

Groundwater - Public property: Until recently, underground water was regarded as theabsolute property of the land owner on which was situated a well or borehole from which

it was obtained, a land could use it to any extent and manner, limited only by the quantity

one could get, not withstanding any effect it had on his neighbours.

As regards surface water including water flowing in a known and defined channel the

common law, as generally understood is that a riparian owner, that is the one owning

land abutting on a river, is entitled, subject to any prescriptive rights which may have

been acquired, to receive the natural flow of the river and he must pass this on, togetherwith any accretion there may be on his land, to his neighbours downstream. He has,

however, the right to use the water of the river to a reasonable extent for the purposes of

his property. What may be reasonable in any particular case may be a matter for thecourts.

In the absence of prescriptive rights, therefore, no one can abstract water from a river orstream or materially alter the conditions of flow except by statutory authority and in

granting this authority Parliament or the appropriate Government Department will have

regard to all existing uses and the character of the river and will prescribe limits ofabstraction and if that is substantial in relation to the particular river, a minimum quantity

bellow which the flow shall not be reduced.

Compensation: If a river is impounded the abstracting authority will come under theobligation of discharging from the reservoir a specified daily quantity known as

Compensation Water, which usually has to be accepted all persons interested as full

compensation for all water impounded by the authorized works

The undertakers shall make full compensation to all parties interested for all damage

sustained by them through construction works on the water source.

In any case where no express provision with respect to the compensation is made by the

special Act, the undertakers shall pay to the owners and occupiers of, and other persons

interested in any lands or streams taken or used for the purposes of that Act, orinjuriously affected. Compensation for the value of the lands or streams so taken or used,

and for all damage sustained by the owners, etc.

Parliament has, therefore, always had regard to existing rights in rivers but neverthelessrecognized that they must under certain circumstances be subordinated to the public


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interest, subject to compensation for actual damage, such compensation being either in

money or in water.

Construction of New Boreholes: A provision to control the introduction of new

boreholes and wells and to some extent further abstraction from existing ones should be

made. The provision applies only in an area generally known as a conservation areawithin which the Minister is satisfied that special measures are necessary in the public

interest and has made an order defining the area in question.

License: Within such an area, no person shall, without first obtaining from the Minister a

license which can and usually does contain limitations and conditions

a) Construct any well, borehole or other work for the purpose of abstractingunderground water, or,

b) Extend any existing well, borehole or other work for the purpose of abstractingadditional quantities of additional water,

Unless

c) The water is required solely and to the extent necessary for the domesticrequirements of his household,

d) The construction or extension is expressly authorized by any enactment, or,e) The boring, etc., is experimental.The section should also make it an offence within such an area to cause or allow

underground water to run to waste or to abstract water in excess of reasonable

requirements.

Conservation Orders should be made, defining most areas in which they may be

considered necessary at the present time, and within these areas the previous unlimited

right of the owner of the land to abstract water has gone.

The general types of conservation pricing options are: Repeal of volume discounts;

increasing block rates; seasonal rates; and excess loading or excess use charges.


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Chapter 2

Water Supply

Provision of water for domestic use: Water undertakers shall provide in their mains and

communication pipes a supply of wholesome water sufficient for domestic purposes of allowners and occupiers of premises within the limits of supply who under the special Act

are entitled to demand a supply for those purposes. Domestic preference shall be given to

domestic water use. The user shall have the right to apply to the concerned Ministerwhere a supply for non-domestic purposes is refused or is offered on unacceptable terms.

Water undertakers have a statutory liability to provide water for domestic purposes with

the liability to financial penalties if in default also a liability to supply water for non-domestic purposes subject to the direction of the appropriate central authority in cases of

dispute.

Additional water requirements: In general terms and irrespective of the procedureadopted, proposals by Water Undertakers to develop additional sources of supply or

acquire further water rights are subject to the giving of statutory and public notices sothat any interested parties who may consider themselves prejudiced by the proposals may

enter objections. In the cases of procedure by Ministerial Order objections are heard at

public inquiries and under parliamentary committees. Any order proposed by the Minister

is subject to confirmation by parliament if objections are sustained after a public enquiryhas been held and a provision order made.

Protective measures to surf-guard reservoirs against pollution should be carefullychosen. Water must be treated to meet the acceptable World Health Organisation (WHO)

standards for drinking water.

The public water suppliers should be prepared to take appropriate action in a timelymanner, whenever the monthly or bi-monthly records indicate that a water conservation

problem needs to be addressed. It is anticipated that many water utilities will want to go

beyond this level of detail and closely examine daily and even hourly water use figures.

The water utility should prepare separate subsections for long-term water conservationpractices related to each of the following three areas: (a) education, (b) management and

(c) regulation. For each of these three water conservation areas, the water utility should:

(a) prepare a summary of historical and current water use efficiency practices undertakenby the water utility, with special attention to the specific water use efficiency practices;

(b) provide a list of specific water use efficiency practices that the water utility will be

doing on a long-term basis; and (c) indicate the target date for beginning each specificwater use efficiency practice listed by the water utility.


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Chapter 3

Use of Water in Agriculture

Irrigation: Of major significance for the consideration of water conservation is the need

for water usage in irrigation particularly the irrigation of crops grown on a farm scale.The judicious use of irrigation in agriculture and horticulture should be encouraged

because of a number of benefits which result especially in lowering of the unit cost of

production and stabilization of crop yields. Water in agriculture is used for livestockwatering, aquaculture and irrigation.

Development of reservoirs: Some consideration will be provided to the development of

reservoirs and economic aspects; farmers will be assisted by government grants toconserve water in small private reservoirs. Small user groups of farms combining in

private conservation works would also be considered. If resources are to be developed as

far as is practicable, this development will require co-ordination and wider methods of

conservations will need to be considered.

Wastewater Reusing: Wastewater comes in two forms, graywater, which comes fromshowers laundry machines, and dishwashers; and blackwater, which is the sewage from

toilets. Reusing graywater for flush toilets and landscaping can provide enormous savings

of potable water. Buildings can be designed or retrofitted to allow for separate drain lines

to accommodate this strategy.

Increasing wastewater is seen as a resource, and it is often reused for productive uses

since it contains nutrients that have the potential for use in agriculture, aquaculture, andother activities. The water and nutrient content in particular can be very useful for

agriculture purposes - for example through irrigation of fodder, fibre and other seed crops

and, to a limited extent for the irrigation of orchards, vineyards, and other crops. The

wastewater can be treated and reused for irrigation in potable purposes through biologicalwastewater treatment such as wetlands. This serves two purposes, it serves water, and it

recycles the pollutants in the waste as food for biological treatment systems.

Water Harvesting: It is defined as the collection of runoff for its productive use. Waterharvesting supports a flourishing agriculture in many dry areas where rainfall is erratic in

distribution. It is practiced in the drier areas where crops cannot grow depending only on

rainfall.

Rainwater Collection: It is a technology used for the collection and storing rainwater for

human use from rooftops, land surfaces or rock catchments using simple techniques suchas jars and pots as well as engineered technique.Collected rainwater from cisterns and

catch basins can be used to provide for landscaping needs and can be treated and used as

potable water.


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Changing Plant Varieties and Reusing of water

Switching to crops with lower irrigation requirements and minimising irrigationdemand (require support from extension services, access to capital and to markets);

Reuse of drainage water (require awareness by farmers and minor investment inbuilding bunds and digging diversion channels);

Mulching to retain soil moisture (require awareness by farmers and availability ofplant material);

Running irrigation systems at their maximum designed capacity to reduce waterstealing and simplify operations;

Storm-water Retention is a system provides a more environmental and aestheticalternative to conventional drainage system. The storm water can be retained in a

pond for reuse in the dry season.

Water conservation can also be achieved by carrying out specific water Conservation

projects. Water conservation projects are those projects that reduce water loss or water

consumption through activities such as, but not limited to, the following:

Canal lining Improving/rehabilitating canals or waterways Piping of canals Constructing control structures Improving/rehabilitating structures (pump stations) Installing pressurized irrigation systems Repairing sprinkler systems Installing moisture barriers Reducing water consumption through changes in irrigation practices (drip irrigation,

aspersion, micro-aspersion, etc.)

Constructing facilities for desalination, water reclamation and recharge Improving/rehabilitating structures (lining of regulating reservoir) Installing/improving metering systems/devices (metering) Installing/improving control and distribution structures and the operation of these

devices (automation, new installation, improvements to operational roads)

Land compaction and land levelling for purposes of water conservation Installing fertilizer application systems (in pressured systems) Improving operations that reduce the time and complexity of irrigation Installing plot remote moisture sensors.Irrigation Requirements

Automatic irrigation systems should comply with the following guidelines. These

guidelines should be noted on a plan drawn by the Government (Ministry of Agriculture

and Cooperatives).


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1. Adjustable flow controls valves on circuit remote control valves. Pressure regulation

component(s) shall be required where static pressure exceeds manufacturersrecommended operating range (30-60 psi).

2. Valves and circuits shall be separated based on water use, (hydro-zoned) so that turf

and shrub areas, sun and shade areas, as well as high and low runoff areas may bewatered separately.

3. The minimum precipitation rate that can be applied by any zone of conventionalirrigation should be in accordance with Conservation Plans. Sprinkler heads shall have

matched precipitation rates within each control valve circuit.

4. Serviceable check valves shall be required where elevation differential may cause lowhead drainage adjacent to paving areas.

5. Sprinkler head spacing shall be designed for head-to-head coverage or heads shall be

spaced as per manufacturers recommendations and adjusted for prevailing winds. Thesystem shall be designed for minimum run-off. There shall be no direct over spray onto

impervious areas.

6. All automatic irrigation systems shall be equipped with a controller capable of dual or

multiple programming. Controllers should have multiple cycles start capacity and flexible

calendar program, including the capability of day of week or day interval watering. Allautomatic irrigation systems shall be equipped with a rain sensor shut-off device.

7. Irrigation construction plans shall include a water budget. A water budget shouldinclude:

a) Estimated monthly water use (in litre or cubic meters per application) and the area (in

square meters or hectare) irrigated.

b) Precipitation rates for each valve circuit.

c) Monthly irrigation schedule for the plant establishment period (first three months) andrecommended yearly watering schedule, including seasonal adjustments.

d) Location of emergency irrigation system shut-off valve.

8. All in-ground irrigation systems shall have backflow prevention device installed that

meet local code.

Where available, reclaimed water will be used for all purposes allowed by rules

established by the Government of Zambia, if the reclaimed water is less costly than

potable water or other water currently being used by the purposes that reclaimed watercan be use.


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Water Conservation Plan Guidelines


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CONTENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE WATER CONSERVATION PLAN

SPECIFY CONSERVATION PLANNING GOALS

List of conservation planning goals and their relationship to supply-side planning

Description of community involvement in the goals-development process

DEVELOP A WATER SYSTEM PROFILE

Inventory of existing facilities, production characteristics, and water use Overview of conditions that might affect the water system and conservation planningPREPARE A DEMAND FORECAST

Forecast of anticipated water demand for future time periods Adjustments to demand based on known and measurable factors

Discussion of uncertainties and what if (sensitivity) analysis

DESCRIBE PLANNED FACILITIES

Improvements planned for the water system over a reasonable planning horizon Estimates of the total, annualised, and unit cost (per litre) of planned supply-side

improvements and additions Preliminary forecast of total installed water capacity over the planning period based

on anticipated improvements and additions

IDENTIFY WATER CONSERVATION MEASURES

Review of conservation measures that have been implemented or that are planned forimplementation

Discussion of legal or other barriers to implementing recommended measures Identification of measures for further analysisANALYZE BENEFITS AND COSTS

Estimate of total implementation costs and anticipated water savings Cost effectiveness assessment for recommended conservation measures Comparison of implementation costs to avoided supply-side costsSELECT CONSERVATION MEASURES

Selection criteria for choosing conservation measures Identification of selected measures Explanation for why recommended measures will not be implemented Strategy and timetable for implementing conservation measures


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INTEGRATE RESOURCES AND MODIFY FORECASTS

Modification of water demand and supply capacity forecasts to reflect anticipatedeffects of conservation

Discussion of the effects of conservation on planned water purchases, improvements,and additions

Discussion of the effects of planned conservation measures on water utility revenuesPRESENT IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION STRATEGY


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SPECIFY CONSERVATION PLANNING GOALS

Planning Goals

The planning goals can be developed from different perspective. The planning guidelines

include the analysis of the benefits and cost of conservation activities. Specifyconservation planning goals in terms of anticipated benefits for the water system and its

customers. To the extent practical, involve affected members of the community in the

development of conservation planning goals and throughout the implementation process.The value of conservation is defined in terms of avoiding supply-side costs to the water

system. Lowering the level of water demand can help water suppliers avoid, downsize, or

postpone the construction and operation of costly supply side facilities.

Planner should plan on revisiting the goals section before finalizing the conservation plan

and periodically thereafter, because goals and the means to achieving them will evolve.

As the water system accomplishes certain conservation goals, new objectives may come

into focus.

Community Involvement in water Conservation

The process of developing goals can involve representatives of various groups in the

community or stakeholders who may be concerned about water system and its future.

Modern resources planning (such as integrated resources planning) emphasizes as anopen process that involves all affected groups so that they can have an opportunity to

express their interests and concerns. Involving the community in goal development serves

an important public education function. Moreover, it is widely believed that involving thecommunity in developing goals, as well as in the implementation process, can greatly

enhance the success of conservation programmes.

Members of the community who mighty be interested in water conservation include:

Residential water consumers; Commercial water consumers; Industrial water consumers; Wholesale consumers; Environmental groups; Civil right groups; Business and commerce group; Recreational water users; Agricultural users; Education institutions; Government agencies or ministries; Labour groups.

In addition assisting the water system specify planning goals, community participants

also can have an ongoing role in a systems conservation system. Ongoing involvement


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can help maintain and build support for achieving conservation goals and get the word

out about conservation effort. Participants can act as a focus group for exploring specificconservation measures. Participants also provide valuable linkages to key groups

consumers, business and institutions-who might be involved in implementing certain

conservation measures.

For many water systems, involving the community in water-system planning will be a

new experience. However, most system managers will find that involving members of the

community in developing goals, implementing programmes, and evaluating results in avery worthwhile investment.


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DEVELOP A WATER SYSTEM PROFILE

System Profile

Taking inventory of existing resources and conditions is an important step in the planning

process. A water system profile can help systems assess their present circumstances anddesign strategies to meet emerging needs. Most water systems should maintain the data

and information necessary for building a system profile

Summarize the services and operating characteristics of the water

system. Provide an overview of conditions and a description of climate,

water availability, or other factors that might affect water conservationplanning.

System Conditions

The checklist provided suggests the need for water conservation planning. While allwater systems can benefit from efficient improvements, water conservation can be

especially beneficial for systems experiencing water shortages or rapid increases indemand. For example, water system facing one or more of the following conditions are

strongly urged to consider the fullest range of conservation measures available to them in

accordance with the guidelines:

Systems in state-designated critical water or stressed areas; Systems experiencing frequent droughts, emergencies, or safe yield problem; Systems with excessive unaccounted-for water or water losses; Systems anticipating rapid growth in water demand; Systems entering into major construction cycles.

In addition to the summary worksheet, planners should prepare a brief written discussion

of the significant conditions affecting their systems. Particular attention can be paid to

climate and water availability, but other factors affecting the system can be considered as

well. This information can be used to help systems identify problems and opportunitiesthrough the planning process.

Current Conservation efforts

Worksheet 3 is provided so that water systems can describe their current water

conservation activities and programme. For each conservation measure implemented,planner can indicate the approximate annual water savings achieved, whenimplementation for the measure began, and whether continued implementation is

planned. Any other pertinent information on current efforts and their effectiveness can be

provided in the plan as well.


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Worksheet 1 WATER SYSTEM PROFILEA SERVICE CHARACTERISTICS Number

1 Estimated service population

2 Estimated service area (Square Kilometres)

3 Kilometres of mains

4 Number of treatment plants

5 Number of separate water systems6 Interconnection with other systems

B ANNUAL WATER SUPPLY Annual volume Number of

intakes or

sources points

Percent

metered

7 Groundwater %

8 Surface water %

9 Purchases: raw %

10 Purchases: treated %

11 Total annual water supply %

C SERVICE CONNECTIONS Connections Water sales Percent

metered

12 Residential single-family %

13 Residential multi-family %14 Commercial %

15 Industrial %

16 Public or government %

17 Wholesale %

18 Other %

19 Total connections %

D WATER DEMAND Annual volume Percent total Per

connection

20 Residential sale

21 Non-residential sale

22 Wholesale sale

23 Other sales

24 Non-account water: authorized uses

25 Non-account water unauthorized uses

26 Total system demand

E AVERAGE & PEAK DEMAND Volume Total supply

capacity

Percent of

total capacity

27 Average-day demand %

28 Maximum-day demand %

29 Maximum-hour demand %

F PRICING Rate structure Metering

frequency

Billing

frequency

30 Residential rate

31 Non-residential rate

32 Other rate

G PLANNING Prepared a plan Date Filed with

government

33 Capital, facility, or supply plan

34 Drought or emergency rate

35 Water conservation plan


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WORKSHEET 2 OVERVIEW OF SYSTEM CONDITIONS

Line

Increasing need for conservation DontKnow

(Tick)

Conditions Check applicable description (Tick)

A CLIMATE AND WATER AVAILABILITY

1 Average precipitation High Moderate Low2 Average temperature Low Moderate High

3 Critical supply areas No At risk Yes

4 Competing water users No Possibly Yes

5 Environmental constraint No Possibly Yes

6 Quality/quantity concern No Possibly Yes

7 Seasonal variation in climate Low Moderate High

8 Instream flow problems Low Moderate High

9 Shortage or emergence frequency Low Moderate High

B INFRASTRUCTURE CONDITIONS

10 Age of system Newer Middle Older

11 General condition of system Good Fair Poor

12 Water losses and leaks Low Moderate High

13 Uncounted-for water Low Moderate High14 Safe yield of supply exceeded No At risk Yes

15 Wastewater discharge exceeded No At risk Yes

16 Wastewater capacity exceeded No At risk yes

17 Potential for recycling and reuse Low Moderate High

18 Improvement plans Low Moderate High

19 Anticipated investment Low Moderate High

C SYSTEM DEMOGRAPHICS

20 Rate of population growth per year Low Moderate High

21 Rate of demand growth per year Low Moderate High

22 Rate of economic growth per year Low Moderate High

23 Per capita water use (by class) Low Moderate High

24 Ration of peak of average demand Low Moderate High

25 Presence of large-volume users Low Moderate High

D OTHER FACTORS

26

27

28

29


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WORKSHEET 3 CURRENT WATER CONSERVATION ACTIVITIES

Summarize the systems current water conservation activities:

Water conservation measures Approximate

annual water

saving (if known)

Implemented

since (Date)

Is continued

implementatio

n planned?


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PREPARE A DEMAND FORECAST

Demand Forecasting

Forecasting water use or water demand is a critical part of the planning process.

Forecasting can range from simple projections based on anticipated growth in thepopulation to complex models using several variables to explain variation in water use.

Forecasting can either be made for a water system as a whole or forecasts can be

considered more accurately for separate classification of water use or sectors.

Prepare a forecast of anticipated water demand for selected time

periods. To the extent practical, the planner should take into accountvariations in demand based on type of water usage, as well as perform

a what if analysis.

The guidelines suggest that planners prepare forecasts for 5-year, 10-year and 20-year

intervals. The longer the forecast the greater the uncertainty and forecasts should berevisited and updated on a regular basis. The forecast should recognize the effects of

conservation measures already implemented or being implemented.

Forecasting method

Worksheet 4 separates (at a minimum) residential and non-residential customers. The

forecast can be made per capita or per connection basis. For non-residential sector,planners should use employees, jobs, or another appropriate explanatory variable.


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Worksheet 4 Preliminary Water Demand Forecast [a]Line Item Current

year

5-year

forecast

10-year

forecast

20-year

forecast

A RESIDENTIAL DEMAND

1 Current annual water residential sales (total

litres)

2 Current population served [b]3 Residential sales per capita (line 1 divided by

line 2) [b]

4 Projected population [b]

5 Projected annual residential water demand

(line 3 multiplied by line 3)

B NONRESISENTIAL DEMAND (C)

6 Current annual water non-residential sales

(total litres)

7 Current number of employees or jobs [c]

8 Water use per employee or job (line 6 divided

by line 7)

9 Projected number of employees or jobs

10 Projected annual non-residential waterdemand (line 8 multiplied by line 9)

C NON-ACCOUNT WATER (WATER NOT SOLD TO CUSTOMERS

11 Current and forecast amount [d]

D WATER SYSTEM TOTAL DEMAND

12 Current total annual water demand (add lines

1, 6, and 11)

13 Projected total annual water demand (add

lines 5, 10, and 11)

14 Adjustment to forecast (+ or -)

15 Current (line 12) and adjusted total annual

water demand forecast (add line13 and 14)

16 Current and projected annual supply capacity

[f]17 Difference between total use and total supply

capacity (+ or -) (subtract line 12 from line

15)

E AVERAGE-DAY AND MAXIMUM-DAY DEMAND

18 Average-day demand (line 15 divided by 365)

19 Current maximum-day demand

20 Maximum-day to average-day demand ratio

(line 20 divided by line 19)

21 Projected maximum-day demand (line 18

multiplied by line 20 for all forecast years)

22 Adjustment to maximum-day demand forecast

[e]

23 Current (line 19) and adjusted maximum-daydemand forecast (add lines 21 and 22)

24 Daily supply capacity (divide line 16 by 365)

25 Ration of maximum-day demand to daily

supply capacity (divide line 23 by line 24)

[a] Separate forecasts should be prepared for large-volume users.

[b] Planners can choose to use serve connections or households instead of population and per-

connection water use instead of per-capita water use.


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[c] Explanatory variable other than employees or jobs can be used as appropriate. The forecast should

be disaggregated by sector of water use to the greatest extent possible (for example, commercial

and industrial water use and non-account water) and a qualitative sensitivity analysis (what if)

should be performed for each sectors forecast.

[d] Please provide an explanation of the forecast of non-account water, including all relevant

assumptions.

[e] Please provide an explanation of adjustment to your forecasts, including all relevant assumptions.

[f] Supply capacity should take into account available supplies (permits), treatment capacity, and

distribution system capacity and reflect the practical total supply capacity of the system, including

purchased water.


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DESCRIBE PLANNED FACILITIES

Supply Forecasting

In this conservation plan, planners are asked to prepare an estimate of supply costs based

on meeting the level of water demand specified in the unadjusted demand forecast. Thisis a critical part of the analysis because it establishes the anticipated cost of supply-side

improvements and additions and this cost estimate will be used to represent the value of

conservation or demand-side activities.

Describe improvements planned for the water system over a

reasonable planning horizon; identify the types of improvements proposed, and unit cost of the improvements. Prepare a

preliminary forecast of installed capacity.

The benefits of conservation extend into the future it is important to take a forward-

looking approach to supply costs. The concept of marginal or incremental cost capturesthe idea that the true value of a supply resource can be measured in terms of the cost of

the next increment of supply. If only high-cost supplies are available, the marginal orincremental cost will be high. For many communities, future increments of supply will

be very costly. The value of a conserved amount of water at a future point, because that

is the supply option being displaced by conservation.

Cost Analysis

A reasonable accounting of anticipated supply costs is needed in order to compare thecost of supply-side measures to the cost of demandside or conservation measures (on a

cost-per-gallon basis). Planners should choose an appropriate time horizon; a twenty-

year or other suitable period can be used. The choice of time frame should be consistent

with the demand forecast, as well as the other planning considerations.

Planners should begin by preparing an estimate of major improvements and additions that

will be required over the planning horizon in order to meet anticipated demand (including

a safe reserve margin). Detailed cost estimates may be available from facility plans orother planning documents. Worksheet 5 can be used to summarize improvements and

additions, which are disaggregated into three categories: source of supply, transmission

and treatment, and distribution. (Additional categories can be used as needed.)

Planners should consider all capital facility improvements and additions. Improvements

include renovations and expansions needed to maintain or enhance safety or reliabilitywithin existing facilities. Additions consist of new facilities. Routine maintenance

improvements should not be included. Anticipated water purchases and costs also should

be recorded on Worksheet 5. For this part of the analysis, the effects of conservation

measures currently being implemented should be considered, but the effects of newconservation measures on the need for supply capacity or water purchases should be

excluded.


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If no capital improvements and additions are planned, 0 values can be entered and theestimate of supply costs can be based on operating costs (including the cost of energy,

chemicals, and purchased water).

Estimating Incremental Supply Costs

Worksheet 6 provides a method for placing a value on supply-side improvements and

additions. Improvements and additions are separated into categories: source of supply,water treatment facilities, treated water storage, and major transmission lines. Water

purchases are separately recorded. Capital costs over the useful life of the anticipated

projects (including financing costs) are annualised and reported on a per-gallon basis.

Financing costs can be incorporated into the calculation of annualised cost by using the

expected interest rate for financing the project(s) or the systems overall cost of capital.

Supply-side facilities are designed to meet different types of water demand (as

summarized in Table below; similarly, different conservation measures affect differenttypes of water demand. Planners should identify, as reasonably possible, the extent to

which improvements and additions are needed to meet average and/or peak demand.

Capital-cost reductions associated with conservation will depend on the extent to which

supply-side facilities can be eliminated, postponed, or downsized. The effect of

conservation on the need for facilities will depend on the demand pattern of theindividual utility, as well as its construction cycle (that is, the timing of facilities

currently under development). Conservation can be particularly beneficial for systems

that have a sufficient planning horizon to integrate conservation with conventionalresource options. In some cases, capital costs cannot be avoided but conservation can

still yield savings in operating expenditures. A degree of analyst judgment is required in

order to evaluate incremental costs and to integrate supply-side and demand-side

resources.


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Table 1: Relationship of Water Demand to Supply FacilitiesType of Water Demand Type of Water Supply Facility

Average-day Source of supply facilities, including raw water

Storage facilities such as reservoirs

Maximum-day (peak) Water treatment plants

Major transmission lines

Maximum-hour [a] Treated water storage facilitiesDistribution mains [b]

Pumping stations [b]

Source: Adapted from Charles W. Howe and F. Linaweaver, The Impact of price on Residential Water

Demand and its Relationship to system Design and price Structure, Water Resources Research 3 (First

Quarter 1967): 13-32

[a] Maximum-day demand plus fire-flow requirements.

[b] These facilities should be considered in the analysis if they could be affected by such conservation

measures as leak detection and repair, pressure management, or integrated resources management.

This approach produces a very rough estimate of the value of supply-side options. Costs are not escalated

(to account for the increasing value of water-supply resources over time), discounted (to account for the

time and value of money), or adjusted for inflation.

Preliminary Supply-Capacity Forecast

Based on the anticipated improvements and additions, planners also can present a

preliminary forecast of total supply capacity over the planning period. Worksheet 4-7 is

provided for this purpose. The forecast, which can be presented in a table or graph, canbe used to indicate when changes to capacity are expected to occur. The total supply

forecast should reflect both additions to capacity and retirements. Improvements that

allow the system to maintain capacity can be indicated with entries under both additions

(to reflect the improvement) and retirements (to reflect the facilities taken out of service).A similar analysis can be used for wastewater facilities.

The supply forecast is preliminary because it can and will be revised later in the plan toreflect the effect of conservation on water supply needs.


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Worksheet 5: Anticipated Improvements and AdditionsDescribe the planned improvements and additions: .

.....

.

..

.

Describe time frame for planned improvements and additions:

....

.

.

.

.

Type of project [a]

Improve-

ment Addition State date End date

Source of supply

Water treatment facilities

Treated water storage Major transmission lines

Others ...

Needs for Project (s) (check all that apply)

Notes

Enhance compliance with regulations .

Replace older equipment or facilities ..

Meet average-day demand

Meet maximum-day demand

Meet future growth needs

Others ...

Funding Interest rate

Cost of financingOverall cost of capital (if known)

Water purchase

Anticipated future water purchase . (Litres per year)

Cost of water purchase . (Kwachas per year)

[a] Comprehensive plans can include wastewater facilities.


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Worksheet 6: Cost of Supply-Side FacilitiesLine Item Facilities

for

metering

average-day

demand

Water

purchases

needed to

meet

demand

[b]

Estimate of

simple

incremental

supply cost

(K/litre)

Sources ofsupply

Watertreatment

facilities

Treatedwater

storage

Majortransmission

lines

A SUPPLY CAPACITY IN ANNUAL LITRES [C]

1 Current installed

capacity or water

purchases

2 Planned

improvements

and additions

3 Planned

retirements

4 Future installed

capacity orpurchases (line 1

plus line 2 less

line 3)

B COST OF PLANNED IMPROVEMENTS AND ADDITIONS

5 Approximate

total cost of

planned

improvements

and additions

identified in line

2 (including

financing costs)

6 Expected life ofnew facilities

(years)

7 Estimated annual

operating costs

[d]

8 Estimated annual

operating costs

[d]

9 Estimated total

annual cost (line

7 plus line 8) [e]

10 Per unit cost of

new facilities

(line 9 divided

by line 2)

11 Simple

incremental

supply cost (add

all entries from

line 10)

[a] Additional facilities or capital equipment can be included as appropriate.


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[b] The plan should indicate whether purchases are needed to meet average-day or maximum-day

demand or both.

[c] Planners should select a reasonable planning horizon for supply facilities and use the same time

frame for all facilities

[d] Annual variable operating cost (including energy, chemicals, and water purchase).

[e] This calculation of simplified value does not include a discount rate, an escalation rate, or an

adjustment for inflation. This analysis also can be extended to include the incremental cost of

wastewater collection and treatment.


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Worksheet 7: Preliminary Supply-Capacity ForecastYear Additions (+) Retirements (-) Total supply capacity for the

system (annual or daily)

0

1

2

34

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

1617

18

19

20


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IDENTIFY CONSERVATION MEASURES

Levels and Measures

Measures include both supply-side and demand-side management techniques for saving

water and range from relatively simple educational tools to the promotion of advancedwater-efficiency technologies. Use of any particular measure depends on whether it meets

cost-effectiveness and other planning criteria and whether its use complies with

applicable laws and regulations, including state and plumbing principles.

Identifying Conservation Measures

Worksheet 8 summarizes all measures and highlights the minimum set of measuresrecommended for consideration in the Intermediate Guidelines. Systems should use the

checklist to review and summarize the measures that are currently implemented, planned,

or not planned at this time. Planners also can identify additional measures and practices

as they develop their conservation plans.

Water systems following the Intermediate Guidelines are expected to implement the very

fundamental and widely accepted practices highlighted under Level 1. if Level 1measures are not in place and not planned for implementation, planners should submit a

strong justification, including a cost-effectiveness analysis if it is the basis for not

implementing the measure.

Planners can screen the measures in terms of general feasibility. In some cases, it may

not be possible for a system to implement a measure because of legal restrictions or for

other compelling reasons. The conservation plan should provide an explanation if a

measure cannot be implemented for the period of time covered by the plan. It is notnecessary to prepare a cost effectiveness analysis for measures that cannot be

implemented.


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Worksheet 8: Checklist of Conservation Measures [a]

Measure [a]

Al

re

ad

y

i

mpl

e

m

en

te

d

(T

ic

k)

Pla

n

to

im

ple

ment

(Ti

ck)

Comment [b]

LEVEL MEASURES

Universal metering [B]

Source-water metering

Service-connection meteringMeter public-use water

Fixed-interval meter reading

Meter-accuracy analysis

Test, calibrate, repair, and replace meters

Water accounting and loss control [A]

Account for water

Repair known leaks

Analysis of nonaccount water

Water system audit

Leak detection and repair strategy

Automated sensors/telemetry

Loss-prevention programme

Costing and pricing [B]

Cost-of-service accounting

User charges

Metered rates

Cost analysis

Nonpromotional rates

Advanced pricing methods

Information and education [B]

Understandable water bill

Information available

Informative billWater-bill inserts

School program

Public-education program

Workshops

Advisory committee

[Worksheet continue. See footnotes at end of worksheet.]


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Worksheet 8 (continued)

Measure [a]

Al

re

ad

y

i

m

pl

e

m

en

te

d

(Tic

k)

Pla

n

to

im

ple

me

nt

(Ti

ck)

Comment [b]

LEVEL 2 MEASURES

Water-use audits [B]

Audits of large-volume users

Large-landscape audits

Selective end-use audits

Retrofits [B]

Retrofit kits available

Distribution of retrofit kits

Targeted programs

Pressure management [A]

System-wide pressure regulation

Selective use of pressure-reducing valves

Landscape efficiency [P]

Promotion of landscape efficiency

Landscape planning and renovation

Selective irrigation sub-metering

Irrigation management

LEVEL 3 MEASURES

Replacements and promotion [B]Rebates and incentives {non-residential}

Rebates and incentives {residential}

Promotion of new technologies

Reuse and recycling [B]

Industrial applications

Large-volume irrigation applications

Selective residential applications


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Water-use regulation [B]

Water-use standards and regulations

Requirements for new developments

Integrated resource management [B]

Supply-side technologies Demand-side technologies

[a] For more information about measures see Appendix A. Non-italicized measures should be

considered at a minimum

[b] Note special issues related to the measure, including legal or other obstacles precluding

implementation.

Note: Measures can affect average-day demand [A], maximum-day {peak} demand [p], or both [B], as

indicated.

Water Savings

Worksheet 9 should be completed for each conservation measure identifies. In some

cases planners may want to combine measures based on the conservation program theyenvision. All interrelated measures that are expected to result in an identifiable amount

of water savings should be combined and treated as one measure in order to avoid

counting the planned water savings more than once in the analysis

The worksheet begins with an open-ended description of the measure and an estimate of

water savings. The anticipated life span for the measure should be indicated. Planners

also should indicate whether the measure is targeted toward reduction in average-day

demand, maximum-day demand, or both. Estimates of potential water savings should beas realistic as possible, based on system and regional considerations. For some measures,

particularly those dependent on customer responses (such as information and education

programs), the estimation will reflect a high degree of uncertainty. Planners can chooseto use a range of estimates under these circumstances.

The plan should indicate typical water savings from the measure, the number of plannedinstallations, and the anticipated life span for the measure, as well as whether the measure

is expected to reduce average-day or maximum-day demand (or both)

Implementation Costs

Worksheet 9 includes a method for summing the total costs of implementing the

measures. All costs associated with implementation should be included. Planner should

obtain reasonable cost estimates and these include: Materials, labour, rebates or otherpayments, marketing and advertising, administration, consulting or contracting and

others. A realistic implementation schedule should be considered.

Cost-Effectiveness

The analysis of cost-effectiveness for each measure builds on the identification of supply-side costs. Using this analysis, the cost of conservation can be compared to the simple


33/56

incremental cost of supply. The difference between the per-litre cost of conservation and

the per-litre cost of supply is a simple indicator of the potential benefits (or cost savings)from conservation.

Net Benefits

The net benefit from implementing the measure is shown by subtracting total programme

costs from total programme benefits. When benefits exceed costs, a measure is

considered reasonably efficient and a good candidate for implementation.

Worksheet 9: Analysis of Each Conservation Measure or Group Measures

Describe conservation measure:

Typical water savings from the measure: per

Number of planned installations: ..

Anticipated life span for the measure: ..Years

The measure is designed to reduce:

Average-day demand Maximum-day demand Both average-day and maximum-day demandLine Item Amount Amount

A COST OF THE CONSERVATION MEASURE Per unit [b] Total cost of

measure

1 Materials Kwacha Kwacha

2 Labour

3 Rebates or other payments

4 Marketing and advertising

5 Administration

6 Consulting or contracting

7 Other

8 Total programme costs for the life of the measure

(Add line 1 through 7) [c]

K

B ESTIMATE SAVINGS

9 Number of units to be installed [d]

10 Estimated annual water savings for the measure in litres [e]

11 Total estimated annual savings for the measure in litres (multiply line

9 by line 10)

12 Expected life span for the measure in years

13 Total life span estimated savings for the measure in litres (multiply

line 11 by line 12)

C ANALYSIS OF COST EFFECTIVENESS Amount14 Cost of water saved by the measure (line 8 divided by line 13) /litre

15 Simple incremental cost of water supply [f] /litre

16 Cost comparison (line 15 less line 14) /litre

D NET BENEFIT OF CONSERVATION Amount

17 Estimated value of water saved by the measure based on incremental

supply cost (line 13 multiplied by line 15)

K

18 Net value of water saved by each measure (line 17 less line 18) K


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[a] This analysis is used to aid the comparison and selection of measures. Planners will

estimate actual effects of conservation on planned capital facilities. A separate analysis should be

performed for each conservation measure, but measures can be combined if they jointly produce

water savings.

[b] Examples of a unit are a toilet, a retrofit kit, and an audit. A unit estimate may not be appropriate

for each measure, in which can total programme water savings and costs for the measure can be

used.

[c] Include all recurring operation and maintenances costs over the life of the measure.

[d] Units can be individual product units (such as toilet) or groups of products (such as household

retrofits), as long as the analysis is consistent. Leave blank if values do not apply.

[e] Foe example, water savings per retrofit. Leave blank if unit values do not apply.

[f] From Worksheet 6, line 11

Worksheet 10: Comparison of Benefits and Costs of the Conservation MeasuresLine Conservation measure

[a]

Total programme

cost for the

measure

[b]

Anticipated

annual water

savings in litres

[c]

Cost of water

saved by the

measure

(K/Litre)

[d]

Net benefit of

implementing

the measure

[e]

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

1415

16

17

18

19

20

[a] = Combines measures that produce joint conservation savings should be treated as one

measure to avoid duplicate counting.

[b] = From Worksheet 9 line 8

[c] = From Worksheet 9 line 11.

[d] = From Worksheet 9 line 14.

[e] = From Worksheet 9 line 18. This estimate of net benefit does not consider societal benefitand costs.


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SELECT CONSERVATION MEASURES

Selection Criteria

Describe the process by which conservations were selected for implementation, including

identification of the selection criteria. Summarise the selected measure and totalanticipated programme costs for implementation.

Criteria that can be used in selecting conservation measures for implementation include:

Programme cost Cost-effectiveness Ease of implementation Budgetary consideration Staff resources and capability

Ratepayer impacts Environmental and social justice Water right and permits Legal issues or constraints Regulatory approvals Public acceptance Timelines of savings Consistency with other programmesWorksheet 11 provides a simple format for summarising the selection of measures. For

each measure, planners should indicate whether the measure was selected for

implementation. Planners also should identify the primary reason or reasons for selectingor rejecting the measure. Special conditions or actions that are required before selection

measure can be implemented (such as an approval from regulator) should be noted.

The selected conservation measures should allow the planners to estimate the expectedreductions in average-day and maximum-day demand.


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Worksheet 11: Selection of Conservation Measures and Estimate of Water SavingsLine

Measure

S

e

l

e

c

te

d

(

T

i

c

k

)

Primary criteria for

selecting or rejecting

the conservation

measure for

implementation

Estimated reduction in demand for

selected measures (Cubic Meters per

day)

[a]

Average-daydemand Maximum-daydemand

1

2

3

45

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

1718

19

20

Total

[a] Based on Worksheet 9 line 11. Planners will need to convert estimates of annual water savings to

estimates of reductions in average-day and maximum-day demand for each measure or group of measures.


37/56

INTEGRATE RESOURCES AND MODIFY FORECASTS

Modify water demand and supply-capacity forecasts to reflect the anticipated effects of

conservation. Indicate whether and how water savings from conservation will allow

systems to eliminate, downsize, or postpone supply-side projects or water purchases.

Planners should use Worksheet 12 to collate information from previous worksheets and

analyses in order to revise the demand forecasts made in Worksheet 4. Revisions shouldreflect changes based on the introduction of new conservation measures. The effects of

measures already being implemented should be included in the original demand forecast.

Planners should identify the anticipated effects of conservation on planned supply-sideimprovements and additions. Worksheet 13 is provided for this purpose.

The supply-capacity forecast is revised in Worksheet 14. The revision to the supply-capacity forecast should be based on Worksheet 13 and consistent with accepted supply-

capacity planning practices. Worksheet 14 also provides a method of summarising

savings in capital and operating costs, based on reductions in supply capacity. Plannersshould also estimates reductions operating costs at existing facilities that will occur with

demand reduction. The total programme cost of conservation can be compared with the

savings in total capital and annual operating costs.

Worksheet 12: Modified Demand ForecastLine Item Current

year

Year 5 Year 10 Year 20

1 Average-day demand before conservation [a]

2 Reduction in average-day demand (line 1 less


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4 Downsized project

5 Savings from downsizing (line 3 less line 4)

C CAPITAL PROJECT POSTPONED

6 Present value of original project

7 Present value of postponed project

8 Savings from postponement (line 6 less line7)

D NEED FOR PURCAHSE WATER IS REDUCED [c]

9 Original estimates of purchases

10 Revised estimate of purchases (can be 0)

11 Savings from reduced purchases (line 9 less

line 10)

[a] Comprehensive plans can include wastewater facilities.

[b] Based on Worksheet 12 estimates of reduction in demand.

[c] For purchased water, report only annual operating costs and include costs associated with take-or-

pay contract provisions. Transmission facilities needed to transport purchased water should

include capital and operating costs associated with such facilities and reported as capital projects.

Worksheet 14: Modified Supply Forecast and Estimated Total SavingMODIFIED SUPPLY FORECAST

Line Item Current year Year 5 Year 10 Year 20

A Forecast Supply Capacity (daily)

1

2

3

B Capacity Reserve

4

ESTIMATED TOTAL SAVINGS

Line Item

Supply Capacity

(daily)

Project cost

Total

capital

costs (K)

Annual

operating costs

(K)

C Total Estimated Savings from Changes

to Supply Projects [c]

1 Cost of supply projects before

conservation

2 Cost of supply projects after conservation

3 Savings (line 1 less line 2)

D Total Estimated Savings from Reduced Operating Costs at Existing Facilities [d]

4 Operating costs before conservation

5 Operating costs after conservation

6 Savings (line4 less line 4)

E

Conservation Programme Costs Total

programme

cost (K)


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7 Total cost of implementing selected

conservation measures [e]

[a] From Worksheet 7.

[b] Based on Worksheet(s) 13.

[c] Based on Worksheet(s) 13

[d] Based on annual variable operating cost (including energy, chemicals, and water purchase).

[e] Based on Worksheet 10

PRESENT IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION STRATEGY

Implementation

Here present a strategy and timetable for implementing conservation measures and other

elements of the conservation plan. Describe proposed approaches for implementing and

evaluating planned conservation measures.

Implementation Measures

Worksheet 15 is a simple template for summarising the water systems implementationand evaluation schedule for the conservation measures. For instance, the schedule can

identify significant implementation actions, a beginning date and a completion date.

Implementation and evaluation

Worksheet 16 provides a very summary of the water systems general implementation

and evaluation strategy for the conservation plan. There areas are highlighted and theseare, public involvement, monitoring and evaluation and updates and revisions.


41/56

Worksheet 15: Implementation Schedule for Measures

Line

Measure Required

action

Beginning

date

Completion

date Notes

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10


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11

12

Worksheet 16: Implementation Strategy

A. PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT

Describe plan for public involvement:

B. MONITORING AND EVALUATION

Describe plan for monitoring and evaluation:

Describe plan to collect water demand data:

C. PLAN UPDATES

Describe plan for updates and revisions:

D. ADOPTION OF THE PLAN


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Date plan completed:

Date plan approved: ...

Approved by [governing body]: ..

Signature: ...

APPENDIX

WATER CONSERVATION MEASURES

Level 1 measure

Universal metering; water accounting and loss control; costing and pricing; information

and education

Level 2 measures


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Water-use audits; Retrofits; Pressure management; Landscape effeicient

Level 3 measure

Replacement and promotion; Reuse and Recycling; Water-use regulation; integrated

resources management

Table 1: Guidelines and Associated Conservation Measures [a]Measures Advanced guidelines

Intermediate Guidelines

Basic Guidelines

LEVEL 1 MEASURES

Universal metering

[B] Source-water metering Service-connection

metering and reading

Meter public-use water

Fixed-interval meterreading

Meter-accuracy analysis Test, calibrate, repair, and

replace meters

Water accounting

and loss control[A]

Account for water Repair known leaks Analyse nonaccount water Water system audit

Leak detection and repairstrategy

Loss-prevention program

Costing and pricing

[B] Cost-of-service

accounting

User charges Metered rates

Cost analysis Nonpromotional rates Advanced pricing methods

Information andeducation[B]

Understandable waterbill

Information available Informative water bill Water-bill inserts School program Public-education program

Workshops Advisory committee

LEVEL 2 MEASURES

Water-use audits[B]

Audits of large-volumeusers

Large-landscape audits Selective end-use audits

Retrofits

[A] Retrofit kits available Distribution of retrofit kits

Targeted programsPressuremanagement[A]

System wide pressuremanagement


Landscapeefficiency

Promotion of landscapeefficiency Landscape planning and


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[P] Selective irrigation sub-metering

renovation

Irrigation managementLEVEL 3 MEASURES

Replacements and

promotions[B]

Rebates and incentives (non-residential)

Rebates and incentives(residential)

Promotion of new technologiesReuse and recycling[B]

Industrial applications Large-volume irrigation

applications

Selective residential applicationsWater-useregulation[B]

Water-use standards andregulations

Requirements for newdevelopments

Integrated resourcemanagement[B]

Supply-side technologies Demand-side technologies

[a] See Appendix A for a description of the measures. Water systems should consider at leastthe measures listed

under the guidelines applying to them.[A] Measure affects average-day demand

[P] Measure affects maximum-day (peak) demand)[B] Measure affects both average and peak demand

Universal Metering [B]

Measures

Advanced guidelines


Basic Guidelines

Universal metering

[B] Source-water

metering

Service-connectionmetering and reading

Meter public-usewater

Fixed-interval meterreading

Meter-accuracy analysis Test, calibrate, repair, and

replace meters

Metering is a very fundamental tool of water system management and conservation.

Source-water metering: Both the supplier and the customer benefit from metering.

Source metering is essential for water accounting purposes.

Service connection metering: Service-connection metering is needed to informcustomers about how much water they are using; suppliers use metering data to more

accurately track water usage and bill customers for the usage.

Public-use water metering: All water provided free of charge for public use should bemetered and read at regular intervals. This will allow the utility to more accurately

account for water. Lack of control undermines loss control, costing and pricing, and other

conservation measures.

Fixed-interval water metering: A programme of fixed-interval meter reading is essential

to determine the amount of nonrevenue-producing water. Sources meters and service


46/56

connection meters should be read at the same relative time in order to facilitate accurate

comparison and analysis.

Meter accuracy: Water meters can be damages and deteriorate with age, thus producing

inaccurate readings.

Water Accounting and Loss control [A]

Measures

Advanced guidelines


Basic Guidelines

Wateraccounting andloss control[A]

Account for water Repair known

leaks

Analyse nonaccount water Water system audit Leak detection and repair strategy

Loss-prevention program

All water systems may benefit from a water accounting system. The first step in

implementing a water accounting is by developing strategies for loss control.

Account for water: All water systems, even smaller systems, should implement a basic

system of water accounting.

Repair known leaks: The cost of water leakages in terms of operating costs associated

with water supply, treatment, and delivery; water lost produces no revenues for the

utility. Repairing larger leaks can be costly, but it also can produce substantial savings inwater and expenditure over the long run.

Analysis of nonaccount water: Nonaccount water use should be analyzed to identify

potential revenue-producing opportunities, as well as recoverable losses and leaks.

System audit: A system audit can provide information needed to make a more accurate

analysis of nonaccount water.

Leak detection and repair strategy: Systems should also institute a comprehensive leak

detection and repair strategy. Divers can be used to inspect and clean storage tank

interiors.

Loss-prevention programme:This may include pipe inspection, cleaning, lining and

other maintenance efforts to improve the distribution system and prevent leaks and

ruptures from occurring.

Costing and Pricing [B]

Measures

Advanced guidelines


Basic Guidelines

Costing andpricing

Cost-of-serviceaccounting

Cost analysis Nonpromotional rates Advanced pricing methods


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[B] User charges Metered rates

Cost-of-service accounting: Water systems should use cost-of-service accounting,

consistent with generally accepted practices

User charges: Once costs are established, systems can develop more accurate user

charges.

Metered rates: Metered rates should be used so that the customers water bill

corresponds to their water usage. The regulator must approve change of rates. It is

important for water systems to communicate with the regulator about the costs and needfor cost-based pricing.

Cost analysis; Systems should conduct a cost analysis to understand what types of usage

drive system costs.

Non-promotional rates: Systems also should consider whether their current ratesstructures promote water usage over conservation, nonpromotion rates should beimplemented whenever possible in order to enhance the conservation signal rates.

Systems seeking to encourage conservation through their rates should consider various

issues: the allocation between fixed and variable charges, usage blocks and breakpoints,

minimum bills and whether water is provided in the minimum bill, seasonal pricingoptions, and pricing by customer class.

Advanced pricing methods: Advanced pricing methods generally allocate costs bycustomer class and/ or type of water use. Advanced pricing might consider seasonal

variation or other methods for pricing indoor and outdoor usage based on differing

contributions to system peaks. Considering the elasticity factors for different classes ofwater use can enhance the conservation orientation of the rate structure. Marginal-costpricing, which considers the value of water relative to the cost of the next increment of

supply, can be considered as well. Systems also consider special ratemaking provisions

(such as cost-recovery or lost-revenue mechanisms). Potential revenue instability can be

addressed with additional rate structure modifications (such as revenue-adjustmentmechanisms).

Information and Education [B]

Measures

Advanced guidelines


Basic Guidelines

Information

and

education

Understandable waterbill

Information available Informative water bill Water-bill inserts School program Public-education

program

Workshops Advisory committee

Information and education are critical to the success of any conservation programme.

Information and education measures can directly produce water conservations, as when


48/56

customers change their water-use habits. These saving can be difficult to estimate. Also

public education may not produce the same amount of sustained water savings as other,more direct approaches (such as leak repair and retrofits). But education measures also

can enhance the effectiveness of other conservation measures.

Understandable water bill: Customers should be able to read and understand their waterbills. An understandable water bill should identify volume of usage, rates and charges,

and other relevant information.

Information available:Water systems should be prepared provides information

pamphlets to customers on request. Public information and education are important

components of every water conservation plan. Customers are willing to participate in

sound water management practices if provided with accurate information.

Information water bill: Comparison to previous bills and tips on water conservation can

help consumers make informed choices about water use.

Water bill insert: Systems can include inserts in their customers water bills that can

provide information on water use and costs. Insert also can be used to disseminate tips forhome water conservation.

School programme: Systems can provide information on water conservation and

encourage the of water conservation practices through a variety of school programmes.Contacts through schools can help socialise young people about the value of water

conservation techniques.

Public education programme: Utilities can use a variety of methods to disseminate

information and educate the public on water conservation. Outreach methods include

things such as posters etc.

Workshops: Utilities can hold workshops for industries that might contribute to water

conservation efforts. This might include workshops for plumbers, plumbing fixture

suppliers and builders for landscape and irrigation service providers.

Advisory committee: This may involve the public in the conservation process; potential

committee members include elected officials, local business people, interested citizens,

agency representatives, and representatives of concerned local groups. The committeecan provide feedback to the utility concerning its conservation plan and develop material

and ideas about public information and support for conservation in the community.

Water-Use Audit

Measures

Advanced guidelines


Basic Guidelines

Water-use

audit Audit of large-volume users Large-landscape audits Selective end-use audit


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Water-use or end-use audits can provide water systems and their customers with

invaluable information about how water is used and how usage might be reduced throughspecific conservation strategies.

Audit of large-volume users: Utilities can facilitate water audits for large-volume users,

both commercial and industrial. Water audits should begin by identifying the categoriesof water use for large-volume user. These may include process, sanitary, domestic,

heating, cooling, outdoor, and other water uses. Second, a water audit should identify

areas in which overall water use efficiency can be improved through alternativetechnologies or practices.

Large-landscape audits: Water audits can be used for outdoor usage, as well as for

indoor processes. Audits of irrigation practices can provide large-volume commercial,

industrial, and public users with information about usage-reduction techniques. Theseaudits can be used in conjunction with irrigation sub-metering and other landscaping

efficiency practices.

Selective end-user audit: Water audits can be widened to include selective end-use audits

by customer class, focusing on typical water-use practices within each class. An audit

programme can be selective in terms of targeting customer groups that have particular

needs or for which water conservation could be particularly beneficial. Audits targeted toolder housing, for example, can be particularly beneficial in terms of identifying and

fixing plumbing leaks.

End-use audits also can be tailored to the usage practices within user groups. For

example, residential water audit may focus on plumbing fixtures, lawn and garden water

practices, and customer behaviour. Residential water audits can be used to make

immediate repairs and retrofits.

Worksheet 6 summarizes the components of a residential water audit. All water audits

should include written report to the customer that includes specific ideas forconservation. Water audits can be planned and implemented in conjunction with electric

power companies or others interested in promoting conservation practices.

Retrofits

Measures

Advanced guidelines


Basic Guidelines

Retrofits Retrofit kit available Distribution of kits Targeted programmes

Water systems can promote conservation through a retrofit programme. Retrofitting

involves making an improvement to an existing fixture or appliance (versus replacement)in order to increase water-use efficiency. Retrofit programmes usually target-plumbing

fixtures.


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Retrofit kit available: A basic retrofit kit may include low-flow faucet aerators, low-flow

showerheads, leak detection tablets, and replacement flapper valves. Retrofit kite may bemade available free or at a cost.

Calculating the savings from a retrofit programme requires planners to make a number of

assumptions about water use and savings.

Distribution of retrofit kits: Water systems can actively distribute retrofit kits directly or

through community organizations e.g. CBOs, RDCs etc. retrofit kits can be distributed inconjunction with audit programmes.

Targeted programmes: Utilities might institute target programmes for different

customers classes (residential, commercial, industrial, public buildings and so on).Retrofits of industrial premises can include facilities used by the public and employees,

as well facilities used for production purposes. A programme to retrofit low-income

housing units may conserve considerable water in older residential housing units with

inefficient plumbing fixtures. Targeted programmes also could be designed incooperation with community organizations. An active retrofit programme might be part

of a residential water-use audit programme. It is important that planners ensure thatretrofit programme conform to local plumbing guidelines and ordinances.

Pressure Management

Measures

Advanced guidelines


Basic Guidelines

Pressure

management System-wide pressure

management


Reducing excessive pressure in the distribution system can save a significant quantity of

water. Reducing water pressure can decrease leakage, amount of flow through opentapes/faucets, and stresses on pipes and joints, which may result in leaks. Lower water

pressure may also decrease deteriorations, reducing the need for repairs and extending the

life span of existing facilities. Furthermore, lower pressures can help reduce wear on

end-use fixtures and appliances.

System-wide pressure management: For residential areas, pressure exceeding 80 psi

should be assessed for reduction. Pressure management and reduction strategies must be

consistent with government and local regulations and standards, as well as take intoaccount system conditions and needs. Obviously, reduction in pressure should not

compromise the integrity of the water system or service quality for customers.

Pressure-reducing valves: A more aggressive plan may include the purchase and

installation of pressure-reducing in individual buildings. Utilities might also insert flow

restrictors on services at the meter. Restrictor can be sized to allow for service length,

system pressure, and site elevation. Utilities can consider providing technical assistanceto customers to address their pressure problems and install pressure-reducing valves to


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lower customers water pressure. This may be especially beneficial for large-use

customers.

Landscape Efficiency

Measures

Advanced guidelines


Basic Guidelines

Landscape

efficiency Promotion of landscape

efficiency

Selective irrigation Landscape planning

and renovation

Irrigationmanagement

Outdoor water usage drives maximum-day demand, which in turn drives requirements for

transmission and treatment facilities. Reducing outdoor usage can thus be very effective

conservation strategy. Outdoor water use can reduce through efficient-oriented

landscaping principles.

Promotion of landscape efficiency: Utilities can promote the development of waterconservation principles into planning, development and management of new landscapeprojects such as public parks, building grounds, and golf courses. Utilities can also

promote low water-use landscaping by residential and nonresidential customers,

especially those with large properties. Utilities can cooperate with local nurseries to

ensure the availability of water conserving plants.

Water systems may promote Xeriscaping; an efficiency-oriented approach to landscaping

that encompasses seven essential principles:

Planning and design; Limited turf areas; Efficient irrigation; Soil improvement; Mulching; Use of lower water demand plants; Appropriate maintenance. Apply irrigation water at critical stages of the plant growth such as flowering etc.

Selective irrigation sub-metering: Selective sub-metering for irrigation water can be

used to improve irrigation management, as well as to introduce irrigation pricing.

Landscape planning and renovation: Existing landscapes can be renovated to

incorporate water conservation practices. Public parks, for example, could be managed to

incorporate water-efficient landscaping and reduce or eliminate irrigation. Utilities canwork with commercial and industrial customers to plan and renovate landscaping in

accordance with water conservation practices.


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Irrigation management: Irrigation management systems, using metering, timing, and

water-sensing devices, also can be promoted by water utility for large-volume customers.

Replacement and Promotions

Measures

Advanced guidelines


Basic Guidelines

Replacement

and

promotion

Rebates and incentives [non-residential]

Rebates and incentives [residential] Promotion of new technologies

Rebate and incentives: In order to accelerate the replacement of older fixtures, utilities

can offer rebates and other incentives. Utilities can install water efficient fixtures byproviding fixtures at no cost, giving rebate for consumer purchased fixtures, or arranging

suppliers to provide fixtures at a reduced price. Utilities can design incentive rebate

programmes that are targeted to the nonresidential and residential sectors, and to indoor

and outdoor uses.

The feasibility and effectiveness of replacement depends on state and local plumbing. Aprogramme to accelerate replacement, coupled with high-efficiency standards, can yield

substantial water saving.

Promotion of New Technologies: Utilities also can get involved with promoting newtechnologies by manufactures and distributors of fixtures and appliances. Demonstration

and pilot programmes, and even contests, can be used to introduce and promote new

product e.g. high-efficiency washing machines, dont use a hosepipe to wash your car,

use a bucket etc.

Reusing and recycling

Measures

Advanced guidelines


Basic Guidelines

Reuse and

recycling Industrial applications Large-volume irrigation applications Selective residential application

Industrial application:An alternative water sources for some systems is graywater, ortreated wastewater for non-potable water uses. Water reuse and recycling practices

reduces production demands on water system. Water utilities should work with theirnonresidential customers to identify potential areas for reuse or recycling. Someindustries can substantially reduce water demand through water reuse (or multiple use) in

manufacturing processes. Recycled wastewater can be used for some industrial purposes,

agricultural purposes such as aquaculture, groundwater recharge, and direct reuse to

water golf courses


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Large-volume irrigation application: Reuse and recycling can encourage for large

volume irrigation.

Selective residential applications: In some areas, reuse and recycling can be used in

residential applications. Water systems will need to check with local plumbing a

Documents

Water Conservation Guidelines and Plans in Zambia