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Today’s Topic
• Trace Minerals: – Iron, Zinc, Selenium, Iodine, Copper, Manganese,
Fluoride, Chromium, Molybdenum
• Other Trace Minerals and Ultratrace minerals
Trace Minerals
• Cofactors for _____________• Components of _________________• Participate in many chemical reaction• Essential for:
– ______________________– Immune System
Iron• Functions:
1. ______________ transport (as part of hemoglobin and myoglobin)
• Hemoglobin: carries oxygen in __________________• Myoglobin: moves oxygen into ______________________
2. Cofactor for enzymes• Participates in reactions involving energy production, amino
acid metabolism, muscle function, etc.3. _____________________ function4. Brain function
• Nerve cell ________________________: iron helps produce myelin sheath • Nerve cell ________________: iron helps produce
neurotransmitters
Regulation of Iron in the body• Iron absorption depends on:
1. ________________ (primary factor)• Absorption varies, depending on the person’s needs• _________________ absorption when circulating iron and
iron reserves are low.2. GI function
• Depends on __________________________3. ______________________________ of iron in food
• 2 types of iron found in food:– Heme iron: found in the hemoglobin and myoglobin of animal
foods– Non-heme iron: iron in plants and animal foods that is not part of
hemoglobin or myoglobin.
Problem Set 10, Q3
• Explain the difference between heme and non-heme iron. Which is absorbed better?
Iron• Iron absorption is affected by the following dietary factors:
– Enhance (for non-heme iron): ______________________– Inhibit:
• _______________________________________bind to non-heme iron
• ______________________________________compete for absorption• Transport and storage:
– Transporter: _______________________________– Storage form of iron: ________________________
• Turnover and losses:– Rapid growth and blood expansion (infant young children)– ____________________________ (menstruation, feces, sweat)– _________________________(ulcer, cancer, parasitic infection)
Iron
• Food sources:– Red meat, oyster, legumes, tofu, whole grains
• Deficiency:– ________________________________
• Toxicity:– Adult doses can cause poisoning in children– Hereditary hemochromatosis – a genetic disorder in
which ____________________ results in abnormal iron deposits in the liver and other tissues.
Zinc Functions1. Enzymes
– Helps provide _______________ or ___________ catalytic ability• Ex: In the retina, zinc must interact with enzyme that activates vitamin A
night vision2. Gene regulations
– Helps small proteins to fold so that the proteins can interact with ____________ “turns on” gene _________________________ ________________________________________
3. Immune system– Helps develop and maintain immune system
4. Others:– Taste perception– ______________________________________
Regulation of Zinc in the Body• Absorption:
– Similar to ________________– Depends on body’s needs, zinc content of the meal,
and presence of competing minerals– ______________ and supplemental calcium inhibit
absorption• Transport, distribution, and excretion:
– Zinc circulates in the bloodstream bound to protein, traveling to the liver and tissues.
• Food sources:– Red meats, seafood
Zinc
• Deficiency: – Uncommon, but may occur in people with illness that
impair absorption• ______________ and ____________________________
• Toxicity:– Usually rare– Can cause copper deficiency:
• Q: Why is this is beneficial for those with Wilson’s disease (genetic disorder that increases copper absorption)?
Selenium
• Functions:– Part of _________________ enzyme – __________ metabolism: selenium-dependent
enzymes __________ the major thyroid hormone.– _______________ function
• Absorption and excretion:– Bound to amino acid (MET or CYS)– Enhance absorption: ________________– Inhibits absorption: _________________
Selenium
• Food sources:– Organ meats, fish, seafood, meats
• Deficiency:– Increase susceptibility to some infections– Keshan disease: enlarged heart disorder in children– Worsens _________________ (low thyroid hormones
slowing of mental/physical functions)
• Toxicity:– _________________________
Iodine• Function: _____________________production• Food sources:
– __________________, fish, seafood, dairy• Deficiency:
– Goiter: enlarged thyroid gland• Low iodine low thyroid hormone produces more
___________________________ thyroid gland grows bigger – Cretinism: mental retardation
• Occurs during pregnancy– Can be caused by ________________ deficiency
• Toxicity: – ____________________
• Too much iodine inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis less thyroid hormone thyroid gland grows bigger.
Problem Set 10 Question #4:
Q: Explain two ways someone can have hypothyroidism. (Hint: which two minerals are involved?)
Copper
• Functions:– _______________________________production– Immune function– Involved with antioxidant enzyme – Works with ceruloplasmin, a copper-dependent
enzyme required for ______________________.• Absorption and storage:
– Absorption varies from ___________________– Interferes with absorption: ________________
Copper
• Deficiency:– Causes ___________________
• Because copper deficiency reduces production of red and white blood cells
– Poor immune function• Toxicity:
– Relatively non-toxic• Food sources:
– Organ meats, shellfish, nuts, legumes
Manganese• Functions:
– ________________ production– ________________ formation– Antioxidant enzyme systems
• Food sources:– Tea, nuts, cereals
• Deficiency:– Some illness may cause suboptimal Magnesium status:
•__________________________________: a progressive disease that destroys myelin sheath surrounding nerve fibers of the brain and spinal cord
• Toxicity:– Incidents due to ___________________________
• Symptoms: hallucinations, memory/motor coordination.
Fluoride
• Functions:– _____________________ structure by promoting
deposits of calcium and phosphorous.• Fluoride Sources (Problem Set 10 Question# 5):
– Fluoridated water– Fluoride supplements, toothpastes, mouthwash
• Toxicity:– Excess can cause fluorosis: ______________________
____________________________________• The fluoridation debate
Chromium
• Functions:– __________________ metabolism
• Enhances insulin’s ability to move glucose into cells.
• Food sources:– Mushrooms, dark chocolate, nuts, whole grains
• Deficiency and toxicity:– Difficult to determine deficiency– ______________
Molybdenum
• Functions:– _______________ cofactor
• Food sources– Peas, beans, organ meats, some breakfast cereals
• Absorption:– Inhibit: ________________
• Deficiency/Toxicity:– Deficiency: _____________– Toxicity: _______________