Waste Segregator Report

8/17/2019 Waste Segregator Report

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Chapter 1

Introduction

In recent times, garbage disposal has become a huge cause for concern in the world. Avoluminous amount of waste that is generated is disposed by means which have an adverse effect

on the environment [1:11].

The common method of disposal of the waste is by unplanned and uncontrolled open dumping at

the landfill sites. This method is inurious to human health, plant and animal life.

This harmful method of waste disposal can generate li!uid leachate which contaminate surface

and ground waters" can harbour disease vectors which spread harmful diseases" can degrade

aesthetic value of the natural environment and it is an unavailing use of land resources[#:$].

In India, rag pic%ers play an important role in the recycling of urban solid waste. &ag pic%ers and

conservancy staff have higher morbidity due to infections of s%in, respiratory, gastrointestinal

tract and multisystem allergic disorders, in addition to a high prevalence of bites of rodents, dogs

and other vermin. 'ependency on the rag(pic%ers can be diminished if segregation ta%es place at

the source of municipal waste generation.

The economic value of the waste generated is not realised unless it is recycled completely.

)everal advancements in technology[*] has also allowed the refuse to be processed into useful

entities such as +aste to nergy, where the waste can be used to generate synthetic gas -syngas

made up of carbon mono/ide and hydrogen. The gas is then burnt to produce electricity and

steam" +aste to 0uel, where the waste can be utilied to generate bio fuels.

+hen the waste is segregated into basic streams such as wet, dry and metallic, the waste has a

higher potential of recovery, and conse!uently, recycled and reused. The wet waste fraction is

often converted either into compost or methane(gas or both. 2ompost can replace demand for

chemical fertilisers, and biogas can be used as a source of energy. The metallic waste could be

reused or recycled.

ven though there are large scale industrial waste segregators present, it is always much better to

segregate the waste at the source itself. The benefits of doing so are that a higher !uality of the

material is retained for recycling which means that more value could be recovered from the

waste[*]. The occupational haard for waste wor%ers is reduced. Also, the segregated waste


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could be directly sent to the recycling and processing plant instead of sending it to the

segregation plant then to the recycling plant.

2urrently there is no system of segregation of dry, wet and metallic wastes at a household level.

3.). 4aa[$:1#] has recommended that a least cost, most appropriate technological option for

safe management should be developed. The purpose of this proect is the realiation of a

compact, low cost and user friendly segregation system for urban households to streamline the

waste management process.

The mi/ed waste is sorted based on the following methods at the industrial level[5]. 6arger items

are removed by manual sorting. Then the refuse is sorted based on its sie by using large rotating

drums which is perforated with holes of a certain sie. 7aterials smaller than the diameter of the

holes will be able to drop through, but larger particles will remain in the drum.

0or metallic obects electromagnets or eddy current based separators can be used. 8ear infrared

scanners are used to differentiate between various types of plastics based on the ability of the

material to reflect light. 9(rays can also be used to segregate materials based on their density.

The methodology adopted in this paper to resolve the issue of waste segregation is by ma%ing the

entire process automated and to the reduce cost such that it could be adapted in a household

level.

+aste is pushed through a flap into the proposed system. An I& pro/imity sensor detects this and

starts the entire system. +aste then falls on the metal detection system. This system is used to

detect metallic waste. After this the obect falls into the capacitive sensing module. This module

distinguishes between wet and dry waste. After the identification of waste, a circular base which

holds containers for dry, wet and metallic waste is rotated. The collapsible flap is lowered once

the container corresponding to the type of garbage is positioned under it. The waste falls into the

container and the flap is raised. The waste in the containers now can be collected separately and

sent for further processing.


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Chapter 2

Literature review

This section will loo% into different e/isting devices that can compare with the proposal. It will

entail several important features that in one way or another help characterie the desired

hardware and software design of the )7A&T 4in. )ections #.1 and #.# will entail reviews on

automated trash bin systems and garbage collection schemes, respectively. Another section will

discuss about e/isting self( or controlled(navigations scheme while an additional section will tal%

about mobile robots which may serve as a comparison to the desired design and implementation

applicable to the study.

2.1 Automated Trash Bin Systems

Trash bin systems are usually designed on the software level and handled manually. As an

illustration, many cities employ garbage collection by distributing government(issued trash bins

that are manually used and they only use automated systems in canvassing bin collection. It is

then desired in this study to ma%e a similar approach at the Ateneo community. owever, it will

be in a smaller(scale and will only occupy a single floor at the 2ollege 4uilding. A software

program will be designed to automate a robot in navigating through this particular floor while

disposal of garbage will still be done manually.

4ut in recent years, automated trash bins e/isted in the forms of sensor(based trash can

covers and improvised step(open(cap trash bins. ;atents in the past decade include the

development of the miniature robots that are limited to recogniing trash using image processing

and employing complicated algorithms to ma%e trash identification possible. Aside from the fact

that this approach is costly, it is also undesirable in the study s locale wherein available‟

technology is limited. It is nonetheless important to note that it is possible to substitute costly

components as well as complicated algorithms or programs in achieving the same obective. This

is what the study will emanate from these e/isting devices. At some institution such as the

'efense Advanced &esearch ;roects Agency -'A&;A, a related process to garbage collection

has been patented bac% in #


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would re!uire a large memory for the robot. As such, this study will not loo% into developing a

learning device.

2.2 Garbage Coection Schemes

2ollection schemes are not as automated as in garbage collecting robots. As a matter of fact,

most automated collection schemes are implemented in the computer systems level and not in the

desired individual robots.

7ultimode garbage collection system is an instance of this implementation. ;atented by

= 2onnor et al in #


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The design can resort to a similar approach. 0or e/ample, a wall(following robot cleaner has

been designed by using the concept of sensors and algorithms. ong

and his team -#


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2.# $obie %obotsIn ;eccioli, Italy, several types of garbage collecting robots are designed by researchers at )cuole

)uperiore )ant(Anna Bniversity to collect garbage from homes and sweep the streets. )ince the

streets in this town are narrow for the garbage truc%s to pass, the researchers designed these

robots, called 'ustcart, to replace them and to be responsive to users through )7) -Crifantini,

#


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Chapter !

&esign considerations

0igure shows a diagram of the A+). An upper enclosure ensures waste does not fall out of the

sensing area. Inside the enclosure is an infra(red -I& pro/imity sensor module. +hen the waste

is dumped in by pushing the flap, the I& pro/imity sensor module gets activated and brings the

micro controller 7);$*


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A. 'ntry System and Initiai(ation

The waste is dumped into the A+) by pushing it through a flap. This flap comes in the pro/imity

of the I& pro/imity sensor which mar%s the entry of the waste. The sensor sends an interrupt to

the microcontroller which comes out of the low power mode. It then initialies the sensor

modules. The initialiation of all modules ensures that any dynamic changes in the environment

do not affect the sensing. The sensor modules establish a base count by averaging many samples,

while the waste slides over the first incline. An average of 1


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type of garbage is inferred as wet waste else it is dry waste. )ince the capacitance value of the

plates is different, the change observed for the same obect by the different plates is different.

ence different threshold levels are assigned for each pair of capacitors. Thus, the type of waste

is identified as either wet or dry and the actuators are activated.

Chapter #


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&etai &esign

Components

LC& dispay

A i)uid crysta dispay -LC& is a flat panel display, electronic visual display, based on on

6i!uid 2rystal Technology. A li!uid crystal display consists of an array of tiny segments -called

pi/els that can be manipulated to present information. 6i!uid crystals do not emit light directly

instead they use light modulating techni!ues.

62's are used in a wide range of applications, including computer monitors, television,

instrument panels, aircraft coc%pit displays, signage, etc. They are common in consumer devices

such as video players, gaming devices, cloc%s, watches, calculators, and telephones.

62's are preferred to cathode ray tube -2&T displays in most applications because of

1. The sie of 62's comes in wider varieties.

#. They do not use ;hosphor" hence images are not burnt(in.

*. )afer disposal

$. nergy fficient

5. 6ow ;ower 2onsumption

It is an electronically modulated optical device made up of any number of segments filled with

li!uid crystals and arrayed in front of a light source - bac%light or reflector to produce images in

color or monochrome.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_panel_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_visual_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_Crystalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_monitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_instrumentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-optic_modulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-optic_modulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-optic_modulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light#Light_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backlighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflector_(photography)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_visual_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_Crystalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_monitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_instrumentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-optic_modulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light#Light_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backlighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflector_(photography)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_panel_display


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0igure# &eflective twisted pneumatic li!uid crystal display.

1. ;olariing filter film with a vertical a/is to polarie light as it enters.

#. Class substrate with IT= electrodes. The shapes of these electrodes will determine the

shapes that will appear when the 62' is turned =8. Fertical ridges etched on the surface

are smooth.

*. Twisted pneumatic li!uid crystal.

$. Class substrate with common electrode film -IT= with horiontal ridges to line up with

the horiontal filter.

5. ;olariing filter film with a horiontal a/is to bloc%Gpass light.

D. &eflective surface to send light bac% to viewer. -In a bac%lit 62', this layer is replaced

with a light source.

3'1D#A is one such 62' which is used here.

It has a ;anel with # rows and 1D columns and with bloc%s as shown below with 5/? pi/el(

selection pattern.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarizerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium_tin_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium_tin_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarizerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium_tin_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrode


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,in &etais


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Timing &iagram


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-rite $ode

%ead $ode


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,ie seection pattern

Inter/acing 0&12A with $icrocontroer

Alpha 8umeric displays form an integral part of the mbedded )ystems.

The 'ata displayed here is controlled by the 7icrocontroller.

The 2ontrol pins li%e &ead )trobe, &eadG+rite and nable are controlled through the

7icrocontroller ;orts as per the waveforms above.

The ? data is also provided through a 7icrocontroller ;ort.


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Genera Circuit and settings o/ 3hd12a

ALPHA NUMERIC LCD

+ 5 V

U 1

1 6 x 2 A L P H A L C D

V S SV D DV 0R SR / WED B 0D B 1D B 2D B 3D B 4D B 5D B 6D B 7L E D AL E D K

V R 11 0 K13

2

A L C D _ E

D B 1

A L C D _ R SA L C D _ R / W

D B 3D B 4

D B 0

D B 2

D B 6D B 7

D B 5

7a%e sure that 5F and C8' lines are properly connected otherwise you may end up in

damaging parallel port.

If you want bac%light than connect pin 15 of 62' to 5F and pin 1D of 62' to C8'. 4y

adusting 1


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4ow Chart

Connect VDD, VSS, LEDA,LEDK

Pins for Power and Contrast

RS , EN, R/W And data Pins

Assigned to Ports

EN!, RS! , R/W" for data

write

Data in D#"$% is sent t&roug& Port

Pins

Data is Dis'(a)ed on t&e Pane(


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62' commands:


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Light dependent resistor

-or5ing6

6ight(dependent resistor alternatively called an 6'&, photo resistor, photoconductor, or

photocell , is a variable resistor whose value decreases with increasing incident light intensity.

An 6'& is made of a high(resistance semiconductor. If light falling on the device is of high

enough fre!uency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy

to ump into the conduction band. The resulting free electron -and its hole partner conduct

electricity, thereby lowering resistance.

A photoelectric device can be either intrinsic or e/trinsic. In intrinsic devices, the only available

electrons are in the valence band, and hence the photon must have enough energy to e/cite theelectron across the entire band gap. /trinsic devices have impurities added, which have a

ground state energy closer to the conduction band ( since the electrons donHt have as far to ump,

lower energy photons -i.e. longer wavelengths and lower fre!uencies are sufficient to trigger the

device.


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Two of its earliest applications were as part of smo%e and fire detection systems and camera light

meters. 4ecause cadmium sulfide cells are ine/pensive and widely available, 6'&s are still used

in electronic devices that need light detection capability, such as security alarms, street light

controller.

,roimity sensor6

A pro/imity sensor is a sensor able to detect the presence of nearby obects without any physical

contact. A pro/imity sensor often emits an electromagnetic or electrostatic field, or a beam of

electromagnetic radiation -infrared, for instance, and loo%s for changes in the field or return

signal. The obect being sensed is often referred to as the pro/imity sensorHs target. 'ifferent

pro/imity sensor targets demand different sensors. 0or e/ample, a capacitive or photoelectric

sensor might be suitable for a plastic target" an inductive pro/imity sensor re!uires a metal

target. The ma/imum distance that this sensor can detect is defined nominal range. )ome

sensors have adustments of the nominal range or means to report a graduated detection distance.

;ro/imity sensors can have a high reliability and long functional life because of the

absence of mechanical parts and lac% of physical contact between sensor and the sensed obect.

)ensors positioned close to their moving targets are far more li%ely to suffer damage from

physical contact. +ith machinery and e!uipment becoming increasingly compact, there isnHt

always room for additional mounting brac%ets or assemblies to properly hold sensors in position.

A sensor that shifts or vibrates in position is more prone to collision damage. In this instance,

many users prefer to use e/tended(range sensors to reduce the possibility of damage.


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&river circuits

ere the driver circuits are used to control the operations of firing unit, laser unit J audio

reception unit present on the robotic module. ere three types of driver circuits are used they are

ground driver, laser driver and motor driver circuit.

• 1


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L27!&

The 'evice is a monolithic integrated high voltage, high current four channel driver designed to

accept standard 'T6 or TT6 logic levels and drive inductive loads - such as relays, solenoids,

'2 and )tepper motor and switching power transistors.

To simplify use as two bridges each pair of channels is e!uipped with an enabled input. A

separate supply input is provided for the logic, allowing operation at a lower voltage and internal

clamp diodes are included.

This device is suitable for use in switching applications at fre!uencies up to 5 L.

The 6#*' is assembled in a 1D lead plastic pac%age which has $ center pins connected together

and used for heat sin%ing. )ince 6#*' is an integrated circuit motor driver it can be used for

simultaneous bidirectional control of two small motors. 6#*' is limited to D


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M5F power supply. It has a dual channel ie we can control # motors with single I2. 0or every

channel there is a 1 enable pin -connected to M5F and # input pins are connected to

microcontroller port NN and NN respectively. The second channel # input pins are connected to

microcontroller port NN and port NN respectively.

To control the speed of the '2 motor, 2;B fan or to control the brightness of the led

light, the enable pin will be connected to the ;+7 pin of the microcontroller.

0igure : ;rocess flow of the Automated +aste )egregator


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4eatures

•

Ceneral(purpose register: ? bits O *# registers -? bits O ? registers O $ ban%s

• &=7: 51# L4, &A7: *# L4, 'ata flash memory: ? L4

• =n(chip high(speed on(chip oscillator


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• =n(chip single(power(supply flash memory -with prohibition of bloc% eraseGwriting

function

• =n(chip debug function

• =n(chip power(on(reset -;=& circuit and voltage detector -6F'

• =n(chip watchdog timer -operable with the dedicated low(speed on(chip oscillator

• IG= ports: 1D to 1#< -8(ch open drain: < to $

• Timer * 1D(bit timer: ? to 1D channels, +atchdog timer: 1 channel

•

'ifferent potential interface: 2an connect to a 1.?G#.5G* F device

• ?G1


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'ustbin

7otor base


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Assembly of waste segregator

%esuts


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Table : Look up table for the rotation of the base control motor


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Table : ;ro/imity count values for different metal obects

Figure: Change in proximity count value plotted for metal objects


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Documents

Waste Segregator Report