Warm-up Sept 2

Warm-upWarm-upSept 2Sept 2

1. How did the completion of the Erie Canal in 1825 impact New York City?

A. New York City ceased to be a major point of European immigration.

B. New York City became a major economical and financial center.

C. New York City lost financial and political influence to the city of Albany.

D. New York City gained control of western agricultural production.

Chapter 7 Section 1Chapter 7 Section 1

Regional Economies Create DifferencesRegional Economies Create DifferencesThe North and the South develop different The North and the South develop different

economic systems that lead to political economic systems that lead to political differences between the regions.differences between the regions.

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

• Factory system - power-driven machinery, workers with different tasks- Mass production is production of goods in large quantities

• Industrial Revolution – a social & economic reorganization - Machines replaced hand tools- Large-scale factory production developed

• 18th century - Industrial revolution started in Great Britain - First generated power from streams & coal- Developed power-driven machines for mass production & built factories

• The Industrial Revolution in the United States- U.S. income came primarily from international trade after it gained independence - Embargo Act of 1807 and War of 1812 blockade shut down trade& shipping-Americans began investing in domestic industries


• 1793 - Samuel Slater opened a textile mill in Pawtucket Rhode Island - Start of the Industrial Revolution in America- Factories were built along rivers and streams (water power)

• 1801 - Eli Whitney developed standardization -using interchangeable parts - 1st applied to the production of muskets


• 1813 - Francis Cabot Lowell mechanized all stages cloth making

- 1st textile mill in America that combined all the steps of production under one roof- Lowell became booming manufacturing center by late 1820s- Thousands—mostly young women—left family farms to work in Lowell


• Steam Power - factories began using steam engines- Robert Fulton - built the 1st steamboat (Clermont)- Henry Miller Shreve - built 1st engine strong enough to go up the Mississippi- Steam engines improved trade (made New Orleans a major trade center)

• Railroads provided transportation where water travel was impossible- 1830s – Inventors began building steam locomotives - 1850 - railroads began passing canals as the main form of transportation

Two Economic Systems DevelopTwo Economic Systems Develop

• New England Industrialized- Built weaving factories in Waltham, MA and Lowell, MA

• Farms in the North were smaller than ones in South- Cash crops do not grow well in Northern soil and climate

• Farmers in Old Northwest raised 1 or 2 types of crops & livestock- Sold farm products at city markets; bought other items- Grains didn’t need much labor or yield great profit: need no slaves - Northern slavery began dying out by late 1700s - Most Northern states abolish slavery by 1804


• The Changing South

- Soil exhaustion had reduced profits from tobacco indigo and rice

• Ely Whitney - invented the Cotton Gin which made it profitable to grow cotton

• Great demand for cotton in Britain & growing demand in North


• Farmers put all their efforts into growing cotton due to its value (1830 Cotton made up 50% of the U.S. exports)

• Poor non-slave holding farmers went west to cultivate cotton

• Plantation system established in Louisiana, Mississippi

• Cotton was hugely profitable; • By 1820s - demand for slaves

increased• Increase in cotton production

paralleled increase in slave population

• Slavery became entrenched

The American SystemThe American System

• Henry Clay of Kentucky and John C. Calhoun wanted America to become self-sufficient ‘World within itself”

• American System was Henry Clay's program to spur economic growth and self-sufficiency - North produced manufactured goods- South and West produced food & cotton- National currency, transportation facilitated trade- All regions sustained the others making U.S. economically independent

• Called for better transportation to help trade within the country

The American SystemThe American System

• National Road - country's main east-west route (Cumberland Maryland, to Columbus, Ohio)

• Erie Canal - linked Hudson River to Lake Erie & Atlantic to Great Lakes - Reduced the cost of shipping goods from the west- Made New York a major trade center- As a result of its success more canals were built- By 1837 - Other states had built over 3,000 miles of canals (1825 -1850 known as the canal era)

Tariffs and the National BankTariffs and the National Bank

• Madison proposed Tariff of 1816—tariff on imports

- increased cost of foreign goods

- People were more likely to buy American goods

- Helped pay for improvements

• Tariffs – Tax on Imports


• North wanted high tariffs - Helped domestic industries

• South opposed high tariffs - Received overseas credit for cotton- Tariffs forced the cost of the foreign imports to be higher

• West also resented higher prices

• Henry Clay & Calhoun swayed congressmen from South & West to approve tariffs


• Most leaders agreed national bank, national currency benefited all- 1816 - Second Bank of the United States chartered for 20 years

• 1816 - James Monroe elected president

Rise of NationalismRise of Nationalism

• People began to take pride in America

• Belief that Americans were unique and did not have to follow the lead of other countries

• 1806 – Noah Webster published a dictionary- Helped create an American version of the English language

• 1816 – Republican James Monroe became president- “Began “Era of good Feelings”

• Federalist Party dissolved as a result of its poor showing


Nationalism at Nationalism at Center StageCenter Stage

Nationalism exerts a strong influence in Nationalism exerts a strong influence in the courts, foreign affairs, and westward the courts, foreign affairs, and westward

expansion in the early 1800s.expansion in the early 1800s.

The Supreme Court Boosts The Supreme Court Boosts National PowerNational Power

• Strengthening Government Economic Control

- Gibbons v. Ogden- Federal government controlled interstate commerce

• McCulloch v. Maryland: states cannot overturn laws passed by Congress

- Limited states power

Nationalism Shaped Foreign Nationalism Shaped Foreign PolicyPolicy

• Aimed to strengthen land claims

• Aimed to end European involvement in the Western Hemisphere

• Relations with England improved

• Border between U.S. and Canada set at 49th parallel as far west as the Rockies


• Tensions with Spain (Louisiana

• Purchase Boundaries)– Florida became a home for

runaway slaves and pirates– Seminole Indians raided

Georgia

• 1817 – Andrew Jackson was ordered to crush the Seminole

• Followed them into Spanish territory and claimed it for the U.S.

• President Monroe ordered Jackson to leave


• 1819 - Adams-Onis Treaty

- Spain agreed to give Florida to the U.S.

- U.S. gave Spain the choice of policing Florida or giving it to the U.S.

Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine

• Independence movements were causing Spain and Portugal Latin American empires to collapse

• Monarchies of Russia, Austria and Prussia planned to help Portugal and Spain

• U.S. became worried about Russian colonization in the Pacific Northwest - 1812 – Russia had trading post as far south as California

• 1823 – President James Monroe issued a statement that said the Americas were closed to further colonization and that any European efforts to re-establish colonies would be considered “dangerous to our safety and Peace”

Nationalism Pushes America Nationalism Pushes America WestWest

• Expansion to the West

• Most settlers went west for land, economic opportunity

Missouri Compromise of 1820Missouri Compromise of 1820

• When territory’s population reaches 60,000 may apply for statehood

• Missouri applied for statehood as a slave state- Would tilt the balance of power in Congress

• - Slave and free states each had 11• James Tallmadge of New York proposed that slavery be

banned in Missouri• Angered Southerners

- Asked if Constitution gave Congress the power to ban slavery

• Maine declared itself ready fro statehood while the Missouri debate went on

Missouri Compromise of 1820Missouri Compromise of 1820

• Speaker of the House Henry Clay suggested a compromise- Missouri admitted as slave state- Maine admitted as a free state - Banned slavery from the Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36 30

(Missouri’s southern border)


The Age of JacksonThe Age of JacksonAndrew Jackson’s policies speak for Andrew Jackson’s policies speak for

common people but violate Native common people but violate Native American rights.American rights.

The Age of JacksonThe Age of Jackson

• 1819 – Congress met in the rebuilt capital of Washington- Era of good feelings was coming to a close

• Tensions were growing that set the course of the country for years to come

• Economic changes caused divisions within the country- Northeast – Wealth was based on manufacturing and trade- South – Relied on slavery to raise cotton- West – Settlers wanted cheap land and good transportation

• Sectionalism replaced nationalism- Loyalty to local interest

Sectional DifferencesSectional Differences

• 1830s - Country divided into three sections

• West, Northeast, and South

• Sections argued over three main issues

- Tariffs

- Internal Improvements

- Sale of Public Lands

Internal ImprovementsInternal Improvements

• Northeast business leaders wanted improvements- Help send products west and food east

• South opposed anything that would cots the government money- Afraid the government would raise tariffs to pay for improvements- Southern Congressmen began voting against internal improvements

• West wanted the Government to build as many roads and canals as possible- Saw them as lifelines

Sale of Public LandsSale of Public Lands

• Northeast leaders didn’t want western lands sold cheap- Cheap land would attract workers from the Northeast- Business owners would have to raise wages to keep workers

• Westerners wanted Cheap land- Would encourage Western settlement- West would gain political power as people moved west

Election 1824Election 1824

• Sectional differences caused the Republican Party to split apart

- New Englanders wanted John Quincy Adams (Monroe’s Secretary of State)

-

Southerners wanted William Crawford of Georgia

-


Westerners supported Henry Clay and Andrew Jackson


• Jackson received most votes but failed to win the majority of electoral votes

• House of Reps chose the President• Henry Clay who finished 4th threw his support to

Adams who won• Named Secretary of State (Corrupt Bargain)• Jacksonians form Democratic-Republican Party

& blocked Adams’s policies• Adams spent most of Presidency arguing with

Congress- Stubborn and unlikable

Election of 1828Election of 1828

• Democrats saw the election as a chance for average people to show their political strength

• Jackson claimed he is of humble origins, though in reality is wealthy- says Adams is intellectual elitist

• Andrew Jackson won in a landslide

0

50

100

1st

Qtr

3rd

Qtr

East

West

North


• Election reflected changes in country

- Before election many people had been content to let their “betters” run the government

- People began voting for presidential electors

- Property requirements fro voting were lower

- Western states allowed all white males to vote • Time period known as Jacksonian Democracy • People no longer thought of them selves as

having “betters”

Jackson: An American HeroJackson: An American Hero

• March 4, 1829 – Jackson sworn in as President(Old Hickory)

• Americans saw him as one of them

- Person who had risen above hardship and poverty

- Served in army ( Battle of New Orleans)

- Moved to Tennessee and became wealthy planter

- Practiced law

- Loyal to friends and bitter toward enemies

New Political EraNew Political Era

• Jackson launched a new political era

• He fired many government officials

• Gave jobs to his supporters (Spoils System)

The Cherokee NationThe Cherokee Nation• Government began encouraging

Indians to move west after War of 1812

• 1817- Andrew Jackson offered each Cherokee a choice of moving west or settling down on 640 acres of land- They settled down and adopted the white peoples way of life- Owned cattle, cotton gins and slaves

• Sequoyah – Son of a white trader and a Cherokee Woman- Created a Cherokee alphabet

• 1827 – Cherokee adopted a constitution based on the U.S. Constitution

• Failed to earn whites respect simply because they were Indians- Whites wanted their land

Removal of Native AmericansRemoval of Native Americans

• Indian Removal Act (1830) – Called for all Indians east of the Mississippi to move public lands west of the Mississippi- Funded treaties that forced Native Americans west- Davy Crockett voted against the act - Caused him to lose his next election in Tennessee

• Whites wanted to displace or assimilate Native Americans• Jackson believed only solution was to move Native Americans off

their land- thought assimilation wouldn’t work - Too many troops needed to keep whites out of native lands- Jackson pressured some tribes to move& forcibly removed others

The Cherokee Fight BackThe Cherokee Fight Back

• Worcester v. Georgia—state cannot rule Cherokee or invade their land

• President Jackson ignored ruling- “John Marshall made his decision now let him enforce it”- Only time in U.S. history that President openly defied a Supreme Court ruling

• Some Cherokee tried to continue court fight • Minority favor relocation

- Federal agents sign treaty with minority; relocation began

• By 1838, 20,000 remained • President Martin Van Buren ordered their removal

The Trail of TearsThe Trail of Tears

• Cherokee sent west to Oklahoma on Trail of Tears - 800-mile trip made on foot

• Cherokee are robbed by government officials, outlaws

• Nearly ¼ of the Cherokee died along the way

Indian ResistanceIndian Resistance

• 1838 – A Cherokee Indian Tsali his family and a few friends killed a soldier and escaped into the Smokey Mountains

- Cherokee were allowed to stay there after Tsali and his friends turned

themselves in and were shot


• 1832 - Black Hawk War was the last of the Indian wars in the Midwest - The Saux and Fox Indians were forced to move to the Iowa Territory after lead deposits had been found on their homeland- Chief Black Hawk tried to lead people back to their home and was crushed by the Federal Army


• 1835 – Seminole Indians refused to leave Florida

- Led By Osceola

- Army tricked him into a meeting and sent him to Prison

- Many Seminoles retreated into everglades after seven years of fighting


States’ Rights and the States’ Rights and the National BankNational Bank

Andrew Jackson confronts two important Andrew Jackson confronts two important issues during his presidency—states’ issues during his presidency—states’

rights and a national bank.rights and a national bank.

A Tariff Raises the States’ Rights A Tariff Raises the States’ Rights IssueIssue

• British try to flood U.S. with cheap goods; tariff raised 1824, 1828

• Congress passed a high tariff during the last months John Quincy Adams term

- He signed it into law

- Where was he from?

• Angered the South

A Tariff Raises the States’ Rights A Tariff Raises the States’ Rights IssueIssue

• Vice-president John C. Calhoun calls 1828 Tariff of Abominations- Thinks South pays for North’s prosperity; cotton prices low

• Vice- President John C. Calhoun proposed the Doctrine of Nullification- Stated that Congress didn’t have the right to pass laws that favored one section of the nation at the expense of another - Said that states had the right to declare a law null and void within a state - states have right to leave Union if nullification denied

The Hayne - Webster DebateThe Hayne - Webster Debate

• South knew it needed West’s help to lower tariffs

• 1830s – North called for the limiting of public lands

• Senator Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina backed the West’s call for a generous land policy - Argued that it was an abuse of Federal power to cut off land sales

• Changed his argument to state’s rights- Claimed that the rights of the states came before the unity of the nation- States had the right to nullify any Federal law it judged to be unfair


• Daniel Webster of Massachusetts argued that the Union must be preserved before states rights

- His arguments lessoned the West’s support of the South


• South turned to President Jackson for support

- Andrew Jackson favored preserving the Union

- Disappointed the South

- Calhoun resigns

South Carolina’s ThreatSouth Carolina’s Threat

• Congress agreed to lower the tariff after Andrew Jackson suggested it

• South Carolina felt the tariff was still too high

- It voted to nullify the law

- Said it would secede from the Union if the Federal Government tried to enforce it

- Said that since it had chosen to join the Union it could choose to leave the Union

•

South Carolina’s ThreatSouth Carolina’s Threat

• South Carolina’s actions angered Andrew Jackson - “ To say that any state may at pleasure secede from the Union is to say that the

United States is not a nation”• Congress passed Force Bill- Gave Federal government

power to use army & navy against S. Carolina- Jackson prepared to send Federal troops to South Carolina - South Carolina readied its troops

• Henry Clay proposed a compromise- Tariffs would be lowered over a ten-year period- South Carolina stayed in the Union

Jackson’s War on the National Jackson’s War on the National BankBank

• Original National Bank of the United States had been Alexander Hamilton’s idea

• - 1791 – He convinced Congress to Charter the bank for 20 years

• After the War of 1812 - Country’s finances were a mess - Congress charted the bank again (Second Bank of the United States)

• 1832 – Congress voted to renew the Charter of the Bank• President Jackson vetoed the bill to renew the charter

- 1st time in history a President had vetoed a bill simply because he disagreed with it - Set new precedent


• Andrew Jackson distrusted the Bank - Felt that its officers influenced Congress to pass laws friendly to it- High interest rates made it difficult for the average person to borrow money

• Bank veto became a main issue of the election of 1832- Jackson won the election- Took victory as a sign that people supported his war on the bank


• Jackson ordered that all of the government’s money be withdrawn from the National bank - Deposited the money into state banks (Pet Banks)

• State banks offered credit on easier terms- Printed paper money - People could exchange money for gold and silver- Printed more money than they could back with gold and silver

Van Buren Deals with Jackson’s Van Buren Deals with Jackson’s LegacyLegacy

• Most of Nation prospered during Jackson’s last years in office

• More money was available- Caused inflation - Rise in price of goods- People began spending money before their dollars lost more value

• Jackson’s Legacy Martin Van Buren wins 1836 election with Jackson’s support

• Pet banks printed bank notes in excess of gold, silver they have

• Government demanded specie (gold, silver) to pay for public lands

• People rushed to exchange paper money for specie, banks stopped taking paper

Van Buren Deals with Jackson’s Van Buren Deals with Jackson’s LegacyLegacy

• Panic of 1837—bank closings, collapse of credit system:

- People lose savings, businesses bankrupted

- More than a third of population out of work• Cities were hit the hardest

- 90 % of all businesses closed

- Jobless workers couldn’t by food or pay rent• Van Buren tried unsuccessfully to solve

economic problems

The Whig PartyThe Whig Party

• Late 1830s – Senators Henry Clay and Daniel Webster argued that the government needed to help the economy through difficult times

• President Van Buren believed the economy would improve if left alone

• People blamed Van Buren

- Wrong place wrong time • Opponents of Jackson and Van Buren formed

the Whig Party

The Whig PartyThe Whig Party

• 1840 – Chose William Henry Harrison of Ohio to run for President- John Tyler was chosen to run for Vice-President

• Whigs promoted Harrison’s military victory at Tippecanoe- “Tippecanoe and Tyler too” became their slogan


• Image was more important than issues

• Whigs promoted Harrison as true Westerner form Ohio- Used Symbols of the frontier to represent him- Actually the son of Virginia plantation owner who moved to Ohio

• Whigs accused Van Buren wearing corsets and silk stockings


• Harrison became the 1st member of the Whig Party to become President

• Harrison also became 1st presidents to die in office

- Died of pneumonia only one month after taking office

• Vice-President John Tyler became President

Documents

Warm-up Sept 2