DoNow

Warm UpIn your own words, what is Chemistry?ObjectivesIdentify 5 traditional areas of chemistryRelate pure chemistry to applied chemistryIdentify reasons to study chemistryKey ConceptsWhy is the scope of Chemistry so vast?*What are the 5 traditional areas of study in chemistry?*What are three general reasons to study chemistry?*

A Brief History of the UniverseThe universe began 13.4 Billions years ago, in a massive expansion of space and time and called the Big Bang.Shortly there after (about 400 million years) the very first stars began to form.

A Brief History of the UniverseThe early universe was composed almost entirely of Hydrogen, in addition to some very small amounts of Helium & Lithium. None of the other elements on the periodic table existed in the early universe.A Brief History of the UniverseHydrogen is the first and most simplest of elements, consisting of only 1 proton.An element is the type or identity of an atom and is determined by the number of protons the atom has.

A Brief History of the Universe

FusionThe process by which the larger elements on the periodic table are created is called: fusion.Fusion is when two or more atoms fuse together to form one larger atom.Prior to the 1950s, Fusion was known to occur in only 1 place: the center of stars.

FusionThrough Fusion inside of stars, almost all of the other elements on the periodic table are created from Hydrogen.That means that elements like carbon and oxygen that make up our bodies are in fact the remnants of a star that died long before the earth formed and ejected those elements out into the universe. One scientist has referred to life forms as recycled star dust.

Fusion

FusionThe fusion process releases a tremendous amount of energy it is fusion that powers stars including our sun.The equation for the energy released by fusion is famous: E=mc2WhereE = EnergyC = speed of lightM = mass

FusionFusion has been replicated here on earth in the form of super weapons: Nuclear bombs.While scientist have been trying for 50 or more years to create a stable, controlled fusion process here on earth as a source of power, so far our efforts have been unsuccessful.FissionThe opposite of Fusion is Fission.Fission is when one very large atom like Uranium, which has 92 protons compared to just the 1 proton of hydrogen, splits apart. This is triggered by a neutron being fired at the center of the atom.Fission model

Fission in a nuclear power plant:

FissionFission also releases a good amount of energy, but NOT nearly as much as fusion does per gram of fuel.Nuclear Power Plants are essentially fission plants - Uranium is steadily consumed in a controlled process to produce power.The first atomic bombs, like the one dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki was a very rapid and uncontrolled fission bomb.E = mc2 does NOT apply to fission, only fusion.What is Chemistry?Chemistry the study of the composition of matter and the changes matter undergoesLiving and nonliving things are made of matter chemistry affects all aspects of life!*

What is Chemistry?Matter anything that has mass and occupies spaceExamples:A boxTreesYou!Even air! (even though you cant see it)

Matter vs. NonmatterIn your notes, list 5 things that are matter and 5 that are not matterMatter vs. NonmatterNonmatterTimeSoundSunlightLoveThoughts

Heat MemoriesRainbowGravityEnergyQuestionWhat is wrong with an advertisement for juice drinks that claims the juice is all-natural and free of chemicals?

QuestionWhat is wrong with an advertisement for juice drinks that claims the juice is all-natural and free of chemicals? Chemical describes all types of matterEverything is made of matter therefore everything contains chemicals5 Branches of Chemistry*

Organic ChemistryStudy of all chemicals containing carbonMost chemicals found in organisms contain carbon

Inorganic ChemistryStudy of chemicals that do not contain carbonMany inorganic chemicals are found in nonliving things Example: waterBiochemistryThe study of processes that take place in living thingsExamples: muscle contraction and digestion

Analytical ChemistryThe area of study that focuses on the composition of matterExamples:Measuring the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphereMeasuring the level of lead in drinking waterPhysical ChemistryThe area that deals with the mechanism, rate, and energy transfer that occurs when matter undergoes a changeExample: nitric acid eating through wood

5 Branches of Chemistry REVIEWWhich area of study would you use to determine the components of a unknown liquid?a. physical chemistryb. biochemistryc. organic chemistryd. analytical chemistryQuestionCan a chemist work in more than one area at a given time?QuestionCan a chemist work in more than one area at a give time?Answer: YesAn organic chemist can use analytical chemistry to determine the composition of an organic chemicalPure vs. Applied ChemistryPure chemistry gathers knowledge for the sake of knowledgeChemist doesnt expect an immediate use of knowledgeApplied chemistry - uses chemistry to attain certain goals, in fields like medicine, agriculture, and manufacturing. Applied chemistry leads to an applicationPure vs. Applied ChemistryNylon Figure 1.3, page 9

Pure versus applied chemistryAspirin (C9H8O4) -Long before researchers figured out how aspirin works, people used it to relieve pain, and doctors prescribed it for patients who were at risk for a heart attack.In 1971, it was discovered that aspirin can block the production of a group of chemicals that cause pain and lead to the formation of blood clots. This is an example of pure research.

Why Study Chemistry?Chemistry can be useful in: *Explaining the natural worldPreparing people for career opportunitiesProducing informed citizensExplaining the Natural WorldChemistry can help satisfy your natural desire to understand how things workIt can explain why apples turn brown when exposed to airIt can explain why water expands when it freezes

Preparing Your CareerThough you may not be a chemist, an understanding of chemistry can be beneficial to your career choicesA firefighter must know which chemicals to use to fight different types of fires (electrical, grease)

Preparing Your CareerCan you name other professions where knowledge of Chemistry is important?Preparing Your CareerCan you name other professions where knowledge of Chemistry is important?FarmingLandscapersPhotographersDoctors/nursesPharmacistBeing an Informed CitizenYou will need to make choices that will influence the direction of scientific research. You may vote directly on some issues through ballot initiatives or indirectly through the officials you elect.

Section AssessmentWorkers digging a tunnel through a city find some ancient pots decorated with geometric designs. Which of the following tasks might they ask a chemist to do? Explain.Determine the materials used to make the potsExplain what the designs on the pots representRecommend how to store the pots to prevent further damageSection Assessment2. Would a geologist ask a biochemist to help identify the minerals in a rock? Explain.

DoNOWName the 5 branches of ChemistryChemistry Far and WideObjectivesIdentify areas of research affected by chemistryDescribe examples of research in chemistryDistinguish between macroscopic and microscopic viewsKey ConceptsWhat impact do chemists have on materials, energy, medicine, agriculture, the environment and the study of the universe?*MaterialsChemists design materials to fit specific needs*George de Mestral of SwitzerlandObserved burrs that stuck to his clothing to find that they looked like small hooksVelcro was developed

Redneck childcareMaterialsMacroscopic objects that are large enough to see with the unaided eyeMicroscopic objects that can be seen only under magnification

EnergyChemists play an essential role in finding ways to conserve energy, produce energy, and store energy*Conserve insulationProduce oil from soybeans to make biodiesalStore - batteriesMedicine and BiotechnologyChemistry supplies the medicines, materials, and technology that doctors use to treat their patients*Medicines aspirin, penicillin, Vitamin CMaterials materials for diseases arteries and artificial hips/kneesBiotechnology applies science to production of biological products/processes bacteria producing insulinAgricultureChemists help develop more productive crops and safer, more effective way to protect crops*Productivity soil, water, weeds, plant diseases, pests that eat cropsProtection insecticides The EnvironmentChemists help to identify pollutants and prevent pollution*Pollutant material found in air, water or soil that is harmful to humans and other organismsCommon pollutant - lead

The UniverseTo study the universe, chemists gather data from afar and analyze matter that is brought back to Earth*Composition of stars by analyzing light transmittedMoon rocksSection AssessmentUse lead as an example to explain the meaning of term pollutant.Can you name another pollutant?Use an example to compare and contrast the term macroscopic and microscopic.DoNowName 3 areas of research affected by chemistryScientific Method: Thinking Like a ChemistObjectivesDescribe how Lavoisier transformed chemistryIdentify three steps in the scientific methodExplain why collaboration and communication are important in scienceKey ConceptsHow did alchemy lay the groundwork for chemistry?*How did Lavoisier help to transform chemistry?*What are the steps in the scientific method?*What role do collaboration and communication play in science?*HistoryIn 1928, Alexander Fleming noticed that bacteria he was studying did not grow in the presence of a yellow-green mold. In 1945, Fleming shared a Nobel Prize for Medicine with Howard Florey and Ernst Chain, who led the team that isolated penicillin.

AlchemyAlchemists developed the tools and techniques for working with chemicals*Developed processes for separating mixturesDesigned equipment still used today

LavoisierLavoisier transformed chemistry from science of observation to science of measurement*Lavoisier developed a balance that could measure mass to the nearest 0.0005 grams

Lavoisier Laboratory

LavoisierBig accomplishmentSettled a long standing debate about how materials burnThey need oxygen!

The Scientific MethodLogical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problemSteps of Scientific Method:*Making observationsTesting hypothesesDeveloping theoriesObservationsUse your senses to obtain information2 types:Quantitative use of numbers (95oC)Qualitative use of word description (hot, cold)Testing HypothesesHypothesis proposed explanation for an observationMust be tested using experiment Experiment gathers new information to help decide whether the hypothesis is validTesting HypothesesWhen designing experiments you have variables (factors) that change2 types of variables:Independent variable the variable that you change during an experimentDependent variable the variable that is observed during an experimentGIVE example and ask them to think of one70Testing Hypotheses2 outcomes:Hypothesis is supportedHypothesis is not supportedFor results to be accepted, experiment must produce the same results every time experiment is run (and be replicable by others)Developing TheoriesTheory well tested explanation for a broad set of observationsTheory is developed once a hypothesis meets the test of repeated experimentation

Scientific LawMathematical relationshipExample (in Chapter 14):Law of Conservation of Mass

Law vs. Theory (Know difference!)Law summarizes what has happenedTheory an attempt to explain why it happened Theories change as new information is gathered

Collaboration/CommunicationWhen scientists collaborate and communicate, they increase the likelihood of a successful outcome*

Section AssessmentWhen can a hypothesis become a theory?Why should a hypothesis be developed before experiments take place?What is the difference between a theory and a scientific law?DoNowWhat are the 3 steps in the Scientific Method and describe each stepProblem SolvingObjectives/Key ConceptsIdentify 2 general steps in problem solving*Describe 3 steps for solving numeric problems*Describe 2 steps for solving conceptual problems*ProblemsProblems are everywhere, not just in chemistryAn answer to these problems needs to be determinedTrial and error doesnt always work

Problem Solving2 steps to effective problem solving:Developing a planImplementing that planThe skills used in solving a word problem in chemistry is the same as solving everyday problems such as cooking and shoppingNumeric ProblemsIn chemistry most problems involve math (haha suckers!)3 steps for solving a numeric word problem:*AnalyzeCalculateEvaluateAnalyzeDetermine what are the known factors, and write them down on your paper!Determine what is the unknown. If it is a number, determine the units neededPlan how to relate these factors- choose an equation; use table or graph

Calculate MATH!If you plan is correct, this should be the easiest stepYou can use a calculator but you need to know how to use it properlyMay involve rearranging an equation (just like algebra!) or conversion of unitsEvaluateQuestions to ask yourself:Is answer reasonable?Does it make sense?Do you need to round answer?Do you need scientific notation?Do you have correct units?Did you even answer the question?Sample Problem 1.1On the average, a baseball team wins two out of every three games it plays. How many games will this team lose in a typical 162-game season? Show your work.Conceptual ProblemsNot every problem in chemistry needs math, some problems you need to apply concepts2 steps to solving conceptual problems:*AnalyzeSolvePlan needed to link unknown but dont need to check calculations or units88Section AssessmentThere are 3600 seconds in an hour. How many seconds are there in one day?Identify the known and unknownWhat relationship between the known and unknown do you need to solve the problem?Calculate the answer to the problem.Evaluate your answer and explain why your answer makes sense