WARM UP FOR MONDAY!WARM UP FOR MONDAY!

On your warm up sheet answer the On your warm up sheet answer the following questions:following questions:– What is culture?What is culture?– What branch of geography does culture What branch of geography does culture

fall under? (You should know this from a fall under? (You should know this from a previous chapter!)previous chapter!)

The World’s The World’s PeoplePeople

CultureCulture

What is Culture?What is Culture? CultureCulture is the set of is the set of

beliefs, values, and beliefs, values, and practicespractices that a that a group of people has group of people has in common. in common.

Includes aspects of Includes aspects of life, such as:life, such as:– LanguageLanguage– ReligionReligion– ClothingClothing– FoodFood

Culture TraitsCulture Traits A culture trait is an

activity or behavior in which people often take part.

Some culture traits are shared around the world.

Some culture traits change from place to place. (Ex- how people around the world eat)

Development of CultureDevelopment of Culture Culture traits are often learned or

passed down from one generation to the next.– Within families as traditions,

foods, or holiday customs– Laws and moral codes within

societies Cultures develop as people learn

new culture traits.– Immigrants who move to a new

country

Other factors, such as history and environment, also affect how cultures develop.

Culture GroupsCulture Groups A A culture regionculture region is an is an

area in which people area in which people have many shared have many shared culture traits, such as culture traits, such as religious beliefs, religious beliefs, language, or lifestylelanguage, or lifestyle..

– A single culture region A single culture region can dominate an can dominate an entire country.entire country.

– A single country may A single country may include include more than one more than one culture region within culture region within its borders.its borders.

– A culture region may A culture region may stretch across country stretch across country borders.borders.

Examples of Culture RegionsExamples of Culture Regions A single culture region can dominate an A single culture region can dominate an

entire country.entire country.

In Japan, nearly everyone speaks the same In Japan, nearly everyone speaks the same languages and follows the same practices languages and follows the same practices such as bowing as a sign of respectsuch as bowing as a sign of respect

A single country may include more than one A single country may include more than one culture regions within its borders.culture regions within its borders.

In Mexico, Northern Mexico tends to be In Mexico, Northern Mexico tends to be more modern and the South is more more modern and the South is more traditionaltraditional

A culture region may cross country borders.A culture region may cross country borders.

Arab culture dominates much of Southwest Arab culture dominates much of Southwest Asia and Northern Africa.Asia and Northern Africa.

Cultural DiversityCultural Diversity Often, culture regions are Often, culture regions are

based on based on ethnicethnic groupsgroups— — groups of people who share a groups of people who share a common culture and ancestrycommon culture and ancestry..

Cultural diversityCultural diversity is the state of is the state of having a variety of cultures in having a variety of cultures in the same area. the same area.

– Creates an interesting mix of Creates an interesting mix of ideas, behaviors, and ideas, behaviors, and practicespractices

– Can sometimes lead to Can sometimes lead to conflictconflict

Changes in CultureChanges in Culture Two major causes for Two major causes for

cultural changecultural change– InnovationInnovation-- a new idea a new idea

or way of doing or way of doing somethingsomething Ex- Invention of the Ex- Invention of the

telephonetelephone changed how changed how people communicated people communicated with other people. with other people.

InternetInternet changed the changed the way people fin way people fin information, information, communicate, shop, etc. communicate, shop, etc.

– Contact with other Contact with other peoplepeople

How Ideas SpreadHow Ideas Spread The spread of culture The spread of culture

traits from one region to traits from one region to another is called another is called cultural cultural diffusion.diffusion.

– Occurs when people Occurs when people move from one place to move from one place to anotheranother

– Takes place as new Takes place as new ideas spread from place ideas spread from place to placeto place

RapRap

PopulationPopulation

The study of population patterns helps The study of population patterns helps geographers learn about the world.geographers learn about the world.

Population, or the total number of people in a given area, determines a great deal about the place in which a person lives.

– Influences business, transportation, schools, and more

Geographers study human population

– Interested in patterns that emerge over time

– Study information such as how many people live in an area, why people live where they do, and how populations change

Population PatternsPopulation PatternsPopulation Density

Population density —a measure of the number of people living in an area

High population density areas

– Land more expensive

– Roads crowded

– Buildings tallerLow population density areas

– More open spaces

– Less traffic

– More available land

POPULATION DENSITY=PER SQUARE MILE

Population PatternsPopulation PatternsWhere People Live

When an area is thinly populated, it is often because the land does not provide a very good life.

– Rugged mountains

– Harsh deserts

– Polar regionsAreas with denser

populations tend to be regions with fertile soil, reliable sources of water, and a good agricultural climate.

UrbanUrban Cities with Cities with largelarge populations populations

– Nashville, Memphis, New York Nashville, Memphis, New York CityCity

Land is used for Land is used for taller taller buildingsbuildings

Many people live in Many people live in apartmentsapartments

People People use public use public transportationtransportation like busses like busses and subwaysand subways

SuburbanSuburban Outside of urban areas

Medium populations

Most people live in houses

Land is used for businesses and shopping centers

People use cars for transportation

RuralRural Areas with Areas with largelarge amounts of land and amounts of land and

lowlow populations populations

Can be Can be farms, deserts, or forestsfarms, deserts, or forests

Land is used for Land is used for growing crops growing crops or or huntinghunting

People must use cars because of their People must use cars because of their distancedistance from other locations from other locations

New York vs. West TennesseeNew York vs. West Tennessee

Population statisticsPopulation statistics Geographers examine three key

statistics to learn about population changes.

– Birthrate —the annual number of births per 1,000 people

– Death rate —the annual number of deaths per 1,000 people

– Rate of natural increase —the birthrate minus the death rate equals the percentage of natural increase, or the rate at which a population is changing.

Population statisticsPopulation statisticsPopulation growth rates differ from one

place to another.

– In some countries, populations are growing very slowly or even shrinking.

– In most countries, populations are growing.

– In countries with growing populations, governments face many challenges.

MigrationMigration MigrationMigration is the is the

process of moving process of moving from one place to live from one place to live in another.in another.

A common cause of A common cause of populationpopulation changechange

People People migratemigrate for for many reasons.many reasons.

– Some factors push Some factors push people people to leaveto leave their country.their country.

– Some factors pull, Some factors pull, or attract, people or attract, people to new countries.to new countries.

World Population TrendsWorld Population TrendsEarth’s population has Earth’s population has

exploded in the last 200 exploded in the last 200 yearsyears

– Better Better health carehealth care

– ImprovedImproved foodfood productionproductionTwo important population Two important population

trends:trends:

– Population growth in Population growth in some of the more some of the more industrialized nationsindustrialized nations has has begun to slow.begun to slow.

– Less industrialized Less industrialized nations often have high nations often have high growthgrowth rates. rates.

World Population TrendsWorld Population Trends

World Population TrendsWorld Population Trends

1. Which country has the largest population?

2. How does the United States’ population compare to the population of china?

Main Idea 2:Main Idea 2: Different economic activities and systems exist Different economic activities and systems exist

throughout the world.throughout the world.

The economy is a system that includes all of the activities The economy is a system that includes all of the activities that people and businesses do to earn a living.that people and businesses do to earn a living.

Countries use a mix of different economic activities and Countries use a mix of different economic activities and systems.systems.

Geographers divide economic activities into four levels.Geographers divide economic activities into four levels.

Four Levels of Economic ActivityFour Levels of Economic Activity

• Goods and services are exchanged

• Includes people who sell the products made in secondary industries and people who provide services rather than goods, such as health care

Primaryindustry

• People earn a living by providing raw materials or natural resources to others.

• Examples include farming, fishing, and mining

Tertiaryindustry

• Involves the research and distribution of information

• People work with information rather than goods and often have specialized knowledge and skills.

Quaternaryindustry

• Use natural resources or raw materials to manufacture other products

• Example: automobile manufacturers use steel and other materials to build cars and trucks.

Secondaryindustry

Economic SystemsEconomic Systems

Traditional Economy

• System in which people grow their own food and make their own goods

• Trade may take place through barter, or the exchange of goods without the use of money.

• Often found in rural and remote communities

Market Economy

• System based on

private ownership, free trade, and competition

• Individuals and businesses are free to buy and sell what they wish.

• Prices determined by the supply and demand for goods

• Sometimes called capitalism

Command Economy

• System in which the central government makes all economic decisions

• Government decides what goods to produce, how much to produce, and what prices will be.

• Communist governments own and control most businesses in their countries.

The World’s PeopleThe World’s People

Types of GovernmentsTypes of Governments

GovernmentGovernment

Includes all parts of culture that have Includes all parts of culture that have to do with government, laws, rules, to do with government, laws, rules, and national structures.and national structures.

Five main types of governmentsFive main types of governments

DictatorshipDictatorship

A single leader has A single leader has absolute control absolute control and unrestricted and unrestricted power.power.

Leader may use Leader may use force to control force to control populationpopulation

MonarchyMonarchy

This is the oldest This is the oldest form of form of government.government.

Leader is Leader is determined determined through family through family lines.lines.

The leader is in this The leader is in this position for life.position for life.

OligarchyOligarchy

The people are ruled by a powerful few.The people are ruled by a powerful few. Leaders are usually members of wealthy Leaders are usually members of wealthy

families or the military.families or the military.

Myanmar propoganda sign

AutocracyAutocracy

This type of This type of government is the government is the opposite of a opposite of a democracy.democracy.

The power rests in The power rests in the control of one the control of one person, who person, who operates under operates under some kind of some kind of structured structured government.government.

DemocracyDemocracy

In this type of In this type of government government leaders are usually leaders are usually elected by the elected by the people.people.

Citizens who are Citizens who are eligible to vote eligible to vote have a say in how have a say in how the government the government worksworks

TheocracyTheocracy

Political system governed by Political system governed by representatives of a certain religion.representatives of a certain religion.

Iran is sometimes classified as this type of Iran is sometimes classified as this type of government.government.

Economic Indicators

Developed and Developing Countries

• Measures of a country’s wealth used by geographers to decide if a country is developed or developing

• One measure used is gross domestic product (GDP)—the value of all goods and services produced within a country in a single year.

• Other indicators include a country’s per capita GDP, level of industrialization, and overall quality of life.

• Developed countries have strong economies and a high quality of life; usually have high per capita GDP

• Developing countries have less productive economies and a lower quality of life; usually have lower per capita GDP

Main Idea 3: Main Idea 3: Geographers group the countries of the world Geographers group the countries of the world

based on their level of economic development.based on their level of economic development.

Global ConnectionsGlobal Connections

The Big Idea

Fast, easy global connection have made cultural exchange, trade, and a cooperative world community possible.

Main Ideas

• Globalization links the world’s countries together through culture and trade.

• The world community works together to solve global conflicts and crises.

Main Idea 1:Main Idea 1: Globalization links the world’s countries together Globalization links the world’s countries together

through culture and trade.through culture and trade.

GlobalizationGlobalization is the process in which countries are increasingly is the process in which countries are increasingly linked to each other through culture and trade.linked to each other through culture and trade.– Caused by improvements in transportation and communication over Caused by improvements in transportation and communication over

the last 100 yearsthe last 100 years

Popular culturePopular culture refers to culture traits that are well known and refers to culture traits that are well known and widely accepted.widely accepted.– Examples include food, sports, music, and movies.Examples include food, sports, music, and movies.

– United States has great influence on global popular culture and is also United States has great influence on global popular culture and is also influenced by global culture.influenced by global culture.

Expansion of global trade has increased Expansion of global trade has increased interdependenceinterdependence—the —the reliance of one country on the resources, goods, or services of reliance of one country on the resources, goods, or services of another country—between countries.another country—between countries.– Many companies in one country often rely on goods and services Many companies in one country often rely on goods and services

produced in another country.produced in another country.

Main Idea 2:Main Idea 2: The world community works together to solve The world community works together to solve

global conflicts and crises.global conflicts and crises.

Because of globalization, the world seems Because of globalization, the world seems smaller.smaller.– Places are more connected.Places are more connected.

– What happens in one part of the world can affect the What happens in one part of the world can affect the entire planet.entire planet.

The world community works together to promote The world community works together to promote cooperation among countries in times of conflict cooperation among countries in times of conflict and crisis.and crisis.

A World CommunityA World Community

The United Nations (UN) is an organization of the world’s countries that promotes peace and security around the globe.

The world community promotes cooperation in times of crisis such as ones caused by earthquakes, floods, and drought.

Groups from many nations often come together to provide humanitarian aid, or assistance to people in distress.

Countries often join together to settle conflicts such as wars, trade disputes, and political disagreements.

Organizations representing countries around the globe work to help in times of crisis.

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