Warm-up for 18-1

Video- U.S. Expansion

How might a person behave when he or she feels superior to others? How might countries act in a similar fashion?

Imperialism- policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories

(European nations had been est. colonies for centuries)

belief in manifest destiny & 3 factors fueled American imperialism

1. Desire for military strength U.S. builds modern battleships (Maine- 1889) Admiral Alfred Mahan- urged build up to compete w/ other

nations

2. Thirst for new markets foreign trade viewed as solution to overproduction & related

problems of unemployment & economic depression

3. Belief in cultural superiority some believed in Social Darwinism (free market competition) &

Anglo-Saxon superiority responsibility to spread Christianity & civilization

U.S. acquires Alaska in 1867

William Seward-arranged sale from Russians for $7.2 million (2 cents an acre)

called “Seward’s Icebox” or “Seward’s Folly” land was rich in resources

Cartoon Depicting "Andy" Johnson and "Billy" Seward Trying to Sell Alaska Ice Block to Congress

U.S. takes Hawaii had been used by merchants

since the late 1700’s on voyages to China

Pearl Harbor- port used as a naval base by the U.S. navy since 1887

McKinley Tariff (R) (1890) eliminated duty-free status of planters (sugar)

Queen Liliuokalani- proposed removing property qualifications for voting

business groups w/ military help overthrew the queen

Sanford B. Dole- (American planter) headed government

1898 Hawaii becomes a territory, 1959 the 50th state

Warm-up for 18-2

Have you ever been shocked or angered by something you read or heard? How did it make you want to act? Did you consider whether what you had heard was true or not?

Cubans Rebel Against Spain

Cuba lies only 90 miles S of Florida (obvious U.S. interest)

Cubans rebelled in 1868 & 1878 gaining U.S. sympathy

Jose Marti- Cuban journalist organized revolution in 1895 to achieve Cuba Libre! (a free Cuba)

Valeriano Weyler- Spanish general sent to restore order

herded thousands into concentration camps (many died)

"There is still alive the only living witness, a young girl of eighteen years, whom we found seemingly lifeless on the ground; on her right-hand side was the body of a young mother, cold and rigid, but with her young child still alive clinging to her dead breast; on her left-hand side was also the corpse of a dead woman holding her son in a dead embrace; a littler farther on a poor, dying woman having in her arms a daughter of fourteen, crazy with pain, who after five or six days died in spite of care she received,"

actions led to a war of newspaper tycoons William Hearst & Joseph Pulitzer

yellow journalism- exaggerating the news to lure & enrage readers Spain recalled Weyler & offered limited self-govt. (1897) de Lome letter (1898) - (Enrique de Lome) Spanish minister who wrote

letter criticizing Pres. McKinley- angers Americans USS Maine- exploded in the harbor of Havana killing 260 (Feb. 1898)

rallying cry for war “Remember the Maine”

Spain blamed for the explosion & Congress declared war April 20th

YELLOW JOURNALISM

“No man’s life, no man’s property is safe (in Cuba). American citizens are imprisoned or slain without cause. American property is destroyed on all sides…Wounded soldiers can be found begging in the streets of Havana… The horrors of a barbarous struggle for the extermination of the native population are witnessed in all parts of the country. Blood on the roadsides, blood in the fields, blood on the doorsteps, blood, blood, blood!... Is there no nation wise enough, brave enough to aid this blood-smitten land?”

New York World 1896

War with Spain 1st battle to the surprise of the Spanish

was in the Philippines George Dewey-

Commodore of U.S. fleet attacked Spanish at Manila

destroying every ship he landed U.S. troops & conquered the island in 2 months

Caribbean campaign began w/ a naval blockade

U.S. army was small, inexperienced, ill-prepared but landed in Cuba in June 98’

Rough Riders- volunteer cavalry led by Theodore Roosevelt

infantry included 4 African American regiments

San Juan Hill- strategically important battle that gave great fame to Teddy Roosevelt (played minor role in attack) & led to the destruction of the retreating Spanish fleet

U.S. next invaded Puerto Rico

Observation

balloon being

inflated at the

battle of San

Juan Hill.

“A Splendid Little War” Secretary of State John Hay (15 week war April- August 1898-less than 350 combat deaths)

*Treaty of Paris (Dec. 1898) Spain freed Cuba & gave the islands of Guam & Puerto Rico

to the U.S. Spain sold the Philippines for $20 million (debate over the annexation of the Philippines ensued) argument-violated Declaration of Independence by denying

self-government Philippines annexed in 1899 – gained independence in 1946

Warm-up for 18-3

Video- Boxer Rebellion

How might you try to convince your parents to give you greater independence? How might colonial populations convince the United States to grant them greater freedom and self-government?

Puerto Rico Puerto Rico originally controlled by the U.S. military strategically important (2)

1. maintaining presence in the Caribbean 2. protecting a future canal

Foracker Act- 1900- ended military rule & set up civil govt. 1917- Puerto Ricans could elect both houses of their legislature & became

U.S. citizens (today governor is also elected by people- President originally appointed)

American Occupation in Cuba Teller Amendment- stated the

U.S. had no intention to take over Cuba

the same officials who had served Spain remained in office

protestors were imprisoned or exiled

U.S. military provided food, clothing, medicine, built schools, & eliminated yellow fever

The yellow fever virus is transmitted by the bite of female mosquitoes and is found in South America and Africa. The only known hosts of the virus are primates and several species of mosquito. The origin of the disease is most likely to be Africa, from where it was introduced to South America through the slave trade in the 16th century

American Occupation in Cuba cont. Platt Amendment-(1901) provisions the U.S. insisted Cuba

add to its constitution *allowed for the buying or leasing of land for naval stations Cuba could not go into debt, gave U.S. right to intervene, no treaties

that limited independence

protectorate- country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power (Cuba became a U.S. protectorate)

political presence important for American businesses & investors

Filipinos Rebel

Emilio Aguinaldo- rebel leader angered by the annexation of the Philippines

used guerrilla tactics against U.S.

U.S. responded by forcing people into designated living zones thousands died as a result of poor

conditions

some African-American soldiers desert to the Filipino side

rebellion put down after 3 yrs. became independent republic in 1946

God Almighty knows how unjust is the war which the Imperial arms have provoked and are maintaining against our unfortunate country! If the honest American patriots could understand the sad truth of this declaration, we are sure they would, without the least delay, stop this unspeakable horror.

When we protested against this iniquitous ingratitude, then the guns of the United States were turned upon us; we were denounced as traitors and rebels; you destroyed the homes to which you had been welcomed as honored guests, killing thousands of those who had been your allies, mutilating our old men, our women and our children, and watering with blood and strewing with ruins the beautiful soil of our Fatherland.

… the Spanish government, whose despotic cruelty American Imperialism now imitates, and in some respects surpasses, denied to us many of the liberties which you were already enjoying when, under pretext of oppression, you revolted against British domination.

Why do the Imperialists wish to subjugate us? What do they intend to do with us? Do they expect us to surrender -- to yield our inalienable rights, our homes, our properties, our lives, our future destinies, to the absolute control of the United States? What would you do with our nine millions of people? Would you permit us to take part in your elections? Would you concede to us the privilege of sending Senators and Representatives to your Congress? Would you allow us to erect one or more federal states? Or, would you tax us without representation? Would you change your tariff laws so as to admit our products free of duty and in competition with the products of our own soil?

China John Hay- U.S. Secretary of State- issued Open Door Notes

letters to imperialist nations asking countries to share trading rights w/ U.S. in China (no monopolies)

Boxer Rebellion- (1900) Chinese secret society failed attempt to free their country from Western influence

open door policy reflects 3 beliefs about U.S. economy1. growth of economy depended on exports2. U.S. could intervene abroad to keep markets open3. closing an area to U.S. products threatened U.S. survival

Impact of Imperialism under President McKinley, the U.S. had gained an empire some believed imperialism went against American values Anti-Imperialist League formed w/ many prominent

members

Warm-up for 18-4

Video – Building the Panama Canal

How would you resolve a conflict between two friends? How might the United States try to resolve a conflict between two countries?

Roosevelt increases American influence in the world VP Teddy Roosevelt

becomes the 26th

President after McKinley is assassinated

Roosevelt mediates a settlement in a war between Russia & Japan

Treaty of Portsmouth (NH) – won him a 1906 Nobel Peace Prize

Roosevelt pushes for a canal cutting across Central America 2 routes identified by engineers

1st- through Nicaragua, which posed fewer obstacles 2nd- crossed Panama, shorter, but filled w/ mts. & swamps

U.S. buys French owned route through Panama for $40 million Panamanians (backed by the U.S.) rebelled against Columbia

(ruled Panama) U.S. agrees to pay flat fee + yearly rent & work began on the

Panama Canal 04’

one of the greatest engineering feats of all time

thousands died from accidents or disease (~5,600)

canal opened in 1914

Panama gained control in 1999

locks are used to raise and lower ships a total of 170 feet during the 51 mile trip through the canal

lock chambers are 1,000 feet long, 110 feet wide, and 41 feet deep

total construction costs were about $380 million which is ~$8.6 billion today

Roosevelt based Latin American policy on West African proverb

“Speak softly and carry a big stick”

*Roosevelt Corollary

1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine

U.S. claimed the right to protect its economic interests w/ military intervention in the affairs of W hemisphere nations

U.S. would exercise power in the region on many occasions

dollar diplomacy- tactic used to keep European powers out of the W hemisphere U.S. used economic power to

back loans made by other countries

Wilson’s Missionary Diplomacy U.S. had a moral obligation to

deny recognition to oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile governments in Latin America

Mexico Revolution- 1911 several military dictators & failed govt.’s unable to deliver democratic reforms Wilson (opposes regime) uses bogus incident to invade Veracruz -1914 regime soon collapsed & a new govt. took power Francisco “Pancho” Villa & Emiliana Zapata

rebels who opposed new govt. undermined new govt. relationship w/ U.S. killed 18 American engineers & raided New Mexico killing 17

John J. Pershing- U.S. general ordered to invade & capture Villa deaths result on both sides as troops clashed (Villa not captured) U.S. eventually recalls Pershing w/ war likely in Europe (WWI) *U.S. intervention in Mexico proved imperialist attitudes of Americans*

U.S. achieved foreign policy goals in the early 20th century (3)

1. expanded access to foreign markets

2. built a modern navy to protect interests abroad

3. exercised international police power to ensure dominance in Latin America