Warm-Up (Ch. 3 Review)Warm-Up (Ch. 3 Review)

1.1. Which of the following is a Which of the following is a hydrophobic material: paper, table hydrophobic material: paper, table salt, wax, sugar, or pasta?salt, wax, sugar, or pasta?

2.2. What kind of bonds are broken What kind of bonds are broken when water vaporizes?when water vaporizes?

3.3. If the pH of a lake is 4.0, what is If the pH of a lake is 4.0, what is the hydrogen ion [H+] the hydrogen ion [H+] concentration of the lake? What is concentration of the lake? What is the hydroxide [OH-] concentration?the hydroxide [OH-] concentration?

Chapter 4 Warm-UpChapter 4 Warm-Up

Pick up a copy of the Pick up a copy of the ““Functional Functional GroupsGroups”” chart on the back counter. chart on the back counter. Use pages 64-65 to fill it out.Use pages 64-65 to fill it out.

Chapter 4Chapter 4

Carbon and the Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Molecular Diversity of

LifeLife

You Must KnowYou Must Know

• The properties of carbon that make The properties of carbon that make it so important.it so important.

I. Importance of CarbonI. Importance of Carbon

• Organic chemistryOrganic chemistry: branch of : branch of chemistry that specializes in study of chemistry that specializes in study of carbon compoundscarbon compounds

• Organic compoundsOrganic compounds: contain : contain Carbon (& H)Carbon (& H)

• Major elements of lifeMajor elements of life: CHNOPS: CHNOPS• Carbon can form large, complex, and Carbon can form large, complex, and

diverse moleculesdiverse molecules

II. Diversity of CarbonII. Diversity of Carbon1.1. It has 4 valence electrons It has 4 valence electrons

(tetravalence)(tetravalence)

2.2. It can form up to 4 covalent bondsIt can form up to 4 covalent bonds Most frequent bonding partners: Most frequent bonding partners: H, H,

O, NO, N

II. Diversity of CarbonII. Diversity of Carbon

3.3. Bonds can be single, double, or Bonds can be single, double, or triple covalent bonds.triple covalent bonds.

II. Diversity of CarbonII. Diversity of Carbon4.4. Carbon can form large moleculesCarbon can form large molecules

4 classes of 4 classes of macromoleculesmacromolecules: : carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acidsnucleic acids

II. Diversity of CarbonII. Diversity of Carbon5.5. Molecules can be chains, ring-Molecules can be chains, ring-

shaped, or branchedshaped, or branched

II. Diversity of CarbonII. Diversity of Carbon

6.6. Forms Forms isomersisomers Molecules have same molecular formula, Molecules have same molecular formula,

but differ in atom arrangementbut differ in atom arrangement different structuresdifferent structures different different

properties/functionsproperties/functionsStructural

IsomerCis-Trans

IsomerEnantiomers

Varies in covalent

arrangement

Differ in spatial arrangement

Mirror images of molecules

Drug manufacturing:Drug manufacturing:• ThalidomideThalidomide = =

• ““goodgood”” enantiomer enantiomer reduce morning reduce morning sicknesssickness

• ““badbad”” enantiomer enantiomer cause birth defects cause birth defects• ““goodgood”” converts to converts to ““badbad”” in patient in patient’’s bodys body• Now used to treat cancers, leprosy, HIVNow used to treat cancers, leprosy, HIV

Fig. 4.8 The pharmacological importance of enantiomers

III. Functional GroupsIII. Functional Groups• Behavior of organic molecules Behavior of organic molecules

depends on functional groupsdepends on functional groups• Most common functional groups:Most common functional groups:

1.1. HydroxylHydroxyl

2.2. CarbonylCarbonyl

3.3. CarboxylCarboxyl

4.4. AminoAmino

5.5. SulfhydrylSulfhydryl

6.6. PhosphatePhosphate

7.7. MethylMethyl