Warm Up1. Four MAIN causes of WWI:

2. Triple Alliance:

3. Triple Entente:

4. Who is assassinated fueling WWI?

5. Explain the Schlieffen Plan:

6. Purpose of propaganda:

7. Treaty of Brest Litovsk:

Warm Up Chapter 281. Which of the following was NOT one of the

elements of the Treaty of Versailles that angered Germany?

A. The infamous guilt clause

B. The amount of reparations it had to pay

C. The loss of territory it sustained

D. High tariffs enacted by the allies

2. Vladimir Lenin was the leader of the

A. Bolsheviks

B. Mensheviks

C. Social Revolutionaries

D. Young Turks

3. The Ottoman Turks signed a secret alliance

A. Germany, hoping to gain Russian territory

B. Japan, hoping to gain Chinese territory

C. France, hoping to gain Italian territory

D. Russia, hoping to gain Austrian territory

4. The Russian army during the war

A. Was smaller than Germany but better equipped

B. Was large but poorly equipped

C. Fought in very few battles

D. Was doing very well until the Russian Revolution

5. In the 1920’s women’s lives A. hardly changed at allB. changed more than any previous

decadeC. changed but only for the betterD. changed but only in a negative

way

6. The German crisis of 1923 was marked byA. Germany attempt to rebuild

militaryB. German reoccupation of LorraineC. British military takeoverD. Germany recklessly printing

money

8. 3 Reasons US gets involved in WWI:9. 4 leaders in the Paris Peace Conference:10. Name 2 conditions of the Treaty of Versailles on

Germany:

Chapter 29: The Collapse of the Old Order

• I. Stalin Revolution– A. Five Year Plans

– Stalin industrialized military and factories not consumer goods

– Achieve ambitious goals by instituting government control over economy

– Factories and mines: Each factory and mine had production goals set by the state

– Led to increases in industrial output

– Collectivization = combine private farms into larger, mechanized state-run farms

– Peasants and land: peasants who received land under Lenin, lost their lands and then are forced to work on these collective farms

– Protesters: Peasants who protested were either executed by Stalin’s police forces or sent to the system of labor camps in Siberia called the Gulag

– B. Collectivization of Agriculture

– Stalin put small farms together and expected them to supply fixed amounts of goods

– Collectivization was accomplished by violent suppression and disrupted farming causing a famine

– Fear of Nazi regime in Germany caused Stalin to put emphasis on heavy industry and armaments

– C. Terror and Opportunities

– Population control: threats of force were best way to control population

– Secret police were created by Stalin– Stalin helped Soviet Union industrialized

faster than any other nation making Russia a power on the world stage

– 1936: Stalin launched a series of show trials, in which people were tortured until they confessed to what Stalin wanted them to say

– Ten million people were arrested, several million were immediately executed, others sent to the Gulag

– Stalin ruled with an iron fist and ruthlessly removed all opposition

• II. The Depression– A. Economic Crisis– October 29, 1929: Black Tuesday – U.S.

Stock market crash, which leads to an international financial crisis

– International Impact:– The United States had been world’s leading

money lender and this leads to European banks crashing

– Renewed interest in Marxist doctrines

– Marx had predicted that capitalism would destroy itself

– The new democratic gov’ts in Europe, especially Germany, were unable to deal with the crisis

– Many people turn to political leaders who offer simple solutions in return for dictatorial power

• B. Depression in Industrial Nations– France and Britain escaped because of

colonies– Germany and Japan suffered relying on

exports to pay for imports• C. Depression in Nonindustrial Nations

– India and China were least effected– Price of gold shot up benefiting Southern

African miners

Warm Up1. Explain how the Great depression affects

the world:

2. Explain Stalin’s view of communism and his application of show trials and work camps:

3. Explain why Marxist views come to the forefront in the “interwar years”

• III. Rise of Fascism– A. Mussolini– In 1919 he founded the National Fascist Party– Fascism = an authoritarian form of gov’t that

places the good of the nation above all else– Push extreme nationalism and love for the

state– Envisioned an aggressive state ruled by a

strong all-powerful leader, tended to glorify violence

– Mussolini is appointed as prime minister of Italy

• B. Hitler– Germany was digging out of WWI, hyperinflation of

1923, and Depression blaming Jews, socialists, and foreigners for their troubles

– After the war he joined the National Socialist Party, or Nazi for short

– Tries to seize power in the Beer Hall Putsch– Fails and Hitler goes to jail, where he writes Mein

Kampf or “my struggle”– It outlines his major political ideas and goals– Austrian born German war veteran became the leader

of the Nazi party in 1924– Hitler assumes post of the Chancellor in 1933

Hitler in WWI• Hitler volunteered at age 25 by enlisting in a

Bavarian Regiment • Throughout most of the war, Hitler had great luck

avoiding life threatening injury. More than once he moved away from a spot where moments later a shell exploded killing or wounding everyone.

• Hitler, unlike his fellow soldiers, never complained about bad food and the horrible conditions or talked about women, preferring to discuss art or history. He received a few letters but no packages from home and never asked for leave. His fellow soldiers regarded Hitler as too eager to please his superiors, but generally a likable loner notable for his luck in avoiding injury as well as his bravery.

• Hitler's luck ran out when he was wounded in the leg by a shell fragment during the Battle of the Somme. He was hospitalized in Germany. It was his first time away from the front after two years of war. Following his recovery, he went sight seeing in Berlin, then was assigned to light duty in Munich. He was appalled at the apathy and anti-war sentiment among German civilians. He blamed the Jews for much of this and saw them as conspiring to spread unrest and undermine the German war effort.

• In August 1918, he received the Iron Cross first class, a rarity for foot soldiers. Interestingly, the lieutenant who recommended him for the medal was a Jew, a fact Hitler would later obscure. Despite his good record and a total of five medals, he remained a corporal. Due to his unmilitary appearance and odd personality, his superiors felt he lacked leadership qualities and thought he would not command enough respect as a sergeant.

– Impact in Germany:– Public work contracts, military build up,

Hitler told women to leave workplace opening jobs for men leading to economic boom and low unemployment

• C. Road to War– Hitler built up the army, withdrew from

League of Nations, and established air force—all violated Treaty of Versailles

– Hitler demanded Czechoslovakia at the Munich Conference in 1938

– Lebensraum: living space for the Germans (Germany is too small for such a superior race)

– Germany begins to acquire territory– First step in Hitler’s plan was to annex Austria– German troops marched into Austria in 1938

without opposition and took over Austria– Next Hitler turned to Czechoslovakia,

demanding the Sudetenland, a region with a large German population

– The French and British met with Hitler at the Munich Conference in 1938 to decide the fate of the Sudetenland

– Hitler demanded it or else war– France and Britain told Czechoslovakia to

give Germany the Sudetenland - appeasement

Mussolini Hitler Goering

– Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact = between Germany and the Soviet Union

– Stalin first tried to make an alliance with the French and British, but they refused

– Hitler made this agreement because he was trying to prevent a two front war

– Had every intention of invading Russia, wanted the land for the German people and to turn the Soviets into slaves or kill them, especially the communists

– Stalin knew Hitler would eventually betray the pact and invade, needed time to rebuild the Soviet army

• IV. East Asia, 1931-1945

A. Manchurian Incident of 1931– Japan needed to end reliance on foreign

trade and took Manchuria– Japan is now run by military not civilians– Japan invades Manchuria in 1931– The League of Nations does nothing

– B. Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945– 1937: Japan invades China– Japan takes Nanjing in 1938 (Rape of

Nanjing)– Millions of Chinese will die, Rape of

Nanjing– Mao Zedong builds an army and brings

Communist party to power in China

• six-week period following the Japanese capture of the city of Nanjing (Nanking), the former capital of the Republic of China, on December 13, 1937. During this period, hundreds of thousands of civilians were murdered and 20,000–80,000 women were raped by soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army. The massacre remains a contentious political issue, as various aspects of it have been disputed by some historical revisionists and Japanese nationalists, who have claimed that the massacre has been either exaggerated or wholly fabricated for propaganda purposes.

Warm Up1. Stalin’s First Five Year Plan stressed

A. Increases in electricity and heavy industries

B. Production of consumer goods for export

C. Acquiring colonies to protect Soviet economy

D. Decentralized control and economic incentives

2. What were the reasons for the politics of appeasement

A. Fear of war

B. Fear of communism

C. Lack of familiarity with fascist tactics

D. All of these

3. At the height of the Stalinist terror of the 1930s

A. Millions of Jews were slaughtered

B. Moscow was burnt to the ground

C. USSR joined with Germany and Italy to invade Poland

D. Millions of ordinary Soviet citizens were sent to the Gulag

4. Which of the following was NOT one of the actions taken by Mussolini?

A. Fascists in government positions

B. Liberalized education

C. Allowed freedom of press

D. Crushed all political parties

5. Define Collectivization:6. Explain Fascism:7. How does Lebensraum lead to WWII?8. Explain the Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact: 9. Write three sentences on what you thought about Diamond Ch 7

• V. Second World War– A. The War of Movement– Blitzkrieg “lightning war”– Emphasized speed – quick and devastating– The Luftwaffe (German air force) leads the

way, bombing and damaging defenses– The planes are followed by fast-moving tanks

and artillery, then soldiers who finished off any resistance

– Axis Powers = Italy, Japan, and Germany– Allied Powers = France and Great Britain (will

be joined later by other nations)

– B. War in Europe and North Africa– Germany conquers Poland in less than one

month– Germany attempts to defeat British but the

RAF are able to finally hold off Germans

“Where Napoleon failed, I shall succeed. I shall land on the shores of Britain.” - Hitler

– Lasted from August 1940 – May 1941– Hitler’s plan was to destroy the British Royal

Air Force to make it possible to invade Britain– Needs to destroy the RAF before ships can

safely land troops on British soil• Britain survives: “Never in the field of human conflict

was so much owed by so many to so few.” - Churchill

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=10cZDmOuYgw

– Germany invades Soviet Union only to be stopped by the Russian winter

– Germany helped Italy in Africa by were finally defeated by the British (better supplies and intel)

– C. War in Asia and the Pacific– US and Britain stopped shipments of steel,

iron, and oil to Japan– December 7, 1941: Japan attacks Pearl

Harbor– Was a two prong attack– Planes bombed airfields and ships at Pearl

Harbor in three different waves– Lasted just under two hours– 200 aircraft destroyed all 8 battleships were

either damaged or sunk in the harbor– Casualties

• 2,403 dead and 1,100 wounded• 1,177 men die aboard the U.S.S. Arizona

– At the same time the Japanese attack U.S. colonies of Wake Island and the Philippines

– U.S. Congress declares war on Japan on Dec. 8

– Three days later Germany and Italy declare war on the U.S.

– The U.S. and the Soviet Union are now part of the Allied Powers

– June 1942 – Japanese want to capture this American military base

• Japan wants to lure the Americans into battle and finish what they started at Pearl Harbor by destroying their fleet

– The U.S. had broken the secret Japanese code and knew of the attack – U.S. ready and waiting

• They destroy four aircraft carriers, only lose one of their own

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3VqQAf74fsE

– D. End of War– 1943: US was helping supply Russia– Soviet invasion in the west and US and

British invasion in Italy and France– The race to Berlin is on between the Soviets

and the other Allies (Americans, British, and French)

– Half a million Soviets surround Berlin in late August 1945

– Hitler commits suicide on May 2 and Berlin surrenders the same day

– On May 7th Germany surrenders– May 8th is proclaimed V-E Day = Victory in

Europe Day

– 1945 bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki– Aug. 6th, the Enola Gay drops the atomic

bomb on the city of Hiroshima• 80,000 die instantly, 35,000 injured• 2/3 of the buildings are destroyed

– Fat Man dropped on Nagasaki – August 9th – Between 40,000 to 75,000 die– The Japanese agree to unconditional

surrender on August 14th – August 15th is known as V-J Day = Victory

Over Japan Day

Little boy

Little boy

• First atomic bomb ever to be used uranium 235 fission

• Used on the city of Hiroshima

• August 6,1945

• The energy released by the bomb was powerful enough to burn through clothing.

Fat Man

• codename for the atomic bomb that was detonated over Nagasaki, by the US on August 9,1945

• Plutonium

• The original target for the bomb was the city of Kokura, but obscuring clouds necessitated changing course to the alternative target,

Japan surrender

• Japan finally surrenders August 12th with this declaration

• Moreover, the enemy now possesses a new and terrible weapon with the power to destroy many innocent lives and do incalculable damage. Should we continue to fight, not only would it result in an ultimate collapse and obliteration of the Japanese nation, but also it would lead to the total extinction of human civilization. Such being the case, how are We to save the millions of Our subjects, or to atone Ourselves before the hallowed spirits of Our Imperial Ancestors? This is the reason why We have ordered the acceptance of the provisions of the Joint Declaration of the Powers.

• We accept surrender aboard the USS Missouri

– D. Chinese Civil War and Communist Victory

– Chaing Kai-shek’s Guomindang forces fought Mao Ze Dong until 1949

– Mao Ze Dong announced People’s Republic of China October 1, 1949

• V. Character of Warfare– A. Science and Technology– Technology: Synthetic rubber, radar,

aircrafts, missiles, and atomic weapons– B. Bombing Raids– US and British sought to break morale of

populations with bomb raids– US bomb raids devastated Tokyo

• Holocaust = the mass murder of the Jews by Germany

• Why were the Jews hated?– Hitler and many German people blamed the Jews

for Germany’s problems• The Jewish people were blamed for Germany’s

loss in World War I– Racial superiority of the German master race

• First isolate and dehumanize– Boycott of businesses, some violence, property

and rights taken away• Laws aimed at excluding Jews from

mainstream German life– Nuremberg Racial Laws (1935)

• Created a separate legal status for German Jews

• Took away their citizenship and many civil and property rights

– Night of Broken Glass (Nov. 1938)• Jews were attacked and windows and store

fronts shattered

Crematoria at

Majdanek

Entrance to Auschwitz:

Work Makes You Free

Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed

Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed

• Thousands of Jewish buildings and businesses destroyed and about 100 Jews were killed

– Hitler issues the “Night and Fog” decree• Authorized the arrest of anyone endangering

German security• Those who were seized were to “vanish without

a trace into the night and fog”• The Final Solution

– Hitler and his advisors come up with the final solution to the Jewish question = kill the Jews

– First removed the Jews into ghettos = confined areas within a city• Starved, disease spreads, thousands die

Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed

Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed

Slave Labor at Buchenwald

Eli Wiesel

• Guards shot Jews trying to escape– From the ghettos Jews were sent to concentration

camps• Long, crowded train ride in cattle cars – many

die• Concentration Camps

– At first special Nazi squads went from village to village carrying out mass executions of Jews• These mobile killing units were too slow, so

Hitler established the concentration camps as a more efficient way of getting rid of the Jews

– The Jews arrive, families are separated, and then the selection process begins• Separated into strong and weak, slave labor or

“shower”

Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed

Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed

Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen

– Gas chambers killed thousands every day and furnaces were used to get rid of the dead bodies

– The ones who escaped the gas chambers worked as slave laborers and endured much hunger

• Victims– 6 million Jewish people perish in the Holocaust

• 2 out of every 3 in Europe – there were 9 million Jews in Europe when Hitler took power

– Other groups at the concentration camps that the Nazis viewed as inferior:

– Nazis Targeted: • Gypsies, homosexuals, Slavs, Poles, people with

disabilities, Jehovah’s Witnesses, and other political enemies

• Another 6 million from these groups died

• D. Home Front in US– US economy flourished during the war– Consumer goods were in short supply so

people saved– Internment camps of Japanese:– US government removed more than 100,000

people of Japanese heritage – Most were US citizens– Removed from their homes and taken to

camps – The government took their homes and their

businesses and never returned them– In 1988 government formally apologized and

repaid each detainee 20,000 dollars

Unique Weapons of WWII

• Amphibious Tanks

• Rockets

• Flying Saucers!!

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kowjlqwy5XA

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=noKm-3fGcYU&feature=related

• Donald Duck

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P9Il_Ur5UEA

• Life in Nazi Germany

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D8bCuNiJ-NI&feature=related