Warm-up 14.2

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Martin Luther and the Birth of

ProtestantismA.

Luthers Early Years

1.Luther was a conscientious friar, butobservance of the religious routine did not

bring him a sense of security in salvation.2.Eventually he concluded that only simple

faith in Christ led to salvation.

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B.

The Ninety-five Theses

1.

In Luthers home of Wittenburg

in 1517 the Church was selling

indulgences to raise money for the construction of St. PetersBasilica in Rome

2.

By the 1500s common people believed that when they purchased

an indulgence, they were purchasing from the Church fullremission of penalties for sin.

3.

Luther rejected the notion that good works, such as donatingmoney to the Church through an indulgence, could lead to

salvation. He was disturbed that Church friars were misleadingthe common people and wrote to his archbishop in protest.4.

In 1519 Luther challenged the authority of the Pope (and of ageneral church council) in public debate. He was

excommunicated.5.

Holy Roman Emperor Charles V declared Luther an outlaw, butDuke Frederick of Saxony sheltered him.

6.

Ulrich Zwingli, a Swiss priest, joined the Reformation in 1519,

denouncing indulgences, monasticism, and celibacy. LikeLuther, Zwingli insisted the laity should read the Bible.

Martin Luther and the Birth of Protestantism

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C.Protestant Thought1.

Luther maintained that Gods grace alone, withoutany element of individual good works, saved

people.2.

Luther held that religious authority resided inScripture alone, not Scripture in combination with

traditional Church teachings.3.

Luther asserted that the Church consisted of thewhole community of believers, not just the clergy.

4. Luther argued that all vocations were equally holy,and that monasticism was not a higher vocation.5.

Luther emphasized the invisible Church of all

believers, not the visible hierarchy culminating inthe Pope.

Martin Luther and the Birth of Protestantism

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D.The Social Impact of Luthers Beliefs1.

Even before Luther city governments in Germany had beenexpressing resentment of clerical privilege and immunities.

2. Even before Luther town burghers, disgusted with the poorquality of priestly teaching, had endowed preacherships to

support good preachers.

3. Luthers writing that a Christian man is the most free lordof all contributed to peasant unrest in Germany.

4.

Following crop failures in 1523 and 1524, Swabian

peasants

in 1525 demanded an end to death taxes, new rents, and

noble seizure of village common lands.5.

Luther initially backed the peasants.

Martin Luther and the Birth ofProtestantism

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6. When the peasants turned to violence, however,Luther egged the lords on as they crushed therebellions.

7. Lutheranism came to exalt the state and subordinatechurch to the secular rulers.8.

Luther owed his success to the printing press,

which helped him to spread his message, and to hisown rhetorical skill.

9.

Luthers claim that all vocations have equal merit,the Protestant rejection of monasticism and celibacy,the insistence that all laity (including women)should read the Bible, and Luthers acceptance of

sexual desire (within marriage) all contributed tosome improvement in womens circumstances.

Martin Luther and the Birth ofProtestantism

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Luther and his wife Katherine

Lucas Cranach the Elder (1472-1553) is known for his portraits. He painted the dual

portraits of Martin Luther and his wife Katharine von Bora, who married in 1525 andhad an exceptionally happy union. (Scala/Art Resource, NY)

Luther and his wife Katherine

Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

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Re-create the chart below, filling in correct information

Reformers Key beliefs/ideas

Calvin

Anabaptists

English reformers

Eastern European

reformers

The Spread of the Reformation

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Warm-up Question

How did the Reformation help set the

stage for the creation of the modernworld?

Give specific examples.

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The Growth of the ProtestantReformation

A.

Calvinism

1.

Much of northern Europe broke with the Roman Church by 1555.

2.

Calvinism was the most important new form of Protestantism.

3.

Proceeding from the idea of Gods absolute sovereignty and his

omnipotence, the founder of Calvinism, John Calvin, concludedthat human beings could do nothing to save themselves. Goddecided at the beginning of time who would be saved and whowould not (predestination).

4.

Predestination did not lead to fatalism. Rather, Calvinists,convinced they were saved, were ready to endure great hardshipin the struggle against evil.

5.

Calvin and the city government of Geneva attempted to regulatepeoples conduct in order to create a godly city on earth. Card

playing, dancing, and so on were banned.6.

The Genevan

government prosecuted heretics, burning fifty-eight

at the stake between 1542 and 1546, including the Spanish hereticServetus.

7. The Calvinist ethic of the calling glorified all vocations aspleasing to God. This doctrine encouraged hard work andvigorous activism.

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John Calvin

John Calvin's theology was in most

respects similar to Luther's. Bothreformers gave primary importance to

the authority of the Bible and to the idea

of predestination. This portrait of John

Calvin is attributed to the German artistHans Holbein the Younger (ca. 1497-

1543). It was painted around 1538, whenthe 29-year-old reformer was at thebeginning of his career in Geneva, where

he stayed to participate in the reform of

the city, and then remained for the rest of

his life. (H. Henry Meeter Center for

Calvin Studies, Calvin College and

Calvin Theological Semnary)

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Calvinist worshipThis painting, the Temple of

Lyons, was attributed to Jean

Perrissin

(ca. 1565). The temple was

constructed in 1564 on land near the

town hall and paid for by the

Protestant community of Lyons. This

picture of a simple Calvinist servicewas probably brought to Geneva by a

refugee, for the temple disappeared

after the revocation of the Edict of

Nantes. Although Calvin's followers

believed in equality and elected

officials administered the church, heremen and women are segregated.

Beside the pulpit an hourglass hangs

to time the preacher's sermon.

(Bibliotheque publique et

universitaire, Geneva)


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B.The Anabaptists

1. Anabaptists believed in adult baptism, religioustolerance, and separation of church and state.They shared property and admitted women as

ministers.2. Catholics, Lutherans, Calvinists, and Zwinglians all recognized the doctrine of separation of

church and state as pointing toward a secularsociety, and they persecuted Anabaptists.

The Growth of the Protestant

Reformation

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C.

The English Reformation

1.

The Catholic Church was vigorous in early sixteenthcentury England and there was less of a gap between clergy

and educated laypeople than elsewhere in Europe.2.

In 1534, in order to legitimize his divorce and subsequentmarriage to Anne Boleyn, English King Henry VIII

convinced Parliament to approve the Act of Supremacy,making him head of the English Church.

3.

Later, Henry seized monasteries and distributed their landsto the upper classes.

4.

Elizabeth I (r. 15581603), daughter of Henry VIII, steered amiddle course between Catholicism and the Puritans

who wanted a pure

church free of Catholic influences.


lb f

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Holbein, portrait of Henry VIII

This portrait of Henry VIII, painted by

Hans Holbein the Younger in 1540, isthe best known of all of Henry's

portraits. Although the king is painted

half-length, Holbein has successfully

captured Henry's regal bearing, finely

detailed dress, the impact of his 62"

frame, and his imperturbable, aloof

expression. (Scala/Art Resource, NY)

Holbein, portrait of Henry VIII


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D. The Establishment of the Church ofScotland1. Scottish nobles tended to support theReformation, while the monarchs, King James

V and his daughter Mary (r. 15601567),

opposed it.2. James Knox, a minister who studied inGeneva with Calvin, was instrumental in

getting the Scottish Parliament to set up aCalvinist church as the official state church ofScotland (Presbyterianism).


Reformation

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E.Protestantism in Ireland1. Although the English tried to impose theirchurch on Ireland, the Irish resisted and

remained Roman Catholic.F. Lutheranism in Sweden, Norway, andDenmark1. In Sweden, Norway, and Denmark, monarchstook the lead in initiating the Reformation.2.

The sixteenth century saw the establishment

of Lutheranism and the consolidation of theSwedish monarchy.

3.

Christian III of Denmark and Norway

secularized church property and set up aLutheran church.


Reformation

Th G h f h P

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G. The Reformation in Eastern Europe1. Ethnic factors shaped the Reformation in EasternEurope.

2.

During the Counter-Reformation, a Catholic revival waspromoted in Bohemia.

3.

By 1500 Poland and Lithuania were joined in a dynasticunion.

4.

Luthers ideas spread to the Baltic towns and then to theUniversity of Cracow.

5.

King Sigismund I of Poland banned Luthers teachings,

limiting its success there.6.

Many Polish found Calvinism appealing.

7.

The Counter-Reformation cemented the identification of

Poland with Catholicism.8. Lutheranism reached Hungary via Polish merchants.


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Chapter 14 Discussion Questions

1. Why did Protestantism and capitalismcomplement each other?2. How did the Society of Jesus combat theinfluence of Protestantism?3. What were Luthers views on marriage andsexuality?4.

Why did Henry VIII try to purge England of

monastic communities?5. What role did the printing press play in theProtestant Reformation?

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Predestination in the Bible

Some Biblical verses often used as sources forChristian beliefs in predestination:

"Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who has

blessed us with every spiritual blessing in the heavenly places inChrist, just as He chose us in Him before the foundation of the world,that we would be holy and blameless before Him. In love Hepredestined

us to adoption as sons through Jesus Christ to Himself,

according to the kind intention of His will, [...]" (Eph. 1:3-5, NASB)

"And we know that God causes all things to work together for good tothose who love God, to those who are called according to His purpose.For those whom He foreknew, He also predestined

to become

conformed to the image of His Son, so that He would be the firstborn

among many brethren; and these whom He predestined, He alsocalled; and these whom He called, He also justified; and these whomHe justified, He also glorified." (Rom. 8:28-30, NASB)

"[...] but we speak God's wisdom in a mystery, the hidden wisdom

which God predestined before the ages to our glory; [...]" (1Cr. 2:7,

NASB)

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Predestination in the Bible "For truly in this city there were gathered togetheragainst Your holy servant Jesus, whom You anointed,both Herod and Pontius Pilate, along with the Gentiles

and the peoples of Israel, to do whatever Your hand and

Your purpose predestined to occur." (Act. 4:27-28,NASB)

"But God, being rich in mercy, because of His great lovewith which He loved us, even when we were dead in

our transgressions, made us alive together with Christ(by grace you have been saved), and raised us up withHim, and seated us with Him in the heavenly places inChrist Jesus, so that in the ages to come He might show

the surpassing riches of His grace in kindness toward usin Christ Jesus. For by grace you have been savedthrough faith; and that not of yourselves, it is the gift ofGod; not as a result of works, so that no one may boast."

(Eph. 2:4-9, NASB, emphasis added)

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Predestination in the Bible

"[...] who has saved us and called us with a holy calling,not according to our works, but according to His ownpurpose

and grace which was granted us in Christ Jesus

from all eternity, [...]" (2Ti. 1:9, NASB)

Your eyes have seen my unformed substance;

And in Your book

were all written

The days that were ordained for me,When as yet there was not one of them.(Psa. 139:16, NASB)

"So then it does not depend on the man who wills or theman who runs, but on God who has mercy. [verse 17omitted] So then He has mercy on whom He desires, andHe hardens whom He desires." (Rom. 9:16-18, NASB)

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Chapter 14 Discussion Questions

1. Why did Protestantism and capitalismcomplement each other?2. How did the Society of Jesus combat theinfluence of Protestantism?3. What were Luthers views on marriage andsexuality?4.

Why did Henry VIII try to purge England of

monastic communities?5. What role did the printing press play in theProtestant Reformation?

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Warm-up 14.2