Warm-U

Describe five things you can remember

about fungi: (for example, what do they eat? what kind of cells do they have? where do you find fungi?

Etc.)

PlantsHolly Springs High School

Biology

What are plants?

• Multicellular

• Eukaryotes

• Cell walls made of cellulose

• Autotrophic

• Carry out photosynthesis

Plant Needs

• Sunlight

• Water and minerals

• Gas Exchange

• Movement/transport of water and nutrients

Overview of Plant Kingdom

Floweringplants

Cone-bearingplants

Ferns andtheir relatives

Mosses andtheir relatives

Green algaeancestor

Flowers; SeedsEnclosed in Fruit

Seeds

Water-Conducting(Vascular) Tissue

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms

^-thought to havearisen from multicellular green algae (a protist)

Mosses

Club mosses & Spike mosses

Ferns & Horsetails Gymnosperms Flowering

Plants

simple vascular tissue

vascular tissue becomes complex and branched

Seeds

1. Bryophytes – Mosses2. Ferns3. Angiosperms4. Gymnosperms

Moss

FOUR MAIN GROUPS OF PLANTS…

1. Bryophytes - Mosses

• No vascular tissues: water transported by osmosis

• Reproduction depends on water.

HornwortLiverwort

Moss

FOUR MAIN GROUPS OF PLANTS…

Mosses: non-vascular plants…

• …are plants without a water transfer system– to get water, they must be close to the

source

• Nonvascular plants like mosses and their relatives have no way to transport water up into the plant – this is why they must stay small and close to water.

How do nonvascular plants reproduce?

Mosses and their relatives have alternate generations, - one generation undergoes sexual reproduction, and the other undergoes asexual reproduction.

Life Cycle of a Mossbio.miami.edu

Sexual Reproduction

Asexual Reproduction

Spores but no seeds

2. Ferns

• First plants to have vascular tissues

• This allowed them to grow taller and get away from direct contact with water.

• Use spores to reproduce.

• Have roots, leaves, and stems.

Seed PlantsReproduction in either flowers or cones

3. Gymnosperms: (cones) naked seeds4. Angiosperms: (flowers) protected seeds

Both have vascular tissue

Sexual Reproduction: Pollination SEEDS – plant embryo is surrounded by a protective covering

3. GymnospermsSeeds produced on cones

Needles – good adaptation…why?

Cycad

Gymnosperm means :“naked seed”

Gymnosperms are the first of the seed plants.

4. AngiospermsSeeds produced in flowers and are protected

Special adaptations:

1) Flowers: a) attract animals which helps them transport seeds b) contain ovaries which surround and protect seeds

2) Fruit: protects seeds and is a bribe to animals to eat and spread the seeds elsewhere

4. Angiosperms* Cool Fact: Angiosperms consist of 235,000 species; 90% of the Plant Kingdom

Plant Features & Vocabulary

• Vascular tissue

• Xylem and phloem

• Roots

• Stems

• leaves

What is vascular tissue?Tissue that transports water and nutrients throughout the plant. Plant “veins” are a gathering of vascular tissue consisting of:

- XYLEM – carries water from roots upward to rest of the plant.

- PHLOEM – transports nutrients from the leaves to the rest of the plant

Can transport up, against gravity

www.deanza.edu

Vascular System

Plant Parts and Function1) Roots – underground organs that absorb water and minerals, keep plant upright

2) Stems – support & transport structures connecting roots and leaves

3) Leaves – organs where photosynthesis takes place, has pores for gas exchange

*All contain vascular tissue!

Root hairs increase surface area to absorb

more water.

Xylem moves water and nutrients up to the

plant.

Phloem moves carbohydrates down to

the roots sometimes storing them (example:

carrot)sparknotes.com

1) Rootsa) Taproots –help plant

reach water far below surface.

b) Fibrous roots – good at preventing erosion

2) StemsFunctions:

a) Produce leaves, branches and flowers

b) Hold leaves up to sunlight

c) Transports substances between roots and leaves

3) Leaves

Functions:

a) Photosynthesis

b) Transpiration: Plant loses water through leaves

c) Gas Exchange

Leaf Structures: Gas Exchange

• Stomata: pore-like openings in the underside of a leaf. Allows CO2 and O2 to diffuse in and out.

• Guard Cells: specialized cells in the epidermis that control the opening and closing of stomata. Each stoma has two guard cells.

Stem

Root

Leaf

Ground tissue

Vascular tissue

Dermal tissue

Water and nutrient transport in plants1. Capillary Action – water moves up wall of

tube.

2. Transpiration – when water evaporates out/off, pulling force is created to take in water.

3. Root pressure – when soil moisture is high, water diffuses into roots

Plant Reproduction

Reproductive Anatomy• Flowering plants have male and female “parts”

• The Flower

•Sepals

•Petals

•Reproductive parts

Sepal – protects flower before it opens

protection

Petals – attract pollinators

Male and Female Parts• Male part: STAMEN

• filament (stalk)

• anther (tip)

•Female part: PISTIL

• stigma (sticky tip)

• style (stalk)

• ovary (base)

Flower Structure

Filament

AntherStigma

Style

Ovary

Carpel

PetalSepalOvule

Stamen

Pollination•Pollen (male gamete) from the anther is released and transported to stigma of other flowers:• By insects• By mammals• By birds• By wind

Ragweed pollen

•Ovule is fertilized

• grows to become seed protected by seed coat

• Fruits are mature ovaries

• protect and disperse seeds.

Fruits and Seeds

• Seeds = fertilized zygotes

(can become a new plant)

GerminationPlant emerging from seed (sprouting)Conditions need to be right…

What do you think these conditions are?- temperature?- water?- oxygen?

Patterns of Plant Growth• All plants follow a pattern

of growth that continues throughout the plant’s life.

• Plant hormones: chemical substances that control a plant’s patterns of growth and development, and the plant’s responses to environmental stimuli.

Hormone-producing cells

Target cells

Movement of

hormone

Auxins and Phototropism• Auxins: plant hormones that stimulate cell

elongation (higher amounts being produced in shaded areas cause plants to bend towards light).

• Auxins are also responsible for gravitotropism.

Tipremoved

Opaquecap

Clearcap

Opaque shiedover base

Highconcentration

of auxin

Lowconcentration

of auxin

Control

Cytokinins and Gibberellins

• Cytokinins: plant hormones produced in growing roots and in developing fruits & seeds.– Stimulate cell division and cause dormant seeds to

sprout.• Gibberellins: plant hormones that cause an

increase in the overall size of plants and their structures.

Ethylene

• Ethylene: In response to auxins, fruit tissues release small amounts of the hormone ethylene. – Ethylene then stimulates fruits to ripen.

Plant Responses (“Taxis” aka “tropisms”)

• Phototropism: causes a plant to grow toward a light source.

• Gravitotropism: causes the shoot of a germinating seed to grow out of the soil.

Plant Responses (cont.)• Thigmotropism: the response of plants to

touch • Click ME!