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8/8/2019 Wang Shang Theory Practice of Political Warfare
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THEORY AND PRACTICE OF POLITICAL W A R F ~
BY
WANG SHANG
GENERAL, CHINESE ARMY
ENGLISH TRANSLATION
BY
PROFESSOR HSIN KWANG-HSU
\.J IQ I tt
j l 0
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it i1
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(.FOREWARD
After the debacle en the Chinese mainland, President Chiang
Kai-shek, layi.ng emphasis more on poli t ica l ac tions than on
military operations and more on spiritual strength than on materi
alforces in the wa r against communism, coined the term "political
warfare" in 1953, and subsequently published a series of f i v ~articles on t he s tudy of political warfare, in which th e s ix major '
types of operations were listed a s its contents.
To President s i llstructions into practice th e Political
StaffCol lege, in an attempt to systemat ize and t ~ e o r i z e the study
of political warfare, had compiled materials for inst ruc t ion in
1952, After two years of continuous efforts, th e Political Warfare
ReSf'arch Class was optmed. Hence the courSe in political war
fare was extended from the military schools at various levels to
th e armed forces. Iv1eanwhile, the 'General Political Department
of the l\1inistry of National Defense had also ...ssued the outlines,
the tenets, thEl chessboards and. films, al l pertaining to political
warfare J as supplements fo r instruction and training. among.
servicemen of a ll l ev el s. From that t ime, t he political. work of
th e armed forces ha s centered around poli t ica l warfare, ~ n d . allservicemen have to undergo SU9h training, aside f rom the regular
::ourses in political science. In 1963 the President decided: that
the General Poli t ica l DE:partme!1t be changed into General Pol it i
ca lWarfare Department , with i t b r a n c h ~ s l i k e w ~ s e renamed,. andthat the Political Staff College be changed into the Political War-
and
of the mean-
va . lU lI .H i"" ' ' ' blocs,
National Defense
IJUJ..U.L\. .CClJ. warfare into operation.
of the Minis try
• And so , i t is decided to have the
thE) communists IJVJlJ.I,J, ,-a.J. .J. .Y
Communist and
to
a brief and concise
way to
book
the author ha s a ~ e ~ l y s e d the
it book form.
Chieh Shou
Chiang.Chien-jen.
9 1959.
who study i t with care wil l b e able to forge ahead and march
on th e road to .. ~ , r ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
dwelled in deta i ls on
warfar6 as
IJ V ..... ".LV<.LJ.warfare. It also provides
historical lessons with concrete facts as illustrations • In ad -
Genera l pol it ica l
in various
andthe Command and General Staff , he ha s
lectured on political' war fa re i n recent yearf:: and has received
very comment,s. read the of his lec
tures , I found i t to be invaillable both as r e f e r e n c ~ in theof warfare and as mater ia ls for ins truct ion in thi s
II III
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the present wri ter had taught the Cambodi an th e officers same
subject and found many parts of th e book should have undergone
thorough r evi s ion becau se of the chang ing worl d situations.
AV'ailing himself of . the two official v i si ts t o Kinmen, tlfe present
author had been able to f in ish the revision work i the Nien Chih
Hall of the o f f ~ · s h o r e island. It is hoped that this book ca n con....
tribute to ou r anti-Communist efforts, bu t there might sUUbe in
i t much to be d ~ : l s i r e d . the present wri ter wants to quote
from the Forewiord of th e Revised Edition of the book which runs
in part: "Poli t ical warfare is a new sort of knowled,ge which is
t o mee t th e demands of th e National Revolution. It is also a 'war
fare of crucial importance to be waged againstthe enemy.I t
ishoped that when this book undergoes ;revision, any fruitful sug-
gestions o r co rr ect ion s from ou r revolutionary leaders and ad
vanced experts wil l b e appreciated" •on
sev-eral
warfare
National
VUI>.L.LILt;:;;:, of
institute devoted to the study
liTom the highest
the whole
years of oriep,a:r.:Hl.on
n n · . ,.."{Tor! the
warfare is se t up Acc or di ng to th e Presiden t ,
search Class, tock pains to it in order.
months of first edition came
The present book lectures delivered first at
the Army Command. and General Staff College upon the
ot Comrade Wang an d then at the Warfare He:-
, bu t th e h ad not b ee n pUblic-
ation 1958 when Professor 11a then a student in the Re-
o f
a special corps in
fare College, in 'Nnich a
13, with more than [CIOOO copies . Favorab le comments
were r ec ei ved from many s o u r c e ~ , . It was revised on November
17 of the same year , and third and fourth of
this book consisted of more than 100,000 copies. ' Due to pressure
of work, the present had not been able to revise i t until
t h in • Now, it h as i ts ' Chinese,
Wang Sheng.
Nien Chih Hall, Kinmen,
June 19, 1973.
the Vietnamese
Cambodian andietnamese,
th e presen t wr it e r received order to
th e armed forces
Koreoan,
Span i sh ve rsions.
visit Vietnam to u t : : . l . i J ' · . ~ i C ' l ; A · I J . L J I . ; : ' l l the system of I J V . i . " - ~ . L " " ' G " ' " w'? rfare in ....
I t is conceivable
servicemen have aware of the si x of I J V . l l ~ . L " " ' C l . ' "
warfare in the years no less than th e Chinese. Of late
VI v
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CONTENTS
Chap te r I I . Histor ical Lessons 0' " 0 • 0 ••••••••• 0 0 ••••••• 19L II I d E ~ o l o g i c a l Conquest lt
- - Tactics in
Communist Ideological Warfare .....•• 00. 0 • • • 20
2. " P E ~ a c e f u l Coexistence" - - Tactics in
Communist Strategical Warfare ...••.•.. 0 • 31
3. nThree Great Weapons" - - Tactics in
Communist Organizational Warfare . • 0 0" • • • • • • 42
4. Temptation an d Intimidation - - Tactics
in Communist Psychological Warfare. . . 0 0 • • • 51
5. Cloak and Dagger - - Tactic s in
Communist Intelligence Warfare . . . 0 • • • • • • • • • 58
6. Thl3 Exploitation of the Masses - - Tactics
in Communist Mass Movement Warfare . . • • . . . . • 0 66
Chapter III. Th e Present Status of Glo'bal Political
Warfare ..... 0 •• • 0 0 ••••••• 0 ••••• 0 . . . . . . 0 • • 77
L On th e Part of Chinese Communists •. 0....... 78
2. On the Part of Democratic Countries ...•.... 84
3. On th e Part of the Republic of China . . . 0 , 0 0 0 0 88
- -1-
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Chapter IV . Communism VElrsusFreedom • • . . . • . . . . • • . • • . 99
Love Hate - - Contrast
• " • " •• • ' •• 4 ill It • " 41 I; .. $ • i • I • ., 100
Warfare in Operat ion .•....••.. 0. 171
6. The Voice of t he P eo pl e Is th e Voice of God
Mass Movement Warfare in Operation • . • • • . . . • 177
2.
Contrast
- - A
........... 09
. VI. Conclusion0 ••••••••••••••••••••••• 185
3
4.
A Contrast Ka.u..L:'!)Q.I-J.U!.l<:l. .L Warfare •
Lies - - A Contrast
116
\;U'VJ.I. 'K.L'l. '<::LJ. Warfare 24
5. Science in
6.
.L .L .L I l (v l l . C' Warfare
.... .....,.. " , Versus .LIA. I J . . V . . . .· ...
.Mass Movement Warfare
131
Contrast
136
•••••••••• 0 143
L T he Faith in
People
Three of the
• . • • • • . . • • . • 146
2. Calculations behindth e
• • o •••• 0 ••••• 152
3.
4.
an d Affection
Warfare in Operation ..•.... o. 159
Is Our Comrade"
• •••• 0 •••• 165
5. - - t h l ~ Price of
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subjugating the other and rendering it helpless. During the
course of conflict both sides employ violence and weapons to
seek use every means at their disposal to develop
th e maximum efficiency of this violence. But at times they do not
need to resortto
violence and are ye t able to achievePolitical warfare i s this type of warfare.
The epithet !! polit1cal ll in political warfare covers many
factors and is therefore vague as \vell a s b ro ad in implicationsare
s affairs,
l IU ' lLJl l_" or
are also those ·of
of the affairs of the mass of the
admlnistra tion of th e
of th e state affairs
the
one
chih
it . al s0-involves
The affairs of th e mass
th e state
in a state; -one ha s s warfare is dictated by historical expe r ience and
ma:rks the pot icy-makjng, ideology the cause ,trategy
demands of the time, President Chiang Kai-shek, the living
symbol of anti-communism of the world, has listed under
poiitical warfare. "six types t1 namely, s tr at eg ica l wa rf a re ,
ideological warfare, organization"!l warfare, psychological
warfa.re, intelligence warfare, a nd mass movement warfare.
in
symptoms
is
affairs; buts the conduct of
which arises
warfare is
or one may
realities while
threat f rom wIthin present conflict of
organization the, layout, mass. movement the basis psychology
the direct operation, and intell igence the covert operations of
poli t ica l warfare G warfare is the last resort of political
is under
means as
administration and the
when th e CCimmunists
the
th e
occur
i n ~ u r r e c t i o n warfare.
to create divisio'n and chaos in national and international
is forced rise 2. Political Warfare-Its Contents
the forms of the batLles of tongue
Warfare: Ideo log ical war fa re i s the warfare.
of ism versus ism. It
As stated in the prec'eding se ct io n, p ol iti ca l w ar fa re
includes warfare of strategy, ideology, organization,
psychology, intelligence, and ma.ss movement. Each of these
si x types can be explained as follows:
whe!.l.nd
I
of defeating,
each opposing
ideology versus
the
violence
versus
force.
preserve freedom and
necessary,
War is
'Side exerts maximum
or
-2 -_.- 3 --
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field l
warfa:esults th us a ch ie ve d w ill be g re at . S tr at eg ic al
therefore the role of policy-maker in the
political warfare.
3. Organ iz at iona l War fa re : Th e precise meaning
organization is to closely correlate man, place, t ime,' ar
physical prowess with major plans an d immediate objectives e
that maximum ca n be developed. President Chiar
K al-shek ha s pointed out: tl No matter how well aJ
advanced is science, and how correct an d ra tiona l i s ideolog:
science an d will remain a caput mortuum without tt
effective employment of both by a wholesome ,organizat, lon 1
Organizational 'warfare is devotedto
the us eof
organized pow
to crush the enemy I s organiza tion so as to dissolve i t fo r gOal
Just as it is necessary t o h av e well-knit organization of U
a rmed f or ce s in th e military operat ion, so it is in politic;
warfare .. Wherever the organized force ha s explored, that i
th e strategical point for political advancement. B
organization its elf is by no means perfunctory an d must 1
guided by strategy, preceded by ideological atta,ck ar
supported by mass movement.
the
were
since
wa.r'aims
th e cause
to tactics.
that leads to
is
!JV.L......L- <J.... belief,
are affected
warfare is the
...."" ....."",......"" the enemy
of
exhorted hi s senior
communism will dominate ..
warfare"
th e
I f success in ......., ~ .. vF . ,............". .. warfare is
commanders were as much concerned
where
from !J v ...... " ....... c.. J
VJl . 'o ; " " J . " '< J.. . . difference is
Warfare:
is shatter th e enemy I s
an d seek win ove:r the masses
ideas betwE!en two
conflict
the ' enemy is dE!feated at i ts r oo t
cause of. I . u . ~ : ; v ~ , V I : : : . . . L ' - ' C ; l . ...
2.
in th e last W'ar,
actual ..... Fi, ...." ......... of armed forces
officers to engage themselves
with
President
to commit u .... >J" . . ~ n . < : , . . . , so as to facilitate the realization
of .... "'Ju. .....' . "" ... bu t also that of
Communists seek a
democracies 'want a states where
by the enemy's
I t is this marked differEmce in
democratic ideas and tree way of life ca n be preserved, the
an d pen.
break i t s
th e
of
4. Psychological Warfare: Quite obviously, psychologic;
warfare is means other than mi li ta ry to subdile tht: enen
psychologically, causing i t s will to b re ak and i ts organlzatlC
to collapse. It is essential to political warfare. N e v e r t h e l e s ~the psychotogical wa r operation must also be guided by well
planned strategy, carried out ideological weapons, anI
and
to allied
be pnnnlrCT'O
"".L.A.,""""_"" i ts e lf i n the other
it sarfare
five of warfare When strategy
in t he c on du ct
in 1-'''' " warfare because often
with . larger
forces economic
- 4 -supported well-founded ~ a , " , - " . L ' - " ' ; : ; us e of Var IOUS \Va}
- 5 -
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-1 - '
6. Mass Movement Warfare: Mass movement warfare is a.
basic factor in supporting the war-effort,a·tirl in winning the.wa.r.
Victory or defeat in wa r hinges on th e inclin<tlim! .... 1 . '. VI masses
and the development of th e war' situations. The main functIon or.
mass movement warfare i s to st ir up , to win
organize, a nd to lead the masses 'behind the ' e n ~ m y line to
under one's banner. T h u ~ one ca n destroy t he ' enemy' s
efficienc¥ and cripple the enemy in due c o u r s ~ of a'ction.
of tIle enemy on the one hand, and to prevent the s tea ling o r
leaking of secrets on the other. The loss of Chinese mainland
in 1949, it should be confessed, was largely du e to the failure
to know the enemy Is situations on th e of the National
Goverment of the Republic of China . Fo r t h is r ea so n, P re si de nt
Chiang Kai;...shek ha s specifically directed first
and collection of information foremost...." In-the world Of ,
' al l ma jor nat ions have their intelligence service. In ih e United
States, therE! are the Central I n t ~ l l i g e n c e A.gency and the
Federal Bureau of Investigation, both of w h i ~ h are
esteemed intHUigence agencies. The collection and e Y ~ l u a t i o nof informationtoday has become a highly specialized science and
an art The end and aim of intelUience warfare ca n be summed
up as this: th e less the enemy knows one IS secret and themore
one knows the: enemy I s secrets , th e b e ~ t e r will be . The former
belongs to counter-intell igence, ' and, the latter to offensive
intelligence. Be it counter-intelligence or offensive intelligence
i t involves secrecy. Hence, inte l ligence warfare- is the covert
operation in th e whole fi'eld of political w ' ~ r f a r e .
remedy'
means
no way to
one kumys
a ~ ' t h o r i t i e s .
'collect valuable
facts and secrets
and scholars to take
one can
DSVcn010,IlH : a1 warfare
ormation had succE3ecled
1 . J . 1 . ~ . " " ' U ' V " " the center fo r the
welL one need not fear the,
In a war in
J.UIIUt'U.LC::a.I.o '=' action
had suffered s etbacks a t the
minds pf men. But before
S armed forces sla ck in the
as t o wage the
the enemy These facts
of w ~ r f a r e in the
As soon as U. S
the.
fo r
This i:::. one of t he mos t
the second World
the British
organizational tactics and Gropaganda
I , . ; U , V J . ' U l i t . . L I , . ; < ; ~ . L war opera tion can reach themasses
....a . u o J ...u.«O them
sa1<1. hi s monumen ta l War, l l I f
t he m is ta ke ,
the
Warfare:. As fa r back as 600 13 C., SUfr .
the. foremost world ever
5
means
one knows. oneself and the
cnlirg;re of t h , p i a n n h i ~ o f
Korean. War ill-
in
I n l c ~ ' m a t i o n 'and tJ S Office ~ o War
in
of
- 6 -
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2 .. u aJ
- 9 -
in Czechoslova.kia and the Russian bloakade of Berlin, both in
1948. The Southeastern Asia TreatyOrganizcHion of 1 95 4 was'
intended to prevent the expansion of Chinese Communist influence
in this of' the world. On the Communist side, t he War saw
Pact of 955 was signed when Russ ia t r ied to tighten it s control
of Eastern European countries politically and • These
alliances were the evidence of diplomatic w a r f ~ , r e , which had
been waged between the two blocs. These last two types of
warfare, howev-er important, are not included because they can
e as il y bes ub summed unde r t he s ix e ss en ti al s of political
warfare. If the si x types are mastered, the theories ca n be
applied and extended to economic and diplomatic fields.
I t .goes without saying that political warfare and mil it ar y
warfare are closely related, but military warfare alone cannot
achieve sustained power a nd ensure ultimate victory. The
integration of t he se s ix types of warfare is the decisive fac
This is reflected in t he t hi nk ing of Karl Von Clauswitz of
Prussia, acknowledged as the father of modern strategical
study, when he asserted that "War is a continuation of 1l
I f war i s a body, then political warfare is thG soul of the
In modern tim€!s, wars were invariably total, to ta l in the sense
that all natural resources and manpower of a country were used
fo r war purposes. Pres iden t Chiang Kai-shek s statement that
today's wa r ~ a total wa r f ideological in nature, which centers
around militarypower everything. By ideological total
war, i t means but the si x types of warfare. When
employment of political means ha s reached the highest extent
that
other
of power
Economic
is a
because a strong
impose it s p o l i t i c a l ~countries
1.1'-'.1....".'-'"... warfare.
Western nations
or
on mass movementwarfare.
and
of the vUtUllUU1.J..l .;;:)
blocs have used economic power
new weapons The y
nations. While
is
a nation convince others that it s system
use economic ai d and assistance
ua ......v'u; ; , and win friends among
mentioned above are the s ~ and
warfare. To these one- may add t : "V l , l .UU l J .V
should also be
type of
economic
by
UUl lUl i . l . l l jL ,;;:)!- bloc useS economic power
which
th e
headed by th e Unit ed States ases eCOn()ffiJlC
nations their defences a . " , , , , , , . u . ~ " ' ~
warfare these two blocs i s s ti ll from
both sides .the p \u 'l od had used d ip loma ti c
each other The North Atlantic
democratic and
to tr y to
the neutralor
is
economy is able
have stressed
warfare
Therefore, ULJ . LLL J ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
movement warfare ensureS the
the battlefield of the army is that of t he air force is
th e and that of navy is the sea, lhe battlefield of
warfare is the of of masS
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Political warfare, ' as c an be seen, plays the decis ive role
in the vic tory or defeat in a' war. Th e a n c ~ e n t Chinese saying
hasH that "The ~ l a n n i n g inside a tent determines the victory a
thousand Ii (each 11. is about one third of a mile) away." Herein
the planning in:sidea tent apparently ba s an overtone of political
warfare. Another Chinese sayingruns like this , "To subdue,
enemy without fighting, l:which simply means th e subjugation of
t he hos ti le forces through political weapons • President Chiang
Kai:-shek speaking of wa r efforts has re.peated ly stressed
"Thirty percent military a ~ seventy percent poli t ical , "Thir ty
percent in front of the enemy and seyenty percent in rear th e
enemy, an d lIThirty percent p hy si ca l and s ev en ty percent
psychical.!l Though the ratio of thirty to seventy is not,necessarily a pure mathematical. one, i t obviously indicates
that the political factor is more important than the milita;ry. The'
emphasis on the rear rather than the front o f th e enemy and on
t he p sych ical rather -th an t he p hy sic al s ~ d e is in the main
politicalinnature. The significance of political warfare, caq,not
be overstressed.
Generally speaking, the , na tu re o f wa r consists of two
factorsin operation,
the spirtnalan d the
materiaLThe f.ormer
includes politicalprincip t es and strategy and military d i s c i p l i ~ e san d etllics, which are essential to political warfare' . -The latter
includes economic resources , we'apons, and equipments,
are essentia.l to military warfare. ! twil l be difficuJt to achieve
victory in awar i f either factor is lacking. I f both ~ r wanting?
th e f o r c e ~ will surely be destroyed.
are
of
total war.
wa r can' be
end at any
Here are the
fixed ta ttle-
not
and bloodshed.
.,.t-.,"'o•.,t'l"l·n whereas
to
ca n
warfare
warfare
warfare
as f ron t and rear
military warfare,
the same
overall victory of wa r ..
such
should be
u. ...,.'-=,.... "" ., is th e
the
is ' largely 1 . 1 1 ' , " " U ' E > " " V " ' ~
I - 'V .u . . _L'- . ... warfare without ; : )u ,: ; .....,........ JE> a
and
in' terms of combatants, there are the requirements
conditions of frontline
There are
age, · se x
and the rear area production workers Besiaes t ~ . ehave the required uniforms equipm ents,
warfare there are no such· requirements.
terms of the nature of war,
to determine
are
close
Fourth or la st,
Political warfare and
won
However,
warrare has to go
c
time.
fo r the
in term
and demobilizat ion have their clear demarcation,
Hnes i while in I - 'V . lU . " ·L .... ~ ~ warfare
differences:
First i n t erm of spacEl,
front and rear; while
Warfare-Its Significance
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conceived in political status and stimulated by political motives , '
and that w ar , t he re fo re , is "a political act. 11 He went on
further: ilWar is not merely a political ac t bu t also really a '
political a continuation of policy carried out by
other means. Il Thi,s marks the be-gin,ping of the conception of
modern political warfare. Since it s publicat ion in lB27 j
Clauswitz On War had received widespread at ten tion and ha6
had a t remendous impact on the Eolshevist!L
The by their o r ig in were a group or groups or
d i s g r u n t l ~ d persons with distinctive polit ical background. Since
then. they have cons id e red s trugg le a normal pattern and
themselves the vanguards of th e oppressed. wan t to go on
to fight against wha t t he y call the capitalistic, imperialistic
oppressors andt ry t o app ly the Marxist theory of class
in a world-wide scale. By adopting the basic concept d
,"constant struggle" with the annihilation of th e enemy as
objective, they have formulated the f ra nt ic i de a of l lBe my
friend or enemy" and "To destroy or be destroyed. II
regard ir. ' )s t h ighly the theory and practice of C lauswitz.
Marx, Friedrich Engels, Nikolai Len in , and many other Soviet
an d l1ilitary leaders had devoted themselves to the
study of Clauswitz 1 treatise 011 War with extreme enthusiasm,
Engels once cal led Clauswi tz lithe bright s tar in the sky. II
Lenin, in disregard of historical facts t anachro
nist ical ly considered Clauswit7 a }v1arxist and remarked that
C lauswltz in his writings had understood the Marxist
cpncermng· the intim8.te relationship between :vvar and
do
19th
war
means.
destroy
people
the
par
must be
a nd t he
should
with th e
made
in th e
wa r not
declared that liThe
ha s been transformed
actions, the whole
of total war effor t .
some
say,
and the armed f O : ' ~ e s are
• On t he o ne
,.." i<2.LllUU.Cl battlE ield and
nation have " " " ," t" " " ' -UJLUc<
time and
have become CUI l J :U .U l " ; a .
efforts sLould
the conditions
This is
and rae tors are both
different ways Things
and ar e not restricted time and
which are
can the re be
b e t w t ~ e n ciirilizedar
reverse is
war itself.
will
the enemy s lines
se a j on the other
In his treatise
Since Wor ld War I Gene.ral E r ic h F r ie dr ic h
the
necessary but
In a conflict, the
s
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as to realize their object ives in aggression When Lenin read
the passage in the treatise On. War that a conqueror was always
llpeace-loving!! and hoped to march into the country subject to
invasion without bloodshed, he made special not at ions and
acclaimed it a brilliant passage, because Clauswitz, he said,
had expressed what w as in hi s qUnd. Therefore, when th e
Russians start a war, they usual ly have a slogan Which is II No
battle will be fought without the assurance of . !l.In
conquering an' enemy , as a rule will first to succeed in
poli t ical warfare before coll ec ting the spoils by th e military
power. In many places they need not resor t tpmilitary force
but employ such means as . strategy, oragnization, ~ g i t a t i o nand others to annihilate their enemy. They maintain and develop
their milita.r:y strength only as a support in their conquests
through poli ti cal means and fo r the purpose of attaining thei.r
final objective of aggression.
It is unfortunate that the freedom-loving countries of
worl d wer e b ela te dly b.ware of the s ignif icance of political
warfare" They began to comprehend gradually the implications
of the new environment which had arisen out the post-war years.
T he revolutions in technology had changed the arts of war. To
the growing arsenal of powerful new weapons begun with the
invention of the atomic bomb wa s added the hydrogen bomb _ a
bomb that could wipe out a whole city. Now development's such
as atomic-powered air and navy craft , atomic artillery ,guided
missiles that could cross oceans· arid continents, chemical
b iologica l , and radio logica l weapons , supersonic speed s, and
of
on
so
and
Boris
wa r and
t he same
actions t
minor
would
Russians would
• Therefore
in the extent
which was IJV,LLJ.>JL" '' ' ' '
to the use of
would
than
felt that the
No matter who ar e in power in
will be made to
likewise a continuation
continuation of politics As matter of
. ,UJLU1J. . . . . . .,e; w as n ot the sa.me asClauswitz I"
to ' the realm of international
ultima te end.
means
on IJ'J,..... ~ ' ........., on the part of
but that
every
difference
the conflict.
a
Quite he was -referring to the concept of
tha t IJv ..... "J•...,.... Droa.uC'en war and wa r w as t he m ea ns .to
of Lenin and his fCtllowers, there "vas no difference
Communists
expounaea thE' same idea more C:;J \o. jJ ,U," ' ;a , '...
was unnecessary
L en in h el d that wa r was the continuation
The t :HJ l f , JU ' a .OJ l ; : : l
Lenin asserted tha t the nucleus oC wa r was "" ......... '.",,'" and that
whilst wa r wa s a continuation of
' - t 4 -
the
between war and peace "
conc,eal their war in ten tions .
rather use IJV,U."\,.L ' -' ,,,, ... means 1:0 destroy their
actions
and other Communist leaders has affected Soviot
th e a..u ...a . ~ { U ! , U . 0 1 U between the V l J , U ~ : : L ! . I I I ! J
another means f peace
MikhaHovich
Soviet
front and
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talks .11 But peace in the eyes of !he Communists is bu t a con ..-
tinuation of war. employing math h '1'.e ns o. er t an illl Itary
Communists throughout the world are hoping to attain
the table whatthey cannot attain in the battlefield. I t is a lesson
that the Free World c an le arn f rom the dict.um of Lenin tha t
there is no difference between peace and'war. The era of peace
talks is nothing b u ~ a n era of prot racted st ruggle . High
had been pai d i n peace talks with ChineseComrnunists immedi
ately a.fte,r the last war, i n peace talks with North Koreans
Panmunjon, and presumably in peace ta lks with Hanoi. Peace
talks ha ve b ee n employe d by t he Communi st s as political
tactics.I t takes
t.hose specializedand exper ienced in political
warfare to ta lk p ea ce with the Commllnists. The study of
political warfare, both in theory and in practice, is therefore
al l th e more necessary and important judged from the
ence of the. past, demands of t he t ime, and. the the
-w-orld.
be
that
of po -
of so-called
. The future
in their theory
to
and
e,very
were
means. P r e p a r e d n e s ~ on al l
of space
Tn,.,,,..,·,, a,nd
as wide as, if not
forms and intensities. More
communication and transpor
science of war. Beyond
of the earthbound world arena
. It was fel t that warfare should be
Communism during the present nuclear
wars, and
of total
more attention will be given to the
warfare would
warfare in al l
Both Ludend orff
stalemate.
Utical
and
out er s pa ce , which
b ru sh -f ir e wa rs , of
the
other
fronts and alertness
attention
tation
reckoned w it h. T he
warfare '. The
belief seemed the
. The aim of warfare
without
thend it s
national and international
defence and survival of
Vietnam and
of sort armistice in Middle East,
world is now entering an er a of what h as b ee n ca ll ed "peace
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- 1 8 -
Chaptor ]I .
Historical··lessons .
llWhile we read history I we make history. !l
-,.... G .. WIi Curtis •.
llHistory is philosophy teaching by examples .. tl
of Halicarassus ..
The pri=vious chapter is a general description of th e
meaning, the contents, and the significance of pQlitical W a r " ~
fare. A few faets have been presented for t he salte of theora;..tical ana!lysis, bu t no t in details . If one does not examine t he
theory of political warfare wlth detailed facts, he might be
misled info bel ieving thatpolitical warfare is a mere catchword.
Most of t h E ~ people of the world are still unfamiliar w it h t he
above-mentioned six of political warfare in which
have already engaged themsebres consciously or unconsciously.
It is the re fore neces sa ry to relate more historical facts
adequate analysis of them so as to help visualize the
learned in blood, to ~ i n d out bases fo r the principles of
ca l warfare, and to put int o effect to the ful le st extentthis
of crucial international struggle ..
There have been numerous facts and bit ter lessons involYed
with political warfare that one can learn f rom the is
regrettable that in t he decades of . ha rd s tr ug gl e aga in st
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one of the most significant steps laken by the Communists in
their is what ha s been called "ideological conquestll.
The essense of "ideological conquest" is th e direct attack upon
~ h human mind as by Karl Marx and Nikolai Lenin . S ince
Mao Tse-tung i t through the publication of "New Demo-
,::racy" , t he COlnmunists I attempt to . c o n q ~ e r China
ideology had reached it s climax. 'Let us now discuss Marxism,
Leninism and Maoism one o·ne and call the bluff of t b e i l ~ re -
in
this im -ased
work
have no t
is an i nval uabl e document in
years Hence
warfa.re
is i t that
of political warfare has been
u.c/;!.u.OI.C'u . "' . Since President Chiang'
on J. . , :v ..
of IJv -
Kai--:-shek
China in
connection with this " "n ih ; . :....... '
a comp1lel:'€
Communists even the
and nature.
us take up Marxism first,
During the between the end of the nineteenth century
and the of the twentieth century, iv1arxism had been
glossed over it s followers as the ir re l igious scripture tinged
with deep mysticcolorse The youths who h ad not studied i t
carefully fell i nt o t he trap of the Communist propaganda and
mistook communism fo r a lofty ideal. That, of course, is a
fateful blunder f or a ll credu lous fanat ics even now. As Pres i
dent Chiang pointed ou t in hi s S01tiet Russia in
China, 'Thoughts on Communist sys tems began with Karl Marx
and Friedrich , had undergo considerable modifications
at the hands of Lenin. Lenin claimed that the OctoberH e Y o l u ~
Hon which succeeded in overthrowing the provisional go .:XI1-
ment an d replacing i t with a Soviet regime was conversion
of a democratic revolution the bourgeoisie into a social re
vOlution by th e proletariat". Lenin also lauded the sa'ld re
volution as Hth€3 emanciption of th e proletariat", which, to
him, was th e same as lithe emancipation of t he mas and.
tried to create the that the Bolsheviks to
many s tra
and
themselves in
the content::s of
historical
studie s one ca n realize that
In ancient
a.lso
the
extensive and th e
s indicated
warfare are
Communist Ideological
1•
victories. is both difficult and im-
" ' U . ' ~ " ' ' - L ' " ' ' ' ' al l such historical facts in this discussion.
is advisable select Communist of
fo r t r e a t m e n t ~ One instance lead to
The present writer that al l
their resources in the of
as are rww compelled to engage ourselves
in whether we like i t
facts are
1 , . 1 - ~ . l . > : > t . i : ) such as S untse,
others were well-known
And in
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I t may be r ~ ~ c a l l e d that Communist Russia at first launched
it s aggression of Chi na t hr ough i deol og ic al i nf il tr at ion. . A
"Marxism Research I ns ti tu te " was s et up in China prior to the
inception of Chinese Communist Party. It attempted to change
the thinking of Chinese youths and intellectuals
initiate i tem in to the Communist fold. There were then some
naive persons who had been l ed by the nose. While
on the people I s livelihood of th e Three Principle-s of the Peo
pIe, Dr .. Sun Yat-senrefuted the fallacies of Marx ism" It was
a substantial evidence that during hi s lifetime Dr .. S un had al
ready waged an ideological war agains t _the Communists.
Leninism we s also known as Bolshevism. Acc ording
Joseph Sta lin and his followers, Leninism was the
phase of Marxism the_product of Marxism when
the Russian Revolution.' By ana lysing the se words of
and hi s follow€!rs , one can ,see that the' strate5 ea l eharae -
Next, le t us take up Leninism"
absolutely reactionary direction.When he witne SSWi. th e A U " ~ ~ ' . A ~in the B ri ti sh s oc ia l r el at io ns , he deemed it necessary
to overthrow capitalism. If allowed to continue, the situation
could only become more aggregating. ~ u c h thinking on hi s part
was largely due to t he bel ie f t ha t cap it al ism was re
fo r al l soaial evilsex.isting at hiS time t view s as such were
fully reflected .in hi s work On Capital an d led him toward the
reactionary l i n ~ * He perceived only the pathological rather
than the physiological aspect of so ci et y. T hat was hi s
thoughts had ru n the J;'isk of leading the reactionary bloc to the
destruction of the whole world.
r;o to an
increased
In
elopm,ent of
ideo-"" ...."" \ 'H l 'N which
of
th e of
th e pre-
The
Marxism
the social ills in " - ' J . j ' ~ . t " " ' . u . u and the
which himondition of
i t is
proCl.ucea such a
In order to understand
, - , a , ' j J A . ' ~ Q , , & , J . ; ; ; : " ' U had caused t h E ~ European coun t ri es to
p r ' e c ~ e a l : m t ; e a . .... u " " ' J . J . ~ < ; ; O in economy. rich became richer
ahd th e poor poorer as an old Chinese goes:
own miles While the destitute own
HV"U.A.Ul\I f at aU;;P Under sUlch circumstances various branches of
" U . \ J ' ' ' ' ~ ' ! . . l U . ; ; ; ) spraQ.g up . This accounted fo r the
i d e ~ s on hand and t ha t of socialism on the other. Be-
doubt the sa had exerted influence
one encounters
comnlUfLism and one nn ,rI 0'" "'1"
diction of Marx did no t come true
ItC!<: :1._i" ' l i l " " I "Oy, t in tide of democratic revolutions which
m Q T ' I I " " ~ at the time .. It s and aim was to
democratic and to
These invaluable remarks made
the s most n .... '''' . . . . . ' ' ' '
that communism was the of the world
social ideals. As a matter of Marxism was at it s very
outset a which had 'made it s
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Likewise, Lenin s concept of world revolution also came
from Marxism. When discussing Leninism, Joseph Stalin stated'
that th e concept had it s basis on thedevelopment of internation
al reali t ies and was not pecul larto Russia only. He went on to
s ay t ha t since Lenin was a typical Marxist, hi s Weltanschauung
was beyond doubt Marxistic. As Marx thoug.ht of capitalism as anational phenomenon and predicted that the Communist· r e v o l u ~-Han would proceed fr:om one country to another, Lenin, in
order ~ find an excuse fo r wor ld revolut ion and at the s a 1 ~ l e
time to cover up the pan -S lav ism based lipon' th e "Russian
spirito labelled capitalism as a wor ld-wi de s ys tem of
perialism ll, and calle-d fo r the overthrow of this systein through
the movements of Communist revolution in countr ies capita lis t
- 2 5 -
Marx ism? The answer is that Lenin, havmg taken hi s cue from
Marxism, substituted the Russian fo r German spiri t . In adapting
Marxist communism to Russia, Lenin left unchanged it s
general philosophical and theoretical bases 1 but decisively
altered Marx l s concept of communism as a strategyachieving the proletarian revolution. Leninism was the system
of Marxist communism as it had been modified and adapted by
Lenin to the requirement of revolution in Russiaand elsewhere.
Take the concept of "class" fo r example. Marx had only rough
ly divided the proletariat f rom the capitalist class , and advo
ca ted " th e dictatorship ()f the proletariat ll • . I n f 1 u ~ n c e d by th e
Tsarist despotism, Lenin went further to dlv ide the proletariat
i nt o t he progressive, the awakened 1 the backward,and the u n . awakened, an d replacedthe dictatorship of the proletariat by
the dictatorship of the Communist Party, which finally became
virtually "one-man dictatorship".
of
from
must
of the
a matter
Marxism,
factor is
than those of
of Com-
from Marxism
Marxism as a tool
Tsarist
may have
in n a t u r e ~on which the Marx s
the human mind is
believe that Marxism is
is it that Lenin s
from
characteristic s that Leninism
made
Leninism.
even. more
of the world
wa s based was
Leninism is nothing but a mixture of sadistic
and insatiable exapnsionism.
of
the
it inherited the Russian
and al l the characterIstic s
and terrorism handed down
this is
it s followers
_ .What ar e th e
been
In the hands of .....""u ...1 . 1 . .
xism
the c o : n c ! ~ n t of world of the
Marxist of class struggle, worldrevolution and
cal conquest is the main Mar-
IJ . JCO ' \ , c u . from Marxism?
On the one
Th.en what is Leninism? In brier, is
which with dialectic
th e
reasons fo r the worldwide cata:stI'oplhe
made clear at the outs,et is that th e most
made
of Leninism
Marxi sm . Tho se
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Leninism began to barge into China in 1923 when the Kuo
mintang , the ruling party, adopted the policy of alignment with
Russia and t ak ing in Chinese Communists as party members e
Fully aware of Lenin I s underhand intrigues of.ideological in
f i l t rat ion,Dr. Sun Yat-sen made i t clear in a joint statement
with Adolf J,offe, an envoy sent by the Russian government,
issued on January 23, 1923 that:
understand these does not ,understand at
al l Marxism and mordern scientific soc
ialism. It
This serves as a footnote to and explains the n a t u r ~Lenin I s p o l i t i c ~ l chicanery. In order to "defeat the powerful
enemy", the Coo'lfnunists would employ every means available
without asking whether it is right or wrong, ethical orunethlca.l,
If this be a "principle", is .there any grain of "truth" in it ?
to
meet
areas
no
Marxism
enemy it
there
necessary to take advan-
€lXert the bes t effort pos
the us e of al l (DeanS
liTo defeat the
So that
sible
Meanwhile it
Suffice say that i t ha s been derived from Mar-
hi s the Problems of Leninism" Stalin ha(l,...thi5 to
Lenin's
;:at and shed blood f or t he c au se . F or f ea r
out that Leninism was·the i:11J1J.L.I·'-'i:1 Lo, l ,VU
condi tion under th e specific c ircumstances
Russia.
""J.•u. ,......,,"'- of Lenin's
" , n ~ ' T ' c . n no words
say:
e ~ a b o T a t e
would
As
.Stalin
" D r ~ SUl l Yat-sen holds that the Com
munistic o rd er o r even the Soviet system
cannot actually be introduced into China 9
because there do not ex is t he re the con
ditions fo r the successful establishment
of e i ~ h e r communism or Sovietism. II
be it even thehatever
smallest, enemy through the most
most attentive, most care -
ful and utilize
the clashes among the
list cla.sses different countries, and
tage
This statement dealt a havey blow on the attempt to in
troduce Leninism into ChLl1a.
Fu rt he r , l et us take up the so--cal led "New democracy. II
and
kinds or groups of
any country
of all ies
, be it the smallestse
secure the
among
these allies'may be tem-ven
porary,
and conditional. does not
The so-called "New Democracy" is a stratagem rat.her than
a theory. It is a pli:.w. fo r the Communist insurrection on the
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Mao as full aware of hi s critical situation 's when cornered
in the d <;:avern in Shen si , th e northwe stern province of
China. During war against LJapan which gave him a breathing
Now, why doe .s Mao cloak Marxism and Leninism
under the flNew Democracy? II The reason is quite s impl e: t he
seizure of power. As is wel l-known, China does nC't
have the conditions fo r Marxism and Leninism; and meanwhile,
th e h i sto ri c al t r ad i tion, cu ltu ra l he ri t age and social order of
China are entirely incompatible with what Marx an d Lenin have
predicted. Ther ef or e, eve r since Gregori Voitinsky , ch ief of
th e Eastern Division of th e Cori1munist International underLenin
and Chen Tu-hsiu. the main architect of Chinese Communist
Party, se t up the lltvlarxism Research Institute II in China
1920, till Mao released hi s pamphlet , the "New Democracy" ,
in 1 neither Marxism no r Leninism had in t h e ~ e tW0 de
cades found any suppor t f rom th e Chinese people .. As a matter
of J\·larxism an d Leninism as peddled by th e Chinese Com
munists were re je c ted everywhe re . In th e vast ter r i tory of
Chinfl there have been places where the Communists could
engage themselves in c landes ti ne deal ings and have "room to
turn around", bu t they could find no more base fo r movement
and beaded into a blind al ley after the long siege by the govern
ment in 934. Had i t no t been f or th e Japanese aggres-
sion of China Mao 5e-tung and hi s followers wou ld have
perished long ago.
"New Democracy!' is bu t a scheme to push a c r o ~ s th e united
front.
a
of
Mao
discre-
order to
across hi s
be u s e l e s ~
the so-called
the northern
entitled
Affairs C om
stated: "Mao Tse-
for the sol e purpo se
and Lenin.
same time, he
him se i f in th e
down three different tenors:
Ame:ricans can telL
with
alldifferent ll • The same ... ~ , ~ ~ ..... went on:
comml.mism
is
I S line
function is to se t forth a " , ~ " " r ....... fo r actions more suitable
or last the tenor to ease the anti-Com
communism in the sweete st
same time to it s
Such. an made the U.S. is correct .
The first herein exposes th e tlNew bu t a
o.f Marxism and Len in ism. The second and the third
third reveal th e
munist sentiments
resources and
to realities.- Thus
tenor of orthodox communism second tenor of the
st to lead the way fo r the Com-
J U U ~ l l J . . ' : : > l - ; : ' to seize th e al l available
"Communism
Marxists. It is
to
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2. "Peaceful Coexistence"
- Tactics in Communist St rategi ca I Warfare
"New Democracy'! - - commUllism - - made it s appearance and
that the members of the "four classes" c ou ld o nl y repent "in
dust an d ashes tl• This is indeed too s ad f or t e a r s ~
began to realize that in an era of the·
Chinese and were in in favor of
way of life and t ha t the best waywasto c l o a k ~ A a r x -ism and d,emocracy. Hence he advanced the
"New with vi ew to the
both at home and a br oa d. T his is a well-known pro-
p a ~ a . l . 1 . a device called trant:iference. To cover communism
of their ba si cn point ing out the Communist s I
s tr at egy P r es id en t Chiang sa id .
By strategy we mean here pOlitical is to
conceal one 's real intent ion and to pretend to meet the sire
of the opponent so as to cause him to commi.t mistakes an d rea
lize one I s political schemes.
with
to win
for his programs. Thus addition to
he crowm,ed it the word intlrder to
those young students and the democrat ic groups and
the time. Mao 1 s 1 that
" , a J L n . ~ . H F ; about was de -
Mao tried to attract the Chinese adherents
words which had a positive
After meeting with reverses in war
the Communists always turn around and
as k fo r peaceful coexistence • Upon re
gaining strength, they break off negotia
tions and resort to insurrection again"
While negotiating peace, they. rnake -secret
s for a rmed revolts . In their dialec-
ti c s, this is what is tueant llunity in
contradict ions!1 and 11 shifts of things il l
oppositionsH• Therefore, in combatting
Communists, we must understand their
military thinking al1d rhythm of actions lola-
fore we can tell whether ou r st rate
gy ;3..nd tactics have been correct . From.
ou r th ir t y years of experience in dealing
of
He
also economic
he advanced was
Chinese
" ' U " V . " . L \ . , u . ~ bulwark of
so-called
the hands of
chaoe: The
wha t he called "four clas
w o r k € ~ r s , pear-ants 1 small and national
won the f i r ~ J t round
debacle when al l adherents of Mao IS
fell into than the
and tha t
becuase it ",,,,mT""";
V U ' . ~ H 1 . U . A J l l : { wa s divided and then broken
The entire rhainland
the Communists
intellectual circles wa s
ses":
workers and peasants wa s
claim tha t the
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Since the adopted the polley of aligning with
Russia and admitting Chinese Communi st s i nto th e , th e
Communist elements immediately seized the control of the De.-,
partment 01 Organization and other pa rty organs , and manipula-
te d the Federation of Unions and it s branches in
districts. The y went further to label the Kuomintang mq-;mbers
as lithe left ists", lithe rightists" and nthe neutralists"" In or
de r to drive a wedge between th e various factions of the Party ,
they shouted the slogan: !I al l revolut ionaries to th e
left". Shortly after the ret.urn ofMichael Borodin. ,ine Russian
emissary, to i\/Ioscow, Kissanka , h ead of the Russianrnilitary
rnissjon, doggedly the defeatist thoughts among
sulates in China, and return to China the Russian portions at
the Indemnitv Funds. What is more, the' Soviet Government111 .' t
also would return to-the Chinese people, without demanding any
kind of compensa t ion , the Chinese Eastern Railway'in M a n c h u r i a ~Such a gesture wa s indeed a tour de force the Com
munist s tr a te g ic a l wa rf ar e. In thG meantime, the Chinese
Communists took steps to t he Kuomint ang as individuals
upon the order of th e Kremlin. In hi s memorandum 1, i Ta-:
chao, one of. the founders of the Chinese Communist
behalf of those who j oi ne d t he Kuomi nt an g, saidin part
"Therefore, it is necessary that we join this Party Kuo
'''''''''''-''"',:;1 and allow ourselves to be organizedinto one t eam so
that in coordinated steps we ca n t a k f ~ in ou r National Re
volution und er D r e Su n Yat-sen I s leadership and t he uni fi ed
discipline of ou r Party.. II
Hence, their plots ofinfiltration and 'subversion were ent i rely covered Upe
to
in
war-
ou t in -
the fact
it s first
cover. Its
and still less
under varlOUS
Russian com-
UVJJJ . . . . . . . .u 'UF ; or-
and to create the
s ta ti oned i n Russian con-
under
coexistence between
warfare
of dialectic s and t ake
their
a
for decent human
from 924 to 1927 Aware
the in
and subversion, I t then tried
masses th rough the
this , the Russian Communist
cover up their ugly face
attitude
J , .CJ ,JU . ' ; : lHJ• .., towards Chinat
to renounce al l financial burdens im-
was to se t
full grasp
terror in the course of China I s nationalrevolution and
Soviet Russia
From the above i t ca n be seen tha t the
the Communists is based upon materialistic
with the C o ~ m u n i s t s we have learned
first of al l their
. The Communist
China dates back to 924. As
the first
tried
come forth with
declaration of
it s
onthe Chine se
war
gans and to stir up
that communism wa s
suitable to th e Chinese climate this off:-:hoot
munism in it s formative had to
filtration
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Upon Stalin I s directive, th e Chinese Communists issued on
A ~ g u s t I, 1 a d e c l a r a t ~ o n from t he ir h id e- ou t, Mao-erh..,.
kai , p ropo si ng t ha t a n IIAnti-tJapanese United Front of th e
People" be formed and demanding tha t a so-called s
Col;tlition Government" be established. On 5, 936, the
Chinese Communists again issued a circular
fo r cessation of in terna l hos ti l it ies and holding of peace nego-
When encircled during the fifth campaign launched by the
government forces, the Chinese Communists had come to the
end of their tether, mI"litarily speaking.. The remnants
in small groups to th e inland province of Shensi in the North':"
west. On seeing that their military actions could only meet ut..;,
te r failure, the Communis ts brewed up new plots . I t happened
that the Communist International 's Seventh Congress was held
in Moscow sometime between July and August of 1935, during
which, Georgi Dimitrov, in hi s report on th e llUnited Front ll,
suggested that a " c o m p l ~ e h e n s i v e anti-Japanese and anti-Imper:
ialist United Front ll b e f ormed i n China.. As this Stalin l s
p.olicy decision, i t became a Cangre S8 resolution as a matter of
course and on this th e Chinese Communists based their subse
quent actions. As we can see la ter , this suggestion made at
the time proved to be th e most treacherous an d hideous
ever worked out b y Russian and Chinese Communist s hand in
hand.
foreign a gg re ss io n. F irm adherence to this policy contributed
much to th e success, in the strategical sense, of the fifth
major campaign of the government fo rce s agains t th e
Chinese Communists.
th e
th e
con-
forces
herself
Inci
indicated
Academy
the
th e !!Nan-
because th e
with
up further up
t he Kuo -
res1
their
forces.
urban areas ..
f re edom cou ld made secure ..
Chinese Eastern was set-
Government decided
Government in
!llocal incident ll, China still
warfare
The Chi ne s e Eastern
lVII'''-'''''''" Incident of 1
fires, had
th e
Communists
in Canton and
directed th e Chinese Communists to
undert ake an a ll ou t purge of Communists from the Par ty .
tied tenlOClya:I'l
between th e R
tinued
dent of
th e officer s arid
Chinese
that the then
th e Nationalist armed forces "would certainly result in failure " ..
And :when the forces advanced to
Chinese Communistsformented th e
and Hankow.
subversive activities were
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in '
of
I n
ac ti vitie s.hinese Communists Ihe way fo r
ment and inf lu ence the united States I policy on China
violation
Furthermore,
Urianghai.
ternational,
th e Chinese Government.. On th e
, they sigaed a neutra l ity pact with
and reCOilD,lzea the Japanese-manufactured
f)f th e previously signed with
invaded Outer Mongolia and ..~ u . ' L \ . ' . J ' > . ' C, t hrough the efforts of the
their utmost to defame the Chinese
intrigue
Russian
into
the
of
as
Kai-shek orders
and to have
and
soviets and have them
four
. .Afternumerous talks, th e Chinese Communists
local r;:o'veJrnrnerlts
the National
Generalissimo
to abolish th e "Red
4
ment:
abide
tiations
a C C A ! n t ~ H i th e
, and, the i r
to dealing with th e Nationa.l
to .... ~ : ; H l _ . J . l . i ~ against the Japanese" II Time andpansion,
On the part of th e Chinese Communists they had all
regarded th e Sino-Japanese war as lithe best
build up their strength 1I . The policy they had laLi down
th e war was devote 7000 1of their effort to their own ex-
18th and the so-call 'ed N ' F t l Rw our.1 out.e
disobeyed orders and. acted on their own to attack "'''' . rr. , ....''
forces, thereby undermining the war e ffo rt s
The funds appropriated to them fo r their army by t"he National
Government had b ee n u sed the Communists as subsidies to
their front and other civic and cultu't l i l\ lQits un
der the i r control to undermine th e national ~ t y , to split th e
anti-Japanese wa r c amps a nd t o support thgirac t imie s of
paganda, inf.iltration and s ubver sion 9
as a
con-
a non-
coexlst-
ussia pro
The Marco
Rus::;ia. On
Russia as their
succeeded Yen
hJ.L1.1 .U-VCHJCHJ.< : : 58 on
and their
to Moscow with
the Chinese CommunIsts
the than
accelerated
t he s ame year China and Russia
Once Sovi et Huss ia
China under the
to an d
the Government
drive, with China I
In the October
In th e of 1945, at th e YaHa Conrt::rence attended
the United S tat e s, G rea t B l'itain and Sov ie t Russia, Stalin
seized China I s in Outer an d up
Communists
as covers fo re
l issia and the
ollaboration
used such
,ang CUlll"""Ii!.
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Upon receipt of Japan IS decl&.rat ion of surrender f the
National :rvli.litary C o u n ~ i l of the Chinese Government immediately
instructed all armed forces in t he coun try to await orders per
taining to theacc:eptance of surrender in accordance with Allied
agreements. In an order to t he 18th Group Army of the.Com
munists, th e Council specifically ins truc ted al l it s units to re.:..
main where they were until further ordLrs; an d fox those com
mitted to combat operation 8 , to abide by orders of their
respect ive war area c:::>mmanders. Under no circumstances
were they to make any unauthorized move 4 Bul the Communis ts
flatly disobeyed the Council's order , and Chu Teh, in the name
of"Yenan Headqua r te r s! ', i s sued on August 10 "Seven Orders
of the , directing Communist forces in various places to
resort to all-out violence. On Aug ust 17 , t he Chinese Com
mun is ts , i n the name of Chu Teh, presented a $et of siJt. de.
mands to t.ne Gov ernment . Th e purpOSe behind Chu Teh s
"Seven Ordersof th e Day'l and the si x demands was extrem
clear. Militarily, the Communists were to take free a c t i o n ~ to
disarm th e Japanese and their puppet troops, and to OCC,1.py
of August 9, which was only one day before Japan I s offer to
surrender. Russian Red Army entered the nor theastern pro
vinces and the provinces of Jehol and Chahar only t h r e ~ days
before the Japan,ese laid down thei r a rms . However , t he Allied
H e a d q u a r t ~ r s assigned to Soviet Russia ~ h duty of accepting
th e surrender of Japanese troops in t he northeastern provinces..
This initiated a new phase in Russia! s aggression against China
and in the Communists I subversion agajnst th e Chinese Govern
ment i n t he post-,war period.
war-
on'the
engineered
v p ' a ~ , " " U ' u . a , materials by
th e
the Communist
as
the ir fe l low-travel lers
the Chinese Government of II
...." '.. n<: ' r1 as i l lustrationsiare.
The last of strategical warfare the Com-
continent wa s dated from 949.
On when Japan announced unconditional
th e China area surren-
der covered the mainland it s
and lndo-Chinal north of th e 6th
north should be noted that 8, ~ o v i e tRussia declared that a state of wa r with would exist as
warn and in the United States send-
; : ) U I . J Y , J . . J . ~ ' i : ) to This worldwide Communist con-
"'ro, ...."',,,",,,' had about t remendous di ff icul ties China's
and domes tic affairs in the last
wa'r and the init ial after V-J Al l these may be
the Communists
States in ...."'''' .... ,,., .... i'i:
China s administrative in th e Northeastern provinces,
In th e June of the same year, when China and ;:;;oviat Russia
were a friendship alliance th e Peace
Shunhua in the northern of Shensi
""'.... ,...vi;n 4:lI, upon Communi:51 instigation th e
...... l ' lni ' v seat, and a t t a c k E ~ d the the
meantime Communist forces in eastern and western parts of
U . ~ , I ' I . J . C l . U . ~ and in southern. and northern of
apart from each renewed th(;jir
t here ., S uch incidents
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In the December of 1946, th e Unit ed States announced. the
termination of it s mediation effort in C hina and shortly ?tfter=
wards General Marshall, the special envoy, left fo r home
Whereupon, the Chinese Communists rose in open ::rebelli.on ,.
Nevertheless in the following year both Sov'iet Russia and
the Chinese Communists had directly and indirectly kept on
asking the Chinese Governmen t t o t al k p ea ce . Owing to hi s
longtime experience in dealing with the Russian Communists,
President Chiang Kai-shek had discerned the· motive behind:
directives fo r the Chinese Communists to subvert the National
Government had been exposed. Th e atrocities committed
the Russian Red Army against the Chinese people· in the
northeastern p rovinces canno t be overstressed.. On
negative s ide , S ta lin sought to disrupt China I s relations
the United States; on the pos it iv e s id e,h e a t t e m p ~ ~ d
to manChina's f or eig n a nd domestic policies, hoping to turn
the Chll lese Government f rom neutrality to i solation and
to make China a satellite of Russia,. As the-""-
Communists, despite lithe" basic polky on peaceful national ::re-
constructions" and the. "minutes conversations" with the
Government delegates, they [nade use of their front
Hon , th e "Democratic Alliance}' as a tool to plot internald1s-
sention and d is rupt ion. § in ce the l\1ay of 1 , t he Chinese
Communist forces, in response to their military operations in
the Northeast, launched offensive in Jehol, Chahal', Hop,ei, and
Shantung provinces, violatingthe ceasefire agreement arranged
the United States. By this t ime t he Chinese Communist re-
bellion erupted everyw here l ik e bush fire s .
with the
into the
moves with
as
d e . l e Q - a U ~ S and the
of which
< a . ~ Q . . " ' ~ O ~ the Gove::rn-
their . 111 ........ '''''''"''''
communication
the Government
Chaha r and ' _ . , .u" . "
Ul:;;.Ult:l,llU.Ul/:f. the formation of a "coalition
A ~ " " " " " ' , " ' C J I , . despite a of
wa s in existence two
her
, Chaha-r and the and
provinces and
areas of contrCtl and enable them
then
meul
cratization. Al l these the C,)mmunist orr,rHr"r_
Government renewed
talks with find a formula
home .. On October the
ment"
this t i m ~ ~ , both the Russian and Chinese Com-
.u..,'u"",......... still b c ~ h i n d the mask of coexiste-
of and Alliance of
a desire to
Soviet Russia,
I J " ' ..........."""" ........ warfare and
m ~ e ' areas and
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The Third In ternat ional is,W fact the Communist Inte.r-t t
nitional, or fo r short, th e "Gominun:"n U • Leftin (If?n!'talJUY Md
something else in mind when he gave the name the Third Inter
national. Since Marx organized the Firs t Internatioftal and
Karl J. Kautsky the Second International 1 Lenin na"ned th e
Communist International as the ThirdInternational to show that
he fol lowed the orthodox line of Marx.. It should recalltld
that as early as April, 1927 when expelled. from Ge:rman.l t£>
Russia, under poli ce surveil lance on a traint
Lenin maPt>ed Ollt
h i s so -ca ll ed "polotical platform" r in which he called fo r the.
setting up, of a new international organization to put i nto prac
t ise wha t h e called the hworld-wide proletarian retrolutionu s
By t he time he seized th e power after th e October Revolution,
Lenin claimed barefacedly that the Bolsheviks had fo r th e world
revolution established a central base. In hi s ambition to com
munize the world, urged al l the Communis t "fol lowers in
Western European countries to start a ser ies ofbloddy up
r i s i ~ g s fo r the purpose of grabbing political power in their
respect ive countr ies so as to support th e "Soviet Regir,e ll in
R u s ~ i a . However , a ll t he se urpisings ended in failure.. And
so in March 1 19 , through his intensive prepartions, th e Third
International was formally established in Moscow .. As a matter
of fact , the new only wiped out t he Second lnter-
-43
Fi rs t of all 1 le t us study th e Third Inte.rnational
flowering and ~ a r k s th e beginning of Communists' SUbjugation
of the people.. In studying the Communists t diabolism1 o . n ~ h a sto see through the ir organizational warff..re.a
have
it s
warfare
number of
t he f al l of
realize in
warfare as
the Chinese
of
time confounded
warfare,
favor of th e
th e enemv s st ra-
which led
China fai led
c ;>.u . ...""."'"J!,vu are
Their actions
of the
an d
,...,....Ol"'\lrDn, China
O m t m \ l m l S t - a ' O m l W t : i L ~ ~ U coaHion crn ' ro ....nm"'n
hastened th e
to mediate an d it s consequences. Had Soviet"
and
.Lu<:;;v . Vlt'. ... ' - < . ~ . conquest, organization
th e Communists.
...struggle a.head o m ha s to be wary
warfare
The above are
warfare on the other .. It is also hoped that in th e anti-Como.
3 ree Geat W e ~ o n s f 1
in Comnunist Organizational reo
th e mainland in 949. In repeating these historical
the present writer wants to point out th e wickedness in
the Communis t warf ar e aga in st th e democratic
countries on th e on e hand, and th e
Communist3
t ime tha t had fallen i nt o t he trap of
se t th e Russian and Chinese " ' - ' \ . . IUIJlUU'U ... """.. .....
ChineS€ ........,""..... ~ " the Communists
freedom and
, s mediation offer been
way of a.
second Poland as al!i, in 1947 ..
leader the Russia.n
t ab le t ha t th e American friends
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Moscow wa s designated a s it s permanent site, the
Third International, when organized by Lenin, did, take on
more or less an international complexion. After the death
Lenin, when Stalin succeeded , the Third In ternational was
longer in ternational , having been r e ~ u c e d to be a tool of the
dictator with it s chairman appointed or deposed at w i l l ~ It s
leaders such l;lS Zinoviev a nd N ikol ai Bukharin were execu ted
by th e order of Stalin. Those in charge of th e branches of the
Third In ternational in va rious coun t ri e s h ad in turn become
Stalin I s a nd b on afid e traitors to the ir re spect ive
the idea of employing the raovement: of national salvat ion in the
East to strike the western countries" Then h e decided on the
use of an indirect approach to carry out hi s world r e v o l u t i o n ~
As a result of t he c ha ng e in t hin ki ng t Lenin had tried hi s
best to extend hi s tentacles to the East s At the Second
Congress" of th!3 Third Int erna ti onal i n 1928, t he nCommittee
on Nat iona li sm and Co loni al ism II and the lIEastern Division l!
were formed under the Th ird Int e rna ti ona l r es po ns ib le f or
'formenting th e !lanti-imperialist movements!lamong the OriE::ntal
peoples. Besides, an Eastern University and a Labor Univer-
were established i n Moscow, wit h t he express purpose of
training student from Asia and the Far East so as to h av e t he
branches of the Third International se t up in various countr ies
through the .ideological \<conquest of these trainees c This is abrief account oJ how Lenin began to wage an
warfare agains t the free warid through the Third International
he hlmeself had organized.
line a
conceived
called
to Soviet Russia
under the banner "Proletariat
t he Communi st s an
been
t r ies
the Third International
one of it s rounders had the
establishment of th e Third Internationalin 19 an international
come in1 . However did
materialize Lenin I s intervention
the t ime, Lenin concen t rated h is at ten tion
to start the world con-
revolution, 'andtherefore the Third International laid
the industrializE!dWe,st United States
When stablished' in
it s comrades claim ed: the
This indicated th e
Communists' as Com-
failed one another, i t
those highly industrialized coun-
too weak to its Marxist
vvorld revolution wa s dissolved in the Lenin
< l o f ' r ' Q r Y ~ n f ' to break he tu rn ed h is ey e the
National in
down or-
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fatherlands. This was confirmed the fact that
th e Third International wa s dissolved Stalin in 943 f
al l the Communists the world had been under the
direct control of their comrades in Moscow is th e true
characteristic of the Third International..
L i L i- sa n and others ; the Germany branch byKao Yu-han p Chu
Teh and o ther s; . t he R l issia branch by Chu Chiu-pei and others
"By such wide spread network, ' there could be no doubt that
Voitinsky had se t the Communist o rg an iz atio na l p atte rn fo r
China on a world-wide baS1:'5. I t vias indeed a Chinese
munist International in miniature 0
Now, le t us se e how the Chinese Communist Party came to
be e s t a b l i s h e d ~
Soon after the establishment of the "Marxism Rese ar ch In
stitute ", the "Chinese Socialist Youth Corps" wa s also org.an
ized i n t he Augus t of th e same y ea r f or t he pur pose of
more youths as membe rs an d s en din g them to theEastern Uni
versity in Moscow to undergo fu r the r t rain ing . In the Septem
ber, Chen Tu-hsiu, as directed by Voitinsky, called into order
th e "preparatory Committee of th e Formation of the Chinese
Communist Partyll 0 He a ls o a cc ep ted Voitinsky f s invitation to
visit. \<10 scow. And so th e Thirdtxl ternat ional had laid the
foundat ion-s tone in it s organizat ional work and spread th e
Comrnunist s eeds i n China.
L i Ta-chao ,ranchi Han-chun and others; the
The inclJrsionof th e Thi:rd I n t e ' t ' ~ a . t i o n a l into China
back t o the ot 1920 when th e "Marxism Research Institute"
wa s set. up.. • chief Eastern
Division of the International the institute itself in
academic organizing the
various in It s sponsors and active members in -
c luded Chen Tu-hsiu Shen Hsuan-lu, Chou Fu-hai Shao Li-
ts e Li Li Ta-chao
tao Shen and I t
wa s located at No.. Yu Lane, Avenue Joffre in the
French Concession of Shanghai. Since it s establishment, the
institute had se t up branches in various both at home
and abroad, to contact with it s young The
u.GUF,' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' branch wa s headed Chen Tu-hsiu
Upon hi s arr ival wHb Voi ti ns ky i n Moscow, Chen Tu-hsiu
wa s il troduced to se e Leon Trotsky, th e Russian leader 1 who
urged him to organize the Communis tParty in China an d invited
him to the Third Iriternational. Chen consente@ an d recei -
ved a allowance of U. S . ,000 fo r activities.. In
the of 1921 , Chen returned to China, accompanied by G"
Maring Secretary of the "Cbnunittee Oi l Nationalismn-lai ,
branch wa s
Shen Hsuart-lu
f 'rance branchhal;eaded
Li u and others; the Shansi branch
and others; the Shantung branch Hsu-
and others; the branch
chi u and others th e Hunan branch Mao Tse-
tung and the
Pal and others; and the branch
and others . In th e overSgeLS areas the
46- - 47-
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Government. If weve can realize that t.he
ltthree Tse-tung were tactics
in warfare.
with the Communists.. Such tactics obviously had yielded 1'e-
sults r Most of the C h i n e s ~ people, cowed by -the Communist
atrocities or enticed by their sweet talks, were compelled to
take a fatalistic point of v iew and II go with the stream ", so to
speak.. The Government forces fighting in the southwest am;l
northwes t were rendered helpless.. And the Chinese Govern
ment had to abandon the mainland and move to Taiwan in 1 9 5 0 ~
the
em-
attributable
but the
Of cour se there were
their rebellion
the
than those ::stated above
force
was
the Communist seizure of
most crucial
overran the Chine se mainl and in
- Tactics in Communist Psychological Warfare.
Both the Russian . and Chinese Communists are specialized
in the art of psychological warfare, a type of warfare with hu
man ~ i n d s as i t s ba t tle fie ld . To strike their enemy
gically, the Comnll'mfsts have made a penetrating analysis ,-,f
human weaknesses. By E'xpoiting these w e a k n e ~ s e s , they ha
tr ied to keep the under controL. The political witchcraft
4. Temptation' and intimidation
Organizations are largely exclusive in nature, and ar e
of u se in the political struggle. The Chinese Communist Party
at the t ime of it s formation was too small an organization to
deser"9"e mention. It was not supported by the Chinese people.
But through it s tactical maneuver8, th e Party had ever reor
ganized and expanded i ts el f. . A single sparkmaybecome a
p ra ir ie f ir e, a s the Chinese proverb says. The fall of the
Chinese mainland and the enslavement of the 70 0 million people
were partly dueto the Communist organizational tactics ..
that time
aimed to de -entioned.
~ d . J L U . : t : l d . l . . lV l ld . l . tactic s ..
hand in
claimed to have
Soviet Russia commanded !Viaa
in on October I ,
extended it s recognition This show s
C h i n e s E ~ Communists h ad hand in
recalled that. in the autumn
next
should
which
classes of the
seize the
munists worked hand
tactics into full
that th e Russian
in the a ~ ......vQ."" 'VU
moralize the Government forces f ight ing in the southwes-
tern and northwestern en the one hand and dlspell
th e worries in the mind those Chinese who work
th e Government south-
western and northwestern whilst
in th e southeastern overrun the Reds;
which were the most and most prosperous on th e
anti-C ommunist sentiments . In order
the Russian and Chinese Com-
Chinese Communist armed forces overran north China ana
and
50 - 51-
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th e
their
the
from
I S morale' and-
the pf
shatter
the reflexes, conditioned or otherw is e 1 to exerc ise thei r con
trol of human beings. The Chinese Reds l e arned th is ~ e t h o dfrom th e Russians and had gone further to practise brain
washing, a sort of indoctrination, in the mo st diabolicalmanner
Another employed the Bolsheviks in
the human psychic response is the traditional dogma handed
down by the Oriental Orthodox Church. In order to drive away
from the minds of it s believers th e sexual desire, the mammon
worship and the assertion of the wil l, t h is creed used
such r it u al s a s "repentence", "confession", and th e lIfinal
ment". Under t he supreme authority of their I.hurch leaders
and dogmatism, t he se r el ig io us z ea lo ts f el t they wer e a ll the
more s in fu l and humble t ha t t hey would willingly con
fess, an d accept t he f inal or any other judgments .. There
be nothing wrong wit h t he Ch urch in the employment of these
methods, becausEl it aimed at s t rengthening t he fai th of it s fol
lowers and making them do good deeds. This f rom the
Marxist-Leninists in that the Communi st s t end t owar d doi ng
evilS. To control human mind and actions; they h a v ~ turned
Marxism-Leninism into a sort of religion g similar to the
Oriental Orthodox Church. Th e Chinese Communists .have
inherited th e Russian t echniques in fu ll , obse rved their dogmas
and adopted t tei r methods with further elaborations.
from "repentence" , "confess ion", and "people! s trials",
have appl ied to the mainland people the theory of psychical con-
trol in the mo st atrocious and terrifying manner , unprecedented
in Chinese history.
the
was
renown,
called
naiPPEm€!n that
that i t was men.
control the men
human
a Russian
Lenin, had
hi s
bu t
at the sound of the
of dishe s in pre-
a nd a t the of bell the
of th e conditioned reflex,
the saliva
t he cue from the theory be -
r,eflex control, human would
Animals and beasts a circus ar e
complete control of the trainer f s , fo r uu -
of t he condi ti oned follow the movement of
Q . . u u v ~ m , in a. mechanical Likew is e ,
Lenin can learn to the
th e stimuli such as This the
the Bolsheviks had of
animalS would
person
a ls o a t
human
under
der the
the
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Of th e above-mentionedtwo-types of psychic one is
temptat ion, the purpose of whidh is to deprive human beings of
It soul" ; and the ' other I is i nt imidat ion, t he of
'which Is to deal w-ith their "b ody ". The Communist DSlfcn ,OlCI
warfare largely takes; the form' of these two types. Here
Al'9 concrete illustrations.
Next, le t us se e how the Communists had controlled the hu':"
man mind by t he method of intimidation I
There is no. dEmying tlie fact that the Communists liS. {e ~ m
\
The Chinese l(eds followed the Bolsheviks to the las t le t ter e
They deceived the peasants by the s logan, " la nd r e f o r ~ and
equal distribution of the land ownership". They dEiceived the
workers by the ~ l o g a n , liThe workers should have the right
m a n a g ~ th e factory". They deceived th e businessmen the
slogan: "Benefits t o bot h lapor and the management .. II
dece.ived th e soldiers by the Slogans: "The Chinese won I t t ight
among themselves" and l IReturn hometo engage in production'l
, As a result, all the lands on tlle mainland. forcibly seized
the Communists 'under the name of ,the .state, became ,the "peo:",
pIe I s communes", with al l th e peasants turned out, to be 'mere
s ~ r f s under the Red yoke. All the factories on the mainland
were seized by the Communists unc.ferthe name of Itjointly owned
the State and the private'lI, with workers and businessmen
turned into mere slaves. Worse still, most of thesoidier,s W l : ~ . ·del ' t he t hen Gov03rnment,. who were either lured into the Redft!
"peace trap" or went home to. "engag,e in production" ,we r e
persecuted or liquidated in the end. The f ac t t ha t t he Com
munis ts could easily overrun themaiq.la,nd andgain"'Control
th e peo.ple there wa s largelydue to the tactics in the psycholo
gical warfare, because empty_ words a ~ false promise could
easily sway the minds of the people. Therafore temptation or;
induc,ement is bne of the tactics adroi t ly employed by t he Com-
)munists in the psyc,hological ~ a r f a r e .
th e
mone-
should-be recalled' th at the Bolsheviks succeeded inthe
001:(1)91" Revolution. of 1917 i n o v e r t h r o w i ~ g t h e t h e n provisioqal
gcv6.rnmentand i n ~ e i z i n g power at one largely due to·
;Use of m o n e t ~ ' temptation in psychological warfare,
1Ilcpns they shouted Wtere: "land to the peasants, factory
the 'workers, an d peace to the ~ m e d f o r c e s " How could
t .be. - tbreeBlogans exercise so gre'at an influence upon the
~ the Russian people? It was only that the common
p.yohos.i:s of th e people had been obsessed with selfishness.
Tbe Bolshevik bigwigs took advantage ot the common weakness
t h Russian peopl e and baited them,with they desired.
Were' there peasants who did not want to own the they
Were there workers who dId not want to in
the m.an.agement of the factory inwhiQh they worked? to the'
t t l e ~ . c e n & : t ' y troops, did not like to fight. And so Rus-
........ ·........11"" and the Tsa ri ls t t roop s f el l as easy into the-
As a r e : 3 u l t , w h a ~ they
oonUscatedby th e Bolsheviks•
First of le t us cite some the facts to show
C d f o m u n 1 ~ t s ha d ,wavered the minds. of the people
temptation.
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At it s early stage, the Cheka had concentrated it s activitlsa
in ,suppressmg the tlcounter-revolutionaries" at home, with its
~ x p a n s i o n ' abroad much delayed. By 1919 when Lenin ~ s t a ~bUshed th e Third International, th e Ch eka ~ e g a n to . set up.it!;
.branches throughout the world and Mao Tse-tung, Ho Chili
. minh, and the P olish IIPresidenttl
Boieslaw Bierut were
sUb$equently it s agents. When the Russian clvil.warended on
February 11 , 1922, the' Cheka was renamed the Sta t' e
,Admmistration or fo r short, the OGP\] , which worked in cp-
ordination with the Corrimimist International in th e espionage
operation$ abroad. Both organizations had also se t up one
"International Seamen I s Alliance" with VlkoCherl(enkov. as it s
first secretary, who later became th e first "premier" ot'Gom...
munist Bulgaria , charged with the miss ion of smuggling special
agents and firearms to var ious s po ts all, over the world" Be
tween 1922 and 1935, ~ should b recalled, agents and f·ire-·
arms had been s E ~ c r e t l y smuggledinto China to step up th e
murrist r eb el li on . Thi s niarksthebeginning of th e intelligencl8
activities in China.
had
take
us e
have attAched
other
exile in Western
in
have
expert·' on ' this line,
nobleman, F OlE"
a much Harger one" And so he
seized power
.And so tradition
WlientheBolsheviks se ized
The COJmmmust$
6. Cloak and Dl1Wtr
.....Tactics in Corrmuflist hltelligence Warfare'
experience in ttle espllonage operations learned. and
p r a c ~ $ e d duririg thei r years undergroundactlvities against
r eg ime" Len in - cons id er ed that the ,Tsarmaintained hi s despotic rule a secret
the Bolsheviks should
chase a Persian nobleman
charge of th e
was a veteran L,;OmOlillUStJ
espionage UUC; .L 'CU •. I,VAJ:'"
mUQh more i m p o r t ~ ~ c e to ...u,: .c ........ l " ~ ' V ........ '"
VU·U UI . l J . " ' . " ' c to Combat Counter ...revolution and
Now, le t us vite two facts as examples to testify how Soviet
Russia had employed th e intelligence warfare in her aggression
upon China ..
Experts on Rus'sian and Chinese Communist affairs
have known Vasili Blucher and .Michael Borodin .. Both of
were none other than Russian special agents s(3nt to China
carry out Kremlin's intelligence warfare against
Government and @ In the "Unpublished Documents
th e
an acronym fo r the
I t was this organization which
extending f ro rn 1 7
strikes th e period
The Bolshevik s had used
terro:r. The Cheka was in fact the first
h ~ J l l d , ( ] u : a r l ~ e : r ' s of Russian secret agents.
1:4'",...." ...."" fo r many years and was well-versed intelligence as
J J . . I l = ...... . & p ' ~ v u , ' " ' ' " ' works. On December 7
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In t he war time both Russian and Chinese Communists con
ducted their intelligence warfare under the command and the .
cover of Panyushkin. I ns id e t he Embassy there were officers
in charge of investigation ~ n i n t e l l i g ~ n c e i n Gpina . Chou En
1ai , t hen the central figure of the Chinese Communists in
Chungking, had kept constant contact with an d wa.s under the
d i r ~ c t i o n of Pany· ush kin . A t that time the intelligence men of
The bi tter lesson t ha t t he Chinese had learned in their
longtime s truggle agains t the Communis ts was tha t the
diplomatic personnel almost invariably played the l ead ing roJ 3
in the intel ligence warfare . . For ins tance, during China I s war
of resistance against Japan, th e Soviet Embassy in the wart ime
capital of Chungking was t he headquarters of Communist con
spiracy in China. I t was at once· the policy-making and
espionage organ.in t he Chinese Reds I intelligence warfare
against the Chinese Government. A .. S. Panyushkin, the then
Soviet Ambassador to China, wa s an outstanding special ser
vice agent,and had since 1952 when transferred to Moscow
served as the director of the Second Bureau of the Russian
NKVD or Ministry of Internal A f f a i r ~ . As is now known, the
Second Bureau of NKVC is none other t han the Committee of
State Secur ity (KGB), under which there ar e several divisions
devoted to investigation, propaganda, kidnapping, assassina
tion, and control of their henchmen in Russian satell i tes.
Eventually Bluecher had to go to the United States again, while
Borodin fled to R u s ~ i a and later served as a new spaper editor
in Moscow
Nevertheless, the RussianCommunlsts' tactics in the intel-
. l . J l . l I l ~ C . u L \ . # C warfare failed Since the death of Dr.
Borodin had tried to court the favor of Generalissimo " - ' U , . L a . . l . J b ~
But when the Russian andChinese Communists' con
""n11" 'O,A" ' l : r to subvert the Kuom:intang was e xp os ed , the first step
taken b was to purge those Communist in -
fi l trators ou t of the Taking Soong
s support and the vacuum created
the Northward the NationalRevolutionary
the Chinese Reds seized power at Wuhan
a.tt:errmtlnl.! to establish a that could be control led
the Russian Communists.. Since the purge was under
way these Russian could no have a
Aggression upon China II , an
name of WUlkie pointed out that as fa r back
B.nd other card-carrying Communists
,had a lready in fi lt rat ed into the Kuomintang as Dr s Sun
After Dr. Sun I in
in turn served as Dr . Sun s widow
s advisor!. or proteges. In minds of many
Americans_ Bluecher wa s a , .,ery notorious Communist. -Borodin
was t hen a dealer in smuggling and wa s among
the first batch of secret agents sent t o t he Uni ted States
the Communist InternatioI1tal. Both Bluecher and Borodin
had themselves in e:spionage work in China as well as
in th e United States. From this one caB read i ly see tha t
Russia had spared no effort waging her intelligence warfare
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At Ib,etime-,the chief ' of t he C hi ne se Red secret service
was Ku Shun-chang. He disguised himself as a professional
magician living somewhere on Bubbling' WellRoa.d in Snanghai
and performed on stage at the roOf garden of ·the Sincere Com
p any, o ne of th e f ou r largest department stores in the .Inter
national Settlement there He used the profession as a coyer
to enlist more members fo r the Party and at t he s ame time. to
align himself with local thugs and secret societies .. Things Rent
well fo r a time, with networksextended. Under him there wa s
in Shanghai'a so-called "Red Squad" specialized in assassina
t ion and sabotage. In 1931, the Chinese Government was abl e
to p la ce a n a ge nt in th e s pe ci al squad o'rganized by Ku.. How
ever, he was uncovered and th e Communists decided to liquidate
him. Arrangement .was made fo r him to go to a certain hoteL
Not knowing this was a mousetrap, he went as scheduled, and
knocked at the door u s i ~ g a prearranged signal.. No sooner he
entered t he r oom t ha n h e was shot, and the assassin fled in
haste.. i t was later ~ o u n d ou t that th e killer was a novice the
Red squad , and that, being too tense, he f ai le d to kill the
tended victim.. After the shoot ing , the wounded was s en t i nt o a
time of the Sixt.h Coqg:ress of the Communist Party, held in 1'928
in Moscow, the internal r i f t and par ty b icke ri ng s among the
Chinese Reds became even more seriou,<::.. The Central Com
mittee of the RedPartv thus moved to Shanghaiand took shelter
in th e foreign settlement there. HQweyer, their position was
still precarious.. With a ~ r i e w to warding off the attack of their
hypothetical"enemyll, the Chinese Communist Party
secreJ service on the pattern' of th e Russian OGPU ..
the
and
'The Chinese Reds inaugurated their ser-
vice sOll1etime in after t hey had been from
the ~ u o m i n t a n g and went underground engaging themselves in
clandestine activit ies a r m E ~ d uprisings, and Soviet movement ..
Since then their organization h ad b ee n ever ex
the Seventh
ence" of the Central Committee of the Communist
decided resort to violencls, started the
.. . L' ... "" ... -· . . . . . lHJ .." ... Autumn Harvest Upris ing,
Kiangsu-Chekiang
Canton but al l of them failed. The
wa s lost and many it s members to
, le t us cite a fewmo re e xamp le s show how the
Chinese Communists e m p l o ~ r e d the intelligence warfare against
the National Government..
Government kept track of the Russian envoy,
but he 'was rather fn 'action and often left thetu in
the dark.. As he suspec ted tha t hi s chauf feur was in. COntclCT;
with Chinese plain-clothesmeL.,he took no action .. Butsoori
he made a test 'by tile chauffeur to 'him t he out -
o f t he wartime when be reached the destinal."
Hon dir the car hi s hat, gloves, B.nd p e r l c ~ a l I C a J . Sbehind.. After a few m i n u t i ~ s he returned to car and
found these ar ti c le , s had b ~ ' e n somewhat as an
excuse he fired hi s From t,l:11s incident one can'See
how wary the Russian intelligence had been
even of trivial matters ..
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movement in the hands of the Commurii.sts is a means , not an end.'"
They start the mass movement no t fo r th e interests of the
masses but to use the violence of the masses fo r the prom9tion
of th e Communist cause. They e:x.ploit the masses and treat the
masses as their tools.
The w i t c h c r a f ~ or the Communist mass movement warfare,
like that of other types of political warfare, is nothing but
intimidation and temptation.
There were two- outstanding -examples which ca n bf::) used t o
i ll us tr at e ' he RuSsian -aggression ,upon Ch ina: one is th e
encroachment upon Outer Mongoliat ali i th e other is tbJ1.t uppn
Tannu Tuva. As regards Outer Mong<?lia, t h nowaProgateq.
Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance s aid in
"In view of Outer Mongolia I s desire fo r indepe¢ence f . t h ~Chinese _government has a p p r ~ v e d the holding of a plebisclf\e
after the war. If. such a- desire-ls p:r.oV'ed g e n u i n ~ t approval fO:J,!
it s independence_will be granted •."Base4 upon this provision,
Sdviet Russia need not resort toa-rms i ,nher at tempt to annea:
OuterMonogolia·t bu t sh e had· to exert p ressu re upon the masseS
because i t was th e plebiscite which would determine the status.
of that region. Bence, the Russian Communist employed to
fullest exttlnt their tactics: in t he mass ,movement warfare. On
October 6, 1945, when the 'plebiscite took place, the Chinese.
Government s en t Vice -min is te r of the Interior Lei Fa-eha.ng.
an d Director Chu' Ming-chuan of the Mongolian Affairs Divisi,On
of the Mongolian-Tibetan Affairs Commission to Ulan Balon
supervise the balloting. The total population of Outer Mongolia
67-
Communistshould Qe made clear: the mass
66-
and luan.. JJ1< : use or the maSSes Their
. . . . . . . .JJ. 'u"',u. through the of th e
tha t t he p ib it ica l attacks aim at where
thifl epigram ohe c an s ee that he has
masses as. the battlefield of
rule has been
Lenin has
6. The Exploitation of the Masses
Tactics in Communist Mass Movement Wa
. The- Communists, w h e t h 4 ~ r Russian or Chinese are the
the important defenSE! lines of the forces,
th e Chinese Reds often high-ranking officers with
money, s e x or false , causing them and their men. to
surrender en masse The case of Ta l Jung.....kuang, commander
of Kiang-yin Fort at mouth of the Yangtseriver was an
out st and ing one. There were many factors that le d the Com....
munists seizure of the mainland but the comparatively
tant onawas their waging of the intell igence w" " ....t·f:l, ....O
regLt"ded
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.invaded Kiakhta and Ulan Bator , i ts contingent made inroads
at the same t ime into Tannu Tuva in the southeastern part
OuterMongolia. Apart f rom the armed aggression, the Russians
chairman wa s a pro-Russian Mongolian trai tor named Uianfu
who also acted as the secretary of Inner Mongolia Work
Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. A graduate of the
Chinese :rvulitary Academy and an agent of Moscow, he was sent
to Yenan, Shensi, on a special mission to communize In'her
Mongolia. Since 't,he establishment of t he p up pe t regime,
liquidation, struggle, public t r ia ls , counter-Kuomintang-agents
movements, and o t h e ~ measures ha d been s y s t e m a t i c ~ l l y carried. ou t by Ulamu. This wa s how Russia,n ha d employed the mass
bovement warfare in the region of Inner Mongolia. Meanwhile,
t he s ho ck in g massacre took place in Chunli , Chahar. I n J un e
1946, there emerged an a'rmy of the so-called Autonomol1s
Eastern Mongolia, numbering a t f ir s t some 30 , 000 compos' ed
chiefly of c aval rymen, and la ter . expandihg it s number f rom
70,000 to 80,000. With Uredo a s its commander, th e army was
subordinate to Chinese Communist Northeastern Democratic
AHied Forces. All these were fact s of Russian aggression upon
Mongolia through the employment of mass movement warfare.
Then, le t us se e how the Russian Communists employed the
same type of warfare in t he ir a gg r es si on upon Tannu Tuva
Since th e O cto be r Revolution i n R uss ia , Tannu Tuva had
followed th e major policies of Outer Mongolia. WbGn the lattBr
declared it s a ll eR'i ance to the Repablic of China, the former
also alienated itself from Russia. In 1919; when t he Red
was
cast a
that means,
North a.nd
Inner, with it s
well known
, but
and the va gue name
CJHJ.HL"ev, with a
socialism. It s
and
the disabled and sick persons,
into t he Out er and
systems. These
of Outer HIU'H/i. ::.V.U.""
aLll adults had cast
v ..............«' .......... its: establishment
of Russ ian brand
had been divided into the
it s 'Voters
But the
the "" . ~ ~ : n ••. ~ •• - •• of th e word 11
.U H ...U . . . . . ."" and
e nvoy c ame to
Chinese Government and the Communist He went up
Lushan Mountian .seven times aha' the Government five
ceasefire orders . On January IO, 1946 th e first. order was
which gave the Chinese Reds fifteen to fulfil the
of the truce agreement. It was more than coincidence
that on t he s ame a sio-called 11 of Eastern
11 of Mongolia
dark shadow upon the minds of th e people of InneT ! nv ' ..... ~ .....""
In , Ge.neral George C. S
with a mis sio n to mediate between the
modern times, it is
own a d l m i n i s t r a t i ~ e and
Russia.
which w as made possible Russian
tactics of mass movement Under the Communist intimidation, over
95 of th e , as , had voted fo r
Since Outer Mongolia h as h ad a name -
s ot Mongolia" . This new name t.hat
still further plots Since ancient times,
was estimated between 000 and 900
aside from the
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tunity to have the sma ll "Hu rul dan" con vened t hr ou gh the
maneuver of he r agents, at which a rseolution on the incorpora
tion . of Tannu Tuva i nt o Sov ie t U .ion was approved. In
appearancethe Kremlin profe ss ed she would "absolutely respect
the sovereignty of Tannu Tuva but in f ac t s he had annexed i t in
complete.
In M:l.rch, 1948 when the Supreme Soviet was convened to
amend the' constitution, a resolution was apuroved to
integrate the "People! s Republic of Tapa \l as one of th e si x
autonomous states of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
On l ea rn ing t h is , the Chinese Government instructed it s am
bassador in Moscow to lodge a strong protest but Russia made
no reply. Thus, Tannu Tuva was finally swallowed up by Russia.
The principaltactics employed by th e Chinese Reds in their
subvers ive activi ties against the N a t i o n a ~ Government , l ike
those employed by Russia, were tactics of the mass mov'ement
warfare. In 1924 when the Kuomintang adopted the policy o f
aligning with Ii ussia and tak ing in Communists as it s members, '
th e First Central Executive Committee of the rul ing party had
eightdepartments .in charge of o r g a n i z a t i o ~ , information,
movement, workers, peasants, military affairs, and overseas
Chinese affairs respectivel*T. Later added to the se were two
more departments ' , those of commerce and industry. When the
candidates to head each of these depar tment s were under con
sideration, th e Communists were part iculariy interes ted in the
departments of organization, workers, and peasants Ascan
be seen now, the se th ree departments could provide fo r them
of
Sino-
defend
it s so
on e of th e
an attempt
Tannu
Tannu
herself of
included the
of China and
7, 1937, Rl.lssia,
a II military
V,:l.IU.l.I(a..I.J.VU of "constitutional govern
of great and smal l l IHuruldans"
f,or the emergence of the so-called
I S Republic of
did not stop at that. When
relations, Tannu Tuva
, which was \ J.u ,. v, . ..., .. ""' ....L.y
Russians in their Etntire war fa re R eso -
terri tories
the same
most critical stage and China did no t have time
J . J .U .U l " 'U " as that in Outer Mongolia. Since
the
l n c l e ~ ) e l l U E ~ n c : e .. and the
VI1 IJa .uvoo wa r broke out
she had the right to station he r armed forces
the area. In when the war against had reached
had been renamed: the
ment
tactics
called
greememt, when the
res umed their
s and Y outh ..... v .... _v
Tannu Tuva A 11 these were steps taken
their mass movement warfa re in the target areas
conclusion of. the Sino-Soviet A-
control. This
such activ it ies were intended to provide cover fo r their secret
service agents to orientate masses and them under
their mass movement warfare their
dispatched
teams organized to collect of minerals
and fo r experiments in Moscow in fact
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as channels fo r keeping contacts with the peasants an9. orgam.ze,
them so as .to carry out what was called "programs Cor rural
areas If and to forment t h upeasants' revolution", The ,objective
was to organize a military force through peasants I riots 'and thus
.t o E;stablish a Soviet regime. The Chinese Reds d.id' succeed in
stirringup
riots in some,ru:r'al
areasby
employing t he mass
movement tactics, but when' the Kuomintang and the National
Government b e c a m E ~ aler t and purged the Communist infiltrators·
from th e Party , the Reds fo r the first time suffered a setback
the mas s movement warfare ..
Among those employed by the Chinese Reds as tools of mass
movement, apart from peasants and workers there were young
students. As early as August' 1920, and prior to the tormal
inception of th e Chinese Communist Party, Li Ta-chao and Chen
Tu-hsiu had already organized the so-called "Chinese Socialist
Youth Corps" , with young students as its major constituents. It
was once dissolved bu t later reorganized .. By 1925, i t was
renamed the "Chinese Communist Youth Corps". In AugustI928,
when the Chinese Communist Youth Corps held it s "Fifth
Congress" in Moscow, it s new program was to II tu rn the
students I organizations i nto the young workers I and peasants'
organizations", making them complete tools of Red mass
movement warfare. After the lv1anchurian Incident, the Chinese
Reds took actions to dissolve their Youth Corps and replaced it
with " the Chinese Youth Ullited Front" •
Under the banner of t.he sa id "Chinese Youth United Front ll
t he C hin ese Red s se t up two organizations: one was llChineset il i ze the government organs and n . u . v U J . L U I , a u . ~ machinesed s
grounds to wage t he mass movement warfare Subse
a Communist, became the department h ~ a dof peasants.. in order to detract the attention of the
members he recommended Pal al so a.
as the d ~ p a r t m e n t before he
tendered his own Despite repeated changes .of hands
at the ' had. remained 1n control of al l the activities of
th e department. The classes se t up fo r peasants were
the Reds, ~ m t&e t rainees admlttedwere either
CC)mlmunilsts or members of their front organizations ..
the peasants unions and th,e peasants'volunteer corps in
localities were a ls o in the ir handS.
Shorttv when the Chinese Nat iona l',l.'tt
the Kuomintang advanced to Wuchang
Nanchang in Northward Expedi tion, the Seventh
Enlarged Executive Committee of the Communist
in \. Moscow, adopted a resolution on the situation of
China which stated in b r i E ~ r that the committee had t aken not ice
of the rapid prog ress in the Northward Expedit ion and the warm
response of th9'Chinese p o e p l ~ , which marked lithe third stage
revolut.iJeon m o v ( ~ m e n t . " At this stage, the resolution
went on, Uthe national liberation movem.ent should pass on to
n13w situEltions ll • This was, in Communist
s emant ic s, ano the r way o! saying that lithe national liberation
movement and the peasants revolution should merge into one
• To more this was to instruct the
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children to engag'e in such activities as propaganda, message
transmission, guide, sabotage, sentry and patroL The children
had also taken part in the "three check movement," "struggle
aga inst th ree capi ta l is t classes", "landreform", "liquidationto
V-Jn the early phase after
CLLI,CU,II.JL to save their
and t h other was !lNorthwest
" ' ' ' ' ~ J . V J , ..aJ . Salvation Federation!! , both of which aimed
recruit more
National
ChinaYouth
(
of the Kuomintang agents l! and other activities. Besides, the
1I eavesdropping squads" and "food-smelling squads" were organ
ized to serve as Red •Al l these facts show that th e Chinese
Communists had exhausted al l available resources in
exploitation of the masses.
stepped up the " " H ' ~ . 1 . - r > - H ' C
winter of 945. On
Communist official in , " " ,UU, " I : : .n. .LH/ : :
the New , openly called the
firms to stage anti-war and anti-tax
strikes, When these failed, th e Chinese :Keds engineered.
the Incident. In May and June, 1974 incited the
students to stage anti-hunger and anti-civil-war
in with their armed rebellion The Chinese R ed s
ca n and
extend their "",.-.1,,,,,,,,,,,
called t hese s tuden ts I d e m C l n s t r a t i o n ~ " th e s econd war front".
actions were maneuvers in the C ~ m m u n i s t mass
wa r the Government.
In their mass war ons f even women and children were
Women had be'en forced to peddle se x to lure th e
officers and leaders in the and to
the assigned t o them such
as "the
women" and "the
of women" , lithe
of women! s
r o l ~ e c t l a m of
Chinese Reds incited fair sex to engage in sabotage and
subversive activities. The Communist "Young Children" formed
their mass mmrement. They were on the
pattern of Russian outh Vanguar d" Dur ing their rebellion
the Government, the Chi ne se Red s had forced th e
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Chaptor ][ .
The Present Status of Global Political Warfare
!!If one knows h imse lf and hi s enemy 1
he need not fear th e result of on e hundred
battles" .
Suntse.
"The ha ft of th e arrow had been
feathered. with one of th e eagle I sown
plumes. We o fte n g iv e bu r enemies th e
means of ou r own destruction".
Aesop.
"Wise men learn much from their enemies!!.
ArJ.3tophanes.
<;::ommunism is a political creed.,It is the revolutionary 1
materialistic ideology on the basis of Marxism-Leninism used
by it s adherants , whether Russian or Chinese., to justify their
s ~ i z u r e of political power by all means at their disposal for th e
f or ci bl e e st ab li shment o f a world-wide t ot al it ar ia n s oc ia l
order. As communism is a creed political in nature, with world
domination as it s ultimate objective, the warfare that it s
advocates havewaged against the free world iI i the pas t a s well
as a t p re se nt i s i n t he main political warfare. It IS more so at
present than in the past because df t h ~ n u c l e a r stalemate.
Therefore, an analysis of the present status of political
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o f t he game of the Warsaw talk and is now trying to return to th e
old brazen trick of seeking ceasefire and pl:etending to sur
render which he has been playing fo r the pa s t thirty years II •
This message was a penetrating analysis of th e Chinese s trate
gy at that time, The Peiping regime, in the face of internal
strife and Russian military p l ~ e s s u r e , has changed in recent
years its stratagem in the international politics, In order to
tide OYer it s cris is , the regime go t it s seat in the United Nations
through it s 11 smiling offensive", The device of th e Chinese Reds
is an attempt to sow internal dissention in the Chinese Govern
ment and to isolate Taiwan in the diplomatic field. Free nations
might be duped by such Communist intrigues fo r a time but
historical facts and grim realities prove tha t any nation which
establishes whatever relations with the Chinese Communists will
su ff e r i n the long run. Thi s wil l be veri fi ed in time to come.
The present Chinese Communist ideological warfare is waged
on tw'o major fronts, namely, the Chinese mainland an d the free
areas . The so-caned "Great Cultural Revolutionl! broke out
largely due to the collapse of the Communist ideology and the
spread of , ant i-Mao and anti-Red thoughts among the Chinese
pe op le in general and the rank and file of th e Red
forces in partiCUlar, Since the publication of Communist leader
Yao Wen-yuan 1 s article in the Wen WeiPao, a Shanghai daily $
in 1965 1 this greatest ideo log ical s t ruggle of m a ~ n i t u d e and
profundity, unprecedentedin Chinese or perhaps world history
has been carried on and t he re i s no end t o i t. Bloody purges
and hUfian degradation have been the order of the day. The
fire
com-
, Soon
after
in 1956,
actions.
battlefield
of China
to save his
on the
been weary
government
. They
1958, but Peng
u a . L A . t ; ; l l l ~ t ; ; l as posed by
colors. Nevertheless,
the game
bet\veen the
Ch inese Communis ts
battlefield to the
,seems that the enemy ha s
President
to drive a
we had taken
shift ;from military to
engaged in
"" .. , au ,uc : : defenses to make a last
between the CNY""'\unist a nd t he democrat ic world will
to meet
<:'IJUU.I. .I.C of China
of K inmen on August
, the then Defence lvullle" .
the Kinmen ......... 'UlJ' .. A
ba ttlef ie Id
remain as treacherous as
Third Communist
En-Ial expressed his d'9sire to
an
in
Chinese Reds have been
even
Since the debacle on the Chinese mainland
hinese Reds have come off with
the foes to freedom.
resumed
doom. On the
and States and shake the morale
armed forces so as achiErve what he failed
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certain that will be more contradictions and conflicts
inside the Party. 'There h ad b ee n in th is is land bastion of the
Republic of China some Communist underground cells, bu t due
t o t he constant vigilance of the Government and t he smash-up of
many of these by the authorities, t he Chinese Reds dare no t
come into the open. I t is believed however that th e RedS will
never give up or stop 'their organizational activities and infil
trat ions. They may t end t o direct the remnant agents to change
their tactics and preserve their strength by taking mor cautions
and subtler steps on th e one hand, and engage themselves in
struggles, legitimate or iilegitimate, by setting up such anti
Government or traitor organizations as "Independence movement
f or Ta lwan" on the other. But in either way; they wil l li e low
awaiting their opportune time to s tart rebellion the
Government. The free Chinese in Taiwan are o n th e alert.
The smil ing offensive is at present the principal tactic
employed by the Chinese R eds i n their psychological warfare
a.gainst the free world. By tactics as such, the Peiping regime
tries to hook the appeasers, confuse the neutralists, f:l.nd isolate
the anti -Communists . With the "nuclear tests I!, ' "a population
of s even hundr ed mil li on s" , and "intensive preparations fo r
war" as w ea po ns i n their arsenal, the Chinese tr y to
exer t psychological pressure upon the neighboring countries
and t he free world. In the meantime, they utilized such " ' ' ' ' ~ t ' ; 0 c u " ,
as "identification", "return to the motherland", '''unification of
China" and tlpeaQe talks" as baits to lure the overseas Chinese
toward their fold. In th is is land fortress of Taiwan, the Chineses
after
can be
letup.
ha s
structure
anti-Mao and
to seize
things go on
ever on the increase.
in an
the mainlandfiv;6'years ago
has been completely u. ...., ........ ""f<,kUO
and relentless
structure on different levels has
under
t : : 0 UU l : t ' U . t ha t purges
anti-C ommunis t
been of women ~ a n d youths. She makes it. a rule
that organizations the and
of each unit numbers should women. seems
sh e wants he r woman leaders to thes.e
ultural
of the Communist
deification of Mao and the popularization of his thought are
absurd and fanatical. In such free a re as a s Hongkong,
Macao and the Southeast Asia, the Chinese Communists andtheir
aCrUates have done the utmost i n i deolog ioal aUena ti on and
the free and world with
the of and democracy. these
areas a re thus rendered unable to distinguish friends from foes ,
from wrong , and many nations have become self-contra
in their official state!ments and do not what actions
take. free man or eve ry f ree mus t
alert the tactics as employed the Chinese
R ed s in their warfare.
s regards the present organizational warfare by the
Chinese Reds f should be since the Great
- 80- - 8 '-
areas on the borders. Meanwhile the rural work corps ar e, oftenthe discontent ofto
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under order to enter the colleges and schools to persecute the
intellectuals including teachers and students. Armed forces are
redeployed to keep the peasants and workers under controL At
the same t ime, t he mas s movements are reorganized to deal with
the mi li tary commanders who tend to se t up warlord f iefdoms in
the area$ under their c'ontrol. Apart from. their secret service
agents, the Chi ne se Red s in their mass operations against
Taiwan, are using the indigenous segregationists,self-professed
liberals, th e discontented bureaucrats, and the political never
do-wells as thei r tools of mass mOvements. I n th e past, t he Reds
established their operation frontal base at Hongkong and Tokyo,
bu t recently they open a new front i n t he United S t a t ~ s ,to exert pressure on Taiwan from abroad. The Red Chinese
conspiracy is to .utilize .the "radical elements" to start students
movement· in colleges and Jschools fo r the Communist cause and
exter\d such a movement to the J;ural areas. Tak1e Tiao Yu
I nc id en t f or examp le , which was originally an expression of
Chinese students 'patriotic sentiments. However, in the hands
of the Reds, it turned out to be the tactic of "killing three birds
with one stone ll• Fortunately, a large majority of Chinese
youths both at home and. abroad, having seen through the
Communist cpnspiracy, nipped in the bud. But a free men must
take precaution lest the Communists should seize the discontent
and radicalness of the young intellectuals an d abuse the frgedom\
of th e fourth estate to organize the unsuspecting students into
anti-government movement, thus serving the Communist cause.
and
the
cases
the rural
utilized
the ' - - ' H . I . . u " ' : i : l ~ Reds have
their back
the
GoV"ernment and officials,
as IIgraft and
G u ~ r d s they
e arn t he ir own
the
bas.tion of Taiwan as a thorn
th e ears
seizure of the ..."'. UJ 'CUJU
th e
and
such abusive
SinCe
which must be 8V\"8.re of t he r ac
invasion against t his i sl and will involve too
resor t
the Chinese discovered that the Reds
utilized persons of different social strata from
different direc tions them information or
otherwise Very dis-
overed that the Chinese agents, l urking in the
and cultural fields had \I\Tormed i nt o t he c onLdence
government off ic ia ls and stolen to the detr iment of
of Chinese Reds have launched the
most formidable warfare against the free world and
that has relations with the Peiping regime is invite
trouble upon as the Chinese commonplace saying gges •
Th e Chi ne se Red s ar13 relentless in their mass movelTient
warfare. warfare is at present waged most on
th e mainland
Great Revolution I'v6.0 f s arch 0ppOltlellts
These Red Gua rd s have since. then turned be anti-Red
Thousands these school youths ar e now down--
- 82- - 83-
forces of Communist conspiracy had made appalling advances inThe above is of the warfare as waged at
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the pos t-wa r y ea rs L the United States began to awaken to theJ,
deadly manace. In additioh, th e fall of Chinese mainland into the
hands of the Reds added to the burdens of th e United States in
the Communists the free world
and the of China in may also
serve the p ur po se " un der sta nd ing the the
ou t of counter-measures
2. Pair! of Democratic
Asia. That was why the wary Americans , fully aware of the
Communist threat,· had actually intensified their political
warfare.
of international communism is as well
in the en ti re f ree world. In the f ac t t ha t
h ave been d if fe re n. ce s in the c t j J j J .u . ... aLJ . vu
the varia t ion of tactics employed, in the
theories,
or conflicts of interests anlOng the Communist
th e ultimate is in common - - to communize the free
world and to bury the democra tic countries.
Al l nations of the free wo rld h ave doubt le ss suf fered
or f rom the Communist of infil-
tration and ' ; ' = · I JV "C l . ! l : :C in forms visible or invis ible . Especia l ly
th e United States of America, the leading power' of the demo-
cratic is the main target of international communism.
Since th e end of the Second World War, th e government and the
of the States, failing to se e the outer
veneer of h ' tTnn i " ' T ' n r t " l T into th e inner co re of deceit and terror of
th e Communi st s, have suffered many setbacks but have also
measures counter th e Red menaCe in th e fie ld of
warfare.
first counter -measures taken the United
tates was sometime and after Korean War. As the
- 85-
tactics, the United States committed in the . L " ' ' ' ' V ' ~ U J L ' ' < : ' ' ' ' ' ' : ;commu-idetaken to turnand oth er nations were
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battlefield more or less t he same mistakes· i n major ~ J V " ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' a.s
t he Chine se Government had committed on th e mainland.
without her knowing , t he Uni ted States fell into a stalemate inI t indeed had it s
had been a tt ached
in t he Uni te d States. Take
..... ""....,,'", ... in North Carolina fo r CA'' ' ' lUi!J ,1.v
nism. Much
warfare by the
United States, th e most. wealthy and prosperous pnIIU' I t ·T '1: / ' of
Vietnam. She was thrown irito an awkward predicament because
of t he p olicy s he h ad advocated to light without th e .........QM. . . . . . \ J ' .u
win the wa r there. Due to the Communist conspiracy, t.he
on the front had not been lost, but t he policy-makers in
Washington were unable to come to an agreement on Vietnam on
account of divergence of opinion. I t seemed that th e
doctrine from the neutralization of Vietnam War to the 'cess
ation of hostilities should ba tactically revised in certain
aspects,. From th e standpoints of mili tary and political C l ? ,..." i ' -o -
gYt whe th er s uch a doctrine would lead to roads open
communism, and whether i t would' make friends and foes loms
tinguishable,remains a question the seriousness of which
could not be minimized. I t was most puzzling and shocking
aee the Communists had in a short period been ab"le to stir, ~ l th e t idal waves of appeasement and anti-war, the mass move
ment not against communism but against anti-communistn in
mass
oper
i n t he
warfare f
surpassed
Q,LJLJ .U . l , l l5 and organ-
and after t he Korean War.
Reds had taken more extensive and
strategical
is the years prior to and after the Viet-
What deserves special mention was
As mentioned above, duri,ng the Korean
had taken' several effective measures in ",VA."'''''',",,''''''
and tacts I n th e field of nQ1r rn ! " , r .
;:'VIII1<::::1.1U,l lK to be desired - - the lack oforgani za ti onal and mass m f ' , v " " m e ~ n f
the United S t a t E ~ s GovernmenlJo. had made remarkable
ten years
actions in
The s econd
11 in
th e
namese
s uc ce ss in: political warfare ,and r ea pe d c ro ps in turning
wl,lrfare, ·but she still lagged, behind the Communist..
th e tide of communism
mt1,vc,m.:)nr oparations throughcivU defense
izations, which were t h ! ~ b u l w a r k s against
we11... laid
there was
among
-ations but in 'intelligence and
employment of. ~ c i e I 1 l t i f i c methods,
Vietnamese War 1n the Southeast Asia and created
wor ld . T he re are reasons toworry about if bne sees how
Communists have' ) l V o r m ~ d their way into th e school campuses ,
the inte l lec tual f ield , th e ne'wspapers, and other mass media,
and what i s more, i nt o the various departments o f th e
inot
stirred up th e
nfC)rrna1t!on theft and in mass .... ,.. ... """,,...'...
in o rgan izat iona l inf il trat ion, in
si a but also toward the United States.
attacks, in
Statestates Government. In more than a decaf' '3 , the
ha s made au tstanding achievements in science,
What ,worrieshe
to the Communists
serious chaos. in
- 86- - 87-
policy is mainland recovery and reconstruction. In theand i n w e a p o n . : r ~ r , but i t is to sa y tha t in
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the Chinese Government has shattered the Communist d r ~ a mt1bloodwashing Taiwan" by the policy of "bolstel"ing Taiwan",
I t has also defeated the Red plot of tldemolishing Taiwan"
programs of "reconstructingT aiwan" In recent years , theChinese
Government has thwarted theRed conspiracy of "dividingTaiwan'
by measures of "consolidating Taiwan" In m o r ~ tpa.n two
decades, the Chinese Communists have exhausted their means
to destroy Taiwan but every time they have failed. The only
way fo r them to do is to dupe and make fool of th e free world ..
As re·gards ideological warfare waged by the Chinese:
Government against the Reds, the authorit ies in Taiwan have
fol lowed the instruction of Presidint Chiang who pointed out in
hi s speech delivired on October 2; 1960 at theYangmingshan
Institute: tlIn the past years the failu re in ou r campaign
agaiQ,st the Reds may be attributed at least partly to a few lines
o f Communi st slogans through their propaganda .machlne • The
Reds smeared our pUblic-spirited and law-abiding Kuomintang
m em bers then in the government service by calling them
t diehards ,and those feeble-minded and. weak-kneed pJU'sons,
fo r fear of being called die hards 1 , t hus g ave up their original
faith and patriotic responsibility and defected to the Communist
camps in u t te r d i srega rd of national interests. Not only the
common people bu t also the revolutionary cadres and intel
lectuals .had, consciously or unconsciously, intentionally or
unintentionally b een d ecei ved by Communist propaganda.,As a result, th e mainland was lost with their faith lost. H At
of the Republic of. On the
Under the of President the
Government and the of the Republic of China have
th e of warfare and have 1..1so
seen the Communi:st politlcal stratagems from
prepared fo r a c ~ e p t i n g greater by reorgan-
and moderniz ing the armed forces, the Government and
the are working togHther in intensifying their fJV .L . l . l.......'"
warfare communism. The following a brief a.ccount
various aspects of such warfare
As fa r a s strategy i concerned, the Chinese Government
ha s aside i ts of,suppressing the Red rebellion and
relentless It s ua! •.LVJ.J" ' -.L
Communist conspiracy, instead of
intensive study and progress, the United States has
gone like a b E ~ l l t : ' i O n without air. It is by no means .
incredulous that, i f there emerges no statesman as great as
and Abr aham Lincoln save the
States and the free wortd ou t of the present cr isis , .and t he
s i tuations remain the s ~ m e as at present , there are indeed
we have belief in th e
national strength of the United States f in the Amexican silent
masses who ar e anti-Communist and sentiment.
themost critical pElriod is also the time fo r the United
States t o wake up
,...,. 89-
warfare against th e Reds.theofSeventh
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, to capture the enemy! s
-91 -
remember especially the
In the o rgan izat iona l f ie ld , the Chinese Government in
T aiw an ha s i n th e past two decades spared no effort in re
establishment and consolidation of its organizations. In 1949 the
PresIdent advanced the catchword" Organization'First",
was substantiated by his exhortation in 1951 on "The
and Functions of Organi za ti on ". The Kuomintang, the
party, underwent reorganization at first, followed by the
establish!J1ent of administrative organs. These two steps were
imperative in waging the organizational warfare against the
Reds, with considerable merits achieved. As fo r the
reorganization, though the result was not entirely ..) 'CLl ' . ...," ...........
past practices of membership cards without party m e m b ( ~ : r smembers without cells f and cells without acttvities had r.>eEm
corrected. In regard to the strengthening of the
tablishments and the establishing of the political
armed forces, the battles in the Formosan Straits and the
offshore islands had wel l testified to the :efficacy of the
i z a t i o n ~ l efforts . Meanwhi le , the set tiRg up and the
of organizations behind th e Communist front ,
encountered many difficulties, had been pushed throl.1 is
believedthat once the people in the enemy's rear
against the Red , the foundation of mFlinland recovery
laid.
In the field of the psychological warfare, the President'
given instructions on various occasions.", He said. "We
in
liThe
ussia
wan.
Problems in
ra l
on th e r.:ainland
sorry to say
"" ..., ..v ..... u,"'"". I regret
on my part had constituted
• Since the President
G o ~ e r n m e n t moved
and Methods", have
infbonce,in the employment ideoloQ"ical
centiments
the cause of
of thoughts
r e i D C ~ ~ l l l , ) I P , n with a d m i n i s t r a t i ~ e and u .... ' L ,L ..........
theoretical
~ x e r t e d the
L I ~ ~ ' a , U l u . 1 l with th e \..dJlrmnUJJlS
(he Reds has
re s l1 l.ted in that al l the alert and Chinese citizens
able the f rom the wrong, the friends
the foes AH them have learned a biUer from
the mainland in their minds t th e
an d t he ant i· -C ommunist re':'"
the' ,lost mainland have taken mong the
armed forces i t is al l t he more
·fruits Devoted Presi-
two articles: 'liThe Revolutionary and The
both of which had aroused
tha t such a UVc:A.J'U""lJ.L
loss of the mainland to the
l! united front", the Chinese Government and t he p eop le havecomes nex t. Thi sis walled
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strong belieHn recovering the mainland and wiping out t he Red s,
No matter how chaotic and complicated the world situations
might be , the Chinese people i n t he i sl and bas tion of Taiwan
under th e leadership of President Chiang "remain calm in the
face of chal lenge" and work hard in order "to be seH-reliant
dignityfl .
In the field of intelligence warfare, the organization con
cerned in Taiwan had streamlined and strengthened
structure in accordance with the President I s instruction of 1949
It called fo r "revitaiizin&" the organizations, unifying the
command, distinguishing bet\'Veen authority and responsibility"
and strictly executing the reward and punishment in dealing with
merits and demerits so as to keep the personnel doing their
utmost through division of htbor and cooperation.!! In recent
years , the security and progress of Taiwan should be attributed
at least partly to the outstanding achievements of t he intelligence
work. Al l the Communist underground organizations have been
s mashed with their secret service agents arres ted. These were
the major feats accomplished by the Government intelligence
men. Most of them having heavy responsibilities to shoulder
have suffered many hardships and worked under adverse
conditions. They deserve one r S admiration. However,
intelligence warfare waged by the Chinese Government in
Taiwan is largely on the defens ive . How to develop the intelli
gence warfare in the rear of the enemy and how to turn
fensive into offensive ar e the most pressing problems a t p resent .
in our operations th e Reds but
l lso in a ll wa rs . We must subjugate ou r enemy
odds are- against him so that
defeated even b€'fore the wa r breaks out Thus 9 no
matter numerou s soldiers he possesses
out with a inferior force. However
th e e nemy s mind we have to s trengthen our to
th e enemy s wil l to we have to bolster ou r own.
In recent years, the Chineso Government has ...._ .. ,.,. .,...,
up it s efforts in t he f ie ld of ·warfare Such works
as th e of principles,
textbooks and other materiall; fo r educational purpose the 1."e-
and and the of
U " ' I - J l U ~ ; ' H L as well as , al l related to the psychological
warfare, have p roducep. substantial results. Particularly
c ommendableis the achievement of the frontline
offensive and that of the airdropping of leaflets in the enemy IS
rear The C hin es e Re ds had confessed that the Great
Cultural Revolution many Communist top officers and cadres
turned out to be anti-Red and anti-NRo
becaUSe had been influenced by the broadcasts and leaflets
of the Government in Taiwan. It can be presumed
on th e , though under the Comn;lUnist
, might also have b l ~ e n influenced to certain extent.
A the defence against th e Communist
attacks, the tricks of talk!' and intrigue of
--92-
a nd has a chieved 'some results, but under careful onetha t theto the mass movement,n
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offact to forgjve the
enemy the President r-e:'"s a
ca n sti l l find several defects an d loopholes, in it s operations.
The President once lamented over th e fact that th e strategi9a1
warfare had not been due emphas is and tha t mos t
failed to know how to f ight the in t he f ie ld of
last war, es -he last stage
when the war- weary
had failed to realize it s ;:) ... , i, J . ,U, . . . . . . .,Q.J.J. '--
Reds
the
suppress the Communists over-all rebellion.
realize thH importance of mass movement on the
f or ce s t ri ed
marked, is to be cruel to onese !! . Take the warfare
for ins tance. The Chinese in general have not established
faith in the Three of the People on which the Chinese
nation is built. It is doubtful where public officials in of
culture and education have a thorough understanding and absolute
faith in Dr. Sun Yat-sen s trilogy. In co lleges and high schools,
students who can transform the thoughts contained in th e
principles into a spiritual fOyce 'rery limited in numberI t
deeply regrettable that, under the mask of and l iber
alism, th e devlationist and thedecadant existentialism
have in r ec en t y ea rs found their vvay i nt o t he academic circles
which are ye t to be clarified and rectified. At new
administration have pus h thro ugh many reforms and a fevy
radical elements who do not work with their hands and se e
their eyes have in a smear campaign become without their
knowle1ge tools of the enemy. This casts a shadow on the ideo
log ical warfa re waged by th e Government. In
warfare, the Chinese Government in Ta lwan is s ti lt with
many problems The general do not fully understand
nature of th e programs launched the ruling vvhich is
Kuomint ang. The organizations in the stratum
of
the
the
serve
Youth
strict
armed
moved
differ-
masses
cultural
and Women
organization
the Government
the
land - t 0 - the- tiller
"' ...., : II 'f . r t , . , ' - '" ' . : '1 from
achievement
. The world-known
, the " l J L I . ~ J . ' - - C ' L . 1 .
the Communists
movement launched
1s ever
' and f rom the
labor l aw have benefited
Similar rt , :L l } l l l l I
Anti-Communist
. rv1easures taken
mainland t o t he
armed forces and t he
relief and rehabilitation
avail LJ'''''''",,:;'r:
of
Chinese Government has t aken
most
between
from t he l and rent
I welfare to
• The Chinese armed forces are
of Chinese Government had resulted
mass movement
caused the loss of
Workers ssociation.
forces Serve the
reaChed the
- 9 5 -
trend eventual ly wi ll further alienate th e relationship of th ein the election of repre-Thear e
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masses of the people. Atthou gh the popular bases have fo r years
been well laid the ruling party, ye t they a,re still want ing in
magnitude and depth. To sum up in a nutshell, the Chinese
Government has to launch it s drive simultaneously in the stra te
g ica l, i deolog ical , o rgani za t iona l , p sycholog ical , i n te ll ig ence
and mass movement ~ r f a r e before the ult imate objective of
mainland recovery and national reconstruction ca n .be attained ..
organize
over the Chinese mainland are
What is more, how
have been due t o t he weaknes s in
in th e rear of the enemy is the
the present administration is nowwarfare the radio
levels of legislative ·UVU. . . l t l ; : ) needs to be
Al l these
relevant organizational
an ti -Red and anti-Mao
faced
s entatives to
insufficient The works in the Lt;l.l.."lHl'LJ.\)J.J.<:Ll. f ie ld need
both
United States
and in UUQ.1J .L . . l L
present writer
to
t ha t i n most of
l ibraries , the Chinese Reds propaganda is devil s
Free China are almos none. ac-
counts
China
the
in the
and anti-war sentiments among the
States. In ......,':-...,,...n
warfare there is of and im-
the material of the Government ...'-',_"' .......1.1,:<:;1......
men. As in the past
C ouditions fo r
and o ff ic er s Bes id es , the
the intelligence warfare are found
, the mass movement warfare is
Redf such warfare a ~ G l U . 1 . 1 ; : ) Lot to say
on the U!<:L.l.Hjl<:L.LlU
the concern of the ,-,11.1.11r::.::>1:: Government
th e ha s so fa r moulded the younger generation
the same pattern of marshalling toward officialdom aca-
demle
an eYE:? to
The intl:3Uectuals thus up ca n only
intE!rests and s oc ia l s ta nd in gs Such a
96 - -91 -
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- 98-
Chapter IV.
Communism Versus Freedom
• A Contrast
"The si n and sor:r'0w of despotism is not
that i t does not love men, b ut that i t loves
them too much and trusts them too l i t t le."
- G. K. Chlqs te rt on .
"Contemporary Communism is that type
of totalitarianism whicl1 consists of three
basic factors. which c o n t r ~ l people. The
first is power, the second ownership, the
third ideology. II
- Milovan DjUas.
"The history of ev erynaHon under a
communist xegime demonstrates conclusive
ly that the com.munist version of freedom is
only a new form of total slavery. "
.... J . E. Hoover.
-'- 99 -
th e Communist an d "'·.I..I.I.o... ·- ...... "'lU1UU..LU ",., ideologies,.1 J ' t : : ' . : 1 1 · 1 . J . l . J , ~ of warfare, some people that
is a mere copy f rom t he and that mere copy
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power of's v iewed f rom the
it is against hate. Al l an d
actions of the NationalGovernment takes their·origin from love
whilst those of th e Ch inese Reds hate The ".ut,,,..,•. ....,«
the of China is in the Threeha tcontinuation of '"'v ......., .."."'... conflicts. I f
f rom the Communi st wil l not necessarily e na ble d emoc rat to
us make clear at the outset that
wa r i n th e words of Clauswitz, a continuation of
we mean wa r then war is
fr om lo ve and laVAf the ,which
sixth lecture on
tiThe ancients 'o f lOY8 t.o
as yqUT children t an d I Be kind
the people and l ove al l creature s I Love -N as to
al l duties from which we ca n se e how well\
kindness and l ove i nt o e ff ec t" It The essence of
t he l ove of the the oppre ssed
the essence of is loye
Communist
'-""'uuauu.....H and
Such ahe Q,u,., ...--...,'CJU'"l1" ....u....
study is of because from it
we c an s ee the differences between these warfares in nature
and find ways to defeat the enemy. The is a com-
of the si x of polit icalw arfare
the ......,.""",,"1' conflict between the democratic
...... ~ ~ 4 ' ~ 4 . ' v\J' .... .L•.L\.,;,O:W'. no t a ti t fo r
IJv ......" ........C:>.L war must be won, we have to make
warfare as
'bf th e
the
th e Natkm.al
oppressed peoples of the
"""."..... y . ~ ~ is th e love of the corn....·
wh.ieh t he of
and the Fv . ".," .................<
The essence of the
munity and t he " ' \ . .ovuvu.........,c"' ....... ,
love " 'o .. · I T ' a ~ ' t '
love Versus Hate
Contrast in ldeclogical Warfa re
love into effect"entis
The Communist. ideology, on .the other is
hate. The Reds 9 RusSian qr Ch.inese f
the State because they hate i t
advocate the wip ing ou t of class because
as a the workers" And
the obliten'1 tion the class becau.se
the Republic China and the
In order to defeat
enemy ideologically, one ha s to find hi s weakness,..
shatter his belief, and hi s whole Sy before
destruction ca n be achieved. On th e other hand one ha s to
know one s strength, consolidate one l s belief and establish
so that one's thought ca n generate unmatchew.
Here is a contrast be -
100 - - 101
natural environments t hr ough t he application
of the law o f n a t u r e ~ Non-human beings do
sys
the
consider theclass ..
t ern a to th e Communist
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i
of ou r brains and sense Qrgansut there
no t ,know how to solve problems they eneo'nntsr
in their struggle fo r survival, whilst human
beings are seeking w ays and means to solve
such problems. As human beings we should
survey the l \niverse and r eso lve ou r own problems from the humanistic viewpoint" I>
The Communist ideology is in the d.ialectical
of Marx and Lenin .. . Having denied t he value of
hurnan nature, it. has tr ied annihilate i t. The
adherents consider the w or ld a s consistitued
ters with their force re igning supreme. What they call
is to var ied in terpretat ions. According to . LeIl.ir;,
matter exists b eyon d t he realm of perception,
subsisting, it attracts sensibility and s.o
pea rs a s "re fh::cted" in th,e p ~ r c i p i e n t $ Interpreted
wa.y, th e term "matter" comprises practically al l
natural vvorld y in the hum8:n, society r including the man
Ac:cording to lvlarx r who proceded Leninf
are, they seem
The President was of the opini'On that man should be the
rnaster of no t vice versa. He went on to sa y
IlHistory rnarks t.he of mankind ; and the uniyerse is
t.he stage of human 11 AU these ca n be 'summed up a
nutshell - - humanism ..
of hi s
Com-
it. be
the
aggres-
also
humanism
a humanistic
;;;)J.;;;:'I.xu.".,Russia
with ·man as center ..
form an essentialpaxt ofnon-human
the law
and matter as '-.. 5""·.u• . . . , ~
have their solid basis on material
in
, liquidation, massacre J
"Human
process
whereas t he l if e of human beings
nature
universe ..
the
resort to
J l ~ H J " ' U L U " " ' U l dialectic in
livelihood as the cause evolution as ~ r . ~ ~ - - ~ v the 'Communist
historical materialism; and in methodology
Q . ~ , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , the Communist
manism is the human
master of the and the element of
done in the intere 5t of man.. In Section I,
"Fundamentals of and
President '-J . J . Q . ~ ; . " . . 'Y ' ..... r n . . . , , " ' ~ i r " ' " " "
sion"
viewed from the
Q . ~ ' c x . . u J . ' ; ; : > " materialism ..
outlook on
munists
ism ..
not t o l ove their
cause they hate hate
-102 - .- 103 -
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First , the ideological krmament should be
By ideological armament we mean ~ h building up' of the i d e o l o ~
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gical bu lwark on the one handand the sharpenin,g of t he i de01 0"';
gical weapons' to attack the enemy.. The former is to the
enemy I s ideological offensive at bay whilst the lat ter tdbe
employed in penetrating and thus destroying the enemy I d e rense line.. In r egard to the ideo log ical bu lwark on .the pa."tt
of the adt i-Communists , I t is to be built solidly on th e Three
Principles of the People, because these doctrines not,
mee t t he need of mankind bu t also ride th e tide of th e
With ou r faith in the s e p ri nc ip le s VIIhich 9 based upon h u m a n ~ism, are the orthodox cultural heritage of China, the l a ~ ~ O l . U -gical bulwark is strong enough to hold back any attack from
the e nem y. A s to ou r ideological weapons, t he mos t
are th e first and second of Dr .. Su n Yat-sen j s P r i n . , ~ciple of People! s Livelihood in criticism of Marxism
Leninism, and President Chiang I s works'refuting the samein
the past th ir ty odd years, among which "The Fundamentals of
Anti-Communist and Resisting-Russia Struggle ll liThe Basic
Problems in Deal ing wi th th'8 Comrqunist Ideology ,and Mel,n()Q:.'l;'
"Soviet Russia in China" and others are of paramount
tance.. These works may well be called the hydrogen bombs
ou r ideological weaponry"
Next the operations i n i deolog ical
Chinese Reds should be increased" I t is beyond doubt that the
pr e sent ideol,ogical warfare ag' al ns t t he Peiping must
be broadened and intensified. In dealing with t ~ Red
sonaus the Government and the people of the·
of
on the
i t
na:rmon,lOlU5 re -
an IDyincible re-
the Three Prill
kindness
the funct ion
social
of
warfare
determine their fate
with the "".....'_ 4 ••
with mutual aid and
it woUld be easy to
s ~ r v i c e m e n and t he
th e
hi s method of
the course Of social H e m ad e further
social throug-h class
,one can unite the people
and win over
With hate as th e
pr e sent lUE301,0l:rlCl::I
what
was mistaken
in warfare ..
strike the enemy. the
Tn ' "n , ' \ ! of constant s t rugg le th e in te rna l s t ri fe
will lead to their collapse. Therefore the wa r
Q./!; ........... .., .. the Communists is sure to be won", hasten
need to make th e af-
in u .< '••"v, '" ' , .......,..
their
these
resul t ina n d d i s ~ ; e n s i o n
'which could lead. to col. -.Meanwhile w ith th e fulle st 'development of human na
ture and wisdom, olie could' make use of material forces fo r
of mankind. As the Communists believe
as
disease
blunder in ..""'- 0
munists is love h,ate, humanism O'F,"" '......" .....
.. , . _ , ~ ~ , ~ _ aidllgainst s t r u g g ~ , e , and in a word
th e against communism.
-101 -
2. Reconstruction Ve rsus Destruct
various forms ofseust
expose their
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th e world
Cont rast in St rategical Wa rfare
In'n.".,."·,..,...•... should
nail down the
cit ies of th e Chinese Reds in contrast with.t.heir
and their dialectical
t he Chinese Reds had c n : a m p l ( m E ~ ( 1
construction", the Founder of Chinese as
it s main thre-e of reconstruction,
, social and economic On the basis
Sun I s outline 9 Pre sident in hi s lecture
tem and :?ractice of the Principle s of th e
two more of reconstruction, the the ethical"
From these one can see t ha t t he main r.h"o,...."',
In to the tenet of strategical
construction Communist destructlon a The program of
national reconstruction of t he Repub li c of China
is based upon the doctrine of Dr. un
Father of stated that the
al l strategy of national revolution was I n th e
similar , President of
Anti-Communist and lissia S tr ug gl e" t ha t l iThe
supreme of ou r
to national reconstruction ll" In h is " Pla ns fo r
from the Communist camp LI1 many r e s p e c t s ~ We are fo r
craoy, a nd i n order to map out ways to defea.t communism w
must make a comparison of factors involved,.
the
have
realiztEould
faith in COmrrmtlllSJrIl
now
what the Chinese
th e
the e lemen ts
to
decehredand
theservicemen
among
the
Chinese Reds had those industrialists and business-
them th e honorific titleD!
most
the totalitarian
ful les t extent the u 'n , .... I;·o...... 1 S blood and
them of their The Chinese
induced l and r eform
led the ha IS been
thermore Article Two of Dr. Sun's "Fundamentals
Fur-
.- 1 -1
On the other hand, th e basic st rategy of the Chinese Recb
in t he ir , subvers ion and rebe l li on is "destruction 1I c"The of
Reconstruction!l reads as follow
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-111
what call S Qwnershipll ha s resulted in
owning nothing at aU" c o m m u n i s m ~ when. rendered
into Chinese, Ha doctrine thl:!t property is shared
all" is in th e end ll a doc trine that nothing c an be shared
al l !I . Thub the peo.pie are rendered destitute and be.come s l a Y , e ~laborers . In the social phase, the people IS COfnmune
th e family system. In t.he cul tural field, the Chinese
st s on the mainland are promoting vl'hat they call the lithe
thoroughly Red and ye t h ighly spec i al ized" educat ion, a
bination of Communist poli tical consciousness and
knowledge, which stresses the expediency rather than
tradition, the practical us e ra.ther t han t he old w i s d o m ~an aim to the Chillese history f culture and ethics ..
finallf, the objective of th8Ghinese Reds as embodied in
~ l a r x i s l n - L e n i n i s m , is world revolution, or, th e communization
of t ~ world, whleh is tantamount to thE:' destruction of f r e e ~ ~peace and happiness of the manki.nd. What is more
tactic S 1'esort to ar e "st:ruggle sl! • claim
ownership" ha s resulted in "collective
"" ,V.LVj>; .L, , , . a . J . phase, they tr y to destroy t he f re edom of
through indoctrination, brainwashing and
poliHcal regaid the s ta te a s means of
sing the p eo ple and they a dv oc ate th e ab oli tio n of th e
because their ultimate objective the tptal destruction.
In the economic phase, the deprivation of the
private property is nothing but toe dest.ruction of
and social economy * What t he Communi st s call
over
process of
the
pellQ€mt and pro-
of op -
the Chinese Reds were
started the
food fo r them
their
the
to
and to construct roads
t10n.
canals fo r
-110 -
build
with " , ; " "J I ,LU .U , !£.
reconstruction l i E ~ s in the people I
T h e r e f o r E ~ order to
I s basic mleds food
and means of
government must exert it s utn::ost
what sort of
, is dedicated l t build ing an
sperolls natidn.. I t
the had h09k
to reConstruct ..
dead se t the reconstruction
because a well-·reconstructed China. meant dea th
to communism. For instance, to
s book liThe of
_ ~ ' ~ " " ' 4 , " , th e last war f because it was r s -
China ..
and at different pla9ElS use democracyand to ' - ' ' - 7 . ' . ~ ' ' ' ' ' ' C
to attract t h o s ~ naive and pitiable democratic and l iberal
socialist
, a nd h av e go on with their
reconstruct
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is
to take the offensive
• In a smear ' - " " ' t U i - ' ' ' ; ' ' ' ' ' ' X ~ ' '
recalled that
of the Chinese
In
selves
Government on the UGH:: ; ;1 . 1 . ' " ' ' ' .
war
to the G o ' v e r ~ m e n t I s
and had n r . , ~ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' H n nnn" " .... rYl
s t r e n g t h ~By the time when Chinese
, - , , , , , , ~..u,,,,u..U"''''''''
to open the Governmen t was alrrioat UI.!-pre:-
"""rUYlg'!"""" reason of th e fall of the main land
hands of the CommtLTlists was that the Government
,mained p a s s i v E ~ and on the now
nave Since Communists established the
mentsf
but the objective of t he Reds is totalitarianism e..nd
As a rule th.e Communist hierarchy is more
nical the in , fo r the uncontrolled
of a despot cannot reach every pe rson and hi s n ....."niC::.'t"'1f'''r
despotin
can control the body of hi s, ~ o . . , r " r T '" to violence too t bu t not to
exploIt and control
body and s ou l, u nd er t he name of
matter they may the enslavement
the people under the Communist rule is a well-known
the world e
in
can
thehe Three
structive tactic s"
is attained" as
means when 'others the
end in. itself"
destructive, and
an d
even if the
government
communism is
nevernever
-113
warfare: one is to employ .it against t he Chi ne se Reds
the ,J lse lves, and the other is to deal wlth the thehad
decaJiesthe thE! mainl and more
tlcoalition government"
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slave-rninded and inhuman"re
national communism and attain perrrlaIl6'IlJ;.
We cannot ta.ke them fo r average
have to their mater ial is t ic dialectic s in
st riking against their organization t an d th.eir
activities This its what w e Chinese
say: the \1 S8 of the enemy I s spear to
hi s s h h ' 3 1 d ~ Only by so doing can we make th e
Reds contradict, negate r transform and thus
annihilate each other.. so can
we once and fo r al l th e materialisticon which the Communis t
ar e base6; And only
to maanee posed by
the
!lIn 'our against the Chinese Reds
matter i t is in military;
o r s oc ia l field 1 regardless of whatever time
and space, we should neve r en te r ta in any i l -
lusion of coexistence and cooperation with
them. We have to know the Chinese Communists
mainland u n d ~ r the Communist In dealing with the
Chinese Reds, she ha s to adhere to the ti t fo r tat:
In hi s lecture on "The Basic Problems in Dealing with t he
Communist Ideology and Methods " ., President
out:
to
the
the
rult:l
pea-
def<?at
direc .
busineSSmen
are self--evident. UndeI' the
Chinese Heds
ha s seen
turned out to be hundred Commu.llist
al l the on th e mainland
any· sort of freedom to of
sante with th e carry ou t "land reform"
distribution
114 --
As regards th e Communist organization i t is based upon rutn
l ess pressure and under mechanical control.. It is constantly
i n the " ' T . : I " R r . ! ~ D ' lthe
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-117 -
Firs t , le t us ma¥e a comparative study of the organiza
tional theories .. I t is apparent that ou r organization based
upon physiological principles, hence i t is organic ; whils t th e
Communist organization is based upon mechanical t h e o ~ i e s ,hence i t i.s inorganic. The former, being organic, is ap t
yield Rn inexhaustible living force t hr ou gh th e process of
continuou3 growth and development.. In hi s message on
ganization: It s Principles and Functions, I President ' J AU .Q . UM
pointed out: IlIf we wish to strengthen ou r own organization. so
that 'we can surpass the enemy, i t is necessary that w the physiological concept by the application of the
of division of labor"cooperat1on, balance and c o o r d i r i a t i ~among the constituent elements of ou r organization.. T h e r E ~should be no opposition, confl ic t, f r ic tion and laxity no r
should there be any f is s ur e , c rack, dislocation and . n ~ ' o ....·",''''''''
tlon. II "Personal;ly", the President went on , til have been con
v inced tha t t he highest form of organization in the universe
none other than the organic entity of living things with that of·
human beings the most pe rfect .. In th e s truggle for exis tence f
hum'an beings must perfect their physiological
order to survive.. Ther8fore the. principle of physiologica.l
in danger of disintegration if one of it s links breaks off e In
order to defeat the enemy in the organizational aspects we
must use ou r strength to attack the enemy ' is weakness before
we can achieve the absolute , overal l victory.. A comparative
study of such a w8.-rfi:rr e is necessary ..
the
Ou r
and
ca n
are
is no
of the
fw:un-
Therein it s
in
camps, the
o
As the Three
and the
China and
Chinawill adhere
and to the
comrade" To defeat t he Ch inese
the interest
In 9.n
disihtegrate and decompose al l of a sudden. II In th is pas sage ,
President Chiang, had exposed the weakness of the Communist
.allor
of
or$.!aJtl12,atJLOn is the most rational criterion r P " " r r Q " ~ ' "ganizations. It From thi s message we ca n see the
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As regards the Communist organization, it fol.low s the line
Next, le t us make a comparative study of the lines that ou r
organi?lation and the Communist organization follow respec
tively. Quite obviously, our organization follow s t he l in e of
the entire people whilst the CommuI!ist organization follows
the line of what ha s been called the prol et a ri an c l ass" The
former is shaped in the interests of the entire nation whereas
the latter is limited to those of a part of the nation. Judged
from the modern democratic ideas, i t is certainly erroneous
to follow the line of only one class of the people Besides
the strength ofa class of the people can never surpass that of
the entire people. Therefore we insist that ou r organization
should follow the popular line. Our Party organ is to uni te aU
revolutionary youths alld patriotic countrymen w'ho have fai th,;-
in the Three Principles of the People as its constituent ele-
ments, in a common struggle fo+, the interests oCour
and so also of the !I\asses of the people, as strongly
to class struggle. The constitnentsof ou r Party ar e the en
tire p e o p l e ~ We struggle for. the interests of our nation and of
the mass of the pe"ople. We struggle no t fo r the interests of
a single class, or of a few persons, bu t fOT the interests of
the entire peolpe .. In so doing, we follow the popular line&
organization based upon the "pathological" theories. Its
structure will definitely end up in complete collapse beyond
retrieval.The Communist o the other is based
up mechanical theories. All belong to mechanism are as
rule constrained and l ifeless. The theoretical basis
Communist organizatlon is , in a sense
In the same message on "Organization: It s and
U..u'';;I.J,IJJ:A" It the President also pointed out: nl t par-
emphasized that logical patterns"as embodled in
Three Principles the. People entirely follow the
from those of the Communist or-
ganization which follow the pathological
' I · i 'o . . . . . . . , . . ~ " ....."" the overall orgsl.11izational activities the Com-
munist Party come f rom the premises of ne -
gatio'ns cataclysms. I t Iseems that the Reds t reat a &.&'V .......... ~ man as one who s ~ f e r s from diseases. I f we go a: l i t tle deeper
the of the COIDffiUltllst organfzation 9 we can fir..d that
the constituent elements wID engage ~ h e m s e l v e s in
self-contradiction, self":'coJtlflict and self-negation. In other
words, in the Communist organizatiorithe constituents have
engage themselves.in const;ant confl ic t, contradi tion and ne
gatioa 0V'en if they ar e unwHling to so so; tha t is to say, from
it s inception, conflict, contradition andnegation ar e the order
of the and then. conflicts ar e followed confUcts, con
·tradictions by contra4ictlons, and .negations by and. J
end , the v ic ious ch'cle of ,innumerable conflicts., con-
tradictions and negations c.au,ses the. internal organization to
physiologipal organization.
1 1.8 119 -
zaUonal methods used by the two' camps.. We organize' .onr,;,.
s e l v ~ s by the way of right while the Communists organize them-
p:b:)letariatll. follow the. proletarianclass line
......,...,..,•. "'... they utilize class struggle as a mea,ns
ca l power, wlthoutany sllncere regard fo r the interests of the
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Fig" IIig . I
lIIf we wan t t o restore ou r nadonalsu'uld
ing, we must revive OUI:" national spirit Q If ' W want to :r:,evive ou r national spirit II ,'Va must Cul- '
fill. two conditions .. First , we mU3t understand
that we occupy today a most perilous posiUon;
and second, knOWing ou r danger, we must
util ize China I s ancient social groups, as tl'te
In regard to u n i t y ~ Dr. Sun Yat-sen, in the sixth
on Nationalism, had given the following concrete
selves by the way of might. We ar e united fo r th e same ptlr.-
pose, while the Communists are affil iated under coercion «-
Our organization is characterized by unity, While t he Com
munist organization is marked by control. Unity forms B.
natural circle (Figure One), tight and inseparable like.
cell in a body show ing no sign of integration 411 An or ganiza:tion
marked by control is formulated in ' layers piled up (Figure
Two) to the top, which is liable to collapse when one of it s
parts falls apart . The strength and weakness easily d h ~ " ' :carnable ..
organi-fs ma,ko a comparativetill
p:t'bletarian, class as profess t o have struggled for ll Take,
the Bolsheviks fo r . x a m p l ~ .. ln the first stage of the so-calledJ
revolution, had ut il ized the proletarian c la ss a s basic
f or ce t o s ei ze power and meanwhile rall ied the peasants as
reserves man attempt to neutralize the capitalist class which
Qomprised. the l iberals and the Tsarists., In t he second stage,
'With the.proletariat s t il l as the basic force' of the revo lu t ion
and peasants and the proletariat of neighboring state s ;as
reserve_, they attempted.to neutl'alize what they had called
the bourgeois democrats from the masses .. ,And then in the
third stage, t he Bol shev ik s c lamored fo r the, proletarian di
ctatorship, :but as a m a t t . ~ r of faqt, the Russianpolitica.l power
had aJ;ready fillen into thl9 hands of th e Communist hierarchy,
and slnce"thenthe proletnrian class itself had, no longer ex ...
Inheriting th e Bol sheviks I practise, the Chinese Reds
seized power by followlnir ,practically the same line. They had
used such la-balsas "the lRed Army of W o r k ~ r s and Peasants",
nW n .... ln::t.y·!Ill in charge of thE. factory", and rule
of various classes" e ll em the same party line of the Bolshe
viks.. They had utilized the class struggle as a means to
usurp the political power,. However, as 'Soon as the workers
and peasants wake up and revolt against Communist dicta-
i t is certain that the Red Par ty a s a would
th e v ~ ~ t mass of the Chinese people ..
-120 - - -121 -
family system.. Theyalso promoted the struggle of tenant far
mers against landlords, labor against the management, appre
ntices against their tutors, students against their teachers,
national
and the clLan and consolidate them to
form a
complished and w ! have th e strength
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I t suffices to say t ha t i n the organizational warfare to ,be
waged against the Chinese Communists, so l ~ n g as the National
Government ~ n the people of the Republic of China adher$ to
-123 -
in order to split the society into conf l ic ting factions with the
.Cormer stability: ruined. They also conducted th e st:b!JS'gle by
pitting t ~ functionaries- against the department heads, the
lower organ against the higher, the mobs against the government in order to destroy the independ eht states through inter
nalstr ife and dissension. HaVing destroyed' a ll t ra di ti on al
systems and exi st ing organiza tions, t he Communi st s then
seized control and imposed their will upon the people 6 Such a
control, of course, could never last long, because, as a rule,
the greater the pr e ssure, the stronger wil l be th e re sistence..
I t is a certainty t ha t t he Communist tyrannical regime can
never avoid their eventual doom. Within the Chinese Communist
PaTty, there have been absolute control 'and bloody suppres
sion. As a result of internal strife and purges, so , many
Communist Party members and even senior Communist cadres
had met their death5. In th e revised edition of this book in
1959 t the present writer had remarked that "Khrushchev and
Liu Shao-chi ar e the masters of t he Communist intramural
struggle, but their own fate can well be imagined. II Things
have happened as predicted. I t ca n be safeiS- presumed that no
C't>mmunist t opno tche rs can escape their doom in the constantparty struggles ..
ele-
or the Government ..
rallying ,behind him al l genuine
power s truggle within the
ments and ye t there had f,le1Ver been any blo,odshed due to
reforms
Communist method is the use of violent suppression
and, absolute control.. For, the sake of the Reds in -
imposed their will upon the after
had de strayed it s volitional basis.. They what was
called the Itstruggle campaJtgns" pitting t he s on hi s
own young b r o ~ b e r against hi s elder wife
_K ' a ....J. i:) i> he r husband in 6 r d ! ~ r todestroy the traditionalChine se
hundred millions nnited to fight, no matter how
out present pos it ion ' we should be abl e,
lift i t up.. So, to know and to unite are
two essentials for reviving ou r nationalism"
-122 -
'!'he method of utilizing tlie traditional civic bodies China
conglomeration into a J;]ational entity is in with
the natural law and human nature and fee li ng without t he need
thus formed of kindred
one of voli tion and love, not of arbitrary force I t should be
recalled that Dr .. Sun had used this method to organize
Kuomintang.. he encountered many difficulties
and frustrations during orga'nizational , the Founding
Father of the Party and the! Repub li c h ad persisted in the
above-mentioned method to consolidate the organs. I n t he
course of the National he had initiated several
discern the sincere attitude on the part of the Government
time will In the directiv-e entitled "The Essence and
the physiological ra ther than pathologICal organiza-
adopt the way of rather than t he way of .
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\1ethods of Initiative 11 President Chiang Kai-shek quoted Hu
Lin·-yi, a famous general in the Ching Dynasty, as that
only b y s i n c e r i t ~ may we be able to defeat all hypocrisies in
thE) world an d only us e of truth mat we be able to rout
falsehoods. Thereupon he instructed ..-1,.5 countrymen to
preciate realist ical ly th e essence of °chec1ting activeness
passi veneSS" in such fields as mHitary operation,
campaign and personal cul ti va ti on t hr ough the practice of
?Jhonestyll and "simplicity", both of which ar e synonymous with
tltruthfulness". In another article, HA Study of Techniques in
the Suppression of the Communist Rebellion II t the President
said: "I t is a matter of urgency fo.r us t o make amends f or t he
defects in ou r publicity works. Natural lyour information 581 ' -
vice should cater around the Three Pr inc ip les of the
with adequate us e of n ew s release and educational means on
the one hand and fac tua l publ ic it y in the mili ta ry , social and
political aspects on the other in order to boost the morale of
t he a rmed forces and the peopl e against the en emy, an.d in
turn to enhance ou r fighting spirit .." "Here, the principle of
publicity based upon facts indicates the at ti tude of the Chinese
Government in it s psychological warfare against th e Reds.
4 Truth Versus lies
,in Psychological Warfare
follow the popular Hne, and c on so lid at e th e structure the
final over the" enemy will certainly be won ..
There is nothing similar or identical.in the
psychological warfare waged by the Chinese National Govern
mentand it s enemy, t he Chinese Communists.. Whether it is
in the attitude during actua l combat, in the techniques "and
skill employed in the psychological field, or in t he facts used
as for the the Chinese Government is fa r
to the Communist s, . In the first section of t;bap1;er
i n t hi s book, we have amelysed the tactics employed
the Russian and Chinese Communi st s i n their psychological
warfare which include and intim id atio n. To put
these tactics into they have to resort to various un,;""
derhand methods dealitJ,g with their real or
and with the m as s of peopl e under their control ..
"The study below show s the way t o t he Com-
munists wnrfare ..
The Communist attitude in psychological warfare is , on the
contrary, al l fa.lse.. They teU sheer lies an d i ssue rubber
cheques .. They peddle drugs but they are
harbor pointed arrow s but they have a mouthful of sweet talks
They fool the people fo r time, bu t canrrot fool them
such a war, Ollrs .i s faith
to In or information
, we h ~ l ! v e never re sorted s u g ~ ; . . c o a t e dE'ren i l the public may no t readily
Q J . ~ ' C ! . O : : ' ' C ' U tolies·. o r r ubbe r , . "ht :>nt1IA
In the Q."'.. L I < \ . ~ \ " & C
based
--124 - -125 -
essence beauty. Where does i t lie? In ou r thi.nking, tnith
is beauty, virtue is beauty. In th e persuit of truth and
tue, we ar e true representatives of b E t ~ u t y . Therefore t inPre
of
U l l i i i i U , U J . ; : : > ~ Rebel-
still another article of similar nature
Tactics Employed in the Suppression of the
and What. Ou r Senior Officers Should Understand"
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Speaking of the facts as basis fo r . waging psychological
The Communists have no art to speak of in psycholvgical
war fa re bec au se thei rcharacter is ugly t theirmind p i t c h d a r ~an d their means treacherous. As stated in the above 1 the
strength of th e Communists in the psychological aspect l ies in
duplicity, hypocrisy and sham. They have to resor t to
camouflage and double talk in th e employment of tactics of
temptation and intimidation. To carry ou t their temptation
tactics, t he Chin e' se Reds use flattery and bribery; and to
carry ou t their intimidation tactics, t hey u se struggles, pur
ges, t o rt u res , massacres and other atrocit ies. As they are'
w ry in face, bad in manners, uncivilized in actions and
vieious in schemes, they ar e ugly in every sense of t he WOrl".
Despite their friendly masks and s w e ~ t l ies, they can neve r
conceal their ugly attributes. As soon as their masks ar e
ripped apart and their li e uncovered, whatever achievement
they might have made in t ~ field of psychological w a r t a r e ' w i ~ lbe written off at one stroke.
warfare.
psychological warfare as an ar t , we have both the inner beauty
as well a s i ts outward mainfestation. The outward manifesta
tion is the artist ic from of inner beauty. In ou r daily life yve
talk about "the art of war", ~ n lithe ar t of l iv i ng " , t he same
principle of artistic beauty can a1so be applied to psychological
ou r
the
in
one
order to
warfare ours
armed
it is evidentthat falsehood can never
of a e s t h e t i i ~ s'
time.
the
and support
criteria. However we the out...
ward appearance of t he means and techniques
warfare. When we a paint or print
there is no doubt that ·a certain standard of
be observed in it s Nevertheless, an artistic re-
should have for i ts b as is the source aestheticvalue. The source consists of the four factors
~ h a t ou r mind and upright; motive is
ou r objective is far-reaching and pro-
and tha t ou r is righteous and • Par-
when we , we should upon th e
stand the test
concrete
e must love ou r is stillwe must pay attention to their needs.
J . U ~ { J . ' : > I , . l . ~ ' i : I can reach, we should
s:hall never follow the Communist
of hypocrisy small favorsJ! This was pre-
Chine se Reds had done to the and
servicemen Now that their measures
said: IlWhether in warfare
-- 1 127 - ,
al l workers have turned ou t to b e s l a v e - l a b o r e r ~ .. With th e
slo.gans of l ithe election of model workers l' and Itgrabbing the
Red f lag"
, the last drop of sweat and blood of t he se wor ke rs
of China has for it s h<ll,"".Ir ....... r ' n " ' ~ a happy
Taiwan as the fo r national
\'Iiar fare, the
and prosperous "" ....."""",t>"
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To sum up , ou r present psychological warfare against the
Chinese Communists is truthagainst falsehood, beauty ' . & < = . ~ ~ ' ' ' ' ' ¥ugliness , v i rtue against evil, and abundance against dearth ..
'Time is on ou r side: the longer the Chinese Communists rule
the mainland, the more weaknesses will be exposed in their
psychological field. The primary ob.jeptive in our warfa re is
to strike the Communists I psychical weaknesses and to s h a t . t E r l . ~their fighting spirit so as to arouse the people's anti··-Red and
resisting-tyranny sentiments and encourage the defec tion of
-129
is squeezed They are n better than th e beasts of burden e
The little tract of l a n ~ the farmer wa s alkted to till after the
so-called land re form ha s also been taken'away when th e
Chinese Reds se t up the UAgricultural Production Cooperati'ves
H
and "the People I s Communes", and al l th e peasants have
turned out to be the Communists I serfs. Even iJ they the
daily "working quota" the peasants cannot receive th e meag:re'
food ration.. The ration system h as k \p t the basic biological
n ~ e d s of mainland. people under controlt> The annual ration of
raw clothing materials i s l imited to teu feet .. Besides, they do
not have modern transportation facilities, no r do have
'U'.e freedom of movement. In short, the mainland suffer
so much froiIl the acute s h o r ~ a g e of food, c l o t h i n g ~and means of transportation that they are now like
animals. Unde r such a c i r c u m ~ t a n c e , w h a t facts can serve
basis fo r the Communist propaganda or psychological warfare?
and
the
en -
Sinoe the
weUare
worker!S in
or
under
the
'-1
when used as the
China
. . . . 0 ......... "0 fo r the
of mainland
Reds hvve confiscated allfactories,
m atter in
CnID!O'Q'U::a1 warfare, constitute an unmatched < : l l . L I 'U=< '. L to the
behind the iron curtain.
labor insurance .,."'.".....,.....
Th e se concrete
trast with
On the other we can wel l app rehend how a
the on the mainland are leading.. Under t he na me
S tate and , the
and T. V. sets II
en.couraU'l9ffiI9nt 1 to and assistance
and business have been ,.,....."'"",tI...,
the growth rate of international trade rose to 48 pe r
rate Jin 1973 wa s the same II Due to the
of national economy, people in al l walks of life
are now enjoying p ro sp erity .. T he life of the on this
island bastion of national reconstruction serves a con-
Taiwan have been q[uite comfortably well off" Since the
of such policiesa.s public land redistribution,
reduction of land to the tiller , reclamation of land
mechanization al l the peasants are haVing their
farms and mos t of them have owned modern facilities such
reconstruction has been built up ~ a model
accordance with the Three Principles
advancement of of the entire
of such IDf'aSUres as full
the Communist armed forces. As regards ou r psychological
bulwark, we have to instill in the mind ortha people and ser
vicemen the Communist -ba it ing thoughts by poi nt ing out to
and tactics
materialism
The Communist J..J.AI,O.!.,1..i.l>( . . . .u, . . . .O warfare, like
fa re h as.it s
the Communists are deduced
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them that the Chinese Reds must a nd w ill be defeated. More
over, we shall use the method of psychological reconstruction
to consolidate th e p eopl e a nd th e servicemen I s wil l t o
Thus, we can a tt a in the goal of Ilwinning the opponent I s heartbefore overcoming him and w i n n i ~ l g the support of the. op
ponents' people before recapturing the 'land" e Al l these ar e
measures to be t aken in defeating the Chinese Communists on
the psychological battlefield.
is
of r e tr e at a s advance
domestic
said elsewhere: !l The Communi-
upremacy is based on certain
flexible to meGt the varied situa:tions of
f i l ~ l d of' political or wa1.'-
backward before t"VVO
CAI:l.l!llfJ.Lt::, their
international as
, President Chiang Kal-shek, in a lecture given at the Yang
mingshan Institute on April 1950, had pointed out: "In
order to defeat the Communists, we must be able to ou ts t rip
them i n th e intell igence work. Negatively, we should tighten
up ou r own security to guard against any leakage of ou r
military secrets. Positively f we should develop ou r
network on the mainland and then penetrate i nto t he Chinese
Reds I inner circles and other organization:.; to obtain va luable
information from them. Thus, we can k e ~ p t he Red
from having access to o ur c la ss if ie d mat te rs while keeping
thelT pulse under our, thumbs. Il These short remarks U U , U l 1 , ~ Uout'the way to defeat the Communists in intell igence warfare •
5. Science Ve rsusSorcery
-A Contrast in Intelligence Warfare
ap
to
have
more
up to us 9
other
lecture we ca.n se e that the Chinese Communists
but also tactics their kU'"vJ. . ... . l .""; 'C!Jl.... 'O
From
stress not
areas, ha s to devote himself to thestrategy and too".
years
"''' '·...Itl1, .... '''' moment fo r their' e activities.
&.ttaln their ends, these Red w ~ l l ,suffer and any kind of hardships. As we are unaware
their their , we have suffered
Therefore anyone who is mission in th e Communist-
or even effect the stratagem
When necessary, will themselv€\
verbal attacks ""/;;:.CL.ULi:\I- their own Party and
tricks in order to win confidence in
their planted in 0 ul'
than three five ten
• The went on to say: liThe Chinese Com-
-131 -
ach ieved, t ho se ind iv idua ls of high quali ti -es can undergo
specialized training. In a message on tlThe Mission and The
Outlines of Intelligence Worku , President Chiang pointed out,:
munists inherited their system from Soviet R n s ~ ~sians m As early as the Tsarist days, the Russian intelligenc(i
work had been well-foWlded $ Since the overthrow of the
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On the contrary, the Chinese Communists hs.vebeen ac
customed to utilizing the hoodlums in the intelligenoe opera
t i o n . s ~ Being masters of recruiting riff-raffs fo r such work f
they would u se any sort of, hoodlums to serve the i r purpose
and any Tuthless methods at their, disposal. For i n s t a n c { ~ ~'\IV ho in 1 himself as me.gician J)D. the
tiThe success of i nt el li gence work d ep en ds upon no t only
trainings but also outstanding talents" Trainings ca n only
provide the principles, but the in tel ligence operatives should
b e abl e to ac t on their own initiative by use of their talent while
following the principles already learned. In t h ! ~ way 11 the in
telligence service can be developed and effective. II "Genera
lly speaking, n the President went on, " th e int el li gence work
is t he mos t difficult and ip.volves great danger, with th e oper ....
ative I sl ife atoStake from time t o t ime" If the individual con
cerned is imbued with revo lu tionary fe rvor the greater the
difficulties f the better will he b e abl e to m a k ~ use, hi s
natura l gif ts , which might be undeveloped in peace tima ll!! At
present, in the United States and Great Britain, emphasis is
laid on the technical knowledge arid scholastic attainments of
th e recruits fo r intelligence service. Many specialists and
scholars .take pride in i oi ning in the combined 'War of nerves
and of cloak and dagger. And so they gla<liy contribute their
knowledge and skill so as to pushahead their national security
work both in width and in depth ..
be
both
engage
to those
and
this
the t ime when
'VUA.J.J.O:; ' '; : ) 'C' Reds
traditionalundergroun.d gangsterism
the recruits fo r the intel-
of the f ac t t ha t the Chinese Communists
more
132 _.
In
the
have to raise
in regard to thE! intelligence recruits, We
in on th e scholastic attainments
in warfa!:'s against
until ou r defeat on the mainland in 1949
:realize that we had fa r IJ'Cl,ULl. ! ' ,U
Reds in the field of intellIgence .. From now
must start anew ou r intelligence workn"
Lenin had continued the practJce and the GPU
police) to the vast mass of th e
under controL. , to trace it s
arid operation I:)f Chinese ha s had
of more t ha n one hundred years ..
infiltrat,ed into ou r in 1924,
inherited aU related to J . l l 1 , ~ . L U ~ ~ t : l J J ' l , ; ' t : f fromSoviet Russians", Since then we had be en fo rc ed
and tactics in their intelligence there
are still ways to defeat OUlr enemy"Such measures to be
taken may be stated as follow s:
....U " ! " j J L ~ ~ work" Particular attention should oe
, scholastic
In regard to the methods engaged i n intelligence
intelligence.A J U , I J I J . A . _ U j l ~ Well Road in wa s a notorious
' V L L i I ( Q I \ : { ~ U in the Chinese He
around him various of hoodlums as hi s dis-
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the- - ~ - . / ;'
intellif{lence warfare
/-135 -I
To sum up, the
we ar e using scientific technique against the
c:ery. In the past, the Chinese
activities had
doctrination, masquerade f manipulaUon and
of Communist cadres were like the wicked sorcerers ,
in smart • Theyhypnotizedthe people and then
sweet carrots dangling &-head and
whips behind t h e ~ e victims puzzled,
or frenzied. No wonder many of t hem jumped an d
around l ike mad. Therefore, th e methods the ' - ' ' - /HH'U,A. .U+ , , , .. .,
in their intelligence service Jlre a sort
Yv hich seem te rri fying at fi r st
but a careful scrut iny w il l reveal that there is
therein. Like the tricks of magicians 1
arEt not worth a straw. I n t he world of
intell igence work has entered
v i n c ( ~ of science. Take psychology fo r example,
merly treated as a myster ious subject of s tudy , but
recognized as a branch of science, there-is nothing
about i t any more. Many advanced nations today have IQ I J l J . l . J l CU
scientific' techniques to and u'sed modern scientific
in th e intelligence service.with surprising results"
Entific techniques and apparutus, we c an de fe at the
Communists in the f ield of intelligence.
in
the
and
age or
and in -
that we can
stress on the
i t is
-will use the
In to the in intelligence we
ar e momentum because of pitting ou r democratic against
the Communist force.. Ours the way of
the way of the Communists is one of might.. It is natural that
favor the not the might" In the foreseeable
the g r ~ a t mass people on the farmers,
bvsinessmen and
who have suffered from theCommunists
",""..:au',-.1. and recognized t hei r tr ue face, will
us in the operations.. Our
UULt : '1 .1LULI . will be on the i n c ~ r e a s e while the Communists on the
~ O n c e the Reds lose the mainland
will deV"ote their efforts in us sort of
-1
comf;l out victorious in intelligence warfare
Chinese Communists who ar e advocates of
and to
are hoodlums.. If we
and natural of the
go,
k l ( 1 n ~ l m ) i n I Q and frantic assassination ll the Chinese
Communists expanded their intelligence networks-
the hoodlums in: t h r o u g h o u ~ the n . \ 1 . . . . .' ..... , e s ' p 1 C m a ~ Q ' e works through series
And everywhere the Chinese Reds
for infi l tra tion and sub
control But hoodlums
and seht them. out to terrorize the
as the people ar e no t aware of the Red conspiracy, they ar e
often led by the Communists and becpmethe tools of subversion
and power The loss of the Chinese mainland. to
a.-
on the main-KElDUlbllbC of China. the Comml.lnist
land 1s scholarship gang5terism, UVI,JU.!. itLoi
alienation, and scIence against sorcery. the
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There is a wide difference between theway we upon
t he peopl e and the way the Chinese Communists treat thel1'b.f'!,-
We look upon the people as th e main bodyo!' the L . . . . ._" .......'u .
the Communists look upon them as mere tools. We regard
people as the main body of t.henation beca.use His the will of
the people that In one of hi s lectures on Ue'ffiC)C}"R.C:V
Dr . Sun Yat-sen had pointed out: "Since China ha s had a re-
volution and ha s 9..dopted a democratic f01'111 of government 9 the
people should rule i aU 1l13tteT The gove;rnment !lUly
'be called popular goyernment; in ether words ,under a 1"19-
usurpation.
the Communists m ~ be attr, ibuted to various factors,· but one'
of the primary causes is the alienation from the masses.. I t
should be confessed that our P art y and Government had fo r a
cons iderable period al ienated themselves f rom the rank and
rUe of the people. I t goes without saying that the government
and t.he people ar e c103ely related to each other like the water
and the fish. Without the popular support, the government is
l ike a- fi sh out of water. In ou r p l to recover the mainland,
we must first regain the confidence of the people and take hold
of the psychological trend of the masses. These constitute
chief mission in ou r mass movement warfare against the
Chinese Communists. In waging such a war, we ar e nowassured of victory. A comparative study of strength and
weakness betwee.1 the Republic of China a n the Peiping r e gime in th e mass operations is'ma.de as follows:
6. rvi ice Versus tXP loUation
-:A Contrast in Mass Movement
The mass moyement warfare is waged i n two N .. .""' ....,!" ,
t he one hand, we have to cOllsolidate the
trend of ou r own a,nd step up our organization
so as to develop the powerin the decisive wa r against
Communists to r securing the final On the other
hand, we -also have t o win over ,the heart of the under
the Communist to disintegra te the Red mass
~ Q . U . l . 4 : I . : : t " . L U l o i so as to faci li tate our military counter a t tack.
Mancius, speaking of things other than had stated
"Natural climate is of less importance than topographical
and advantage is less importance
III Here i t is clearly indicated that
support is to be reckoned with much more tha.n
climate topographical advantage. It also accounts
<> ... f".u....AJ. . _ c : U l " " ~ of strength of the mass of the in
The Chinese Communhlts ar e adept in deception and coer-
simulation of' goodness and small
favors deceive and lure the And
we can turn into ..,."'-.i-,.." ........
emphasis on and the strelngthening of ou r . I . l l 1 . ~ J . U . " ' : ~ l J L \ ' ; ~ work
-- 136 - 137
centre - - the mass ofe no deviation from
the people ".
I t is qui te cle .ar that here the total strength of the nation isand is
handedrom' these
is the ..." •.n .uL ..........
we make the
dOJ/Vn
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the strength of the' people as an enti ty, not that of a part or a
class of the people. As regards the task ofNational R e v o l u t i o n ~i t is also clear that i t is a fight fo r the cause of the entire
people with the will of the people prevailing4
who ar e the ruler In
Era To Be Proclaimed: The Scientific
' JU J . UL ; ' I : ! . had to say:
based upon the
the lecture v n ' ~ . a.JLvU.
Era the
"The era differs from the in
In the promotion of mass movement , our objective is to
serve the great mass of t he peop le fo r their own good. Dr ..
sun Yat-sen said s u c - c i n c t l y ~ liThe end and aim of life is'
serve, not to rob others. II President Chiang a lso said
similar vein that llRevolution is nothing but service'll. From,
On the contrary, the term llpeople lt , as often used the
Communists in their hackneyed 'slogans, means, strictly " " j . . " ~ a . , , , , -
ing, not the great mass of the people, 'but tools used to start
riots and t o seize power. They inc it ed and intimidated the
peasants and workers, but once they usurped .the power,
d id not care fo r the interests o! the peasants and workers ,
and the peasants then turned out to be serfs, the workers the
slave-labor-ers of the Communist hierarchy. In the years of
1?47 and! 948, the Chinese Communists agitated the college
students throughout the country to start anti-Government cam-
paigns, but after the ~ a l l of the mainland, t h o s ~ college boys
had become cannon-fodders and the coeds had become th e re-
g i m e n t e d p r o s t i t u t ~ s to "comfort" the frontline soldiers during
the Korean War. Obviously, from the start, the Chinese ",Com
munists had used the youths 'and students as tools.
that the ar e not cQmpeting the
:strength bu t wUh total
strength of the nat ion. Therefo re
success or failure of a nation
ability to build up and use the of the
great mass of' the people, th e ,meet
the needs and to promote th e united efforts
the great mass of the people. The is
not an era in which knowledge or wealth can
be monopolized by a few; no r is i t a feudal era
in which the ambitions and caprices a few
persons ar e b t fulfilled; no r is i t an ,era in
which a small number- of outstanding
'alone can aC,com}:ilish the great task
nation. It an ~ ~ r a in which the combinedwis
dom or folly, t h ~ ~ combined strength or weak- '
ness' of the mass of the people determines
prosperity 0):' decay, the rise o r faU of a
nat ion. The revolution of 'the present er a is
the caUEie of the people, with the
out participation of the masses. There
---I 38
Lamplight", "Hackneyed Bla st Furna ce II , tlDowngrad.ing ll
t the'Reds a lso for the purpose of exploiting thec.
mainland I t is doubtful t.hat the masses can to le rate
pre-
mass
The landre-
these we c an s ee th at th e primary pt 'pose in
movement is to serve the mass of the
sent mass movements in Taiwan fo r
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form measures to reduce farm rentals. the Communist exploitation fo r long
5 perc ent of the
land tof th e main crops and .thenotal annual
As reaards the Chinese Communist approach in leading theo
masses, i t is deceptive t1u:ough and t hr ou gh .. D e c e p t i v e n € ~ s smay fo r a time prove more effept ive than ~ i n c e : r i t y , but i n the
long ru n i t will lose out a nd be rejected by th e people As we
d id not give due emphasis to mass movement warfare, many
people had. been duped and lured i nt o the Communist
the people on th e mainland" h a v ~ had e nough o t
Communist maSs line also has reached the other sndi!> So
as we regard the pE:)ople a-s t he main body of the serve
t4ern falthfully and lead iheI,n i n s i n c e ~ i t y .. o.ur mission in
-14': '-
titutle.
In regard to the manners by whi ch th e masses a.T'S- guidEld.
to takeJ'part in various movements, the NationalGoveinment d
the Republic of China and cOplmunity leaders have ?1ways as
serted the attitude of fra ternal s inceri ty and congeniali ty ..
treating the people of d if fe ren t wa lk s of life as kinsfolk in a
family, there is no n e ~ d for the government or commuIll.ty
leaders to u se sweet wor ds to win the p eople! s heart or hy""
pocrit ical 'gesturesand "small favors to deceive the people
, Hence, ou r approach in guiding th e masses depends
on sincerity" The ancient Chinese saying that HSincerity in
it s utmost ca n mel t t he toughest minds" reflecJ;s the truth that,
th e masses will be with us as long as we' are· sincere in at-
the
the
are
and
sweat ..
.etc
Increase iI}.
movements un -
the purpose
Chinese Communistsf
Cut in
the people.
"farm collectivism",
of the Youths I National Salvation
purpose of serving the young
etc. are staged the.Chinese
"' ...............,...... the p e a s a n t ~ . Movements snch as
assistance to farmers, in
serve the workers . . The various
• .aUUJLUM of the R ed Banners",
On the
ments as
lithe
the Chinese RE:ds in f'3.ctories
v.A.t-'... '-, ..... ~ . ~ F . the workers lMovements such as " j . J ' o . " , . f ' 1 1 ~ \ ; I : : t . " J . U U
"Hundred Cultural 'Revolution" et c .. are
by th e Chinese Redf) fo r the purpose of persecuting,the
intellectuals and studentn" Besides., there are such move-
Production Quotas"
Movements such
It Stockade
in rural areas
in mass movement are just the UUl.Jv. : l . I .&.c
meant fo r the of people I s blood
of a ll s o rt s and in' so:rei:U:U.nl:! "sweetness
c o m r r : l W 1 1 1 t 1 e ~ aim at
women . The activities of the armed forces
are
ment
the t i l lers are a movemEmt serving the farmers., The oromlOt:lOn
of th e workers welfan:l and t.he labor in.surance are move-
movement warfare Q . ~ a . " U . l . i : : I l . the Chinese Reds accomplished to
Chapte.r V.
PracUce Is Eve ry thingTh e serves a be -
tween and the Peiping in the var-
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Polit I Warfare in Operation
110 Div in e A rt of Subtlety an d...... D . ....· n r> ' r
Through thee we learn to be invisible,
through thee we learn to inaudible and
hence hold th e enemy's fate in ou r hands II
Suntse
warfare .. The' differences as Do,wt.ed
may well answer the ridicules of those
effort on ou r part copy Com-
munists.. i ndi ca te th e ways defeat the
who interestedin t he s tudy of war-
well be conv:inced We shall come out the victor
present anti-Communist war ..
. "The ideo log ical war is related to poli
t ical, economic and military war, bu t is dif
f e ~ e h t from them in function, scope and
objective. ·For instance, in politics one ca n
compromise or compose differences; in
ideology, on e cannot. In military wa r there
may be a stalemate; i n ideology, none. The
ideological war is of paramount impor tance
in th e next te n years ••••"• . . . "
Dr. Lin Yutang.
liThe times calls to r cou rage r es ol ut ion
arid integrity, no t cleverness p e x p e d ~ E m c yor 'love of soft l iving. No man ,has a right to
a ' t ime-out ' , 'a leave of absence' --"aU
-142 --143-
liberation of the people under the Commumst yoke as it s ultimate
obj ec ti ve . S uch are the opera,Hons of political warfare in the
strategical field at present.
E Hoover.
lines. tlmus t b e on the
meet the of the present in the
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2. In the tactical field. Tactically, the target of ou r
political wrrfare is the enemy I s a rmed force s and people within
th e o pe ra tio n zo ne a nd it s vicinity. This is a direct support to, '
tho military operations. In space, there are p r e s c r ~ b e d areas;in time, thereare divisions of phases. Fo r instance, in a certain
specif indarea behi nd the enemy lines, po li ti ca l wa rfa re i s to,
be ,conduc ted to stage armed ~ p r i s i n g s against the
Communists. Or , when th e time fo r us to l aunch the countcr- '
offensive against, the enemy, political warfare will be waged in
&. "cer ta in thea ter with armecl strength as it s cer ter . Such ar e
the operat ions of political warfare in th e tacticrl field •
3 In the field of pacification. Political warfare shou1si be
carried out as , a means of pacif icat ion in are,as recovered
o ur armed forces after the ccmnter offensive. It s immediate
objective i s to lead the people therein into close coordination
with and ge t their support to th e Government. On the one hand,
shall consolidate what we have a l ready $ tt ained in the
a s well as political fie ids, .::tnd on the other, er forts can be made
to facilHatesubsequent military operations, For e xamp le when
we recover a certain area f ol lowing the counter o H : : : , n s . h ' ( ~
in
and must
warfare,
nation; It
and
strategy
and maSE
of
us e in th e
ona in
. They are stated as follows:
• Political warfare is a part of
strategy
th e overall
operations, . . ,V ..... "'-vLL ...
of the si x
the
Based upon thE!
based upon
be coordinated
at th e same time should in keeping with
ations at home and abroad In t he strategical field,
is waged. fo r Instllnce, t o evoke anti-Communist and
moveme nt s aU over Asia..and al l over the
centers
tactical
should be an
national as well as international p i c t u r ~ , th e basic theories
warfare have been down.
should be made on how to
there are at least two
- 1 4 5 ~
pacHica ti on and field administrs-tion should go hand i n hand .
Th e re-estabUshment of a local government and t he mohtlbm,tion
of manpower and re:50urces' to mee t the requirements or U ' - ' _ . l , k ' ~ C . " " "
operation are two aspects in. the poli t ica l
J44-
and to th e people behind the iron curtain to rise and
communjsm and tyrannica l rule to strive fo r
freedom' an d The highest poli tical is ,
formulation of Ii world wide united
should be made to destroy the e'nemy Y s brutal l JU" 'L \ .> ' , ; : )U 'UH
materialism t to disarm him ideologioally arid to shat ter hi s will to
fight, which aims crush the enemy without th e need to resortn chargehe
above t h r e ~ are pv, , !...." ....... ~ ; L . ! . warfare '
• As
Communists have suoh I-'v ......"' ......." ..... bureau . war.
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and t.he White
In order to achieve the objectives in ideological w a r f ~ r ewhich comprises the ""U , lL , l< : ; :U" 'C"" '"here is the need of an overall
theren'' ' .....1'.,,....''',.,+, a nd in th e
the State
and the united tront
have
the warfare sect ion s o r ommittees as well as ,the objectives. In suci plan, the form
otherwise known as the II Polit ical Section." contents, miss ion and methods of ideological warfare
mapped o ut i n details an d c le a rl y d ef in ed , s o that QUY"U' JLHUH, , ; ; }
and faith can be built whi le the enemy's destroyed.
the keynote in the whole blueprint of political warfare because i t
th e reservoir of moral an d spiritual strength 1 th e
in the Guidelines
of such
as "'''''''UUJl'''''
Polit ical Warfare on the
China the agency
the President sets th e s ou ls of men afire and lights the to th e
th eTo incu lcate in the minds of the freedom-loving
spiri t a nd t ho ug ht s as contained in Dr. Su n Yat-sen I
of communism.
The present ideological warfare waged a g a l n ~ t t he Ch ines e
Gommu,nists is a. pol it ical p rinc ip le aga inst the materialistic
philosophy. VIctory of t r l { ~ Three Pr inc iple s of th e People
over communism Th e .missions to be accomplished in
warfare are r el at ed a s follows:
IS
in
to
of warfare, ha s it s
Princip
Warfare in Ope
in
Ideolog
warfare , l i k e ~ h e other
and the destruction of the
detailed as follows
sum up
these
own
Principles of th e People. Thou ghts engender beli e f and
necessarily translateS itself into an invincible strength.
2. .To ar m th e rank and f il e of th e people with th e theory and
practice of the T hree P ri nc ip le s of the 'People and make it
effective weapon to strike t h Communist ideology.
3. To point ou t that the Three Principles of th e
front.
are to be carr ied ou t in two directions.
is the need of
ou r own as ou r
urselves in
-147--
10 . To employ the ideological weapons in areas where the
military operations ar e conducted to' effect a clean. sweep of
Communist thoughts •
The maj or obj ec ti ve s of ideological warfare thus explained,
Dr . Stin is the supreme on
the China was founded, t ~ ultimate goal of ou r
national reconstruction, and t he doctrine that citizens
should observe andput into pJractice , as ' " ' I . J .UU,. Q,I .v.....
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. tution.
the Par ty , andthe.:>U-""O'LJ'C....
" pe acef ul co ex ist en ce " a n employ-
of to camouflage the Communist <:I ." , . " , ... """"
we c an p ro ce ed ..;with the operations of such a warfare in the
strategic, tactical and pacifying fields.
A. In the strategical field In planning t h . ~ stratagem in
ideological warfare, we r..ave to take into consideration the
extensive and goals in th e war against the Communists,
It sh ould be in coordination with the overall strategy of the
nation. The object of ideological warfare in th e strategical
. field is the armed forces and t he peop le . He re ar e ~ h objectives:
I. To exp la in and hus 'to support the national policy, th e
administrative programs and various goals in wartime.
2. To explain without equivocation fo r what and fo r whom we
are fighting.
:3. To thwart the infiltration and spread of the Communist
To stress the fac t tha t the Three of People
is in full with the demand of the time and the requirementsof and also out that the era
is an era of the Three Principles of t he Peop le
To direct our concentrated at tack agains t the of
ideology and Mao thought by thoroughly
evils of Marxism and .LJ""""............. ,.u
6. To expose to l ight the so-called "coalition is
Communist tactical man€:lUver to establish the of
ideology •
4. To guard agains t the indirect approach of the Communist
in their ..ideological warfare by using fake freedom to
genuine freedom', sham democracy to'destroy true democracy.
5. To seek the true unders tanding and moral support of the
friendly nations in the ideological aspects.
6. To engage in the scholastic study of th e Three
of th e People, to spread it s thoughts in l i te r a ry ar tic les t
popularize and to make it in keeping with the changing situ-
ations.
as venomous
behind the i ron cur tain to renounce commu-
chaos
l a l ~ O J L o ~ r v and shatter th e Communist
into
arouse the
designate 'M:to
sheer liessow the of dissens on among the schools
of such as the "leftist" .the "r ight is t"
th e "revisionist", order to throw the enemy s ideological
point out that .tvlarxism-Lenlnism is an that
runs counter tt f human and the democratic way and
-149 -
nated . areas, to encourage theu to r ise i n a rms aga inst th e
Communist ty.I-anny J and to make sure that the people wi ll extend
no support to the enemy 1 s military operations .
30 To in the minds of the armed forces and the
.... V . .. ~ .......< .A science,
To these , t he agency in charge of l a E ~ O l O g l L C awarfare should make use of the following media:
L. Academic works: Works on philosophy
9 economics, etc. the standpoint of
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,
secure the fa ith of the people in t h newly-recoyered areas in
4. To eY:tend wha teve r suppor t i n id eo logy to t he officers
and men , to the· mass of the people and ev,an to those behind the
enemy's line upon the request of the field commanders.
5. To.> deflect the. ideology of th e enemy on the f r o n t ~ H n 6through persUas.\on.
To change t he though ts of the young ~ n t e l l e c t u a l s and
Communist followers, making them the motivating force of anti
Communist movements beh ind the enemy.
C. In the f ield of pacification. ' the ideolggical activities as
the means of pacification aim to consolidate the fruits of offensive
in the new ly-recovered aI"eas and to support the laws promulgated
by the field commanders fo r th e peopl e t o abide by. The of
ideologicalwarfare in the field of pacification is the armed 'forces
and the people in such areas 0 Here'.are the objectives:
L To purge th e venomous· thoughts "left behind by the e ~ e m yin the" newly-recovered a 'r ea s so as to prevent them from
like a phoenix from i ts a shes .
2. To promote the extensive educa tional work so as to make
in th eCcmmunist-controlled areas a clear i dea tha t the govern
ment forces undel' the banner of the Three of the
People ar e the forces of benevolence and righteousness and
therefore invincible.
the Three Pr inciples of t h f ~ People and the national
Literary articles: Poetry prose, d rama and
articles other genres written to depict of
Three of the People and the of the
after implements,tion.
• News PeJriodicals, pictorials dis-
jJUL'I,,;A,"::::<::>« etc. to be used.in the ideological V I J ~ . 1 . , a . l , . J . V U L i : : lRadio 'broadcasts l ~ n d TV programs: Radio
and TV programs to be uSEld as means of ideological s p r e a d ~5 • P o p ~ l a r read ing ma te ri al s: Fo lksongs , ballads, drum
songs , s tory- tel ling, local dramatic performances, articles on
customs, e tc to be used as a help in ~ U U \ . i I " " " ~ , V U
B, In the tactical field. In planning the, tactical operations
ideological warfare, we have to take into consideration the
be to the military operations th e situations in
the wa r areas, ideologicaLrequirements of the armed
forceS and t people behind the enemy line speaking,
ideological isd.irected against the servicemen and t he
'people i n t he rea rbf the enemy or i n t he areas.
Here ~ r the nt'\',o,..,·rl'l:rO"l!
t To shake of the enemy's. to de -
fighting
faith of the people in
-150- -151 -
gy , political and mili tary, through wisdom and deliberation, tlJ
carry out the national pol icy and strengthen national secu:rity;
and on th e other hand se t upon·keeping the e.nemy bewildered and
of the People and in the Government g
in the rehabilitation and restoration of social
Three
order.
• To win over wav'ering people i n t he
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perplexed so as to commit fatal b lunder s i n h is polic ies, . Then
in t he f ace of ou r all-out offensive, the enemy will be unable to
defend himself. St ra t eg ica l war fare is c o n d u c ~ d with the dis
truction of th e eIlemy 1 s wil l to fight as it s ultimate objective.'
To at ta in these objectives in s tr at eg ic al w ar fa re , t he re is
the need of the formulation of separate p lans for operation§ in
which the form and contents and t h ways and means ~ s h a l l be
clearly d ef in ed s o as to keep the thoughts and actions of the
enemy under control . Therefore in al l plans fo r military oper
ations, t he empha si s s hould be laid on the major strategy. As
the situations and r e s p o n s j b i l ~ t i e s in mi li tary operat ions vary,
t he obj ec ti ves strategical warfare are also different. When
militaryactions are. taken t th e major stratagy should be directed
to support the military operations.
Our present s tr at eg ic al w ar fa re is c on du ct ed w it h t he
Chinese Communists as ou r main target. Here are the
1. To expose the evils of "dlalettical materialism" which is
th e highest tenet of th e Communist strategical warfare. Based
upon lithe law of unity in contradictions lt the Chi.pese Communists
emphasi;2ie the constancy of contradictions and make -it a theore
tical basis fo r their diversionary and dividing tactics .A s to }lthe
law of transformational" quality andquantitytr,the ChineseComrnu
nists make th e mutability in qua li ty and quant i ty as the basis fo r
their infiltration tactics In regard to 11 th e la w of
strate
a . " " ' j l l ; , ~ ' ~ < A . ' warfare
strate-
As in operatiol1g .there should be '"'OJ."' .... "..
warfare. The supreme objective' in
be on t he one hand Se t upon mapping out an overall
-152-
2. Calculations Behind the Heavy rtains
Wa rfare in Operation
areas so that wil l work with the Government
To seek the of they young intellectuals making
them the mainstay in th e society.
5.To offer assistancEl in the resumption of
cultural andeduc'ational activities
The above are .the principles in'the operations ot ideological
T o pu t into , we have to, refute. th e Communist
with logical or s c l ~ n t i f i c arguments t o g iv ecthe enemy
th e expo,sing th e grim realities the people have fac.edhmder
communism, to th e Communist perversion' to
the materialistic philosophy or Marx and Lenin the
cherished humanist , to root up th e of class
by rea:ssertion of traditional ethics, to the
dictatorship upholding democratic thoughts, ,and
to rebut Communist expropriation by th e and
n " r ' n ~ l n l : l l ' r ' O " l f l l l if e t ha t th e people are enjoying under democracy.
,-J53,-. 'Il
their s t ra teg ica l war fa r e. That is why we have t o m ak e known
to th e free world and overSeas Chinese communities the bitter
that i s , under the Red banner, and the Chinese abroad d o n ot
Know that what the Sommunists call "unification" is a "front" inth e
Govern-
call
doc trina t basis fo r
fo r what
the Chinese Communists use
the free w0rld how the
rebeUion and make
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6. To make i t known that what th e Communists call national-
-155 -
ism is a mere pretext to divide the western world and the small
nations; that w ha t t he C om mun is ts call democracy is a mere
pretextto
stir upthe people
to rise against theirlegal govern
ment; and that what th e Communists- call socialism is a mere
pretext to incite the working class to rise against the manage
ment. Thes 'e tactics of d i s s e n ~ i o n and divis ion are steps taken by
t he R ed s in their subversive activities.
7. To make i t known to th e w or ld t ha t the Chinese, by nature
a peace-loving race, hav·e cons istent ly supported al l e fforts to
uphold international justice, have promoted the total diplomacy
maintaining cor di al r el at io ns with the governments and the
peoples 01' friendly nations, and had tr ied t through unofficial
channels, to offer kind advice to th e non-committed countries and
those which fail to distinguish friends from foes, and to rivet
cultural and economic ties with them
lesson we had learned from our experience that t hey w il l n ot
fall into the Red traps again.
5. To make i t clear. that isolation as a t act ic s tems from the
Communist military s t ra tagem, trying to drive a wedge among the
a ll ie d c ou nt ri es i n the free world and tJlUS undermine th e
darity of th e anti-Communist camp. T hi s i s the objective of the
Communist tactic of isolation.
such
is one
in
Chinese Reds
themselves
their eyes is
" U d L L J . ~ J H ' " ar e
ar e
Government. Now
of n thA unity in
I H''' ' ' 'J.L'' ', . '' in their dialectics
as nT'OOlosen by the'Communists between
seek peaceful coexistence when
to aU-out rebellion. The
Communist conspira.cy. When
upo.n the ove ,r seas Chinese to
-154-
to
II h united front" ismake i t known the world that t e
Mfensive tactic in the whole pattern of the
The C hine se Red had' repeatedly
make known to the free world that
tactics Communist strategy
against the
of China had suffered
the Chinese Communis ts , and to
Communists want
4. To
the.
OOooS11ao'll or
, which is a synonym for isola tion,and ,. but a..lJ.;O .... " . . . . . . . .
is the tactic in their s truggle. When nation is
to be neutral; fo r to neutralize is to
is militarily weak, the Communistweaken or to isolate i t When
will never allow i t to be neutral, fo r
coexistence !I , ,because
and " th e
fa:vorable,
themselves in peace talkS is the
• This is the
hands
intervals
unfavorable
m en t o f
Political s t ra tegy' as distinct from but in. conjunction'
,military, i s c ar r ie d out i n t he following two aspects:
A In th e s t r a t e ~ c a l field: Political strategy, as
rule , must be p lanned in accordance" with the na ti ona l goal s andthat
• To le t i t be known that, i n t he eyes of th e vU. J .Ul: :o : : l l ; ; ! p e o p ~ eth e Nations ha s be,come the second nations
after t he s ea ting of t he Peiping reg ime and the free is in
seriol1s that the belief of th e Chinese
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policies. I t should -als6 be in keeping with the changing politica.l
situations of t he wor ld Ja t large ~ b . i l ~ dealing with the Chinea-e.
Communist politica;l strategy ·In point of space, the implemellt
a t ion isnat ionwide , o r ever global. In point of time, i t is of
duration. It is the chief of th e state, in consul ta t ion wit1h the
National Security Council as the advisory body, who will
and direct t he major strategy in th e pol it ic al f ie ld . The target
of ou r present political strategy is th e Chinese Reds and
Peiping c.ountries. Here are the main objectives in o'ur po1'itlcal
strategy:
1..To fight against communism to the last with ou r own.
efforts and with determination as th e leading country in. th e
democratic w'orld, and to accept the challenge of th e Communists
by further unifying the freedom-loving peoples al l th e world over
2. To maintain and promote the ties an d 90operation through
all channels with those countr ies which, diplomatically, had eS
tab l is hed rela tions with the Peiping regime, b.ut domestically
adhered to their a . n t i - C o ~ m u n i s t policies, so as to help intensify
their anti-Communist aCJivities i n the po litical andfields.
3. To strengthen th e re la t ionsh ips and keep contacts in
cultural and economic fields with th e peoples of those n""",...l'"",,,,,,,,,
whose' governments have l eaned toward the l ef t but citizens
Chines-e
the national
how the Chinese
parties
af ter
infiltrate.
t o an d
be attained. through
and when time comes f the
will extend the ir support
that th e awakened countries feel there is
to establish a "coalition "''"',,.''''">',"
Chinese Communists to divide
which can
To uni te all anti-Communist,
t he f al se
I I .To make a comprehensive report
Communists had "hOI . ~ e d ! l the
utilized
mainland take-over how t hey had deceived the jJl : : ' ' ' ' ' ; : ; :> '4Ul,; ; ;>
false promise of implementing "land reform" and "land distri
bution II how they had duped th e workers by th e false
Ulactories totae workers :rnd how they hadfooled the business
men by th e false promise "tobenefit both t he labo r and the manage-
a ~ contrast them with the grim realities on the Communist-
mainland so as t o uncove r their and cause
of mainland recovery and-national reconstruction.
them to disintegrate from withiv
The are major objectives in ou r ,s trategical
in a revelutionary
call upon al l to be united
differences and narrow-m:lnded so as not to be
ustice
Chinese
any international
th e need to
-157 -
5. To carry· out . and step up the spiritual mobilization and
psychological reconstruction in Taiwan.
The warfa re per ta in ing to political and military
has importaht bearings on.the nati01?-alpoUcy and national defense.
.. , , , . ~ , . ~ ~ ~ - system and free wa y of
V A U U A U , ~ " , L ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 1 5 the Sou thea st Asia Afr ic a and
- still have u n s w e r ~ ' . I . 1 1 g i l::uth in
liCe, with issues shelved.
4. keep th e world on the alert t o t he Chinese Communist
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3. Unity of Feeliog and Affection"'\
Organizational Warfare in Operation
It is highly comple:x; and complicated. What ha s been discussed
here is but a sma ll f ac ti on . The brier description aims to enhance
the interest in t he s tudy of strategy in i ts r el at io n to
warfare and to thwart the Communist chicaneries in ' time.of
chicaneries
in Communist
and lithe United' front".
IS
the ChinE! se Communist I J v ~ , , ~ . , L ' - ~ " L
is another term fo r lithe li beraHan movement If
remind from time to t ime the so-called non-co{l1mitted
under such catchwords as
dissensions and to expose the timeworn Communist
tricks of setting up the "coal it ion government ".
Itnd neut ra l count ri es of the Chinese Communist
The primary objec tives of organizational warfare may b (
d iv ided into two parts. First , on ou r side, the is
strengthen the relationship and coordination of the activities of
organizations, tangible 'or, intangible, related to political,
economic, social, and military affairs. Negatively, this aims to
guard them against the enemy IS -infiltration <lnd posiUvely; to
strike the enemy in. a concerted effort. This is what Suntse said
liTo emerge the victor with ou r forces intact! '. In o the r words,
i t is to strengthen ourselves by consolidating ou r own o r g a n i z ~aHons. Seeondly, in the fight against th e enemy, there is th e
primary task o£ infiltrating, di'Viding and sabotaging the enemy I 15
political f economic; social and military organizations so as to
dislocate and disintegrate them. This is to destroy the enemy
through the operation of organizational warfare. In conjuctioll
with the ,military, the final goal of organizational warfare,
- j 59 -
of the
to rise
strate-
break up
of
and
mainpoints of
fo r the total warfare -l". .....u • . .., .. the
and make use of
mainland people
and Mao
J 58-
s e r i e ~ i of national calamities
Communist
pay attention
call
To
.... U U A ~ __ JL
rule from within
r ~ g i m e •
B. In the tactical field:
a watchful eye on the Communist inner strife
Lin Piat,) s untimely death.
enemy's
keep a watchful eye on the
conflicts.
\ gy in the tactical field are alS follows:
I. To unmask the Communist vicious
mainland
the
military and the civic, and forces of varyIng services, thus
making officers and me n one body, and the military and th e civic
one family.
7. To step up t he o rge. niza tional work in th e rear of the
!-,V.LJ.l.-J.l.;t:L.\ warfare, is to support th e
our overall and national
other type of
in
In ou r present wartare
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enemy.
For the purpose of achieving the above-mentioned objectives
t he ope ra ti on of organizational warfare may be divided into
following categories:
A. In th e strategical field: In planning t he s tr at eg y
organizational warfare, we have to meet the demand of the ex-
t en si ve and l ongr ange obj ec ti ve s i n th e conflict and keep times
with th e implementation of overall strategy. The operational
targets inc1llde the· enemy and it s allies and the whole system of
th e enemy s military and political set-ups, covering the entire
war thea te r" Here are the objectives:
1. To exhort t he governIm nt s of free countries to uphold
justice and dist inguish friends from foes oo:sedupon historical
lessons and for the g oo d of humanity, not to "open door fo r th e
robbers", as the Chinese saying goes.
2 . Togi ve support to and maintain close t ies with the friendly
forces fighting fo r freedom.
3. To form a strong and united anti-Communist body comp
rising patriots at home and abroad.
4. To call upon the people .q.t t he l ow levels of th e Communist
structqre to rise against the Red tyranny on the mainland..
5. To urge the youths under th e control of the Red
ations to rise and fight the Comm.unists.
Government
j : ;a.UJ.z ,a L.LVIJI:::l of
of
and economk aspects
between
overseas Chinese united
the task of mainland and national
r e . Q ~ l m e ! n th e
support the anti-Communist
on th e international level,
and the
unofficial channels.
To
3
an d tne the and the pubUc, and the labor and the
making them an invincible composed of
IJV
1IJUJlQ. .... C', and to consolidate the governmental structure
the carrying out the administrative measures .
........ I"' ....''''U th e
eUlUonships between the rank officers the
international
every
is the best weapon use against the
of affection we also best weapon to
en em y's control co ercio n. With the
center the organizational based upon th e correct line
a'nd should be conducted with the
attain:
-161-
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\I
~ "u No Enemy, He Is Our Comrade"
Psychological Warfare in Operation
There are two major objectives involved in th e operations
the· reco·very the enemy-held areas and to meet the
i . r E ~ m ~ ~ n t , S of the field commanders in manpower and
These operations are toward the 8.J;'med forces and the
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psychological warfare: one i s the strengthening of ou r own beliefs
and th e other is the shattering of th e enemy I s faith. The former
includes the c onsolidaHon· of tJ;1e,spiritual grace' of ou r orrie er sand men, t he fortification of their wil l t o fight an d the ·fostering
of their persevering spirit during comoo.t. The latter includes
the attack upon the psychological weaknesseS of the enemy, the
reduction f' f combat s treng th, the weakening of h is w ill to
f i g h ~ , and the derangement of hi s mental make- up . However , t he
psychological operat ions should conform with t he overa ll st ra te-
gy and center a round the mil it ary situations.
The psychological warfare we are now waging against th eCommunists is one of s inceri ty agains t fa lsehood, morali ty
against t he immora l, and th e well-being against the misery of the
people. In this respect, we are in a position much superior to
th e enemy, bec au se hypoc ri cy , treachery and misery are
p reci :s ely the weaknesses of the Communists . If we a tt ack thei r
vulnerable spots , their psychological defense will surely collapse .
Here are the objectives in our psychological. warfare.
1. To convince ou r people at home and abroad thatthe Chinese
Communists ' lhave Spoken the best in words out d on e t he worst in
deed$ll, and that there will be no compromise w h a t s o e v ~ r with
them so that with the unshakable faith in the ultimate victory and
strong determination to fi ght U ll th e end., the people under t he
mem-·phose who have sworn to2. To
To attain above objectives, the
should be undertaken the unit concerned:
To condur t t he census checkup.
""'vo,,,,..,.,,,nt their
2. the these areas in the
\ '
work and i n t he restoration of peace and order ~ n to
in the establishment of local :self-government after the U . I J I ; . . U . 1 U . Q o i ~ . 1 . V J . A
CA ....."" ............ elements
assist those who have contributed to th e anti-Red
struggles in establishingcivic organizations related to
o r o f ~ ~ s f n o , n s , et c
in the Comnltmist
3. set the date fo r the. Communist undercover agents to
surrender to th e authorities concerned and sort out the
C.ommunist remnants and saboteurs lurking among th e
The abov e discuss ion covers only a of to
be attained and activities to undertaken in th e organizational
warfare against the enemy
people in these newly-recovered areas • Here are the
out al l Communist organizations 1n- these areas to
1-165-
and the people as the targets of operat ions, covering the 'entire
wa r areas . Here are the objectives in the·psycb.ological oper
ations:
1. To support a nd e xp la in withQut ambiguity the nationaL
in
from
ou r servic,emen and the2.. Toenhand'e th e
the final victory·Over th.e
anU-Comrmmist banner will ward off the enemy tacticsbl
united front and effor ts . to ta lk peace .
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out a ~ d . i n s t anyone, instead, those who haveil l be
contriquted to the anti-Communist efforts will be awarded....
3. To call upoh the mainland people ~ . rise up and over throw
th e Pe ip in g re gim e so as to prevent th8 nuclear hol oc au st i n a
Chinese and Russian Communis t War.
p.olicies, object ives and g o ~ l s during wartime.
2. To extend the us e of the catchwords that "If no enemy , he
is our comrade " as a politicfll appeal to the main land people.
With the exception of a few Communist leaders, no punishment'
4. To welcome those who have visited the mainland to Taiwan,
either individually or as a group, in the hope that they will make
a f ai r and just comparison between the life in Taiwan and that on
the mainland.
stabilize the
extreme s k e p t i c ~ s m in th e minds of th ereate"6 ..
to bed'efeaied.
boost th e ! U V . l . a · J l ~ of the servicemen,
his tory that despotic rules Cell and trai tors
J.. To increase valor to forge ahead with th e anti-
Commumst struggle e:x:posing the RedS criminal acts on the
mQ,lnlandandshowing to·the,m why c o m m u ~ s m must and i s s ur e
minds of tbepeople an d to consolidate the defense" . (
of th e dation through psychological reconstruction as a positive.
methodand mentalquarantlne as a preven.tive
5 ' T ~ 8 t i r up anti-Communist upr is in gs c ap it al iz in g on the
disillusil1nmentan d dissatisifacUonof themainalnd people with" " \
. reali t ies OJflUe under the C::ammunist rule ..
countries of the Communists establish
warfare andwork with them effectively •
systematica,Hy collecting materials and pUblishing
5 To help those
conununism
a sound system of
.,....167 -
6. To lay bare before the world the true nature of Chinese
documentedb O ~ k S
to show how th e Chinese Reds rose i n power..
how they had dup"ed the people and how t hey had .oppressed •
controlled the mainland people.
T. To open the eyes of the delegates and representatives of
th e Peiping- regime stationed out.side of the i ron curta in .to thE
free world and to help them to c;iefect to th e Government in Taiwan
of
\ ' ; V 1 . l . U . 1 1 . l \ " ; ~ ou r
armedf war, with
-166-
warfare mus t be in full coordination with the ex -
and Long-range . . , " ' ~ . ' " ' ~ ¥ .
objectives as s ta ted in the above, we
psychological,warfa re in the following fields
A In th e field: Th e strategical
enemy' l ' o r r ~ e r s a n d m ~ r i as to the future o f t he Peiping regime.
due' incessant strifes among the topnotchers
7.. To create 'conditions favorable to our operations
w i n b i n g t ~ heart of th e e:nemy I s servicemen a nd through
contrasting ,the lite ilfTalwan with that on ihe main land .
through rad io such questions: "What do your kinfolks eat? What
do they wear? What is the fate of th ose g e n e r a l ~ , commanders,
commissars, and many other top officers who have contributed
their feats fo r the cause oCcommunism? Fo r whom are you figh
ting now?"
pictorials,
authoritiesorder to attain the above "h·i ........+' ....' ' ' ' 'c.
concerned should employ t h following means:
Radio network.
matters induding handbills, ....a. ........ , ....""
periodicals, air' floating "'Wlo.LUJ,au.u.
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To attain the ab ove objectives, the authorities concerned
sho uld employ the following:
1. guns, aircraft , balloons, and task force to launch,
drop f or diss'emlnate .Leaflets an d other propaganda materials.
2. loudspeakers.
3. radio broadcasts •
4 . sma ll -si ze newspaper s and pamphlets fo r smuggling into
the Red-controlled. areas through al l poss ible means .
C. In th e field of pacification: The psychological operations
in this field are conducted to consolidate the fruit§ already
reaped prior to th e recovery of the enemy-held areas, and' to
moraland material supports as required by the field commanders.
The targets of such operations are th e servicemen and the people
i n t he recovered areas. Here ar e the objectives in this field:
To promptly take over and make use of the broadcasting
stations, newspapers, and other mass media .
6. To instill in the minds of the mainland peopl e tha t t he
Governmev.t forces are fighting under the banner of benevolence
and righteousness , trying to help them out of th e Communist·yoke.
7. Tc repeat the Government proclamation: those who have
been aff li at ed with the Reds ar e not quilty and those who con
tribute themselves to the anti-Red efforts will' be rewarded.
officers an d men
necess it ies for
on asking the Chinese
smuggUn, into· th e mainland.
-Systematic work on the international
B.. In the tactical field.: The tactical of
gicalwarfare, when conducted to. suppor t the operations
in areas, are direeted at the enemy s armed force-sand th e
people, in. such areas and vicinit les . Here ar e the of
t a ( ~ U I ~ ! operations:
}.. T o m a k ~ . J r n o w n , t o thepeople in these areas radio
broadcasts th e economic recons1\...a ct ion and in the
is landm$UonofT-man lind the happy an d free life .of the people.
To ask th e Communist cadres ,through radio such soul-
searcbi.Q:1 questions: 1I][f Liu Shao-chih Lin Piao/could not
presen 'elbeir lives, how could you? ,I
To.keepon asking 'Mao Tse-tung the query through radio:
HIf peOJ1ls' Shao,-chih and Lin Piao "!¥erEf unreliable, how
yotttrust Chou En-Lal and Yao"Wen-yuan in
To .keep On asking th e Chinese Redffntricers and men th e
9luestionthroughradio: ,-'J+tf Pang Teh":huai, Lo Ja i ....chinganq Lin
p o ~ s i d e r e d to have done wrong, then pause and
is what: you are doing. now right? II
etc for to
Important propagrctnda sheets and
-1 68 -'- -169-
5. Vigilance.-the Price of libertyIntelligence Warfare in 'Operation
Jjike· other types of political warfSlTe, the objectives of
intelligenoe warfare are divided into two: on e is self-protection jcultural and educ-or
in these areas and make them
rumors and fabrications ..
over
4. To
2. To
work wi th us
To stop the
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to do so , we'have to employ the overt and the covert measurel;
before we can safeguard the internal s e c u r i ~ y ; thwart t h ~ ~enemy I s infiltration, and prevent <the Jeakage of classified.
secrets . The othe r is to defeat. th e enemy; and to attain
this, we have to use th e highest wisdom and, most e r t e c ~ v emethods in appraising, the enemy I s s i tuat ions , in evaluat ing i h Conected informat ion , in 'seeing through' the enemy· I ~ i n s i d i ( ) u ~ lplots, and in predicating his. act.\ lsbefore we can ~ k the!
initiative and tinal ly come out th e v, ctor without <any bloodshed
in · ou r struggle against the ' ~ n e m y --...:. th e Commums·ts ..
As is well known, the Chinese Communists gained power
ttyough : h i g h l y - o r ~ n i z e d intelligence operations .. In spite of th e
fact that the ,henchmen t he Chine se Reds ha d employed as under
c ~ v e r agents wer.e largely hoodlums, and t he methods they
resorted to were sorcery, they had succeeded in utilizing a-
no means small number of countrymen as tools in the e ~ t e n s i v e.clandestine espior.mge network . Since the establishment of
P eip in g reg im e a nd the tyrannical rule on the mainl and
whole situations have ,changed and t he old game they played be
lore th e usurpation of power have ,proved to be of no effect any
l onger . There fo re in the aspect of intelUgenbe warfare, the
Government of the Republic of China ha s g a i n ~ d an upper hand
and turned from defensive to offensive. Now, the mi:ssitms
as means:
the Reds
employ the
venomous
. U.lU.l . \ J'j : ; ... , ...... effects of the local on
J .AC. I- .u . . '. . . . . . . . .L .... ' bulletins, booklets, periodicals,
areas tormerly held
4
. loudspeakers.
2.
pn,r.p .-Sl lUl .nF CLLI,.L1..1.1U.C of the people , an d estahlishTo
the scope of intelligence \.:U.L!.'C' . 1.-J 'VU
in psychological
above , the authorities concerned in
and other printed matters"
5 motion anlf dramatic perfo:r:mances.
sum up, the ope:ratlons of psychological warfare are
conducted with the purpc)se of establishing in minds of th e
mass of the f ai th i n the Government through dUlb't::::t:LO
an d and the ultimate goal Is to defeat the enemy
t he n e w l y - r e c o v e r e d a r e a ~ ;radio brbadcasts
a tional activities.
-110- -1 71 "'-
7. To kee p wat ch fo r th e Communist methods of "human
wave" intelligence collectionthrough tourists and foreign agents.
8. To take the counter-intelligence measures by sending
men to get close to the known Red agents and plant ing them in
connivance.
of nationals o t ha t eve ry considers the
ou r warfare at present may be related as follows:
1.. To heighe tn the consciousness and elevate the
alertness th e security movement, tighten-
up the secur ity measures and expanding th e ed.u-
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I . To ensure the security of the mil itary bases, th e ,,....J. . . . . .CL ...
e st ablishments t andthe mintary redeployments in order to ward
off the Communist intrigue of infiltration an d espienage.
2. To insure, inpartioufar, the se'curity of national defense,
foreign affairs, scientific developments, and others .
3 To guard against the possible development of th e Commu-
10.. To develop and strengthen t he int el li gence network
behind th e enemy I s frontlines.
Among the missions ' l isted above, some are missions of
counter- inte l ligence, others are those of offensive in the in
telligence warfare. In order to accomplish these missions t the
operation is conducted in th e following fields:'
A. In strategic:al field: Th e strategical operations of
intelligence warfare mus t be conducted in ful l conforml ty with
th e extensive an d long-range objectives of war, with t he lurked
Communist agents in Taiwan, t he officers and men on the f ron t
line and in the rear of th e enemy, and their organizations,
official or unofficial, as targets. The objectives in t hi s f ie ld
are as follows:
the cells.
9. To be engaged in the large-scale and long-range re
search work on Communist affairs.
or
from any
improve
finding
~ a U A J U < O < . I W . V U ' " from
checks and keep tracks of l JUU"'A.OJ . J ,Cu .
which violate th e national
precaution against ilie Communist
, th e Reds often assume to be l iberals,
, and ( ~ v e n anti-Communists, in order
th e Chine sa Communist espionage network as its
fo r their espionage and subversive activities
or
To take
ke ep wat ch fo r the enemy IS
o rgan ized and infiltrations of enemy's
• To uproot the Communist intelligence network
. from cases· uncovering high-level,and sorting -out Red secret serv icemen through
3. To advoca te
means and to ' " 'vu . :>""" , .J . . . . . .
th e .. ' O , ~ J . U . A ... "'I ....-:;;;'" and methods of investigation.
direction
interests
th e hi gh ly selected and well;...trained
personnel and the establishment of close-knit and
effective I in charge of collecting,
and tracking down the with·
secrets the duty of a citizen
out t he Chi ne se Communist undercover
-17 -173-
of intelligence warfare in the tactical field are stated as r O l l o v ~ s :r.. To -tighten up al l security measures regarding the
tary activities.
2. To take steps to pre"(rent the Communist ageEts
filtrating into our fighting and logistical Ul1.its.
who
in the policy-
potential in planting into service the
II Coreignagents
as CommUJrllst united front
maklp.g bpdies of the Government .nd, the Party the agencies of
mass and the department· and sections' otcommunications.
ca n be
nist intelligence
""'"' ...... .., ..LL . . . ""' ", .. the ...,.."'--,........
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34 To gather f ir st -hand iriformation 'wjth r e g a i d t h - e
Communist contemplated actions a,nd intrigues.
4. To carefully provide the enemy 'with false i n t e l l i g ( ~ h C e §causing,the enemy to commit serious tactical blunders ..
To accomplish the missions listed the following are
considered n e c e s ~ a r y :I. The mos t sophisticated communication apparatus and
most advanced ti-:;chniques in comrnunication.
2.. The most competant perso nnel and the highest wisdom..
3. The c o m p l e t ~ and weH-arranged intelligence reports ..
C.. I n ~ , h e field of pacification: Intelligence warfare in this
field is to ensure the security QI the newly recvoered areas
to help th e field administrative unit i n t he work of re-establi
smng the loca lgovernments. The objec tives of intelligence war.;.
fare in this field ar e as fallows:
I. To take OYer the Communist llpublic security" units'
sort out their regular secret servicemen and members of these
affiliated organs so as t o keep them under contrQl.
,2 .. To wipe out all Communist secret party.organs and sort
ou t thei:r cadres in an extensive drive that t he Red s a nd their
a r f i l i a t e ~ will betray their identities ..
3. To impose cenSus· checkup in order to prevent the lurking,
"':-175-
countries
use
In t h e ~ tactical f ie ld : T he object'i,'e'of war-
in this field ir;; to give support to themllitary operations in
wa r zenes.. It conducted in coordination with the military
situations, and the situatIons of both sides in these areas, with
enemy t SIntelli:genceagents"and officers and men as targets {
To meet tJ1e requirements of the field comma.nders, the o'bjectives
-174-
5. keep informed of the activities on
b a ~ l e s , the development of manpower
and , and the redeployme,nts.
To accomplish the above missIons, the authorities concerned
s.hould undertake the following:
I .. To streamHne and strHngthen the personnel and t e c h n i c ~ lsections in, the counter-intelligence organizations
have selective appointees and c i r c u m s p e ~ tarrangements
3 To prQvide radio transmitors and other e q u l ~ ) m l ~ n t : s,4.. To keep under control the s t ra tegicai
'5. bridge over al l cormections and contacts for poss ible
communities a,nd in
keep.a watchful eye on the possible developments of
Communist i nt el li ge nc e s yst em in t he overseas Chinese
4. To keep th e Communist cap tives under control
strict disciplinary measures.
5. To t ighten up al l socurity measures.
To sum up, in tel ligence warfare itself is a contest of wit
and related u n i t s ~
new troubles
a U ~ U l d . I . ~ secrecy of the strength, th e re -
, the actions of ou r UU". l . , , "" . l .
4. To maintain
• Tc maintain th e ~ e c r e c y of th e movements of strategical
elements from
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between two parties, it is also th e consummation of tactics To
achieve the. premeditated r e s u l t ~ from such an operation, we
have to make u s of the e : x p e ~ i e n c e s an d techniqup-s available,
both ,ancient and modern, at home and abroad.
fortresses
and t he meansmaterials their
To insure the
arsenals and other
ation.
into the enemy-held areas so as to
spy and collect information on th e Communists activities
make an extensive inves tigat ion on the materials,
6. The Voice ,of the Pecple Is the Voice of God
Mass Movement Warfare in .Operation
The people form the basis of political power .. With thenl
there I s polit ical; power; without t hem there is no political
pOwer w h a t s o e " r ~ r . During the t imeof peace a g o v e r n m ~ n t .cannot
last long without th e support of the people. In the time.ot
th e ' a l l e g i a ~ c e ~ non-allegiance of the people d e t e r ~ i n evictory and defeat .
Th e highest p:r:incipie in the operation o! mass m o v e m e ~ t L'S
on th e one hand to carry out t ~ national policy in: accordance
with the theory, of total warfare by securing th e support and
us ing the s t rength of th e maSs of the people in the consolidation
of tJIe warstrl lcture; an d on t he o ther . hand t o defeat the enemy.
by weakeni ng his' fighting strength t h r ~ u g h th e dovelopment and
the use oC mass agitation and ~ a s s action against the--enemy
in tenl or externP.l. T h i ~ may also be called the principle
political· stratagem ..
, to
come
so as to
prisoners
Communist
the
measures
of th e
or have been " , , ~ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' r , ' ' ' '
behind
serveillance
LI U';I. .J. . ;>.U 1'0/ and
tives, the authorities concerned
ou r service.
Cl.LL.'.L.l..l.l,..l.C:;.:> of untoward
up intelligence networks.
in
i mp ose the
or
Communists
these areas have to take th e
war an d to presS them
attain the above
hold
To utilize those reliable elements who have c::\,\,.-\.;L ' ll1!J ' l..U:Hl'V
ations
feats in the ( ' t J . 1 \ . ~ - ' ' V ' ' ' l 1 t H U U . ' U 0
sor t out the
wea po ns , a nd
confiscate f or o ur u se .
activities-177 -
equalize thewealth after economic prosperity; to' e s . ~ b l i s h a new
s oclety of freedom. security ,harmony and happiness on th e
basis of the Three Principles of t he Peopl e by the increase in
t h ~ p e r capita income of the people, under t he directives of
Premier Chiang Chin-Kuo.
thE
are the
the National Government oft o a tt ain th e "I"\ , ; , , , , , t ....·,...
carry out operations on th e
Chinese Communists, as is
Republic of upon the g u i ~ i n gstrategy, has charted the ways to be <A-lJl.Jl."'O::::U
nT',D!Q'i:Ilrif situations so as
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5. To fortify the anti-Communist· determinatinn of th e people
by making them realize thoroughly that the Chinese Reds are
public enemy, and by...exposing the fa ct s tha t al l the people on
th e mainland 'inc luding t h ~ , peasants, th e workers, the businessmen, th e youths and the women, h ~ v e been exploited. persecuted,and oppressed under t he Communist tyranny.
6. To win the inclinations of the people In'the Commumst-
held areas toward the National Government by th e to
satisfy their urgent need as a political appeaL
7. To inspire the agitation of the people in the.......
,..".\1-, ......
areas as a prelude to t he a rmed uprisings'against the Commu
nists l•
8. To pub lic ly advoc at e the liberation of the people
th e Communist rule andto topple t he Pelping regime by o r ~ · -n i ~ m i g and mobil iz ing the anti-tyranny strength of t he mas s of
the mass of the people on th e mainland.
Among th e missions listed in the above , the first five aim
at the c'onsolidation of ou r own anti-Communist structure 1 while
th e lastthree aim atthe defeat of the enemy. For the convenience
of putting into operat Ion , mass'movement warfare 1s conducted
in the following three fields:
A. In the strategical field: Mass movement warfare, as
s
the
program
missions
over this
and affection theTo establish
of
To merg0 the a ~ r i a n movement with the program of
llT.iclutll1nLI development and ih e improvement of t he p ea sa nt s
livelihood; to merge the industrial movement with
of, industrial and trade develcmmen,t a1,ld th e
interests of the .\ndustrial an d t r ade c i rc les; to
movement wi th the program of t he promoti on in
ethics, and democracy and m e n t ~ l as well as bodily health
the ; to merge the IwomE!n' s movement th e program
domestic happiness and t he women' slivelihood •.
To i ns ti tu te s oc ia l r ef orm after reform: to
measures.
faith wHhthemaSs 9f the i n t he common doom
out t'he prt;lg'rams of national reconstruction in th e
livelihood and weH-being promoted.
2s To work'with'the mass of th e people fo r th e recovery of
mainland and th e defeat of communism in the self-
reliance and mutual assistance through cultural an d educational
masters of 'th e ar t of and controlling the
Cor the. purpose of winning the
mass mo;vement battlefields, the
are be acco'ffif>ll:shl"d:
enemy
-: 178- -119 --:-
help us in th e anti-Communist effort in due t ime.
In order to accomplishthe above missions, th e authorities
concerned should undertake the following activities:
I. To put .into effect aU measures i n t he interest of the mass
1 with th e
of th e enemy as
gical deployment in overall military
of the people . t h l ~ froiltand i n t he
a t should be carried out in coordination·with the extensive
and long-range wa r and m e a n w ~ i l e ? with strate-
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of t.he people.
2. To strengthen the work to serve the interest of the people.
3. To promote the' education in anti-Communism .
4. accelerate the tempo in f i g h t i n g . a ~ i n s t th e Chinese
Reds on the mainland thrQugh ou r underground organizations
there.
5. T o compl ete the preparatory work in organizing the
masseS against the Communists on th e mainland.
B. In the tactical f ie ld : T he obj ec ti ve of mass movementin
this field is to give direct support to the ni iEtary operations in
th e wax: areas. It is conducted in coordination with th e war d e
velopment s and the s i t u a t i o n ~ of the people on the front, with
t he m as se s of the wa r area and their vicinities as ta rge ts . The
o,bjectives in the tactical field are as follows:
1. To exhort the people on the enemy I s front. to support our.
mil it ar y ope ra ti on s a nd convince them t ha t the Government
fighting f or t he ir liberation from the Commur.Jst oppression.
2. Tomake the masses provide us w it haccurate informatlon
voluntarily.
1. Through strict discipl ine and by political appeal to
, J h e f r o n t l i n e ~ o p l e in steps with ou r forces, notwith the enemy.
• To mobilize the manpower and resources in meeting th e
requirements in ou r military operations.will
life
in ou r mass movement the:rein voluntarily so
2.. To call upon the mass of the people to support the
mobilization program of manpower andresourtes in
the face of the Chinese Communist menace
3 To ensure the national security by upon the people
to support the present program of sorting out th e Communist
agents and traitors
4. To exhort the mass of th e people to
governmental foundation their to the
p r e ~ e n t adminstration.
5 To 'alert in th e enemy-held areas to true
nature of communism an d call upon them to agains t t he R ed
oppressors to th e bitter end with determination
6.. To in the. minds of the in the enemy-
held areas that the. Kuomintang represents the main current of
Chinese political thoughts jl that the National Government is the
legal and government of China; and
l;;;.,,a.u'tan Chiang Kai-shek is th e national savior.
To way fo r the people in the areas
The may be sUf111I1ed
I.. To lead the in th e adaptation t o t he
.......,........."..... an d thriftand ill extending the
t o t he national wartime
180 - -18 t -
.""Ii£&&tMJ&£1
2. To re-educate those people who have "been utilized
Communists an d re-orientate them toward the Government.
in these areas so as to ensu re there wi.ll be no comeback anyhe people · U C H ..."' .... the enemyo
6. To most of the enemy' materials in
fo r mass· movement,S so as to hamper
on Iront.
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:3. To stress the refugee relief work, with wages as a
s t i tu tefor relief.
th e hands mainland people fo r use our oper-
ations agitatIng them fo r starting movements to their
4. To res tore th e soda l order by re-establishing the
defense organizations, with th e themselves J;'esponsible
fo r screening and self - fjefense .
5. To exhort the people the recovered areas to give, all-
out support to the political platforms based on th e Three Prin-
c i p1es of th e , w ltb th e esta bUs hment o f the government of
t he people. the and fo r the peoplg as the ult imate" goaL
6, To utHize the positive elements among th e masses as the
in th e anti-Communist organizations.
7. To the strength of th e people to t he ful le s t extGnt
to support th e mili tary operat ions by promptly restoring the lines
o ft rans porta ti o nand prod uction.
To attain th e objectiv'es listed in th e above, th e authorit ies
concex:ned should carry out tb e following activities.
I. To support the field civil administ rat ive uni ts .
2. To make al l materials available f or r el ie f work.
J. ,- 'I e pr.0vide the civi l defense crganizations with arms .
with weapons and
Commu-
on. the mainland to
1
p s y c h o l o g l ~ a l operations on the enemy 's Cront
To coordinate th e intelligence work with the anti-Commu
o,ist people behind the enemy I s Cront .
provide the anti-C ~ l I \ m u n i s tammunition time and keep them fihgt ing on
despite setbacks •
To aH-outsupport. to the
mass movements without let-up.
In the field of pacification Mass movement warfare in
this field is to extend the achievements in the mass
work.
attain. of ITiass movement warfare in the
f ie ld , the following activities should be
- .To take the masses in the target areas as the
To organize the maSses behind the enemy s so as to
thwart the to the Communlsts in their administr-
ations so t ha t t he can-be laid in the re ....e·stablishment
political power in the recovered areaS of such
operations as
To uproot foundation of the Communist mass operations
-182 -
4. Topr iv ide facilities fo r transportation, communication
and production.
The mass movement warfare i n t he pacification zones is the
final check-up of all the achievements of political Yvarfare It
-183 -
to e xe rt o ur , utmost in this respect at th e present
Chapto r VI., Conclusion
"There,is no subst itute for vic tory"
Douglas 11acArthur.
th e
it
the evils ofIn order to
political po'wer on
'" ' ' ' '6 ....,u ....,u 6 'of ,political reconstructIon
I n ( a p , U ~ S of
communism andto se t up
Three
also' marks the
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liThe fight against communism" is
th e responsibility of all. Th e Communists
exploit ou r apathy f indifference and
unconcern tl• - - ,J . E. Hoover!
"The world conflict is simply a war
between good and evil . On e cannot but be
sure that f however the ebb and flow of
fortunes of wa r and' currents of power
pol it ics change, man will aspire toward
th e good and spurn eVil'in th e long run.
Therefore it is inevitable that evil will
pass. and good must win. II
- - Lin Yutang .
In the preceding chapters, i t has been made extrem,ely clear
that the Communists f Russian and Chinese 1 have long been em
phasizing th e significance of political warfare and using i t as
means to fu rther thei r agg res sions and rebellions.
th e concept and the art of political warfare are by nO'means
inventions of th e Communists . The political warfare we of
differs from that of the ,Communis ts , both in meaning and in ob -
- 184-- 185-
&E&£&£
by strength ll• lIThe contest by wit", in modern term, is t he same
as the ,conflict of thought or ideology. The earliest examples DC
ideological warfare in China took place in the days of Confucius
and Menclus who flourished in the f if th and fourth century B.C
respectiv:ely. As in the Period of Spring and A utumn, the ortho
has
presentway do we fol low the enemy . WhatIn
native China fo r several thousand years
Yat-sen and President Kai-shek have bed
been
writer wants to make clear h er e i s that
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dox phi losophy handed down from Emperors Yao , Shun,
Tang, Wen, and Wu, and th e Duke of Chou, syncretized in Con
fucianism, had gradually diversified with conflicting schools of
thought vying fo r supremacy. On8 of the marked trends wa s a
type,of "hypocrites" who in words and deeds pract ised pretense
and chicanery to gain their own sel fi sh ends. Among them Shao
Cheng-mao was the distinguished representative-. It wa s said
Confucius' detested them t he mos t. As soon as he took th e post
of Minister of Justice i n h is nat ive State ofLu, he promptly pu t
Shao Cheng-mao to death. The stern measure taKen by Confucius
to uproot the weeds has been admired by la t3r generat ions .
in the period of Warring States, schools of heterodox
thoughts took concrete shapes . In t he face of cultural anarchy #
Menciu s, t he main architect of Confucianism, entertained the
bitter resentment against Yang Chu, who preached ego ism, and
Mo-Ti, who expounded the doctrine of all- embracing love. He
took upon himself the responsibity to denounce both
saying: "The whole world is in chaos . Those who do not belong
to the school of Yang Chu must be of the school of Mo Ti", and
fl} am notfond of disputing, but I cornpelledto do i t " . Mencius I
denunciation of both schools of thought can be considered an
open attack on the he te rodox philosophy of his t ime. This is an
be
will
win
also
pre
and
wHh-
highest
enemy s
rnastery
science
ha'Ve
advocated in
ar t
but rather the use
it.'
not
the skillful leader subdues
ha s i t that
he will
times the
stratagem and
few
valor".
is
military
lithe contest by wit" and lithe contest
the enemy I s plans II. In
be cited to show how
a l : : a , u , ~ " L the enemy. Suntse
has said:
warfare have been stressed
the
in
th8 best
a dis tinction
the
ancient China.
he goes on: "With hi s forces
the, and thus
This is the
genera
a war
enemy I S troops without any fight ing; he captures
without them he overthrows their
in the field!l . Suntse IS
stratagem, ra ther than
great
6- . - 18 7 - ~
this toreknowledgecannot be elicited, from spir i ts ; it cannot be
obta ined induct ive ly from experience, no r by any deductive
calculation. Knowledge of the ene my I s dispositions ca n be
obtained from men." In order to detect the enemy I s situations,
one must resort to espionage. The use of spies a n agents t as ·
ideological warfare in ancient China
In th e first of his famous work The Art of War ,
had laid down the by merging hi s
ar y science with hi s philosophy by liThe moral
113.w causes th,e' people to be in complet e accord with their ru ler
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indicated in many cases in Chinese history wa s the generCl':
practice in intelligence warfare waged in ancien t China.
In " the Book'of History", one of the five Confucian classics,
there i s a passage which reads: "The people are the foundation
of the s tate ; when the foundat ion is firm, the s ta te i s s ecu re . t1
And again, in "The Great Learning", one of th e Confucian four
books, it is s aid: "Having first t he p eo pl e, a nd then one may
possess land; with land secured g one may have wealth; and then
with materialwealth at hand, one may us e i t fo r good purpose".
Both passages s t r e s ~ t he v iew that th e people as th e foundation
oI a state are more important. than land, especially in wartimes.
Menelus accordingly poin ts out: "One who ca n wi n the empire
must first win over the people". The doctrine of winning the
heart of. th e people is th e keynote of t he mas s movement warfare.
With reference to th e passages quoted above, however brief
they may seem, when supported by historical facts, it is evident.......that s ince ancien t times the Chinese have emphasi24ed t he impo r-
tance of political warfare in aspects.
warfare ancient China.
the Chinese ancient classics ha sne
th e when united, wil l be as
Th e word "wil l" deserves sp,ecial notice. The saying
to the consolidatinn of the bulwark.
Art of War, another passage reads: "The best policy
in the attack upon thH heart ot, the people of the enemy
next comes the' assault upon the enemy I s "11 this
Suntsehas' laid down the appUed in war of nerveS.
China, phases of psychological warfare
He also st resses
of belligerent
"AH:::UJeuJll:, of the
sothat will follow regardless of their lives,
11 In this passage, what Sunise says be nIn
c accord" an d to shELre t he s ame doom indicates
empmaSJ.S .on th e streng
FO.............."" .....v .......... structure with feeling and affection.
of winning the of the
showing them kindnesses soas
th e of
Throughout hi s ..ife, Dr. Sun Yat-sen had the
supreme stratagem i n p ol it ic al warfare, as ca n be seen in th e
starting of th e NationalRevolution, in th e overthrow of th e des
potic Manchu House and i n t he d ef ea t of Yuan Shih-kaL. Without.
V \ ' ; J l ! V J , . V ~ ~ \ , ; ( ' : L J . attask were stressed.
what enables th e wise sov
to strike and conquer and achieve
men is Now
to
defense and
n n ' < T n T , n the of
-- 188- - 189-
of the Republic of China had consistently stressed the necessity
of applying political warfare to the Revolution .. We ca n also say
that the success in th e Wuchang Uprising and the victory,over
Yuan Shhi-Kai were the fruits of political warf ar e i n ' - I LU.U.U.<> ' ' ' ' i
The theory practice of political ~ ' V a r f a r e have been
s Live-h is le clures on.. and
Dr . could not have succeeded in
u n d . e r t ( : u { : m ~ ~ s . He wrote his magnum opus th e Three
he took Marxism to task. This is aJ.}. of how he
had warfare against sinisrer force
these
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consummated in President Chiang Kai-shek. He ha d no t only
coined the Chinese term of II political warfare" but also
defined it s contents as consisting of si x types i n h is lecture on
It The Principles of Political Warfare It . It is highly
that the ranking officials and military officers o f ,Chi na h ad
failed in years before 1949 to fLIlly appreciate. the President I s\
enlightening- instructions in the f ie ld of political warfare and had
suffered se t in the struggle against th e Chinese Com
nists on themainla • With these ,bitter lessons in mind, we have
to heighten ou r p o l i t ~ c a l c ~ m s c i o u s n e s s and strengthen t he work
of political warfa.r"e'in order to ~ i the f}nal victory in the an ti -
Communist war •.
of
t-""-!:: ;a. ,un, rather
success in
on
He
to th e success in
fo r the cause
fo r the heart o f t he
to him
he made an extensive tour around the
said:
evolution, the
than on
th e
he
ommunism. From the earliest days of the Hevolution when he
established th e rv1eng Hui till the t ime of the in
the Kuomlntang, the ru ling party China Dr . Sun
ha d the tactics of organizational warfare .. In a " " ~ t : O C ' - · l l
delivered in the December of 1923 before the of the
As a result· of the "smileoffensive" launcbed by the Chinese
Commimusts .. the cross-currents of appeasement are now prev
ailing on the international leveL., Many leaders of the free world
ar e bewildered andean hardly distinguish friends from foes.
S orne cast doubts on "UZ: capability of recovering the main
landand even consider i t unfeasible. Others have a lso expres s-
ed t he ir concern over th e poss1ibiUty of ou r fig1)ting back. As a
matter of fact._ they'fail to understand the nature of th e Commu
nist r eg im e in Peiping', no r do they understand the strength of
th e Repub li c o f Cllln.a in Taiwan. It is trtie that the Chinese
his
of
Father
<, ; ; ;U! tJ ! . !u - . ., ....... on mass
he lua, \J l-J'Ou.
River for the
in a common struggle
J.UI,C:.l .J. ,Cf; : : .Cj .l l '-C:: collection.
declared that , in order to attain the
is necessary to
and associ<:'te ours,elves with those ",,",'JU'' ' ',",
the
members message to
movement. F rom aU these we ca n say t ha t t he
who t reat us as
Dr. Sun had '"'ULC;""......
information about the en f illy
This is an to show the
lower
- 190- - · 1 9 · 1 ~
of tho mainland people. it 'hat which we u se t o pierce t h enemy's
weakspot is tho political weapon. So' long as we are able to con
duct our po li t ical warfare against th e Chinese Communists e f f e c ~ .
t ively and a g ~ e s s i v e l y , we shall defeat them without difficulty 6
Political warfare, :i s advocated by President Chiang.,. poverscan-
are in poss-
ther'e is no denying the fact that
forces, and in addition,
t he upper hand numerically in terri torial 'areas f
nuclear weapons. With mere' figures and stat.istics as
wa r I J J . C ; " U A U . U . ~
ommunists
basis
sucha counteroffensive against the mainland. is also
ession
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helpless, but such destruction can only be co'inpensateaon our pa rt
by reassert ing th e human dignity, rebuilding the domestic happi-
ness, restoring thesocia l o rde r and reconstruqting a new,
- 193-
a wide range of knowledge. what has been discussed here can .but
s er ve a s introductory. Further studies on t he s ix types' of
political warfare, both in theory and in practice, will contribute
t o t he great mission in ma,inland recovery and national
reconstruction.
Finally f the present writer wants to raise three major points
in tha subject under discussion, presented h er e f or the r e f e r e n ~ e ·of those who ar e interested in th e study df political warfare:
I.. th e strategy of political warfare, reconstruction. is
preferable to destruction. As mentioned in. the above chapters 9
botqDr. Sun Yat-:sen and President Chiang have emphasized that
th e .supreme strategy of th e Party. is recons truct ion. Of course1
in a wa r d e s t r ~ c t i o n is unavoidable, but one thing which is esse
ntial to th e .strategical planning is this: reconstruction is
preferable .What ha s to bedestroyed only paves th e way fo r recon-
struction. At present the most important thing f or t he country is
political ,cul tural , economic, and national defen.ce reconstruc
tion. Once we take the, mHitary offensive against the mainland,
we have t o resor t . to extensive destruction to render the enemy
in
but
con-
stress-
, and
. More-
milltary
Even if the
at alL
which is at
is finished.
number but not in
err orts in material
and
he ha s his vulnerable
and seventy percent
'" 1-'<;;"""""""''''' of 'war efforts has
war and Taiwan Straits it s . ::>u,...... , ' - '
wa r ha s
- IS
the Ta lwan Straits
of the enemy in : s t r e q ~ h is granted, one has can-
that in of grea t s treng th there are ah ,ays
• Powerful and as t he Greek hero Achi lles in
V ~ J L " ' ' ' ; L ' - support However
is , the main force in ou r crusade l ies not
percent
heels Pierced where alone he is vulnerable
Achilles' heel af th e Chinese Communists is
is admitted that th e enemy is superior
Numerical
IJv ...............c.... warfare. That i s a ls o th e reason
Battle
Weak
sider the
theater
over, the battlefield of a. wa r is not the
th e malnlano4 President Chiang has made i t clear that
~ I l J I U " : l . L < ' : : ; U . counteroffensive !lwill not
on ""v ..... ................ doctrine II that "The uU ;..........L ..."'"
undeniable that once the counteroffensive is we have