17
Mars’ Possible Supervolcanoes By: 5 th Grade GATE Walter Bracken STEAM Academy Supervised by Ms. Sekovski June 2013

Walter Bracken Final Report - Mars Educationmarsed.asu.edu/sites/default/files/msip_reports/Caldera Evidence for... · fissures,!collapsed!lavatubes,!and!the!areaof!lavaflows!in!the!calderas!of!various!Martian!volcanoes!to!the!

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    2

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Walter Bracken Final Report - Mars Educationmarsed.asu.edu/sites/default/files/msip_reports/Caldera Evidence for... · fissures,!collapsed!lavatubes,!and!the!areaof!lavaflows!in!the!calderas!of!various!Martian!volcanoes!to!the!

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Mars’  Possible  Supervolcanoes  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

By:  5th  Grade  GATE  

Walter  Bracken  STEAM  Academy  

Supervised  by  Ms.  Sekovski  

June  2013  

Page 2: Walter Bracken Final Report - Mars Educationmarsed.asu.edu/sites/default/files/msip_reports/Caldera Evidence for... · fissures,!collapsed!lavatubes,!and!the!areaof!lavaflows!in!the!calderas!of!various!Martian!volcanoes!to!the!

Introduction    

The  science  question  that  was  researched  is,  “Are  volcanic  features,  such  as  collapsed  lava  tubes,  

fissures,  and  lava  flows,  present  in  the  calderas  of  Martian  volcanoes?”    This  question  is  important  because  the  

number  of  fissures,  collapsed  lava  tubes,  and  the  area  of  the  caldera  covered  by  lava  flows  could  possibly  

signify  the  volcano  as  a  supervolcano  in  the  past  and/or  present.    This  is  also  significant  because  it  would  

affect  our  attempts  to  colonize  Mars  due  to  the  possible  eruptions  of  supervolcanoes  and  the  possible  

subsequent  climate  change.  

Background  

Fissures  are  long,  narrow  cracks  in  the  planet’s  surface.    When  magma  flows  underneath  the  surface,  it  

builds  up  pressure  that  can  cause  the  landscape  to  crack  and  result  in  a  fissure  (Figure  1,  4).  A  lava  flow  is  

created  by  a  non-­‐eruptive  explosion  from  a  volcano.  Once  the  lava  hardens,  it  is  considered  a  fully  formed  lava  

flow  (figure  2,  5).  A  collapsed  lava  tube  is  a  tube  that  used  to  have  lava  flowing  freely  through  it  underground.    

Once  the  lava  flows  out  completely,  the  tube  collapses,  hence  the  name  “collapsed  lava  tube”  (figure  3,  6).    A  

supervolcano  is  formed  when  magma  builds  up  at  the  bottom  of  the  lower  crust,  which  makes  a  magma  

chamber  and  subsequently,  a  bulge.    Soon  after,  cracks  start  to  form.    When  the  crust  can’t  resist  the  pressure,  

it  explodes  with  a  magnitude  above  8.    When  the  eruption  is  over,  it  forms  a  caldera  (Figure  7).    After  the  

eruption,  lava  starts  to  seep  through  the  cracks.    Yellowstone  is  considered  a  possible  supervolcano,  which  is  

show  by  Figure  8.    That  is  the  basis  of  the  hypothesis.  

Methods  

The  spacecraft  used  to  gather  the  data  was  the  THEMIS  spacecraft.  THEMIS  stands  for  Thermal  

Emission  Imaging  System.  The  volcanic  features  that  were  focused  on  were  collapsed  lava  tubes,  fissures  and  

lava  flows  in  various  Martian  calderas.  The  only  website  used  to  gather  our  information  was  global/-­‐

data.mars.asu.edu/bin/themis.pl.  This  website’s  images  were  used  to  locate  and  clarify  the  quantity  of  

Page 3: Walter Bracken Final Report - Mars Educationmarsed.asu.edu/sites/default/files/msip_reports/Caldera Evidence for... · fissures,!collapsed!lavatubes,!and!the!areaof!lavaflows!in!the!calderas!of!various!Martian!volcanoes!to!the!

fissures,  collapsed  lava  tubes,  and  the  area  of  lava  flows  in  the  calderas  of  various  Martian  volcanoes  to  the  

best  of  the  research  team’s  ability.    The  quantity  of  fissures,  collapsed  lava  tubes,  and  area  of  lava  flows  in  the  

calderas  of  Martian  volcanoes  were  researched  from  images  collected  from  the  aforementioned  website.      

The  area  of  the  lava  flows  was  estimated  to  the  best  of  the  research  team’s  abilities.    The  following  list  

contains  all  the  volcanoes  that  were  analyzed:    

 

Data  

52  images  were  analyzed.    One  good  example  of  a  collapsed  lava  tube  in  Ceraunius  Tholus  is  image  ID  #  

V34410008  (Figure  9).    An  excellent  example  of  a  fissure  in  Alba  Patera  is  image  ID#  V13300013  (Figure  10).    

Finally,  a  great  example  of  a  lava  flow  on  Arsia  Mons  is  image  ID#  V04399002  (Figure  11).      

The  data  collected  can  be  seen  in  Figure  12  shown  in  a  table.    The  first  column  shows  all  the  volcanoes  

whose  calderas  were  studied.    The  second  column  shows  the  quantity  of  fissures  in  each  caldera.    The  third  

column  shows  the  approximate  area  of  lava  flows  in  each  caldera.      Lastly,  the  final  column  shows  the  quantity  

of  collapsed  lava  tubes  in  each  caldera.      

The  MOLA  Map  shows  the  location  of  all  the  volcanoes  that  were  studied  (Figure  13).    That  map  was  

obtained  through  Ms.  Swann.      

– Alba  Patera/Mons – Albor  Tholus – Apollinaris  Mons – Arsia  Mons – Biblis  Patera – Ceraunius  Tholus – Elysium  Mons – Hecates  Tholus – Olympus  Mons

– Pityusa  Patera – Pavonis  Mons – Peneus  Patera – Syrtis  Major  Planum – Ulysses  Patera/Tholus – Uranius  Mons – Uranius  Patera/Tholus

Page 4: Walter Bracken Final Report - Mars Educationmarsed.asu.edu/sites/default/files/msip_reports/Caldera Evidence for... · fissures,!collapsed!lavatubes,!and!the!areaof!lavaflows!in!the!calderas!of!various!Martian!volcanoes!to!the!

A  bar  graph  was  created  to  show  the  number  of  fissures  and  collapsed  lava  tubes  on  each  of  the  

Martian  calderas  (Figures  14,  15).    The  bar  graph  in  figure  16  shows  the  approximate  area  of  lava  flows  in  each  

Martian  caldera.      

Discussion  

Our  science  question  is,  “Are  volcanic  features,  such  as  collapsed  lava  tubes,  fissures,  and  lava  flows  

located  in  the  caldera  of  Martian  volcanoes?”    Calderas  were  analyzed  in  terms  of  quantity  of  collapsed  lava  

tubes  and  fissures.    They  were  also  analyzed  from  approximate  area  of  lava  flows.    From  the  data  collected  

(shown  in  the  data  table,  Figure  12)  the  answer  to  the  science  question  is  yes.  

The  bar  graphs  (figures  14,  15  16)  depict  the  amount  of  fissures,  collapsed  lava  tubes,  and  approximate  

area  of  lava  flows,  respectively,  in  each  Martian  caldera.    The  three  calderas  with  the  highest  number  of  

fissures  are  Olympus  Mons,  Pavonis  Mons  and  Arsia  Mons  (Figure  14).  The  three  calderas  with  the  most  

collapsed  lava  tubes  are  Arsia  Mons,  Alba  Patera,  and  Uranius  Mons  (Figure  15).  The  four  calderas  that  have  

the  largest  approximate  area  of  lava  flows  are  Uranius  Patera,  Pityusa  Patera,  Olympus  Mons  and  Hecates  

Tholus  (Figure  16).    These  calderas  are  ordered  highest  to  lowest  number,  or,  in  the  case  of  lava  flows,  

approximate  area,  of  features.      

Due  to  possible  inaccuracies  with  the  lava  flow  measurements,  that  data  was  disregarded.    Possible  

supervolcanoes  were  determined  by  adding  the  numbers  of  collapsed  lava  tubes  and  fissures  in  the  calderas  

together,  with  the  possible  supervolcano  being  the  ones  with  the  highest  totals  (Figure  17).    Using  this  

method,  the  possible  supervolcanoes,  which  are  the  ones  with  the  highest  total  of  volcanic  features,  are  Alba  

Patera,  Arsia  Mons,  Olympus  Mons,  and  Pavonis  Mons.    

There  are  many  potential  errors  with  the  data  collected.    A  volcanic  feature  could  have  been  missed,  or  

a  part  of  the  caldera  could  have  been  unaccounted  for.    Static  discharge  in  the  photos  could  have  affected  the  

quality  of  the  photo  and  caused  misinterpretations.    If  the  research  team  had  been  able  to  access  JMARS,  the  

Page 5: Walter Bracken Final Report - Mars Educationmarsed.asu.edu/sites/default/files/msip_reports/Caldera Evidence for... · fissures,!collapsed!lavatubes,!and!the!areaof!lavaflows!in!the!calderas!of!various!Martian!volcanoes!to!the!

measurements  taken  would  have  been  more  accurate.    Possible  misinterpretations  could  have  taken  place.    

For  example,  fissures  could  have  been  misinterpreted  as  collapsed  lava  tubesw.    Another  example  is  that  the  

research  team  could  have  misinterpreted  uplift  in  the  Mars’  surface  as  a  collapsed  lava  tube.  

Conclusion  

Our  question,  “Are  volcano  features  such  as  lava  flows,  collapsed  lava  tubes  and  fissures  found  in  the  

calderas  of  Martian  volcanoes?”,  was  answered  positively,  according  to  the  research.    Our  hypothesis  is,  “If  

there  is  a  presence  of  collapsed  lava  tubes,  lava  flows,  and/or  fissures  in  the  caldera  of  a  Martian  volcano,  this  

may  indicate  the  volcano  as  a  supervolcano  in  the  past  and/or  present”.    Alba  Patera,  Arsia  Mons,  Olympus  

Mons  and  Pavonis  Mons  are  possible  supervolcanoes  that  were  identified  based  on  the  research.  

The  research  done  could  be  expanded  to  include  focusing  on  volcanoes  on  Mars  that  are  not  cone  

shaped  volcanoes,  but  shield  volcanoes,  which  are  more  flat.    Another  research  topic  could  be  looking  at  the  

areas  surrounding  the  calderas  for  signs  of    massive  explosions  (for  example,  traces  of  ash).  

We  would  like  to  acknowledge  Ms.  Swann,  Mr.  Manfredi,  the  scientists  at  NASA,  Mr.  Carlin  and  Ms.  

Sekovski  for  helping  the  research  team  with  the  research.  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Page 6: Walter Bracken Final Report - Mars Educationmarsed.asu.edu/sites/default/files/msip_reports/Caldera Evidence for... · fissures,!collapsed!lavatubes,!and!the!areaof!lavaflows!in!the!calderas!of!various!Martian!volcanoes!to!the!

Figures  

             

   http://themis.asu.edu/zoom-­‐20050225a            http://viewer.mars.asu.edu/planetview/inst/themis/V04399002#start                    http://viewer.mars.asu.edu/planetview/inst/themis/V34410008#start    

 

 

Figure  1   Figure  2   Figure  3  

Figure  4  

Page 7: Walter Bracken Final Report - Mars Educationmarsed.asu.edu/sites/default/files/msip_reports/Caldera Evidence for... · fissures,!collapsed!lavatubes,!and!the!areaof!lavaflows!in!the!calderas!of!various!Martian!volcanoes!to!the!

 http://scottkirchhofer.wordpress.com/informational-­‐graphics  

 

http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/gallery/kilauea/erupt/2553027_L.jpg  

 

 

 

 

http://www.ewpnet.com/azores/caves.htm

Figure  5  

Figure  6  

Figure  7  

Page 8: Walter Bracken Final Report - Mars Educationmarsed.asu.edu/sites/default/files/msip_reports/Caldera Evidence for... · fissures,!collapsed!lavatubes,!and!the!areaof!lavaflows!in!the!calderas!of!various!Martian!volcanoes!to!the!

 http:/commons.wikiamedia.org/wiki/File:MarsTopoMap-­‐PIA02031_modest.jpg  

 http://www.nps.gov/features/yell/slidefile/graphics/diagrams/Images/02074.jpg    

 

 

Figure  8  

Figure  9   Figure  10   Figure  11  

Page 9: Walter Bracken Final Report - Mars Educationmarsed.asu.edu/sites/default/files/msip_reports/Caldera Evidence for... · fissures,!collapsed!lavatubes,!and!the!areaof!lavaflows!in!the!calderas!of!various!Martian!volcanoes!to!the!

 http://viewer.mars.asu.edu  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Volcano   Fissures   Lava  Flows   Collapsed  Lava  Tubes  

Alba  Patera     1   <1/2   10  

Albor  Tholus     1   <1/4   2  

 

Figure  12  

Page 10: Walter Bracken Final Report - Mars Educationmarsed.asu.edu/sites/default/files/msip_reports/Caldera Evidence for... · fissures,!collapsed!lavatubes,!and!the!areaof!lavaflows!in!the!calderas!of!various!Martian!volcanoes!to!the!

Apollinaris  Mons     2   ~3/5   6  

Arsia  Mons     8   <1/2   11  

Ascraeus  Mons     0   0   0  

Biblis  Tholus     1   0   0  

Ceraunius  Tholus     0   0   3  

Elysium  Mons     0   <1/4   7  

Hecates  Tholus     1   >3/4   1  

Olympus  Mons     11   >3/4   0  

Pityusa  Patera     0   <3/4   0  

Pavonis  Mons     7   "187/420"   5  

Peneus  Patera     0   <1/2   2  

Syrtis  Major  Planum     0   0   0  

Ulysses  Patera/Tholus     0   ~1/3   2  

Uranius  Mons     0   <1/4   8  

Uranius  Patera     3   ~4/5   0  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Page 11: Walter Bracken Final Report - Mars Educationmarsed.asu.edu/sites/default/files/msip_reports/Caldera Evidence for... · fissures,!collapsed!lavatubes,!and!the!areaof!lavaflows!in!the!calderas!of!various!Martian!volcanoes!to!the!

 

 

 

-­‐90  

-­‐60  

-­‐30  

0  

30  

60  

90  

0   30   60   90   120   150   180   210   240   270   300   330   360  

La$tud

e  (N)  

Longitude  (E)  

MOLA  Map  Plots  

Figure  13  

Figure  14  

Page 12: Walter Bracken Final Report - Mars Educationmarsed.asu.edu/sites/default/files/msip_reports/Caldera Evidence for... · fissures,!collapsed!lavatubes,!and!the!areaof!lavaflows!in!the!calderas!of!various!Martian!volcanoes!to!the!

 

0  

2  

4  

6  

8  

10  

12  Num

ber  o

f  fissures

Martian  Volcanoes

Page 13: Walter Bracken Final Report - Mars Educationmarsed.asu.edu/sites/default/files/msip_reports/Caldera Evidence for... · fissures,!collapsed!lavatubes,!and!the!areaof!lavaflows!in!the!calderas!of!various!Martian!volcanoes!to!the!

 

 

0  

2  

4  

6  

8  

10  

12  

Num

ber  O

f  Collapsed

 lava  tu

bes

Martian  Volcanoes

Figure  15  

Figure  16  

Page 14: Walter Bracken Final Report - Mars Educationmarsed.asu.edu/sites/default/files/msip_reports/Caldera Evidence for... · fissures,!collapsed!lavatubes,!and!the!areaof!lavaflows!in!the!calderas!of!various!Martian!volcanoes!to!the!

 

 

 

0  

0.1  

0.2  

0.3  

0.4  

0.5  

0.6  

0.7  

0.8  

Area  of  lava  flo

ws  

(decim

al  –  m

ultip

ly  fo

r  %)

Martian  Volcanoes

Figure  17  

Page 15: Walter Bracken Final Report - Mars Educationmarsed.asu.edu/sites/default/files/msip_reports/Caldera Evidence for... · fissures,!collapsed!lavatubes,!and!the!areaof!lavaflows!in!the!calderas!of!various!Martian!volcanoes!to!the!

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

References  

Page 16: Walter Bracken Final Report - Mars Educationmarsed.asu.edu/sites/default/files/msip_reports/Caldera Evidence for... · fissures,!collapsed!lavatubes,!and!the!areaof!lavaflows!in!the!calderas!of!various!Martian!volcanoes!to!the!

Ailsa  Allaby  and  Michael  Allaby.  “lava  tube.”  A  Dictionary  of  Earth  Sciences,  1999.    Article    Retrieved  January   30,  2013  from  encyclopedia.com:  www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O13-­‐lavatube.html    

“NASA/JPL/ASU.  Tharsis    Collapsed    Pits.  Picture    Retrieved  January  30,  2013  from    themis.asu.edu/zoom   20041111a”  

“Lava  Tubes  on  Pavonis  Mons.”    Article,  Picture.  Retrieved  January  29,2013    from   www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Mars_Express/Lava_tubes_on_Pavonis_Mons”  

“Mars    Exploration  Program.”    Article.  Retrieved    February  5,  2013  from   http://marsmobile.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/mission/instruments/    

“HiRISE  The  High  Resolution  Imaging  Science  Experiment    Article.  Retrieved  February  5,  2013  from   http://airandspace.si.adu/research/ceps/cepsicons/highlights/facts_sheet_front.pdf    

“Malin  Space  Science  Systems  Exploration  Through  Imagining.”    Article,  Picture.  Retrieved  February  5,  2013   from    https://www.msss.com/science/mro-­‐ctx-­‐instrument-­‐description/php    

David  Talbott.  “The  Strange  Lava  Tubes  of  Mars.”    Picture.  Retrieved  January  30,  2013  from   www.thunderbolts.info/tpod/arch05/051111ascraeus.htm    

“Yellowstone  Super  Volcano”.  Video.  Retrieved  February  6,  2013  from   http://showandknow.com/subjects/science/howthingswork/yellowstone-­‐super-­‐volcano    

“High  Resolution  Imaging  Science  Experiment”  .  Article  and  Picture  .  Retrieved  February  6,  2013  from   http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/    

John  M.  Kusterer.  “TES  Data  and  Information.”  Article.  Retrieved  February  2,  2013  from   EOSweb.larc.nasa.gov/project/tes/tabletes.html  

“Tropospheric  Emission  Spectrometer.”  Article.  Retrieved    February  6,  2013  from   www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/aura/spacecraft/tes.html    

Virginia  Gulick.  “HiRISE  High  Resolution  Imaging  Science  Experiment.”  Article  and  Picture.  Retrieved  February   5,  2013  from  http://marsoweb.nas.nasa.gov/HiRISE/    

“Tharsis.”  Article.  Retrieved  February  6,  2013  from  en.wikipedia.org/wiki/tharsis    

Wikipedia.  “Lava  Tube  “  Article.  Retrieved  February  12,  2013  from  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki  /lava_tube    

NASA  Image/JPI/asu.”Tharsis  Collasped  Pits”  Picture  and  article.  Retrieved  february  5,  2013  from  http://themis   .asu.edu/zoom-­‐200411119    

Encyclopedia  Britannica  Online.  “Tharsis”  Picture.  Retrieved  February  20,  2013  from   www.britannica.com/EBchecked  /topic/590057/tharsis    

Alan  Young.  “How  do  super  volcanoes  form?”  Article  and  Picture.  Retrieved  February  12,  2013  from   www.csun.edu/~Jao45194/volcano2.html    

Page 17: Walter Bracken Final Report - Mars Educationmarsed.asu.edu/sites/default/files/msip_reports/Caldera Evidence for... · fissures,!collapsed!lavatubes,!and!the!areaof!lavaflows!in!the!calderas!of!various!Martian!volcanoes!to!the!

Carolyn  Parcheta  “Lava  Flows  in  the  Tharsis  Region  of  Mars:  Estimates  of  Flow  Speed  and  Volume  Fluxes.”   Article.  Retrieved  February  20,  2013  from  http://www.spaceglant.hawaii.edu/reports/15_FA05   SP06/parcheta_carolyn_SP.pdf    

Space.com  Staff.  “Mars  Caves  And  Lava  Tubes.”  Photo  and  Paragraph.  Retrieved  February  25,  2013  from   http://www.space.com/18519-­‐mar  s-­‐caves-­‐lava-­‐tubes-­‐photos.html  

“Lava  Tubes  on  Pavonis  Mars.”  Photo  and  Paragraph.  Retrieved  February  26,  2013  from   http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities  /Space_Science/Mars_Express/Lava_tubes_on_Pavonis_Mons    

“The  Stages  in  the  Creation  of  a  Supervolcano  Caldera.”  Photo.  Retreived  March  4,  2013  from   http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/natural_hazard/volcanoes_rev4.5html    

“Questions  About  Supervolcanoes.”  Article.  Retrieved  March  4,  2013   http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/yellowstone/yellowstone_sub_page_49.html    

Photo.  Retrieved  May  8,  2013   http://www.nps.gov/features/yell/slidefile/graphics/diagrams/Images/02074.jpg    

Ken  G.  Grimes.  “Lava  Flows  and  their  Caves.”  Article.  Retrieved  May  13,  2013  from   http;//www.vulcanospeledog4.org/sym10/isv10X1.pdf  

Farlex,  Inc.  “The  Free  Dictionary.”  Article.  Retrieved  May  14,  2013  from   http;//www.thefreedictionary.com/fissures    

Merriam-­‐Webster,  Incorporated.”Merrian-­‐  Webster”  Article.  Retrieved  May  14,  2013  from  http://.merrian   webster.com/dictionary/lava%20flow    

Dianne  Mollica.  “Lava  Tubes  on  Earth  and  More.”  Retrieved  May  14,  2013  from   http://www.lpi.usra.edu/education/fieldtrips/2004/days3/stop3/    

Neal  Litherland.  “How  do  Fissures  Form.”  Article.  Retrieved  May  14,  2013  from  Http://www.ehow.com/how   does_5655261_do-­‐fissures-­‐form_.html    

Dianne  Mollica.  “Lava  Tubes  on  Earth  and  Mars.”  Article.  Retrieved  May  14,  2013  from   http://www.lpi.usra.edu/education/fieldtrips/2004/day3/stop3/    

“Hardened  Lava.”  Article.  Retrieved  May  15,  2013  from  geology.campus.ad.csulb.edu  

“Yellowstone  Volcano”.  JPG.  Retrieved  May  15,  2013  from   http://www.nps.gov/features/yell/slidefile/graphics/diagrams/Images/02074.jpg