Wa!js ot the World

Wa!js ot the WorldA 5riet Global Histor,y

with50urces

ROBERT w. STRAYERThe College at Brockport: State University of New York

SECOND EDITION

Bedford/St. Martin'sBoston • New York

l)rief Contents

PrefaceWorking with Primary SourcesPrologue: From Cosmic History to Human History

v

liv

PART ONE First Things First: Beginnings in History,to 500 B.C.E. 2

THE BIG PICTURE Turning Points in Early World History 3

1. First Peoples; First Farmers: Most of History in a Single Chapter,To 4000 B.C.E. II

2. First Civilizations: Cities, States, and Unequal Societies,3500 B.C.E.-500 B.C.E. 61

PART TWO Second- Wave Civilizations in WorldHistory, 500 B.C.E.-500 C.E. I08

THE BIG PICTURE After the First Civilizations: What Changed andWhat Didn't? I09

3. State and Empire in Eurasia/North Africa, 500 B.C.E.-500 C.E. II7

4. Culture and Religion in Eurasia/North Africa, 500 B.C.E.-500 C.E. 165

5. Society and Inequality in Eurasia/North Africa, 500 B.C.E.-500 C.E. 217

6. Commonalities and Variations: Africa and the Americas,500 B.C.E.-I200 C.E. 261

PART THREE An Age of Accelerating Connections,5°0-15°0 306

THE BIG PICTURE Defining a Millennium 307

7· Commerce and Culture, 500-1500 315

8. China and the World: East Asian Connections, 500-1300 365

9. The Worlds ofIslam: Afro-Eurasian Connections, 600-1500 4II

IO. The Worlds of Christendom: Contraction, Expansion,and Division, 500-1300 463

xxi

Kii BRIEF CONTENTS

11. Pastoral Peoples on the Global Stage: The MongoI Moment,1200-1500 513

12. The Worlds of the Fifteenth Century 559

PART FOUR The Early Modern World, 1450-1750 610

THE BIG PICTURE Debatingthe Characterof an Era 6II

13· Political Transformations: Empires and Encounters, 1450-1750 617

14· Economic Transformations: Commerce and Consequence,1450-1750 669

15· Cultural Transformations: Religion and Science, 1450-1750 719

PART FIVE The European Moment in WorldHistory, 1750-1914 772

THE BIG PICTURE EuropeanCentralityand the Problemof Eurocentrism 773

16. Atlantic Revolutions, Global Echoes, 1750-1914 781

17· Revolutions ofIndustrialization, 1750-1914 827

18. Colonial Encounters in Asia and Africa, 1750-1950 879

19· Empires in Collision: Europe, the Middle East, and East Asia,1800-1914 931

PART SIX The Most Recent Century, 1914-2012 972

THE BIG PICTURE SinceWorldWarI: A NewPeriod inWorldHistory? 973

20. Collapse at the Center: World War, Depression, and theRebalancing of Global Power, 1914-1970S 981

21. Revolution, Socialism, and Global Conflict: The Rise and FallofWorld Communism, 1917-Present 1035

22. The End ofEmpire: The Global South on the Global Stage,1914-Present 1087

23· Capitalism and Culture: A New Phase of GlobalInteraction,Since 1945 II37

Notes II88Index 12II

8

Contents

Preface vVersions and Supplements xvMaps xlivFeatures xlviiiWorking with Primary Sources

Prologue: From Cosmic History to Human History liv

The History of the Universe • The History of a Planet • The Historyof the Human Species ... in a Single Paragraph • Why WorldHistory? • Change, Comparison, and Connection: The Three CsofWorld History

Snapshot: A History of the Universe as a Cosmic Calendar Iv

PART ONE First Things First:Beginnings in History, to 500 Re.E. 2

THE BIG PICTURE Turning Points in Early World History 3

The Emergence of Humankind • The Globalization of Humankind• The Revolution of Farming and Herding • The Turning Point ofCivilization • A Note on Dates

Mapping Part One

I. First Peoples; First Farmers: Most oE Historyin a Single Chapter, To 4000 B.C.E. II

Out of Africa to the Ends of the Earth: First Migrations 12

Into Eurasia • Into Australia • Into the Americas • Into the PacificThe WaysWe Were 20

The First Human Societies • Economy and the Environment • The Realmof the Spirit • Settling Down: The Great Transition

Breakthroughs to Agriculture 26Common Patterns • variations

The Globalization of Agriculture 34Triumph and Resistance • The Culture of Agriculture

SocialVariation in the Age of Agriculture 39Pastoral Societies • Agricultural Village Societies • Chiifdoms

xxiii

Reflections: The Uses of the PaleolithicSecond Thoughts

What's the Significance? • Big Hcture Questions • Next Steps: ForFurther Study

Snapshot: Paleolithic Era in Perspective

Portrait: Ishi, The last of His People

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44

CONSIDERING THE EVIDENCE

Visual and Documentary Sourees: History before Writing: How 00 We Know? 46Document: 1.1- A Paleolithic TMJman in the Twentieth Century: Nisa: TheLife and Words cf an fKung TMJman, 196rr1976; Visual Sources: LascauxRock Art • TMJmen,Men, and Religion in (:atalhüyük • Otzi the Iceman• Stonehenge • Using the Evidence

2. First Civilizations: Cities, States, and UnequalSocieties, 3500 B.C.E.-500 B.C.E. 61

Something New: The Emergence of Civilizations 62Introducing the First Civilizations • The Question cf Origins • An UrbanRevolution

The Erosion ofEquality 71

Hierarchies of Class • Hierarchies cf Gender • Patriarchy in PracticeThe Rise of the State 75

Coercion and Consent • Writing and Accounting • The Grandeur cf KingsComparing Mesopotamia and Egypt 80

Environment and Culture • Cities and States • Interaction and ExchangeReflections: "Civilization": What's in aWord? 89Second Thoughts 90


Snapshot: Writing in Ancient Civilizations 79

Portrait: Paneb, An Egyptian Criminal 84

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Documents: Life and Afterlife in Mesopotamia and Egypt 922.1- In Search cf Eternal Life:The Epic cf Gilgamesh, ca. 2700-2500 RCE.

• 2.2-LaW andJustice in Ancient Mesopotamia: The Law Code cfHammurabi, ca. 1800 B.CE. • 2.3- The Afterlife cf a Pharaoh: A PyramidText,2333 RCE. • 2.4-A New Basisfor Egyptian Immortality: Book cftheDead, ca. 1550-1064 RCE. • 2.5-The Occupations cf0ld Egypt: Be aScribe, ca. 2066-1650 RCE. • Using the Evidence

CONTENTS XXV

VisualSources: Indus Valley Civilization I03

A Seal from the Indus J/alley • Man from Mohenjo Daro • Dancing Girl •Using the Evidence

PART TWO Second- Wave Civilizations mWorld History, SOO B.C.E.-SOO C.E. IOS

THE BIG PICTURE After the First Civilizations: What Changed andWhat Didn't? I09

Continuities in Civilization • Changes in Civilization

Snapshot: World Population during the Age of Agricultural Civilization III

Mapping Part Two II4

3. State and Empire in Eurasia/N orth Africa,500 B.C.E.-500 C.E. 117

Empires and Civilizations in Collision:The Persians and the Greeks II9

The Persian Empire • Ihe Greeks • Collision: Ihe Greco-PersianWars • Collision: Alexander and the Hellenistic Era

Comparing Empires: Roman and Chinese 129

Rome: From City-State to Empire • China: From T17arringStates toEmpire • Consolidating the Roman and Chinese Empires • The CollapseifEmpires

Intermittent Empire: The Case of India 141Reflections: Enduring Legacies ofSecond-Wave Empires 143Second Thoughts 144

VVhat's the Significance? • Big Picture Questions • Next Steps: ForFurther Study

Snapshot: Distinctive Features of Second-Wave Eurasian Civilizations 120

Portrait: Trung Trac: Resisting the Chinese Empire 134

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Documents: Political Authority in Second-WaveCivilizations 1463.1- In Praise ifAthenian Democracy: Pericles, Funeral Oration,431-430 B.CE. • 3.2- In Praise if the Roman Empire: Aelius Aristides, TheRoman Oration, 155CE. • 3.3- Governing a Chinese Empire:Ihe Writingsof Master Han Fei, Ihird Century B.CE. • 3.4- Governing an IndianEmpire: Ashoka, The Rock Edicts, ca. 268-232 B.CE. • Using the Evidence

Visual Sourees: Representing Political Authority

Behistun Inscription • Harmodius and Aristogeiton • Qin ShihuangdiFunerary Complex • Augustus • Using the Evidence

155

4. Culture and Religion in Eurasia/North Africa,500 B.C.E.-500 C.E. 165

China and the Search for Order 167The Legalist Answer • The ConJucian Answer • The Daoist Answer

Cultural Traditions of Classical India 174

South Asian Religion: From Ritual Sacrifice to Philosophical Speculation •The Buddhist Challenge • Hinduism as a Religion cif Duty and Devotion

Toward Monotheism: The Search for God in the Middle East 180

Zoroastrianism • JudaismThe Cultural Tradition ofClassical Greece: The Search for a Rational Order 183

The Creek Way cif Knowing • The Creek LegacyThe Birth of Christianity ... with Buddhist Comparisons 187

The Lives oJ the Founders • The Spread cif New Religions • Institutions,Controversies, and Divisions

Reflections: Religion and Historians 195Second Thoughts 196


Snapshot: Thinkers and Philosophies of the Second-Wave Era 168

Portrait: Perpetua. Christian Martyr 192

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Documents: The Good Life in EurasianCivilizations 1984·1-Rdfectionsfrom ConJucius: ConJucius, The Analects, ca. 471;r221 B.C.E.

• 4.2-Rdfectionsfrom the Hindu Scriptures: Bhagavad Cita, ca. Fifth toSecond Century B. C. E. • 4.3- Rdfections Jrom Socrates: Plato, Apology,ca. 399 ac.E .• 4.4-RdfectionsJromJesus: The Cospel oJMatthew,ca. 70-100 C.E .• Using the Evidence

Visual Sourees: Representations of the Buddha 208

Footprints oJ the Buddha • A Candhara Buddha • A Bodhisattva oJCompassion: Kannon cif 1, 000 Arms • The Chinese Maitreya Buddha •Using the Evidence

CONTENTS xxvii

5. Society and Inequality in Eurasia/N orth Africa,500 B.C.E.-500 C.E 217

Society and the State in China 218

An Elite if Officials • The Landlord Class • Peasants • MerchantsClass and Caste in India 224

Caste as Varna • Caste asJati • The Functions of CasteSlavery: The Case of the Roman Empire 229

Slavery and Civilization • The Making of Roman Slavery • Resistanceand Rebellion

Comparing Patriarchies 233AChanging Patriarchy: The Case if China • Contrasting Patriarchies:Athens and Sparta

Refiections: Arguing with Solomon and the Buddha 240

Second Thoughts 241

Mats the Significance? • Big Picture Questions • Next Steps: ForFurther Study

Snapshot: Social Life and Duty in Classicallndia 226

Portrait: Ge Hong, A Chinese Scholar in Troubled Times 222

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Documents: Patriarchy and Women'sVoices 2435. 1- A Chinese TMJmans Instructions to Her Daughters: Ban Zhao, Lessonsfor TMJmen, Late First Century CE. • 5.2-An Alternative to Patriarchyin India: Psalms if the Sisters, First Century B.CE. • 5.3- Roman TMJmenin Protest: Livy, History if Rome, Early First Century CE. • Using theEvidence

Visual Sourees: Pompeii as a Window on the RomanWorld 252'Terentius Neo and His Wife • A Pompeii Banquet • Scenes in a Pompeii'Tavern • A Domestic Shrine • Mystery Religions: The Cult if Dionysus• Using the Evidence

6. Commonalities and Variations: Africa and theAmericas, 500 B.C.E.-I200 C.E. 261

Continental Comparisons 262

Civilizations of Africa 265Meroe: Continuing a Nile Valley Civilization • Axum: The Making of aChristian Kingdom • Along the Niger River: Cities without States

Civilizations of Mesoamerica 272

The Maya: Writing and Waifare • TeotihuaCiin: The Americas' Greatest City

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xxviii CONTENTS

Civilizations of the Andes 277

Chavin: A Pan-Andean Religious Movement • Moche: A Civilization cfthe Coast • Wari and Tiwanaku: Empires cf the Interior

Alternatives to Civilization: Bantu Africa 282

Cultural Encounters • Society and ReligionAlternatives to Civilization: North America 285

The Ancestral Pueblo: Pit Houses and Great Houses • Peoples of the EasternWoodlands: The Mound Builders

Reflections: Deciding What's Important: Balance in World History 289Second Thoughts 290

What's the Signtficance? • Big Picture Questions • Next Steps: ForFurther Study

Snapshot: Continental Population in the Second-Wave Era 264

Portrait: Piye, Kushite Conqueror of Egypt 268

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Documents: Axum and the World 2926.1 - A Guidebook to the TMJrldof Indian Ocean Commerce: The Periplus cfthe Erythraean Sea, First Century CE. • 6.2- The MakinJ? cf an AxumiteEmpire: Inscription on a Stone Throne, Second orThird Century CE .•

6·3- The CominJ? cf Christianity to Axum: Ru:finus, On the EvanJ?elizationcf Abyssinia, Late Fourth Century CE. • 6.4-Axum aHd the Gold Trade:Cosmas, The Christian TopoJ?raphy,Sixth Century CE .• Using theEvidence

Visual Sourees: Art and the Maya Elite 299

Shield Jaguar and Lady Xok: A Royal Couple cf Yaxchilan • Ue Presentationcf Captives • A Bloodletting Ritual • The Ball Game • Using theEvidence

PART THREE An Age of AcceleratingConnections, 500-1500 306

THE BIG PICTURE Defining a Millennium 307

Third-Wave Civilizations: Something New, Something Old, SomethingBlended • The Ties That Bind: Transregional Interaction in theThird- Wave Era

Mapping Part Three

7· Commerce and Culture, 500-1500

CONTENTS xxix

315

Silk Roads: Exchange across Eurasia 318The Crowth of the Silk Roads • Coods in Transit • Cultures in Transit• Disease in Transit

Sea Roads: Exchange across the Indian Ocean 324r#aving the Web of an Indian ücean World • Sea Roads as a Catalyst forChange: Southeast Asia • Sea Roads as a Catalystfor Change: East Africa

Sand Roads: Exchange across the Sahara 334Commercial Beginnings in West Africa • Cold, Salt, and Slaves: Trade andEmpire in West Africa

An American Network: Commerce and Connection in theWestern Hemisphere 337

Reflections: Economic Globalization-Ancient and Modern 341Second Thoughts 342

What's the Significance? • Big Picture Questions • Next Steps: ForFurther Study

Snapshot: Economic Exchange along the Silk Roads 320

Snapshot: Economic Exchange in the Indian Ocean Basin 327

Portrait: Thorfinn Karlsfeni, Viking Voyager 338

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Documents: Travelers'Talesand Observations 3447- 1- A Chinese Buddhist in India: Ruili, A Biography of the TripitakaMaster and Xuanzang, Record of the r#stern Region, Seventh Century c.E.• 7-2-A European Christian in China: Marco Polo, The Travels of MarcoPolo, 1299 • 7.]-AnArab Muslim in r#stAfrica: Ibn Battuta, Travels inAsia and Africa, 1]54 • Using the Evidence

Visual Sourees: Traveling the Silk Roads 355Silk Road Merchants Encounter Bandits • A Stop at a Caravanserai •A Buddhist Monk on the Silk Road • Creek Culture, Buddhism, and theKushans • Islam, Shamanism, and the Turks • Using the Evidence

8. China and the W orId: East Asian Connections,500-1300 365

Together Again: The Reemergence of a Unified China 366A "Co Iden AgeJJ of Chinese Achievement • Women in the Song Dynasty

China and the Northern Nomads: A Chinese World Order in the Making 373The Tribute System in Theory • The Tribute System in Practice • CulturalInfiuence across an Ecological Frontier

Coping with China: Comparing Korea, Vietnam, and Japan 377Korea and China • Vietnam and China • Japan and China

China and the Eurasian World Economy 384Spillovers: China's Impact on Eurasia • On the Receiving End: China asEconomic Bemificiary

China and Buddhism 388Making Buddhism Chinese • Losing State Support: The Crisis 01 ChineseBuddhism

Reflections: Why Do Things Change? 392Second Thoughts 393

TVhat's the Significance? • Big Picture Questions • Next Steps: ForFurther Study

Snapshot: Chinese Technological Achievements 386

Portrait: Izumi Shikibu, japanese Poet and Lover 384

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Documents: The Making of JapaneseCivilization 3958.1-Japanese Political Ideals: Shotoku, The Seventeen Article Constitution,604 • 8.2- The Uniqueness 01Japan: Kitabatake Chikifusa, The Chronicleif the Direct Descent if Gods and Sovereigns, 1339• 8.3- Social Life atCourt: Sei Shonagon, Pillow Book, ca. 1000 • 8.4- The VJlayif the VJlarrior:Shiba 'Yoshimasa, Advice to 'Young Samurai, ca. 1400 and Imagawa Ryoshun,The Imagawa Letter, 1412 • Using the Evidence

Visual Sourees: The Leisure Life of China's EUtes 404A Banquet with the Emperor • At Tclblewith the Empress • A LiteraryGathering • An Elite Night Party • Using the Evidence

9. The Wodds of Islam: Afro-EurasianConnections, 600-1500 4II

The Birth of a New Religion 412The Homeland if Islam • The Messenger and the Message • TheTransformation if Arabia

The Making of an Arab Empire 418War, Conquest, and Tolerance • Conversion • Divisions and Controversies• Women and Men in Early Islam

Islam and Cultural Encounter: A Four- Way Comparison 428The Case if India • The Case if Anatolia • The Case if West Africa• The Case if Spain

The World ofIslam as a New Civilization 436Networks if Faith • Networks if Exchange

Reflections: Past and Present: Choosing Our History 441

CONTENTS xxxi

Second Thoughts 442

M1hat's the Significance? • Big Picture Questions • Next Steps: ForFurther Study

Snapshot: KeyAchievements in Islamic Science and Scholarship 440

Portrait: Mansa Musa, West African Monarch and Muslim Pilgrim 434

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Documents: Voices of Islam 444

9·I-The Voice cf Allah: The Quran, Seventh Century c.E. • 9.2-TheVoice cf the Prophet Muhammad: The Hadith, Eighth and Ninth Centuries• 9·3-The T/oicecf the Law: The Sharia, ninth century • 9.4- The T/oicecf the Sufis: Inscription in Rumi's 70mb, Thirteenth Century; Rumi, Poem,Thirteenth Century; and Rumi, Mathnawi, Thirteenth Century • Usingthe Evidence

Visual Sourees: The Life ofthe Prophet 454

Muhammad and the Archangel Gabriel • The Night Journey cf Muhammad• The Battle at Badr • The Destruction cf the Idols • Using the Evidence

10. The Wodds of Christendorn: Contraction,Expansion, and Division, 500-1300 463

Christian Contraction in Asia and Africa 465Asian Christianity • African Christianity

Byzantine Christen dom: Building on the Roman Past 469The Byzantine State • The Byzantine Church and Christian Divergence• Byzantium and the World • The Conversion cf Russia

Western Christendom: Rebuilding in the Wake ofRoman Collapse 476Political Lift in Western Europe • Society and the Church • AcceleratingChange in the West • Europe Outward Bound: The Crusading Tradition

The West in Comparative Perspective 488Catching Up • Pluralism in Politics • Reason and Faith

Reflections: Remembering and Forgetting: Continuity and Surprise inthe Wodds of Christendom 496

Second Thoughts 497M1hat's the Significance? • Big Picture Questions • Next Steps: ForFurther Study

Snapshot: European Borrowing 490

Portrait: Cecilia Penifader, An English Peasant and Unmarried Woman 484

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Documents: The Making of Christian Europe 49910.1- The Conversion <ifClovis: Gregory of Tours, History <ifthe Franks,Late Sixth Century • 1O.2-Advice on Dealing with "Pagans": Pope Gregory,Advice to the English Church, 603 • 10.3- Charlemagne and the Saxons:Charlemagne, Capitulary on Saxony, 785 • 10.4 and 10.5- The Persistenceof Tradition: Willibald, L!fe <ifBoniface, ca. 760 c.E., and The Leechbook,Tenth Century • Using the Evidence

VisualSources: Reading Byzantine Icons 507Christ Pantokrator • The Nativity • Ladder <ifDivine Ascent • Using theEvidence

II. Pastoral Peoples on the Global Stage:The MongoI Moment, 1200-1500 513

Looking Back and Looking Around: The Long History ofPastoral Nomads 514The World <ifPastoral Societies • Bifore the Mongois: Pastoralists in History

Breakout: The Mongol Empire 521

From Temujin to Chinggis Khan: The Rise <ifthe Mongoi Empire •Explaining the Mongoi Moment

Encountering the Mongols: Comparing Three Cases 527China and the Mongois • Persia and the Mongois • Russia and the Mongois

The Mongol Empire as a Eurasian Network 534Tbward a World Economy • Diplomacy on a Eurasian Scale • CulturalExchange in the Mongoi Realm • The Plague: An Afro-Eurasian Pandemie

Reflections: Changing Images ofPastoral Peoples 539Second Thoughts 540

TVhats the Significance? • Big Picture Questions • Next Steps: ForFurther Study

Snapshot: Varieties of Pastoral Societies 516

Portrait: Khutulun, A Mongoi Wrestler Princess 530

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Documents: Perspectiveson the Mongois 542

11.1- Mongoi His tory from a Mongoi Souree: The Secret History <iftheMongois, ca. 1240 • 11.2- A Letter from Chinggis Khan: Chinggis Khan,Letter to Changchun, 1219 • 1l.3-A Russian View ofthe Mongois: TheChronicle of Novgorod, 1238 • 11.4- Chinese Perceptions of the Mongois:Epitaphfor the Honorable Menggu, 1274 • Using the Evidence

Visual Sourees: The Btack Death and Religion in Western Europe 550The Flagellants • Burying the Dead • A Culture of Death • In the Face ofCatastrophe- Questioning or Affirming the Faith • Using the Evidence

CONTENTS xxxiii

12. The Wodds of the Fifteenth Century 559

The Shapes of Human Communities 560Paleolithic Persistence: Australia and North America • Agricultural VillageSocieties: The Igbo and the Iroquois • Pastoral Peoples: Central Asia andWest AJrica

Civilizations of the Fifteenth Century: Comparing China and Europe 566Ming Dynasty China • European Comparisons: State Building and CulturalRenewal • European Comparisons: Maritime Voyaging

Civilizations of the Fifteenth Century: The Islamic W orld 576In the Islamic Heartland: The Ottoman and Safavid Empires • On theFrontiers of Islam: The Songhay and Mughal Empires

Civilizations of the Fifteenth Century: The Americas 580The Aztec Empire • The Inca Empire

Webs of Connection 586A Preview of Corning Attractions: Looking Ahead to the Modern Era,

1500-2012 588

Reflections: What If? Chance and Contingency in W orld History 591

Second Thoughts 592


Snapshot: Major Developments around the World in the Fifteenth Century 562

Snapshot: World Population Growth, 1000-2000 590

Portrait: Zheng He, China's Non-Chinese Admiral 572

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Documents: TheAztecs and the Incas through Spanish Eyes 59312.1- Diego Duran on the Aztecs: King Moctezuma I, Laws, Ordinances,and Regulations, ca. 1450 and Diego Duran, Book of the Gods and Rites,1574-1576 • 12.2-Pedro de Cieza de Uon on the Incas: Pedro de Ciezade Uon, Chronicles of the Incas, ca. 1550 • Using the Evidence

Visual Sources: Islam and RenaissanceEurope 600

Gentile Bellini, Portrait of Mehmed II • The VCnetian Ambassador VisitsDamascus • Aristotle and Averroes • Saint George Baptizes the PagansofJerusalem • Giovanni da Modena, Muhammad in Hell • Using theEvidence

PART FOUR The EarlyModern World,1450-175° 610

The Big Picture Debating the Character of an Era 6II

An Early Modern Era? • A Late Agrarian Era?

Mapping Part Four 6r4

13. Political Transformations: Empires andEncounters, 1450-1750 617

European Empires in the Americas 6r8The European Advantage • The Great Dying • The Columbian Exchange

Comparing Colonial Societies in the Americas 626

In the Lands ci the Aztecs and the Incas • Colonies of Sugar • SettlerColonies in North America

The Stepp es and Siberia: The Making of a Russian Empire 635Experiencing the Russian Empire • Russians and Empire

Asian Empires 639Making China an Empire • Muslims and Hindus in the Mughal Empire• Muslims and Christians in the Ottoman Empire

Reflections: The Centrality of Context in W orld History 647Second Thoughts 648


Snapshot: Ethnic Composition of Colonial Societies in Latin America (1825) 632

Portrait: Doiia Marina, Between Two Worlds 622

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Documents: State Building in the Early Modern Era 65013.1- The "Self-Portrait}} cia Chinese Emperor: The Emperor Kangxi,Rifiections, 1671-1722 • 13.2- The Memoirs of Emperor jahangir:jahangir,Memoirs, 1605-1627 • 13·3-An Outsider's View ci Suleiman I: OgierGhiselin de Busbecq, The Turkish Letters, 1555-1562 • 13.4- French StateBuilding and Louis XIV: Louis XlV, Memoirs, 1670 • Using the Evidence

Visual Sourees: The Conquest of Mexico through Aztee Eyes 660Disaster Foretold • Moctezuma and Cortes • The Massacre ci the Nobles• The Spanish Retreatfrom Tenochtitlan • Using the Evidence

CONTENTS ~v

14· Economic Transformations: Commerceand Consequence, 1450-1750 669

Europeans and Asian Commerce 670

A Portuguese Empire cif Commerce • Spain and the Phi/ippines • The EastIndia Companies • Asians and Asian Commerce

Silver and Global Commerce 679The "World Hunt": Fur in Global Commerce 682

Commerce in People: The Atlantic Slave Trade 687The Slave Trade in Context • The Slave Trade in Practice • Consequences:The Impact of the Slave Trade in /ifrica

Reflections: Economic Globalization - Then and Now 696Second Thoughts 698


Snapshot: The Slave Trade in Numbers (1501-1866) 692

Portrait: Ayuba Suleiman Diallo, To Slavery and Back 696

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Documents: Voices from the Slave Trade 700

14.1- The Journey to Slavery: Olaudah Equiano, The Interesting Narrativecif the Life cif Olaudah Equiano, 1789• 14.2- The Business cif the Slave Trade:Thomas Phi/lips, AJournal cif a I/oyage Made in the Hannibal cif London, 1694• 14·3-The Slave Trade and the Kingdom of Kongo: King Affonso I, Lettersto KingJao ofPortugal, 1526 • 14.4-The Slave Trade and the Kingdom cifAsante: Osei Bonsu, Conversation with Joseph Dupuis, 1820 • Using theEvidence

Visual Sourees: Exchangeand Status in the Early Modern World 710

Tea and Porcelain in Europe • A Chocolate Party in Spain • An OttomanC0feehouse • Clothing and Status in Colonial Mexico • Using theEvidence

15· Cultural Transformations: Religion and Science,1450-1750 719

The Globalization of Christianity 720

VVestern Christendom Fragmented: The Protestant Riformation •Christianity Outward Bound • Conversion and Adaptation in SpanishAmerica • An Asian Comparison: China and the Jesuits

Persistence and Change in Afro-Asian Cultural Traditions 734Expansion and Renewal in the Islamic World • China: New Directions inan Old Tradition • India: Bridging the Hindu/Muslim Divide

A New Way ofThinking: The Birth ofModern Science 740The Question of Origins: My Europe? • Seience as Cultural Revolution• Seience and Enlightenment • Looking Ahead: Seience in the NineteenthCentury • European Seience beyond the West

Reflections: Cultural Borrowing and Its Hazards 751

Second Thoughts 752

Mat's the Significance? • Big Picture Questions • Next Steps: ForFurther Study

Snapshot: Catholic/Protestant Differences in the Sixteenth Century 725

Snapshot: Major Thinkers and Achievements of the Scientific Revolution 743

Portrait: Ursula de Jesus, An Afro-Peruvian Slave and Christian Visionary 730

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Documents: Renewaland Reform in the Early Modern World 75315.1- Luther's Protest: Martin Luther, Table Talk, Early Sixteenth Century• 15.2- Progress and Enlightenment: Marquis de Condorcet, Sketch oJ theProgress oJ the Human Mind, 1793-1794 • 15.3- The Wahhabi Perspectiveon Islam: Abdullah Wahhab, "His tory and Doctrines oJ the Wahhabis," 1803• 15·5- Ihe Poetry of Kabir: Kabir, Poetry, ca. Late Ftfteenth Century •Using the Evidence

Visual Sourees: Global Christianity in the Early Modern Era 763Pieter Saenredam, Interior of a Dutch Riformed Church • Catholic Baroque:Interior of Pilgrimage Church, Mariazell, Austria • Cultural Blending inAndean Christianity • Making Christianity Chinese • Christian Art at theMughal Court • Using the Evidence

PART FIVE The European MomentIn World History, 1750-1914 772

THE BIG PICTURE European Centrality and the Problem of Eurocentrism 773

Eurocentric Geography and History • Countering Eurocentrism

Mapping Part Five 778

16. Atlantic Revolutions, Global Echoes, 1750-1914 781

Atlantic Revolutions in aGlobai Context 782

Comparing Atlantic Revolutions 784Ihe North American Revolution, 1775-1787 • Ihe French Revolution,178tr1815 • The Haitian Revolution, 1791-1804 • Spanish AmericanRevolutions, 1810-1825

CONTENTS xxxvii

Echoes of Revolution 798The Abolition if Slavery • Nations and Nationalism • Feminist Beginnings

Reflections: Revolutions Pro and Con 810

Second Thoughts 8II


Snapshot: Key Moments in the Growth of Nationalism 802

Portrait: Kartini, Feminism and Nationalism in Java 808

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Documents: Claiming Rights 812

16.1-The French Revolution and the ((Rights ifMan": The Declarationof the Rights of Man and Citizen, 1789 • 16.2- Rights and NationalIndependence: Simon Bolivar, The jamaica Letter, 1815 • 16.3- Rights andSlavery: Frederick Douglass, ((What to the Slave Is the Fourth ifjuly?",1852 • 16.4- The Rights of MIomen: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, The Solitudeof Self, 1892 • Using the Evidence

Visual Sourees: Representing the FrenchRevolution 820The Early Years if the French Revolution: ((The joyous Accord" • AReversalcf Roles: The Three Estates if Revolutionary France • Revolution and Religion:((Patience, Monsignor, your turn will come" • An English Response toRevolution: ((Hell Broke Loose or The Murder if Louis" • Using theEvidence

17. Revolutions of Industrialization, 1750-1914 827

Explaining the Industrial Revolution 828Why Europe? • Why Britain?

The First Industrial Society 835The British Aristocracy • The Middle Classes • The Laboring Classes• Social Protest • Europeans in Motion

Variations on a Theme: Industrialization in the United States and Russia 846The United States: Industrialization without Socialism • Russia:Industrialization and Revolution

The Industrial Revolution and Latin America in the Nineteenth Century 853After Independence in Latin America • Facing the World Economy •Becoming like Europe?

Reflections: History and Horse Races 859Second Thoughts 860

What's the Significance? • Big Piaure Questions • Next Steps: ForFurther Study

Snapshot: Measuring the Industrial Revolution 836

Snapshot: The Industrial Revolution and the Global Divide

Portrait: Ellen johnston, Factory Worker and Poet

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Documents: Experiencing Industrialization 862171- The Experience of an English Factory Worker: Elizabeth Bentley,Factory Worker, 'Testimony, 1831 and William Harter, Mill Owner, Testimony,1832 • 172-A Tteavers Lament: Only a Tteaver, 1860s • 17-]-A Middle-Class Understanding ci the Industrial Poor: Samuel Smiles, Thrift, 1875 •17.4- Socialism According to Marx: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, TheCommunist Manifesto, 1848 • Using the Evidence

Visual Sourees: Art and the Industrial Revolution 871

The Machinery Department ci the Crystal Palace • The Railroad as a Symbolof the Industrial Era • Outside the Factory: Eyre Crowe, The Dinner Hour,Wigan • Inside the Factory: Lewis Hine, Child Labor, 1912 • John Leeeh,Capital and Labour • Using the Evidence

18. Colonial Encounters in Asia and Africa,1750-1950 879

Industry and Empire 880A Second Wave ofEuropean Conquests 884Under European Rule 889

Cooperation and Rebellion • Colonial Empires with a DifferenceWays ofWorking: Comparing Colonial Economies 893

Economies ci Coercion: Forced Labor and the Power of the State • Economiesci Cash-Crop Agriculture: The Pul! ci the Market • Economies of WageLabor: Migrationfor Work • Women and the Colonial Economy: Examples

from Africa • Assessing Colonial DevelopmentBelieving and Be1onging: Identity and Cultural Change in the Colonial Era 902

Education • Religion • "Race" and "Tribe"Reflections: Who Makes History? 9IISecond Thoughts 912

Whats the Significance? • Big Picture Questions • Next Steps: ForFurther Study

Snapshot: Long-Distance Migration in an Age of Empire, 1846-1940 899

Portrait: Wanjiku of Kenya: An Ordinary Woman in Extraordinary Times 906

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CONTENTS xxxix


Documents: Indian Responsesto Empire 91318.1- Seeking VVesternEducation: Ram Mohan Ro)!, Letter to Lord Amherst,182] • 18.2-The Indian Rebellion: Prince Feroze Shah, The AzamgarhProclamation, 1857 • 18.]-The Credits and Debits oj British Rule in India:Dadabhai Naoroji, Speech to a London Audience, 1871 • 18.4- Gandhi onModern Civilization: Mahatma Gandhi, Indian Home Rule, 1908 • Usingthe Evidence

Visuat Sourees: TheScrambte for Africa 922

Prelude to the Scramble • Conquest and Competition • From the Cape toCairo • British and French in North Ajrica • The Ethiopian Exception• Using the Evidence

19. Empires in Collision: Europe, the Middle East,and East Asia, 1800-1914 931

Reversal of Fortune: China's Century of Crisis 932

The Crisis Within • Western Pressures • The Failure oj ConservativeModernization

The Ottoman Empire and the West in the Nineteenth Century 941

"The Sick Man of Europe" • Riform and Its Opponents • Outcomes:Comparing China and the Ottoman Empire

The Japanese Difference: The Rise of a New East Asian Power 947The Tokugawa Background • American Intrusion and the Meiji Restoration• Modernization japanese Style • japan and the World

Reflections: Success and Failure in History 955Second Thoughts 956


Snapshot: Chinese/British Trade at Canton, 1835-1836 936

Portrait: Lin Zexu, Confronting the Opium Trade 940

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Documents: ChangingChina 95819·1-1bward a Constitutional Monarchy: Kang Youwei, Memorial to EmperorGuangxu, 1898 • 19.2- Education and Examination: Anonymous, Editorialon China's Examination System, 1898, and Emperor Guangxu, Edicton Education, 1898 • 19.]- Gender, R~form, and Revolution: Qiu jin,An Address to Two Hundred Million Fellow Countrywomen, 1904 •19·4- Prescriptionsjor a Revolutionary China: Sun Yat-sen, The ThreePeople's Principlesand the Future oj the Chinese People, 1906 • Using theEvidence

Visual Sourees: JapanesePerceptions of the West 966The Black Ships • VVomen and TM?sternization • Kobayashi Kiyochika'sCritique cif Wholesale TM?sternization • Japan, China, and Europe: AReversalcif Roles • Using the Evidence

PART SIX The Most Recent Century,1914-2012 972

THE BIG PICTURE Since World War I: A New Period in World History? 973

Snapshot: World Population Growth, 1950-2011 975

Mapping Part Six 978

I 20. Collapse at the Center: World War,Depression, and the Rebalancing ofGlobal Power, 1914-1970S 981

The First World War: European Civilization in Crisis, 1914-1918 982An Accident Waiting to Happen • Legacies cif the Great War

Capitalism Unraveling: The Great Depression 990

Democracy Denied: Comparing Italy, Germany, and Japan 994The Fascist Alternative in Europe • Hitler and the Nazis • JapaneseAuthoritarianism

A Second World War 1003

The Road to War in Asia • The Road to War in Europe • The Outcomesof Global Conflict

The Recovery ofEurope 1012

Reflections: War and Remembrance: Learning from History 1015

Second Thoughts 1016


Snapshot: Comparing the Impact of the Depression 993

Portrait: Etty Hillesum, Witness to the Holocaust 1010

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Documents: Ideologies ofthe Axis Powers 1018

20.1- Hit/er on Nazism: Adolph Hitler, Mein Kamp.r (My Struggle),1925-1926 • 20.2- The Japanese VVay: Cardinal Principles of the NationalEntity cifJapan, 1937 • Using the Evidence

CONTENTS xli

Vlsual Sourees: Propaganda and Critique in World War I I025

Drfining the Enemy • lMJmen and the VVar· VVarand the Colonies • VVarand the Colonies • Ihe Battlrfield • Ihe Aftermath cfVVar • Using theEvidence

21. Revolution, Socialism, and Global Conflict:The Rise and Fall of W orId Communism,1917-Present I035

Global Communism I036

Revolutions as a Path to Communism I038

Russia: Revolution in a Single Year • China: A ProlongedRevolutionary Struggle

Building Socialism I045

Communist Feminism • Socialism in the Countryside • Communismand Industrial Development • Ihe Search Jor Enemies

East versus West: AGlobaI Divide and a Cold War I054

Military Conflict and the Cold War • Nuclear Stande?ff and Ihird WorldRivalry • The Cold War and the Superpowers

Paths to the End of Communism I06r

China: Abandoning Communism and Maintaining the Party • The SovietUnion: The Collapse cf Communism and Country

Reflections: To Judge or Not to Judge? I066Second Thoughts I067

TVhat's the Significance? • Big Picture Questions • Next Steps: ForFurther Study

Snapshot: China under Mao, 1949-1976 I049

Portrait: Anna Dubova, A Russian Peasant Girl and Urban Woman I052

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Documents: Experiencing Stalinism I069

21.1- Stalin on Stalinism:joseph Stalin, "The Results cf the First Five- rearPlan," 1933 • 21.2- Living through Collectivization: Maurice Hindus, RedBread, 1931 • 21.3- Living through Industrialization: Personal Accounts oJSoviet Industrialization, 1930S • 21.4-Living through the Terror: PersonalAccounts cf the Terror, 1930S • Using the Evidence

Vlsual Sourees: Poster Art in Mao's China I079

Smashing the Old Society • Building the New Society: Ihe People'sCommune • lMJmen, Nature, and Industrialization • The Cult oJ Mao• Using the Evidence

22. The End of Empire: The Global Southon the Global Stage, 1914-Present ro87

Toward Freedom: Struggles for Independence ro88Ihe End oJ Empire in World History • Explaining AJrican and AsianIndependence

Comparing Freedom Struggles I092The Case oJ India: Ending British Rule • The Case oJ South AJrica:Ending Apartheid

Experiments with Freedom II03Experiments in Political Order: Party, Army, and the Fate oJ Democracy •Experiments in Economic Development: Changing Priorities, Varying Outcomes• Experiments with Culture: Ihe Role <if Islam in Turkey and Iran

Reflections: History in the Middle of the Stream I II7Second Thoughts III8


Snapshot: World Population Growth, 1950-2011 II 04

Portrait: Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Muslim Pacifist ro98

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Documents: Contending for Islam 1120

22.1 - A Secular State Jor an Islamic Society in Turkey: MustaJa KemalAtatürk, Speech to the General Congress <if the Republican Party, 1927 •

22.2- Political Islam: Ayatollah Khomeini, Sayings <if the Ayatollah Khomeini,1980 • 22.3- Progressive Islam: Kabir Helminski, ((Islam and Human values,"2009 • 22.4-Abandoning Islam: Ayaan Hirsi Ali, From Islam to America,2010 • Using the Evidence

Visual Sourees: Representing Independence II29AJrican National Congress • Vietnamese Independence and Victory over theUnited States • Winning ajewish National State • A Palestinian Nationin the Making • Using the Evidence

23. Capitalism and Culture: A New Phaseof Global Interaction, Since 1945 II37

The Transformation ofthe World Economy 1138Reglobalization • Growth, Instability, and Inequality • Globalization andan American Empire

The Globalization ofLiberation: Focus on Feminism II49Feminism in the West • Feminism in the Global South • InternationalFeminism

CONTENTS

Religion and Global ModernityFundamentalism on aGlobai Scale • Creating Islamic Societies: Resistanceand Renewal in the World cf Islam • Religious Alternatives to Fundamentalism

Experiencing the Anthropocene Era: Environment and EnvironmentalismThe Global Environment Traniformed • Green and Global

Reflections: Pondering the PastSecond Thoughts

Mats the Significance? • Big Picture Questions • Next Steps: ForFurther Study

Snapshot: Global Development and Inequality, 2011

Portrait: Rachel (arson, Pioneer of Environmentalism

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Documents: Voices of Global Feminism II732].1- Communist Feminism: Alexandra Kollontai, "Communism and theFamily," 1920 • 2].2-VVestern Feminism: Andrea Dworkin, "Remember,Resist, Do Not Comply," 1995 • 2].]- Black American Feminism: CombaheeRiver Collective, A Black Feminist Statement, 1977• 2].4- Islamic Feminism:Benazir Bhutto, "Politics and the Muslim Woman," 1985 • 2].5-MexicanZapatista Feminists: Indigenous Womens Petition, March 1, 1994 and TheWomens Revolutionary Law,january 1, 1994 • Using the Evidence

VisualSources: Experiencing Globalization II82

Globalization and VViJrk • Globalization and Consumerism • Globalizationand Protest • Globalization: One VViJrldor Many? • Using the Evidence

NotesAcknowledgmentsIndexAbout the Author

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Mapping Part TwoMapping Part ThreeMapping Part FourMapping Part FiveMapping Part Six

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The Global Dispersion of Humankind 16

Migration of Austronesian-Speaking People 19The Global Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism 28The Fertile Crescent 3IBantu Migrations 35

First Civilizations 64Mesopotamia 81An Egyptian Empire 88

The Persian Empire 121

Classical Greece 123

Alexander's Empire and Successor States 127

The Roman Empire 131

Classical China 135

Empire in South Asia 142

Ancient Israel 182

The Spread ofEarly Christianity and Buddhism 191

Yellow Turban Rebellion 224

The Rebellion of Spartacus 233

Africa in the Second- Wave Era 266

Civilizations of Mesoamerica 273Civilizations of the Andes 278North America in the Second- Wave Era 286

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The Silk Roads 319

The Sea Roads 325Southeast Asia, ca. 1200 C.E. 329

The Swahili Coast ofEast Africa 333The Sand Roads 336The American Web 340

Tang and Song Dynasty China 368

Korean Kingdoms about 500 C.E. 378

Vietnam 379

Japan 381The World of Asian Buddhism 389

Arabia at the Time of Muhammad 414The Arab Empire and the Initial Expansion of Islam,622-900 C.E. 420

The Growing World ofIslam, 9°0-15°0 429The Sultanate ofDelhi 430

The Ottoman Empire by the Mid-fifteenth Century 431West Africa and the World of Islam 432

The Byzantine Empire 471Western Europe in the Ninth Century 478Europe in the High Middle Ages 481

The Crusades 487

The Xiongnu Confederacy 518The Almoravid Empire 521

The MongoI Empire 522Trade and Disease in the Fourteenth Century 535

Asia in the Fifteenth Century 567

Europe in 1500 570Africa in the Fifteenth Century 574

Empires of the Islamic World 577The Americas in the Fifteenth Century 581Religion and Commerce in the Afro-Eurasian World 588

European Colonial Empires in the Americas 620The Russian Empire 636China's Qing Dynasty Empire 641

The Mughal Empire 642The Ottoman Empire 645

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Europeans in Asia in the Early Modern Era 672

The Global Silver Trade 679

The North American Fur Trade 684

The Atlantic Slave Trade 687

Reformation Europe in the Sixteenth Century 724

The Globalization of Christianity 726

The Expansion ofWahhabi Islam 737

The United States after the AmericanRevolution 785

Napoleon's European Empire 791

Latin American Independence 795

The Nations and Empires ofEurope, ca. 1880 803

The Early Phase ofEurope's Industrial Revolution 832

European Migration in the Industrial Age 845

The Industrial United States in 1900 848

Industrialization and Revolution in Russia 852

Latin America and the World, 1825-1935 855

Colonial Asia in the Early Twentieth Century 886

Conquest and Resistance in Colonial Africa 887

China and the World in the Nineteenth Century 938

The Contraction of the Ottoman Empire 943

The Rise ofJapan 955

The World in 1914 984

Europe on the Eve ofWorld War I 986

Europe and the Middle East after World War I 987

World War 11in Asia and the Pacific I004

World War 11in Europe and Africa 1007

The Growth ofEuropean Integration I014

Russia in 1917 I040

The Rise of Communism in China I044

The Global Cold War I055

The Collapse of the Soviet Empire I065

The End of Empire in Africa and Asia I090

The Partition of British South Asia I097

South Africa after Apartheid II02

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Authoritarian Regimes in Latin America IIo6Iran, Turkey, and the Middle East 1II3

Globalization in Action: Foreign Direct Investment in theLate Twentieth Century II41Two Faces of an "American Empire" II48The Islamic World in the Early Twenty-first Century II60Ecological Footprints II65