W. HIST. CH. 18 FR. REV. Pwr Pnt (& other political revolutions)

TERMINOLOGY & VOCABULARY

LIBERTY, EQUALITY, FRATERNITY

THE THREE ESTATES (or social classes)

• First EstateThe first class of French society made up of the clergy of the Roman Catholic Church.

• Second Estate The second class of French society made up of the nobility.

• Third Estate They consisted of the bourgeoisie (middle class), the san-culottes and the peasants; they paid high taxes and had no special privileges.

• Tennis Court Oath Declaration mainly by members of the Third Estate not to disband until they had drafted a constitution for France (June 20, 1789).

• Sans-culottes "without breeches“ (a poor class)

THE TENNIS COURT OATH

GOVERNMENT & LAWS OF THE ERA

• taille Tax on property and land. Provided permanent income for French royal government.

• Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen A document that guaranteed due process in judicial matters and established sovereignty among the French people.

• Constitution of 1791 Set up a limited monarchy. There was still a king, but a Legislative Assembly would make the laws.

• Paris Commune The small government in Paris who wanted to resist the conservative leaders of France and tried to form their own government.

• legislative assembly A French congress with the power to create laws and approve declarations of war, established by the constitution of 1791. This replaced the National Assembly and took away most of the king's power.

• The Mountain The label applied to deputies sitting on the raised left benches in the National Convention during the French Revolution.

• French Republic The free and democratic French Republic established in 1946 by Charles de Gaulle.

• codify To organize into a code or system, such as a body of law.

The French Revolution Sprung From The American Revolution

SOME LEGACIES OF NAPOLEON

• Napoleon's Grand Empire Comprised of dependent states, allied states, and the French Empire.

• Civil code Napoleonic Code; this code preserved most of the gains of the revolution by recognizing the principle of the equality of all citizens before the law, etc.

• Grand Army An army of 500,000 men made by Napoleon to beat Alexander I when he refused to obey the Continental System.

• Waterloo The battle on June 18, 1815 in which Napoleon met his final defeat.

• Elba This island in the Mediterranean Sea off of Italy where Napoleon was initially exiled after he abdicated the throne for the first time.

• continental system Napoleon's efforts to block foreign trade with England by forbidding Importation of British goods Into Europe.

• St. Helena Place of Napoleon's last exile and death.

FANS OF THE KING vs. FANS OF FREEDOM• The Directory A committee of five in

an attempt to mediate between royalists and Jacobins.

• Jacobins The more radical side of the National Assembly. They wanted the king to be executed.

• Girondins The conservative side of the National Assembly. They favored having a king and wanted an absolute monarchy like England. They were the first people to control the National Assembly.

Royalists (Girondins) vs. Jacobins (they hated each other)

IMPORTANT INDIVIDUALS OF THE ERA

• Jean Valjean The protagonist of Les Miserables (seen as an example of a bad guy).

• Olympia de Gouges A French feminist playwright and journalist who wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen. Demanded equal rights for women from the new French National Assembly.

• Citizen A native or naturalized member of a state or other political community.

• Russia A former empire in eastern Europe and northern Asia created in the 14th century with Moscow as the capital (Napoleon failed to take it)

Yep, that’s Russell Crowe playing Jean Valjean in Les Miserables

LEADERS OF THE REVOLUTIONARY ERA• Napoleon Bonaparte French general who became emperor

of the French.• Marie Antoinette Queen of France (as wife of Louis

XVI) who was unpopular and thought to be immoral. Her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband.

• Louis XVI King of France from 1774 to 1792. His failure to grant reforms led to the French Revolution; he and his queen (Marie Antoinette) were guillotined.

• Jean-Paul Maret A leader of the radical Montagnard faction during the French Revolution.

• Duke of Wellington Leader of the combined British and Prussian army; would defeat Napoleon at Waterloo.

The Iron Duke – he whipped Napoleon

THE PARANOIA OF THE ERA

• guillotine A machine for beheading people, used as a means of execution during the French Revolution.

• Committee of Public Safety The leaders under Robespierre who organized the defenses of France, conducted foreign policy, and centralized authority during the period 1792-1795.

• Maximillian Robespierre Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution. His execution ended the Reign of Terror.

• coup d'etat A sudden overthrow of the government.• Bastille French jail where the revolution started.• Republic of Virtue Robespierre's attempt to erase all traces

of the monarchy, nobility and the Catholic Church• Great Fear The panic and insecurity that struck French

peasants in the summer of 1789 and led to their widespread destruction of manor houses and archives.

It reached a point where anyone could be executed

THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY

• French National Assembly The 3rd wanted to set up a constitutional government that would make the clergy and nobility pay taxes too. Voting seemed to be a problem because each estate only got 1 vote. The 3rd Estate demanded that each deputy have one vote but the king had favored the current system. The 3rd Estate declared it at the National Assembly and swore the Tennis Court Oath until they had a new constitution.

• Civil Constitution of the Clergy A decree by the National Assembly that established a national church system with elected clergy.