VUS.2 Explorations and Colonization

Objectivesp. 002

VUS.2 The student will describe how early European exploration and colonization resulted in cultural

interactions among Europeans, Africans, and American Indians.

I. Columbus Crosses the Atlantic p. 002

1. Columbus was born in Italy, but sailed for Spain in 1492, seeking a water route to Asia by sailing to the

West across the Atlantic Ocean

2. Although he didn’t find Asia, this started the process of interaction between Europe, Africa, and the

Americas

3. His 3 ships were the Nina, Pinta, and the Santa Maria

I. Columbus Crosses the Atlantic p. 002

4. October 12, 1492, Columbus landed on San Salvador and met the Taino Native Americans

5. colonization – def. – the establishment of distant settlements controlled by the parent country

6. Other Spanish “explorers”

a. Cortez – conquered the Aztecs

b. Pizarro – conquered the Inca

c. Ponce de Leon – Florida

d. Coronado – American southwest

e. Conquistadors – def. – Spanish explorers

and conquerors who took over parts of the

Americas for Spain

II. Gold, Land, and Religion p. 002

1. Spanish reasons for exploration and colonization = GOLD, GOD, GLORY details

2. Called native inhabitants “Los Indios” = Indians

3. 3 more voyages funded

colonization started on

Hispaniola

(Dominican Republic/

Haiti)

II. Gold, Land, and Religion p. ###

Thought Bubble

Why did he call the natives “los indios”?

Impact on Native Americansp. 003

1. military force used to subjugate/control native populations

2. plantation system used with forced labor tactic

3. Encomienda System

a. Spaniard (an encomendero) was granted natives (encomienda) – he was supposed to protect them,

teach them Spanish, and teach them the Catholic faith

b. In return the natives would work on the Spaniard’s lands in the colony

c. Became a system of slavery

III. Disease Ravages the Native Americansp. 003

1. Disease took its toll on native populations b/c they had no immunity to them– measles, mumps, chicken

pox, smallpox, and typhus

An estimated 80% of the native population was wiped out. From about 30 million around 1500 to about 6 million in 1600.

III. Disease Ravages the Native Americansp. 003

So what? Why do we celebrate

Columbus Day?

Thought Bubble

I. A New Slave Labor Forcep. 003

1. disease killing native populations = not a stable work force

2. African slavery = alternative for labor

3. demand grew quickly – Africans already resistant to European diseases

4. Trans-Atlantic slave trade grew quickly, key part of new American economic system

5. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade – 12 million people taken from Africa by early 1800s

I. A New Slave Labor Forcep. 004

Why did the Europeans need to

import slaves from Africa?

Thought Bubble

I. Columbian Exchangep. 004

1. Columbian Exchange – def. – movement of new plants and animals across the Atlantic between the

Americas and Europe and Africa

a. New to Europe and Africa – Tobacco, corn, tomato, potato, squash, peanut, pumpkin, peppers,

turkeys

b. New to Americas – diseases, cattle, sheep, pig, chickens, horses, wheat, rice, sugar cane, coffee

I. Columbian Exchangep. ###

What do you think the benefits would be for:

Merchants?

Monarchs?

Common People?

II. National Rivalriesp. 004

1. Portugal v. Spain led to…

a. Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) – pope divided Western Hemisphere between the 2 countries – East of

line (Brazil) = Portugal, West of line (rest of the Americas) = Spain

b. ignored by the English, French, and Dutch – started colonizing anyway

A New Society Is Bornp. 004

1. Columbus set in motion the collision between Europe, Africa, and the Americas = new societies, new

cultures

2. Multiculturalism throughout the Americas resulted, and has lasted to the present day

A New Society Is Bornp. 004

List three multicultural impacts

on today.

An English Settlement at Jamestown

p. 004

Main Idea – The first permanent English Settlement in North America was founded at Jamestown, VA in 1607

I. English Settlers Struggle in North Americap. 004

1. Unlike Spanish colonies, English colonies were funded by joint-stock companies – def. – wealthy

investors pooled their money to support a colony and hopefully yield a profit

2. Virginia Company – sent 3 ships with 150 people and founded the colony of Jamestown, the first

permanent English settlement in North America

II. A Disastrous Startp. 004

1. Arrogant colonists refused to farm and only looked for gold

2. Drank contaminated water, by winter 1607 there were only 38 left

a. John Smith took control and forced the colonists to farm –

Pocahontas story

3. 1609 – 600 new colonists arrived

4. Winter 1609-1610 – “Starving Time”

a. Powhatan burned crops, destroyed farms and animals

b. Only 60 colonists survived

II. A Disastrous Startp. 004

Who came to Jamestown? How long

do you think they were planning to

stay (How do you know)?

III. Jamestown Begins to Flourishp. 006

1. Were going to abandon, but convinced to stay by another influx of colonists with new leaders to stay

2. Tobacco – “brown gold” – introduced by John Rolfe in 1612

3. Headright system – VA Co. gave 50 acres of land to anyone who paid for a trip (self or someone else) to

the new world; immigration took off

a. Indentured servant – def – person whose passage was paid for, plus food and water, in trade for 4-7

years of labor, then get freedom; usu. from the lower classes

IV. The First Africansp. 006

1. First 20 arrived in 1619 as indentured servants

a. That same year, more were brought against their will as slaves

2. As more tobacco was farmed and plantations grew, the number of indentured servants decreased,

number of African slaves increased

V. The Settlers Clash with Native Americansp. 006

1. Relation with Native Americans getting worse, didn’t intermarry like the Spanish

2. Wanted more land for tobacco – remembered the Powhatan’s hostility during starving time

3. Uneasy truce declared with John Rolfe married Pocahontas in 1614

4. 1622 – Opechancanough’s revolt – killed a third of VA settlers

a. King James revoked the charter and made Virginia a royal colony – under direct control of the king

b. 10,000 colonists by 1644, Powhatan population dwindling

Thought Bubblep. 006

List the effects of tobacco farming on:

Colonists

Slavery

Native Americans

VI. Economic Differences Split Virginiap. 006

1. Wealthy “cavalier” planters in Eastern Virginia – had tons of land and money

2. Former indentured servants had no money, no land, couldn’t vote,

a. Had to move to the West to find land

b. Governor Berkeley imposed high taxes, mostly paid by the poor

3. Poor were constantly attacked by the Native Americans (and fought back), but had little support from

the Governor

VI. Economic Differences Split Virginiap. 007

4. Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)

a. Nathaniel Bacon raised an army of poor whites to fight the Native Americans

b. Condemned by the governor

c. Marched with his army to Jamestown

d. Complained about the Native Americans and lack of representation in the House of Burgesses –

Virginia’s colonial legislature; first elected assembly in the New World; still operates today, but is

now called the General Assembly

e. Bacon’s army burned Jamestown, Bacon died from disease and his army defeated

5. Led to a call for more slaves because less likely to rebel

Thought Bubblep. 007

What factors led to the increase

for more African Slaves to

Virginia?

Puritan New England

p. 007

Main Idea – English Puritans came to North America, beginning in 16020

I. Puritans Create a “New England”p. 007

1. Puritans – church members who wanted to “purify” or reform the Church of England

2. Separatists/Pilgrims – thought the Anglican Church was too Catholic and wanted a complete break

a. Fled from England on the Mayflower to escape religious persecution in 1620 and founded the

Plymouth Colony, the second permanent English Settlement in North America

3. Mayflower Compact – the Pilgrims were aiming for Jamestown, but way off

a. Agreed to form a civil government based on English law

b. First document of self-government in the New World

I. Puritans Create a “New England”p. 007

1. The Massachusetts Bay Company

a. John Winthrop obtained a royal charter for the Massachusetts Bay Company

Wanted to establish a “City upon a Hill” = Boston

b. Right to vote in Mass based on being male and church membership

Actually very democratic with many policies decided through town meetings.

c. Legislature called the General Court

d. No division between Church and government

e. Much better organized than Jamestown – entire families moved, not just individual laborers

Thought Bubblep. 008

Who could vote in the

Massachusetts Bay Colony?

I. Puritans Create a “New England”p. 008

5. Dissent in the Puritan Community

a. Roger Williams stated “Forced religion stinks in the nostrils of God.”

Also believed the colonists should pay the Native Americans for their land

Fled Southwest where he established Providence, Rhode Island and encouraged separation of

church and state and religious freedom

b. Anne Hutchinson also forced to flee – stated people didn’t need to go to church, just read the bible

for themselves

Thoughtp. 008

What are two differences between

Massachusetts and Rhode Island?

II. Native Americans Resist Colonial Expansionp. 008

1. Puritans were expanding west

2. Pequot War (1637) resulted in the destruction of the Pequot nation

a. Massacre at Mystic

3. King Philip’s War

a. Metacom, a Wampanoag chief who was also called King Philip by the colonists did not like the

Puritan rules of no hunting or fishing on Sundays

b. Fought for over a year, but Metacom was killed, his forces defeated and ended Native American

power in southeast New England

Settlement of the Middle Colonies

p. 009

Main Idea – The Dutch settle New Netherland; English Quakers led by William Penn settle Pennsylvania

I. The Dutch Found New Netherlandp. 009

1. Henry Hudson (an Englishman) sailed for the Dutch up the Hudson River

2. The colony New Netherland was established and engaged in the fur trade

a. New Amsterdam was established was founded in 1625, modern day New York City

3. Dutch also took over New Sweden to the South (modern New Jersey)

I. The Dutch Found New Netherlandp. 009

4. The Dutch couldn’t get enough of their own settlers to move there, so they opened the colony up to

other people

a. Dutch, German, French Huguenots (Protestant), Jews, Scandinavians, Africans (slave and free)

5. Had better relations with the Native Americans because of the fur trade

6. English crown did not like the separation of New England and Virginia, so sent the Duke of York to

conquer it

a. Conquered it in 1664 and renamed it New York

b. The Duke gave the southern portion to his friends who renamed it New Jersey

II. The Quakers Settle Pennsylvaniap. 009

1. The Quakers were a Protestant group devoted to equality, cooperation, and religious toleration

a. Held services without ministers, plain clothes, embraced pacifism

2. William Penn – founder of Pennsylvania; his “holy experiment”

a. Philadelphia established as the capital

b. All settlers promised 50 acres of land and the

right to vote

c. Granted freedom of religion

d. Delaware was part of PA at first, but eventually

became independent

II. The Quakers Settle Pennsylvaniap. ###

3. Had no major conflicts with the Native Americans because Penn showed respect for them

4. Needed more settlers, so opened the colony up to German, Dutch, and French settlers

Thought Bubblep. 009

How did Pennsylvania differ from the

Massachusetts Bay Colony?

III. Other Coloniesp. 010

1. New Hampshire – carved out of Massachusetts in 1629

and established by fishermen

2. Connecticut – originally settled by the Dutch, taken

over by the Puritans

a. Became Connecticut after the Pequot War under

the leadership of Thomas Hooker

3. Maryland – founded by Lord Baltimore as a haven for

Catholics

a. Act of Toleration – led to religion freedom in MD for

a while

III. Other Coloniesp. 010

4. Carolinas – land granted to King Charles II’s friends

south of VA

a. Plantation system emerged in South Carolina and

became extremely wealthy

5. Georgia – founded by James Oglethorpe as a haven

for people in debt

a. Also served as a buffer with Florida (controlled by

the Spanish)

The End