Vương Quốc Liên Hiệp Anh Và Bắc Ireland – Wikipedia Tiếng Việt

Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland

Bch khoa ton th m WikipediaMc t "UK" dn n bi ny. Xin c v cc ngha khc ti UK (nh hng).Mc t "United Kingdom" dn n bi ny. Xin c v cc ngha khc ti United Kingdom (nh hng).Mc t "Lin hip Vng quc" dn n bi ny. Xin c v cc ngha khc ti Lin hip Vng quc (nh hng).

Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland

Quc k Huy hiu

Khu hiu

Dieu et mon droit (Ting Php)("Cha v quyn ca ti")

Quc ca

God Save the Queen 4

(Cha ph h N hong)

Hnh chnh

Chnhph

Qun ch lp hin

Nhong Thtng

Elizabeth IIDavid Cameron (ng Bo th)

Th Lun n (Lun n)5130B, 07T (http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?language=vi&pagename=V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_Li%C3%AAn_hi%E1%BB%87p_Anh_v%C3%A0_B%E1%BA%AFc_Ireland&params=51_30_N_0_7_W_type:country(243.610))

Thnhph lnnht

Lun n

a l

Dintch

243.610 km (hng 80)

Dintchnc

1,34% %

Mi gi GMT (UTC+0); ma h: BST (UTC+1)

Lch s

Thnh lp

Ngythnhlp

1801 6

Dn c

Dn sclng(2013)

64.100.000[1] ngi (hng 22)

Dn s(2011)

63.181.775[2] ngi

Mt 255,6 ngi/km (hng 51)

Kinh t

GDP(PPP)(2014)

Tng s: 2.435 t $[3] (hng 10)

Bnh qun u ngi: 37.744 $[3] (hng 27)

GDP(danhngha)(2014)

Tng s: 2.848 t $[3] (hng 6)

Bnh qun u ngi: 44.141 $[3] (hng 22)

HDI(2003)

0,939 cao (hng 15)

n vtin t

ng bng Anh (GBP)

Thng tin khc

TnminInternet

.uk 7

Vng quc cng nhn vi ngn ng khc nh ngn ng min bn a di Hin chng u Chu v Ngn ng Min v Thiu s. Trong nhng ngn ng ny, tn chnh thc ca Vng quc l:Ting Scots: Unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain an Northren IrelandTing Wales: Teyrnas Unedig Prydain Fawr a Gogledd IwerddonTing Gaelic: An Roghachd Aonaichte na Breatainn Mhr agus Eirinn a TuathTing Gaeilge: Rocht Aontaithe na Breataine Mire agus Tuaisceart na hireannTing Cornwall: An Rywvaneth Unys a Vreten Veur hag Iwerdhon Gldh

1.

Cng c phin bn s dng Scotland; xem Hong hiu Vng quc Anh bit thm chi tit.2. Khu hiu hong gia ca Scotland l Nemo Me Impune Lacessit (Ting Latinh) ("Khng ai khiu khch ti m khng b trng pht.")3. Khng chnh thc.4. Cc ngn ng c cng nhn chnh thc: ti Wales, ting Wales, v ti Scotland, ting Gaelic Scotland sau mt o lut vo nm 2005. i khi ting Php Norman cng c dng chnh thc.5.

Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland Wikipedia ting Vit http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vng_quc_Lin_hip_Anh_v_Bc_Ireland

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Thnh lp di tn Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Ireland. Tn i thnh Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland vo nm 1927.6. Theo ISO 3166-1 m quc gia l "GB" (vit tt ca "Great Britain"), nhng cha s dng .gb.7.

Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland hay Lin hip Vng quc Anh v Bc Ireland (ting Anh: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; pht m ting Anh: /ret brt()n nd n()n lnd/),thng gi l Vng Quc Anh hoc Anh, l mt quc gia c ch quyn ti chu u. Quc gia ny nm ti ngoi khi i lc chu u, bao gm o Anh v phn ng bc ca o Ireland, cng nhiu o nh. Bc Ireland l b

phn duy nht ca Vng quc Lin hip Anh c mt bin gii trn b vi quc gia khc: Cng ha Ireland.[nb 1] Ngoi bin gii trn b ny, bao quanh Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland l i Ty Dng, trong binBc ti pha ng v eo bin Manche ti pha nam. Bin Ireland nm gia o Anh v o Ireland. Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland c din tch 243.610 km, l quc gia c ch quyn rng th 78 trn th gii v rng th11 ti chu u.

Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland l quc gia ng dn th 22 trn th gii, vi khong 64,1 triu c dn.[1] y l mt quc gia qun ch lp hin vi mt th ch i ngh trong cai tr.[4][5] Th Lun n l mt thnh

ph ton cu v l trung tm ti chnh, cng l khu vc th ln th t ti chu u.[6] Qun ch hin nay l N vng Elizabeth II. Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland gm bn quc gia: Anh (England), Scotland, Wales,

v Bc Ireland.[7] Ba quc gia sau c trao quyn cai tr,[8] Guernsey, Jersey, v o Man khng phi l b phn ca Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland, cc lnh th ny l vng t tr, thuc a hong gia v Chnh ph

Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland chu trch nhim v quc phng v i din quc t.[9] Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland cng c 14 lnh th hi ngoi,[10] cc lnh th ang tranh chp l qun o Falkland,Gibraltar, v Lnh th n Dng.

Quan h gia cc quc gia trong Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland bin ha theo thi gian. Wales c hp nht vo Vng quc Anh theo cc o lut Lin Minh vo nm 1536 v 1543. Mt hip nh gia Anh vScotland c kt qu l mt Vng quc Anh thng nht vo nm 1707, n nm 1801 th vng quc ny hp nht vi Vng quc Ireland hnh thnh Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Ireland. Nm 1922, 5/6 lnh th Ireland ly

khai khi Vng quc Lin hip, li Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland nh hin nay.[nb 2] Cc lnh th hi ngoi ca Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland nguyn l nhng thuc a, chng l tn d ca qucAnh tng bao ph gn mt phn t i lc trn th gii vo cui th k 19 v u th k 20 v l quc ln nht trong lch s. nh hng ca Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland c th nhn thy trong ngn ng, vn ha,h thng t php ca nhiu cu thuc a.

Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland l mt quc gia pht trin, c kinh t ln th su th gii theo GDP danh ngha v ln th 10 theo sc mua tng ng. Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland c nhn nh l c

mt kinh t thu nhp cao v c phn loi l rt cao theo Ch s pht trin con ngi. y l quc gia cng nghip ha u tin trn th gii v cng quc ng u th gii trong th k 19 v u th k 20.[11][12] Vng quc

Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland duy tr v th mt i cng quc, vi cc nh hng ng k v kinh t, vn ha, qun s, khoa hc, v chnh tr trn quy m quc t.[13][14] y l mt quc gia v kh hn nhn c cng nhn v

xp hng 5 hay 6 v chi tiu qun s trn th gii.[15][16] Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland l mt thnh vin thng trc trong Hi ng Bo an Lin Hip Quc k t phin hp u tin ca c cu vo nm 1946. Qucgia ny cng l thnh vin ca Lin minh chu u, Thnh vng chung cc Quc gia, hi ng chu u, G7, G8, G20, NATO, OECD, v WTO.

Mc lc

1 Tn gi2 Lch s

2.1 Trc 17072.2 Sau nm 1707

3 Chnh tr3.1 Chnh ph3.2 Chnh quyn phn cp3.3 Php lut3.4 Quan h i ngoi3.5 Qun s

4 a l4.1 Kh hu4.2 Phn chia hnh chnh

5 Lnh th ph thuc6 Nhn khu

6.1 Dn tc6.2 Ngn ng6.3 Tn gio6.4 Gio dc6.5 Y t

7 Kinh t7.1 Khoa hc v Cng ngh7.2 Giao thng

8 Vn ha8.1 Vn hc8.2 m nhc8.3 in nh8.4 Truyn thng8.5 Th thao8.6 Tng trng

9 Ghi ch10 Tham kho11 Lin kt ngoi

Tn gi

Lin hip Vng quc Anh v Bc Ireland (The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) c nhiu tn gi cho mt quc gia, nhiu tn gi khc nhau cho nhng thc th khc nhau song thng b dng nhm ln mtcch ph bin vi t England v Great Britain:

England: Anh quc, nc Anh.Great Britain (cn gi l Britain): Lin hip Anh, bao gm England, Wales v Scotland. Tn ny ln u tin c dng vo nm 1707 khi o lut hp nht Scotland vi England v Wales ra i. ng ra th Great Britainch l mt khu vc a l ch hn o ln m n c chia thnh England, Wales v Scotland; v mc d c hp nht, nhng Great Britain hay Britain thc cht ch l mt lin hip gia 3 thc th ny.

Tn gi ngn gn: The United Kingdom, The UK. The United Kingdom gm England, Wales, Scotland v Ireland c thnh lp vo nm 1801; n nm 1922, Nam Ireland tch ra v nm 1949 th tr thnh mt nc cng hac lp vi tn gi Cng ha Ireland.

t lu ngi ta thng dng England mt cch nhm ln ch Britain v c the United Kingdom; v hin nay Great Britain v the United Kingdom c dng ch cng mt thc th - tuy nhin, y ch l cch gi khngchnh thc.

Trong ting Vit, lin hip ny thng c gi theo li ly tn gi ca b phn ni n chnh th l Anh hoc Anh quc. Cch gi ny bt ngun t Trung Quc. Anh (Trung vn: ) v Anh quc (Trung vn gin th: ;Trung vn phn th: ) l gin xng ca Anh Ct Li () v Anh Cch Lan (Trung vn gin th: ; Trung vn phn th: ), vn u l tn dch m Trung vn ca quc hiu "England". Do Anh c vai tr vnh hng to ln trong qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin ca Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Ireland v sau l Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland nn Anh c nhiu ngi xem l ch th ca cc vng quc lin hip. Cho n hin nay trong ting Trung Quc, ting Nht, ting Triu Tin v ting Vit "Anh quc" vn l tc xng thng gp ca Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland. Do trong ting Vit "Anh" khng ch c dng ch Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland m cn c dng dch cc tn gi "England" v "Britain" nn d ny sinh s nhm ln, kh phn bit, kh khn trong dch thut.

Lch s

Trc 1707

Ngi hin i ban u chu u n nh c ti khu vc nay l Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland trong cc ln sng bt u t khong 30.000 nm trc.[17] n khi kt thc thi k tin s trong khu vc, c dn c

nhn nh ch yu thuc v mt nn vn ha c t tn l Celt o, gm ngi Briton ti o Anh v ngi Gael ti Ireland.[18] Ngi La M bt u chinh phc o Anh vo nm 43 CN, v cai tr min nam o Anh trong 400

nm, tip theo l mt cuc xm chim ca nhng ngi nh c Anglo-Saxon thuc chng Germain, thu nh khu vc ca ngi Briton cn ch yu l Wales ngy nay v Vng quc Strathclyde.[19] Hu ht khu vc m ngi

Anglo-Saxon nh c thng nht thnh Vng quc Anh (England) trong th k 10.[20] Trong khi , nhng ngi ni ting Gael ti ty bc o Anh (c lin h vi ng bc ca Ireland v theo truyn thng c cho l di c t

t th k 5)[21][22] hp nht vi ngi Pict hnh thnh Vng quc Scotland trong th k 9.[23]

Nm 1066, ngi Norman t Php xm chim Anh v sau cuc chinh phc ny, ngi Norman chim phn ln Wales, chinh phc hu ht Ireland v c mi n nh c ti Scotland, em n mi quc gia ch phong kin


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Stonehenge ti Wiltshire c dng

vo khong nm 2500 TCN.

Thm Bayeux miu t trn Hastings

v cc s kin dn n trn nh.

Hip nh Lin Minh dn n mt

vng quc lin hip duy nht bao

gm ton o Anh.

Trn Waterloo nh du kt thc cc

cuc chin tranh ca Napolon v

khi u Pax Britannica.

Cc lnh th tng thuc quc Anh.

Sau hai ln b Php ph quyt vo nm

1961 v 1967, Vng quc Lin hip Anh

v Bc Ireland tham gia Lin minh chu

u vo nm 1973.

theo m hnh min bc Php v vn ha Norman-Php.[24] Tng lp qu tc Norman c nh hng rt ln, song cui cng b ng ha vo mi vn ha a phng.[25] Sau , cc qucvng Anh thi Trung C hon thnh chinh phc Wales v tin hnh mt n lc bt thnh nhm thn tnh Scotland. Sau , Scotland duy tr v th c lp ca bn thn, song xy ra xung tgn nh lin tc vi Anh. Cc qun ch Anh tha k cc lnh th ti Php v yu sch vng v Php, tham d cao trong cc xung t ti Php, ng ch nht l Chin tranh Trm Nm,

trong khi cc quc vng ca ngi Scot nm trong mt lin minh vi Php trong thi k ny.[26]

Trong thi k hin i ban u, din ra xung t tn gio do kt qu t Ci Cch v a Tin Lnh lm quc gio ti mi quc gia.[27] Wales hon ton

c hp nht vo Vng quc Anh,[28] v Ireland tr thnh mt vng quc c lin minh c nhn vi qun ch Anh.[29] Ti khu vc m nay l Bc

Ireland, t ca nhng qu tc Gael theo Cng gio c lp b tch thu v trao cho nhng ngi nh c Tin Lnh t Anh v Scotland.[30]

Nm 1603, cc vng quc Anh, Scotland v Ireland c thng nht trong mt lin minh c nhn khi Quc vng ca ngi Scot l James VI k vvng v ca Anh v Ireland v chuyn triu nh ca mnh t Edinburgh n Lun n; tuy vy mi quc gia duy tr v th mt thc th chnh tr

ring bit v duy tr cc c cu chnh tr, lp php, v tn gio ring bit.[31][32]

n gia th k 17, ton b ba vng quc u tham d trong mt lot chin tranh lin tip (trong c Ni chin Anh) dn n lt tm thi ch qun ch v thit lp cng ha nht th

on mnh l Thnh vng chung Anh, Scotland v Ireland.[33][34]

Mc d ch qun ch c khi phc, song c m bo (vi Cch mng Vinh Quang nm 1688) rng, khng ging vi phn cn li ca chu u, chnh th chuyn ch vng tht skhng c lu hnh, v mt ngi Cng gio cng khai c th khng bao gi c ngi ln vng v. Hin php Anh Quc s pht trin trn c s ch qun ch lp hin v th ch i

ngh.[35] Trong thi k ny, c bit l ti Anh, s pht trin nng lc hi qun dn n vic thu tm v nh c ti cc thuc a hi ngoi, c bit l ti Bc M.[36][37]

Sau nm 1707

Ngy 1 thng 5 nm 1707, Vng quc Anh (Great Britain) c hnh thnh, l kt qu ca cc o lut Lin Minh do quc hi ca Anh v Scotland thng qua nhm ph chun Hip nh

Lin Minh v do hp nht hai vng quc.[38][39][40] Mt loi cuc ni dy Jacobite nhm loi b gia tc Hannover Tin Lnh khi vng v Anh Quc v khi phc gia tc Stuart Cnggio. Phe Jacobite cui cng tht bi trong trn Culloden vo nm 1746, sau nhng ngi Scot vng cao b n p tn nhn. Cc thuc a ca Anh Quc ti Bc M ly khai trong Cch

mng M tr thnh Hp chng quc Hoa K vo nm 1782. Thm vng quc ca Anh chuyn sang nhng ni khc, c bit l n .[41] Thut ng 'Vng quc Lin hip' c

chnh thc ha vo nm 1801 khi cc quc hi ca Anh Quc v Ireland thng qua cc o lut Lin Minh, thng nht hai vng quc v thit lp Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Ireland.[42]

n u th k 19, Cch mng cng nghip do Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Ireland dn u bt u bin i quc gia. Cch mng dn khin quyn lc chnh tr ri xa cc tng lp a chTory v Whig c hng v nhng nh t bn cng nghip mi. Mt lin minh ca gii cng thng vi phe Whig dn n hnh thnh phe T do, vi t tng mu dch t do v v canthip. Nm 1832, Quc hi thng qua o lut i ci cch, bt u chuyn giao quyn lc chnh tr t tng lp qu tc cho giai cp trung lu. Ti nng thn, phong tro ro t y nhngnng dn nh ri i. Dn s thnh th bt u tng ln vi mt tng lp lao ng th mi. Rt t cng nhn bnh thng c quyn b phiu v h thit lp cc t chc ca bn thn theo hnhthc cng on.

Sau khi nh bi Php trong Cch mng Php v Cc cuc chin tranh ca Napolon (17921815), Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Ireland ni ln thnh

cng quc hi qun v quc ch yu trong th k 19 (vi Lun n l th ln nht th gii t khong 1830).[43] Vng quc Lin hip Anh v

Ireland khng b thch thc trn bin, u th ca h v sau c m t l Pax Britannica (Ha bnh Anh).[44][45] Thi im din ra i Trin lm nm 1851, Vng quc Lin hip Anh v

Ireland c m t l "cng xng ca th gii".[46] quc Anh c khoch trng, gm c n , nhiu b phn ti chu Phi v cc lnh th khc trn ton th gii. Bn cnh kim sot

chnh thc cc thuc a, Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Ireland cn kim sot c hiu qu kinh t ca nhiu quc gia nh i Thanh, Argentina v Xim La.[47][48] Ti ni a, quan imchnh tr ng h cc chnh sch mu dch t do v v can thip v dn m rng quyn bu c. Trong th k ny, dn s gia tng vi tc mnh m, km theo l th ha nhanh chng, gy

nn cc p lc nghim trng v x hi v kinh t.[49] Sau nm 1875, th c quyn cng nghip ca Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Ireland b c v Hoa K thch thc. Nhm tm kim ccth trng v ngun cung nguyn liu th mi, ng Bo th di quyn Benjamin Disraeli khi u mt thi k khoch trng quc ti Ai Cp, Nam Phi v nhng ni khc. Canada, c

v New Zealand tr thnh cc quc gia t qun.[50]

Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Ireland cng vi Php, Nga v (sau 1917) Hoa K chin u vi c v ng minh ca nc ny trong Chin tranh th gii th nht (191418).[51] Cc lc lng v trang Vng quc Lin hip

Anh v Ireland chin u trn hu ht quc Anh v mt s khu vc ca chu u, c bit l Mt trn pha Ty.[52] Sau Chin tranh, Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Ireland tip nhn y thc ca Hi Quc Lin i vi mt s

cu thuc a ca c v Ottoman. quc Anh t n quy m cc i, bao trm mt phn nm b mt lnh th v mt phn t dn s th gii.[53] Tuy nhin, Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Ireland chu tn tht 2,5 triu thng

vong v kt thc chin tranh vi n quc gia khng l.[52] S tri dy ca ch ngha dn tc Ireland v cc tranh chp ni b ca Ireland v cc iu khon t tr a phng cui cng dn n phn chia o vo nm 1921,[54] v

Quc gia T tr Ireland c c lp vi a v quc gia t tr vo nm 1922. Bc Ireland duy tr l b phn ca Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland.[55] Mt ln sng nh cng vo gia thp nin 1920, nh im l tngnh cng Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland nm 1926. Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland vn khng khi phc sau cc tc ng ca chin tranh khi i khng hong (192932) din ra, dn n t l tht nghip

cao v kh khn ti cc khu vc cng nghip c, cng nh cc bt n chnh tr v x hi trong thp nin 1930. Mt chnh ph lin minh c hnh thnh vo nm 1931.[56]

Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland tham gia Chin tranh th gii th hai khi tuyn chin vi c vo nm 1939. n nm 1940, Winston Churchill tr thnh th tng v ng u mt chnh ph lin minh. Bt chp thtbi ca cc ng minh ti chu u trong nm u chin tranh, Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland tip tc n c chin u chng c. Sau khi c chin bi, Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland tr thnh mttrong ba cng quc t hp nhm d tnh v th gii hu chin; tr thnh mt trong nm thnh vin thng trc ca Hi ng Bo an Lin Hip Quc. Tuy nhin, th chin khin Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland suy yu

nghim trng v ph thuc v ti chnh vo vin tr Marshall v cc khon vay t Hoa K.[57]

Ngay sau th chin, chnh ph ca Cng ng khi xng mt chng trnh ci cch trit , c tc ng ng k n x hi Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland trong cc thp

nin sau.[58] Cc ngnh cng nghip ch yu v tin ch cng cng c quc hu ha, hnh thnh mt nh nc phc li, v mt h thng y t ton din nhn ti tr cng c thit lp

mang tn Dch v y t quc dn.[59] S tri dy ca ch ngha dn tc ti cc thuc a din ra ng thi vi v th kinh t ca Anh b suy yu i nhiu, do mt chnh sch phi thuc

a ha l khng th trnh khi. c lp c trao cho n v Pakistan vo nm 1947.[60] Trong ba thp nin sau , hu ht thuc a trong quc Anh ginh c c lp, nhiu

cu thuc a tr thnh thnh vin ca Thnh vng chung cc Quc gia.[61]

Mc d Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland l quc gia th ba pht trin v kh ht nhn, song cc hn ch mi trong v th quc t ca Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Irelandthi hu chin c thy r trong khng hong knh o Suez nm 1956. S truyn b quy m quc t ca ting Anh gip vn hc v vn ha Vng quc Lin hip Anh v BcIreland m bo tip tc c nh hng quc t. T thp nin 1960 tr i, vn ha i chng ca Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland cng c nh hng ti ngoi quc. Do tnhtrng thiu cng nhn trong thp nin 1950, chnh ph Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland khuyn khch nhp c t cc quc gia trong Thnh vng chung. Trong cc thp nin

sau , Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland tr thnh mt x hi a dn tc.[62] Mc d tiu chun sinh hot c nng cao vo cui thp nin 1950 v trong thp nin 1960, song thnh tch kinh t ca Vng quc Lin hipAnh v Bc Ireland khng c thnh cng nh nhiu i th ca h, chng hn nh Ty c v Nht Bn. Nm 1973, Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland gia nhp Cng ng Kinh t chu u (EEC), v khi EEC tr thnhLin minh chu u (EU) vo nm 1992, Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland l mt trong 12 thnh vin sng lp.

T cui thp nin 1960, Bc Ireland tri qua no lon cng cng v bn v trang (i khi tc ng n cc b phn khc ca Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland), tnh trng ny

thng c gi trong ting Anh l the Troubles. N thng c nhn nh l kt thc bng Hip nh "Th su tt lnh" Belfast nm 1998.[63][64][65]

Sau mt thi k suy thoi kinh t v xung t cng nghip lan rng trong thp nin 1970, chnh ph Bo th trong thp nin 1980 khi xng mt chnh sch cp tin v ch ngha tin

t, bi b cc quy nh c bit l trong lnh vc ti chnh v th trng lao ng, bn cc cng ty quc hu (t hu ha), v rt tr cp cho cc lnh vc khc.[66] iu ny dn n t ltht nghip cao v bt n x hi, song cui cng cng gip kinh t tng trng, c bit l trong lnh vc dch v. T nm 1984, kinh t c tip thm sinh lc t thu thp n t du

bin Bc.[67]

Khong cui th k 20, c cc bin ha ln trong vic cai tr Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland khi thit lp chnh ph cho Scotland, Wales v Bc Ireland.[8][68] Vng qucLin hip Anh v Bc Ireland duy tr l mt quc gia quan trng trn quy m ton cu trong ngoi giao v qun s, c vai tr lnh o hng u trong Lin minh chu u, Lin Hip

Quc v NATO. Tuy nhin, tn ti tranh lun quanh cc v trin khai qun s ra hi ngoi ca Anh, c bit l ti Afghanistan v Iraq.[69] Khng hong ti chnh ton cu 2008 c tcng nghim trng n kinh t Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland. Nm 2010, chnh ph lin minh tin hnh cc bin php khc kh nhm mc ch gim thm ht ngn sch v

thu c kt qu.[70] Thng 9 nm 2014, a s c tri Scotland bc b xut c lp cho Scotland trong mt cuc trng cu dn .[71]

Chnh tr

Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland l mt quc gia nht th theo th ch qun ch lp hin. N vng Elizabeth II l nguyn th quc gia ca Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland, v cng l qun ch ca 15 quc gia

Thnh vng chung c lp khc.[72] Qun ch c "quyn c tham vn, quyn khch l, v quyn cnh co".[73] Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland l mt trong bn quc gia duy nht trn th gii c mt hin php bt

thnh vn.[74][nb 3] Hin php Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland do ch yu gm mt tp hp cc ngun thnh vn ring bit, gm c cc php quy, tin l php v cc hip nh quc t, cng vi cc qun l hin php.Do khng c khc bit v mt k thut gia cc php quy thng thng v "lut hin php", Quc hi Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland c th thi hnh "ci cch hin php" bng cch ch cn thng qua cc o lut quchi, v do c quyn lc chnh tr trong vic ci bin hoc ph tr bt k cc yu t thnh vn hoc bt thnh vn ca hin php. Tuy nhin, khng c kha quc hi no c th thng qua cc o lut m cc kha quc hi sau

khng th ci bin.[75]

Chnh ph

Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland c mt chnh ph ngh vin da theo H thng Westminster, mt h thng c m phng trn khp th gii do di sn ca quc Anh. Quc hi Vng quc Lin hip Anh v BcIreland hp ti Cung in Westminster vi hai vin; Th dn vin c bu c, tc H vin, v mt Qu tc vin c b nhim, tc Thng vin. Tt c cc d lut thng qua phi c ng chun trc khi thnh lut.


3 of 14 6/11/2015 8:09 PM

Elizabeth II l N vng ca

Vng quc Lin hip Anh

v Bc Ireland v cc vng

quc Thnh vng chung

khc.

Cung in Westminster l ni t tr

s ca lng vin Quc hi Vng

quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland

Ta n hong gia t php ca Anh v

Wales

Bn a hnh Vng quc

Lin hip Anh v Bc

Ireland

Th tng l ngi ng u chnh ph Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland,[76] thuc v c nhn c nng lc nht trong iu khin pht biu trong Th dn vin; nhn vt ny thng l lnht ca chnh ng hoc lin minh cc chnh ng c s gh ln nht trong vin ny. Th tng la chn mt ni cc v h c qun ch chnh thc b nhim hnh thnh chnh ph ca qun ch

b h. Theo qun l, N vng tn trng cc quyt nh ca th tng trong chnh ph.[77]

Theo truyn thng, cc thnh vin trong ni cc xut thn t ng hoc lin minh ca th tng v hu ht n t Th dn vin, song lun c cc thnh vinn t c lng vin, ni cc chu trch nhim vi c lng vin. Quyn lc hnh php do th tng v ni cc thi hnh, nhng nhn vt ny u phi tuynth trc Xu mt vin Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland, v tr thnh cc i thn vng quc. Trong bu c Th dn vin, Vng quc Lin hip

Anh v Bc Ireland hin c phn thnh 650 khu vc tuyn c,[78] mi khu vc bu ra mt thnh vin i din duy nht theo nguyn tc a s ch gin n.Qun ch yu cu tng tuyn c khi c th tng khuyn ngh nh vy. Cc o lut Quc hi nm 1911 v 1949 yu cu rng mt cuc tuyn c mi cn

phi c t chc khng mun hn 5 nm sau tng tuyn c trc .[79]

Ba chnh ng ch yu ti Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland l ng Bo th, Cng ng v Dn ch T do, ln lt i din cho cc truyn thngbo th, x hi v t do x hi ca Vng quc Lin hip. Trong tng tuyn c nm 2010, ba ng ny ginh c 622 trong tng s 650 gh ca Th dn

vin.[80][81] Hu ht cc gh cn li thuc v cc ng ch tranh c ti mt b phn ca Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland nh ng Dn tc Scotland(ch ti Scotland) hay Plaid Cymru (ch ti Wales).

Chnh quyn phn cp

Mi quc gia Scotland, Wales v Bc Ireland c chnh ph hay c quan hnh php ring, do mt nht B trng lnh o, v mt ngh vin nht th c phn quyn. Anh khng c cc c quanhnh php hoc lp php phn quyn nh vy v c chnh ph v quc hi Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland qun l v hnh php v t php trc tip trong ton b cc s v. Tnh trng ny lm ni ln vn c

gi l West Lothian, l lo ngi rng cc thnh vin quc hi n t Scotland, Wales v Bc Ireland c th b phiu, i khi l mang tnh quyt nh,[82] i vi cc vn ch tc ng n Anh.[83] y ban McKay bo co v vn

vo thng 3 nm 2013 vi ngh rng cc o lut ch tc ng n Anh cn phi nhn c s ng h ca mt a s cc thnh vin Anh trong quc hi.[84]

Chnh ph v Quc hi Scotland c quyn lc trn quy m ln i vi bt k vn no cha c dnh ring mt cch r rng cho Quc hi Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland, gm c gio dc, y t, lut Scot v chnh

quyn a phng.[85] Chnh ph v Quc hi Wales c quyn lc hn ch hn so vi quyn lc c phn cho Scotland.[86] C quan hnh php v Ngh hi Bc Ireland c cc quyn lc tng t nh cc quyn c phn choScotland.

Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland khng c hin php thnh vn v cc vn hin php khng nm trong s cc quyn lc c phn cp cho Scotland, Wales hay Bc Ireland. Theo hc thuyt ch quyn quc hi, Quc

hi Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland theo l thuyt c th ph tr Quc hi Scotland, Ngh hi Wales hay Ngh hi Bc Ireland.[87][88] Nm 1972, Quc hi Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland n phng nh

ch Quc hi Bc Ireland, thit lp mt tin l thch hp trong vic gii quyt cc c cu phn cp ng thi.[89] Trong thc t, s kh khn v phng din chnh tr nu Quc hi Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland ph

tr phn quyn cho Quc hi Scotland v Ngh hi Wales.[90] Quc hi Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland c cc rng buc trong quyn cn tr phn quyn ti Bc Ireland v iu ny thm ch cn ln hn so vi Scotland

v Wales, do phn quyn ti Bc Ireland da trn mt hip nh quc t vi Chnh ph Ireland.[91]

Php lut

Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland khng c mt h thng php lut n nht, do iu 19 ca Hip nh Lin hip nm 1706 cho php Scotland duy tr h thng php lut ring.[92]

Ngy nay, Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland c ba h thng php lut ring bit: lut Anh, lut Bc Ireland v lut Scot. Mt Ta n Ti cao mi xut hin vo thng 10 nm 2009

nhm thay th y ban Thng t ca Qu tc vin.[93][94] y ban T php ca Xu mt vin gm cc thnh vin ging nh ca Ta n Ti cao, l ta thng t cp cao nht i vi mt s

quc gia Thnh vng chung c lp, cc Lnh th hi ngoi ca Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland v cc thuc a vng tht.[95]

Lut Anh (p dng ti Anh v Wales) v lut Bc Ireland u da theo cc nguyn tc thng lut.[96] ng u cc ta n ti Anh v Wales l Ta n cp cao ca Anh v Wales, gm Ta nThng t, Ta n cp cao t php (i vi cc v n dn s), Ta n vng tht (vi cc v n hnh s). Ta n Ti cao l cp cao nht i vi cc v thng t hnh s v dn s ti Anh,Wales v Bc Ireland v bt k quyt nh no ca ta u mang tnh rng buc vi cc ta n khc trong cng quyn hn, thng c mt tc ng thuyt phc i vi cc phm vi quyn hn

khc.[97]

Lut Scot l mt h thng hn hp da theo c cc nguyn tc thng lut v dn lut. Cc ta n ch yu l Ta n hi ngh i vi cc v n dn s,[98] v Ta n cp cao T php i vi

cc v n hnh s.[99] Ta n Ti cao Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland ng vai tr l ta thng t cp cao nht i vi cc v n dn s theo lut Scot.[100]

Quan h i ngoi

Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland l mt trong nm thnh vin thng trc ca Hi ng Bo an Lin Hip Quc, l mt thnh vin ca NATO, Thnh vng chung cc Quc gia, G7, G8, G20, OECD, WTO, Hi ngchu u, OSCE, v Lin minh chu u. Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland c cho l c mt "quan h c bit" vi Hoa K v mt quan h i tc mt thit vi Php, v chi s cng ngh v kh ht nhn vi hai quc

gia ny.[101][102] Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland cng c lin kt mt thit vi Cng ha Ireland; hai quc gia chia s mt khu vc du hnh cng cng v hp tc thng qua Hi ngh lin chnh ph Anh Quc-Ireland vHi ng Anh Quc-Ireland. Hin din v nh hng ton cu ca Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland tip tc c khoch trng thng qua cc quan h mu dch, u t ngoi quc, vin tr pht trin chnh thc v cc

cam kt qun s.[103]

Qun s

Cc lc lng v trang Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland c gi chnh thc l Qun i ca N vng b h, gm ba nhnh phc v chuyn nghip: Hi qun Hong gia Anh Quc v i Hi qun lc chin Hong gia

Anh Quc (to thnh lc lng hi qun), Lc qun Anh Quc v Khng qun Hong gia Anh Quc.[104] Cc lc lng do B Quc phng qun l v chu s ch huy ca Hi ng Quc phng do Quc v khanh Quc phng ch

ta. Tng t lnh l qun ch Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland, Elizabeth II, cc thnh vin trong qun i phi tin hnh tuyn th trung thnh vi nhn vt ny.[105] Qun i chu trch nhim bo v Vng quc Linhip Anh v Bc Ireland v cc lnh th hi ngoi ca mnh, xc tin cc quan tm an ninh ton cu ca Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland v h tr cc n lc duy tr ha bnh quc t. Qun i Vng quc Lin hipAnh v Bc Ireland l mt thnh vin tch cc v thng xuyn trong NATO, cng nh cc Hip nh Phng th Ng quc, RIMPAC v cc hot ng lin hip ton cu khc. Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland duy tr cc

doanh tri v cn c hi ngoi ti o Ascension, Belize, Brunei, Canada, Sp, Diego Garcia, qun o Falkland, c, Gibraltar, Kenya v Qatar.[106]

Qun i Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland ng mt v th trng yu trong vic bin quc Anh thnh mt th lc thng tr th gii vo th k 18, 19 v u th k 20. Trong sut lch s ca mnh, qun i Anh Quchnh ng trong mt s i chin nh Chin tranh By nm, Cc cuc chin tranh ca Napolon, Chin tranh Krym, Chin tranh th gii th nht v Chin tranh th gii th haicng nh nhiu xung t thuc a. Anh Quc trnn ni bt sau thng li t nhng xung t ny, v thng c t cch nh hng mang tnh quyt nh n cc s kin th gii. T khi quc Anh kt thc, chnh sch quc phng l "cc cuc hnh qun ti cn thit" s c

tin hnh trong thnh phn mt lin minh.[107]

a l

Tng din tch ca Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland xp x 243.610 kilmt vung (94.060 sq mi). Quc gia chim phn ln qun o Anh[108] v gm o Anh, mt phn su ng bc cao Ireland v mt s o nh hn xung quanh. Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland nm gia Bc i Ty Dng v bin Bc, b bin ng nam Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland

nm cch b bin min bc Php trong vng 22 dm (35 km), cch nhau qua eo bin Manche.[109] Nm 1993, 10% din tch Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland c rng che ph, 46% c s

dng lm bi c v 25% dng canh tc.[110] i thin vn Hong gia Greenwich ti Lun n l im xc nh ca Kinh tuyn gc.[111]

Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland nm gia cc v 49 v 61 B, v cc kinh 9 T v 2 . Bc Ireland c bin gii trn b di 224 dm (360 km) vi Cng ha Ireland.[109] ng b

bin ca Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland di 11.073 dm (17.820 km).[112] Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland c lin kt vi i lc chu u thng qua ng hm eo bin

Manche vi chiu di 31 dm (50 km) (24 dm (38 km) di bin), l ng hm di nc di nht trn th gii.[113]

Anh chim hn mt na tng din tch Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland, vi 130.395 kilmt vung (50.350 sq mi).[114] Hu ht Anh l a hnh t thp,[110] a hnh i ni nm tybc ca ng Tees-Exe; gm dy ni Cumbrian ti Lake District, Pennines v cc i vi ti Peak District, Exmoor v Dartmoor. Cc sng v ca sng chnh l Thames, Severn v Humber. Ni

cao nht Anh l Scafell Pike (978 mt (3.209 ft)) ti Lake District.[110]

Scotland chim gn mt phn ba tng din tch Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland, vi 78.772 kilmt vung (30.410 sq mi)[115] v bao gm gn 800 o,[116] ch yu nm ti pha ty vpha bc ca i lc; ng k l cc qun o Hebrids, Orkney v Shetland. a hnh Scotland c phn chia theo t on ranh gii Highland ct ngang Scotland t Arran ti pha ty n

Stonehaven ti pha ng.[117] ng t dy phn chia thnh hai khu vc khc bit r rng, mang tn Highland (t Cao) ti pha bc v ty v Lowland (t Thp) ti pha nam v ng. Khu vc

Highland g gh hn v gm phn ln t ni ca Scotland, trong c Ben Nevis vi cao 1.343 mt (4.406 ft) l im cao nht ti qun o Anh.[118] Khu vc Lowland m c bit l eo t hpnm gia vnh Clyde v vnh Forth mang tn Central Belt c a hnh bng phng hn v l ni c tr ca hu ht dn c.

Wales chim di mt phn mi tng din tch ca Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland, vi 20.779 kilmt vung (8.020 sq mi).[119] a hnh Wales hu ht l i ni, song min nam c t i ni hn min bc v min

trung. Khu vc c dn v cng nghip chnh nm ti min nam. Cc ni cao nht ti Wales nm ti Snowdonia v gm c Snowdon cao nht Wales vi cao 1.085 mt (3.560 ft).[110] Wales c 14 hoc 15 ni cao hn 3.000 feet

(914 m). Wales c ng b bin di 2.704 kilmt (1.680 dm).[120]

Bc Ireland tch bit vi o Anh qua bin Ireland v eo bin Bc, c din tch 14.160 kilmt vung (5.470 sq mi) v hu ht l i. Bc Ireland c h ln nht qun o Anh l Lough Neagh vi din tch 388 kilmt vung

(150 sq mi).[121] nh cao nht ti Bc Ireland l Slieve Donard thuc dy ni Mourne vi cao 852 mt (2.795 ft).[110]


4 of 14 6/11/2015 8:09 PM

Ben Nevis ti Scotland l im cao

nht ti qun o Anh

Quang cnh bin Caribe t qun o

Cayman, mt trong nhng trung tm

ti chnh[137] v a im du lch

hng u.[138]

Bn mt dn s Anh Quc theo iu

tra nhn khu 2011.

Kh hu

Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland c kh hu n i, lng ma di do quanh nm.[109] Nhit bin ha theo ma, him kh gim xung di 11 C (12 F) hoc tng trn 35 C

(95 F).[122] Gi ph bin thi t ty nam v mang theo thng xuyn cc t thi tit n ha v ma t i Ty Dng,[109] song phn pha ng hu nh b chn gi do hu ht ma ri ticc khu vc pha ty, pha ng do kh hn. Cc hi lu i Ty Dng c Gulf Stream lm m v em n ma ng n ha; c bit l ti pha ty ni m ma ng c ma nht lti vng cao. Ma h m hn ti khu vc ng nam ca Anh, do l ni nm st i lc chu u nht, v pha bc l ni mt nht. Tuyt ri dy c th xut hin trong ma ng v u maxun ti nhng vng cao.

Phn chia hnh chnh

Mi quc gia ti Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland c h thng phn chia hnh chnh v a l ring, thng c ngun gc t trc khi thnh lp Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc

Ireland. Do , khng c cp bc chung ca n v hnh chnh ti Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland.[123] Cho n th k 19, c t bin ha v nhng sp xp ny, song k t c s

tin trin lin tc v vai tr v nhim v.[124]

T chc ca chnh quyn a phng ti Anh c tnh phc tp, phn b trch nhim bin i theo sp xp a phng. Php lut lin quan n chnh quyn a phng ti Anh l trch nhim ca quc hi v chnh ph Vng quc

Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland, do Anh khng c quc hi ring. Cp hnh chnh cao nht ca Anh l 9 khu vc vn phng chnh ph hoc khu vc vn phng chnh ph Lin minh chu u.[125] Mt khu vc l i Lun n c

mt hi ng v th trng c bu trc tip t nm 2000.[126] Theo d nh, cc khu vc khc cng s c trao quyn bu hi ng khu vc ca h, song mt xut hi ng ti khu vc ng Bc b bc b trong mt cuc

trng cu dn vo nm 2004.[127] Bn di cp khu vc, mt s ni ca Anh c cc hi ng qun huyn v mt s ni khc c cc c quan nht th; trong khi Lun n gm 32 qun v Thnh ph Lun n. Cc hi vin ca

hi ng c bu theo th thc a s ch trong cc phng c 1 thnh vin hoc theo th ch a s a thnh vin trong cc phng c nhiu thnh vin.[128]

i vi mc ch chnh quyn a phng, Scotland c phn thnh 32 khu vc hi ng, vi khc bit ln v c kch thc v dn s. Cc thnh ph Glasgow, Edinburgh, Aberdeen v Dundee l cc khu vc hi ng ring bit,

trong khi Hi ng Highland gm mt phn ba din tch ca Scotland song ch c trn 200.000 dn. Cc hi ng a phng c hnh thnh t cc hi vin c c;[129] h c tr lng bn thi gian. Mi hi ng bu mt

Provost, hoc Convenor, ch tr cc cuc hp ca hi ng v ng vai tr l nhn vt ng u khu vc. Cc hi vin hi ng l i tng p dng ca mt quy tc o c do y ban Tiu chun Scotland thi hnh.[130]

Chnh quyn a phng ti Wales gm 22 c quan nht th, gm cc thnh ph Cardiff, Swansea v Newport.[131] Cc cuc bu c c t chc mi bn nm theo th thc a s ch.[132] Hip hi chnh quyn a phng Wales

i din cho quyn li ca cc chnh quyn a phng ti Wales.[133]

Chnh quyn a phng ti Bc Ireland t nm 1973 c t chc thnh 26 hi ng huyn, mi hi ng c bu theo th thc kh chuyn nhng n nht. Quyn lc ca h b hn ch trong cc dch v nh thu gom rc,

kim sot ch v bo v cng vin v ngha a.[134] Ngy 13 thng 3 nm 2008, c quan hnh php tn thnh xut thit lp 11 hi ng mi v thay th h thng hin ti.[135] Cc cuc bu c a phng c hon cho n

nm 2016 nhm phc v mc ch ny.[136]

Lnh th ph thuc

Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland c ch quyn vi 17 lnh th khng phi l b phn ca bn thn Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland: 14 lnh th hi ngoi[139] v ba thuc

a vng tht.[140]

14 lnh th hi ngoi ca Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland gm: Anguilla; Bermuda; Lnh th n Dng thuc Anh; Lnh th chu Nam Cc thuc Anh; Qun o Virginthuc Anh; Qun o Cayman; Qun o Falkland; Gibraltar; Montserrat; Saint Helena, Ascension v Tristan da Cunha; Qun o Turks v Caicos; Qun o Pitcairn; Nam Georgia v Qun

o Nam Sandwich; v Cc khu vc ch quyn ti Sp.[141] Tuyn b ch quyn ca Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland ti chu Nam Cc khng c cng nhn ph bin.[142] Tng

cng, cc lnh th hi ngoi ca Anh c din tch t lin 1.727.570 kilmt vung (667.018 sq mi) v dn s xp x 260.000 ngi (2008).[143] Chng l tn d ca quc Anh v mt vi

lnh th b phiu ng h duy tr l lnh th ca Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland (Bermuda nm 1995, Gibraltar nm 2002 v qun o Falkland nm 2013).[144]

Cc thuc a vng tht thuc s hu ca qun ch, ngc vi cc lnh th hi ngoi.[145] Chng gm ba khu vc php l c qun tr ring bit: Jersey v Guernsey ti eo bin Manche,v o Man trn bin Ireland. Theo cc hip nh song phng, chnh ph Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland qun l s v i ngoi v quc phng ca cc o v Quc hi Vngquc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland c quyn lc lp php nhn danh h. Tuy nhin, trn phm vi quc t, cc lnh th ny c cp l "cc lnh th m Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc

Ireland chu trch nhim".[146]

Nhn khu

Mt cuc iu tra nhn khu c tin hnh ng thi ti mi khu vc ca Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland mi mi nm.[147] Cc Thng k Quc gia chu trch nhim thu

thp d liu cho Anh v Wales, Tng cc H tch Scotland v C quan Thng k v Nghin cu Bc Ireland chu trch nhim v iu tra ti quc gia ca h.[148] Trong iu tra nhn

khu nm 2011, tng dn s Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland l 63.181.775.[149] y l quc gia ng dn th ba trong Lin minh chu u, th nm trong Thnh vng chung

v ng th 21 trn th gii. 2010 l nm th ba lin tip bin ng t nhin ng gp vo tng trng dn s nhiu hn di c quc t di hn thc.[150][150] T nm 2001 n nm 2011,

dn s Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland tng trng hng nm vi mc xp x 0,7%,[149] so vi 0,3%/nm trong giai on 1991-2001 v 0,2%/nm trong giai on

1981-1991.[150] iu tra nhn khu nm 2011 cng xc thc rng t l dn s trong tui 014 gim gn mt na (31% nm 1911 so vi 18% nm 2011) v t l ngi gia t 65 tui

tr ln tng gp ba ln (t 5% ln 16%).[149]

Dn s Anh trong nm 2011 l 53 triu, chim khong 84%.[151] y l mt trong cc quc gia c mt dn s dy c nht trn th gii vi 383 ngi/km vo gia nm 2003,[152]

c bit tm trung ti Lun n v khu vc ng nam.[153] iu tra nhn khu nm 2011 biu th dn s Scotland l 5,3 triu,[154] Wales c 3,06 triu dn v Bc Ireland c 1,81 triu

dn.[151]

Nm 2012, tng t sut sinh trung bnh ton quc l 1,92 tr/ph n.[155] Mc d t sut sinh gia tng ng gp vo tng trng dn s hin ti, song vn thp hn ng k so vi mc

nh bng n sinh sn 2,95 tr/ph n vo nm 1964,[156] di mc thay th l 2,1, song cao hn mc thp k lc vo nm 2001 l 1,63.[155] Nm 2012, Scotland c t sut sinh thp

nht vi ch 1,67, tip n l Wales vi 1,88, Anh vi 1,94, v Bc Ireland vi 2,03.[155] Nm 2011, 47,3% ca sinh ti Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland l ca sn ph cha kt

hn.[157] Mt s liu ca chnh ph c tnh rng c 3,6 triu ngi ng tnh luyn i ti Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland, chim 6% dn s.[158]

Cc khu vc th ln nht ca Anh QucKhu vc th iu tra nhn khu Anh Quc 2011[159][160][161]

Hng Khu vc th Dn s Khu dn c chnh Hng Khu vc th Dn s Khu dn c chnh

i London

i Manchester

1 i London 9.787.426 London 11 Bristol 617.280 Bristol

West Midlands

West Yorkshire

2 i Manchester 2.553.379 Manchester 12 Belfast 579.236 Belfast

3 West Midlands 2.440.986 Birmingham 13 Leicester 508.916 Leicester

4 West Yorkshire 1.777.934 Leeds 14 Edinburgh 488.610 Edinburgh

5 i Glasgow 976.970 Glasgow 15 Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton 474.485 Brighton

6 Liverpool 864.122 Liverpool 16 South East Dorset 466.266 Bournemouth

7 South Hampshire 855.569 Southampton 17 Cardiff 390.214 Cardiff

8 Tyneside 774.891 Newcastle 18 Teesside 376.633 Middlesbrough

9 Nottingham 729.977 Nottingham 19 The Potteries 372.775 Stoke-on-Trent

10 Sheffield 685.368 Sheffield 20 Coventry v Bedworth 359.262 Coventry

Dn tc


5 of 14 6/11/2015 8:09 PM

Bn biu th t l dn c phi da trng

theo iu tra nhn khu nm 2011.

Th gii Anh ng. Cc quc gia xanh m c a s c dn ni ting

Anh bn ng; cc quc gia m ting Anh l mt ngn ng chnh thc

song khng phi l mt ngn ng a s c th hin mu xanh nht.

Ting Anh l mt ngn ng chnh thc ca Lin minh chu u[178]

v Lin Hip Quc[179]

Tu vin Westminster c s dng

lm ni ng quang ca cc qun

ch Anh Quc

Dn tcDn s2011

%2011

Da trng 55,010,359 87,1

Da trng: Ireland du c 63.193 0,1

hoc Anh gc : n 1.451.862 2,3

hoc Anh gc : Pakistan 1.173.892 1,9

hoc Anh gc : Bangladesh 451.529 0,7

hoc Anh gc : Hoa 433.150 0,7

hoc Anh gc : Khc 861.815 1,4

hoc Anh gc : Tng 4.373.339 7,0

Da en hoc Anh Da en 1.904.684 3,0

Hn chng 1.250.229 2,0

Khc: Tng 580.374 0,9

Tng[162] 63.182.178 100

Trn phng din lch s, ngi Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland bn a c cho l hu du ca cc dn tc khc nhau n nh c ti y t trc th k 11: ngi Celt, La M, Anglo-Saxon, Norse v Norman. Ngi

Wales c th l dn tc c xa nht ti Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland.[163] Mt nghin cu di truyn hc vo nm 2006 biu th rng hn 50% ngun gen ca Anh c cha cc nhim sc th Y Germain.[164] Phn tchdi truyn khc vo nm 2005 biu th rng "khong 75% t tin truy nguyn ca c dn Anh Quc hin i n qun o Anh vo khong 6.200 nm trc, lc khi u thi k mi hoc Anh", v rng chia s ph bin

mt t tin chung vi ngi Basque.[165][166][167]

Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland c mt lch s nhp c phi da trng quy m nh, Liverpool c dn c da en xa nht trong ton quc vi t nht l t thp nin 1730 trong thi k mua bn n l chu Phi,[168] v cng

ng ngi Hoa xa nht ti chu u bt u khi thy th ngi Hoa n vo th k 19.[169] Nm 1950, c th c t hn 20.000 c dn phi da trng ti Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland, hu ht c sinh ti hi

ngoi.[170]

T nm 1948, din ra nhp c ng k t chu Phi, khu vc Caribe v Nam , l di sn lin kt c thit lp t quc Anh. Nhp c t cc quc gia thnh vin mi trong EU ti Trung v ng u t nm 2004 dn n tng

trng dn s ca cc nhm ny tuy nhin, (tnh n 2008), xu hng b o chiu. Nhiu trong s nhng ngi nhp c ny tr v t quc ca h, khin khng r v quy m cc nhm ny.[171]

Tnh a dng dn tc thay i ng k trn khp Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland. 30,4% c dn Lun n v 37,4% c dn Leicester c c tnh khng phi l ngi da trng (in 2005),[172][173] trong khi di 5%

c dn ng Bc Anh, Wales v Ty Nam Anh n t cc nhm thiu s theo iu tra nhn khu nm 2001.[174] (Nm 2011), 26,5% s hc sinh tiu hc v trung hc trong cc trng cng ti Anh l thnh vin ca mt dn tc

thiu s.[175]

Dn s phi da trng ca Anh v Wales tng 38% t 6,6 triu nm 2001 ln 9,1 triu vo nm 2009.[176] Nhm tng trng nhanh nht l c dn hn chng, tng t 672.000 vo nm 2001 ln 986.600 vo nm 2009. Cng trong giai

on ny, ngi Anh Quc da trng duy gim 36.000.[177]

Ngn ng

Ngn ng chnh thc trn thc t ca Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland l ting Anh.[180][181] Theo c tnh, 95% c dn Vng quc Lin hip Anh v

Bc Ireland n ng ting Anh.[182] 5,5% c dn c c tnh l ni cc ngn ng c a n Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland nh l kt qu ca

nhp c tng i gn y.[182] Cc ngn ng Nam , gm Bengal, Tamil, Punjab, Hindi v Gujarat, l cc nhm ln nht v c 2,7% c dn Vng quc Lin

hip Anh v Bc Ireland ni.[182] Theo iu tra nhn khu nm 2011, ting Ba Lan tr thnh ngn ng c ni nhiu th hai ti Anh v c 546.000 ngi

ni.[183]

Bn ngn ng Celt c ni ti Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland: ting Wales; ting Ireland; ting Gael Scotland; v ting Cornwall. Tt c u ccng nhn l cc ngn ng khu vc hoc thiu s, l ch th ca cc bin php c th nhm bo v v xc tin theo Cng c chu u v cc ngn ng khu vc

v thiu s[184] v Cng c khung v bo v cc dn tc thiu s.[185] Theo iu tra nhn khu nm 2001, hn mt phn nm (21%) c dn Wales ni l h c

th ni ting Wales,[186] tng so vi iu tra nhn khu nm 1991 (18%).[187] Ngoi ra, c tnh c khong 200.000 ngi ni ting Wales sng ti Anh.[188]

Trong cuc iu tra nhn khu ny, ti Bc Ireland c 167.487 ngi (10,4%) ni rng h c "mt s kin thc v ting Ireland", hu nh u l trong cng ngdn c dn tc ch ngha (ch yu l Cng gio). Trn 92.000 ngi ti Scotland (di 2%) c mt s nng lc ngn ng Gael, cao nht l ti Ngoi

Hebrides.[189] S hc sinh c dy bng ting Wales, Gael Scotland v Ireland gia tng.[190] Ting Scot l mt ngn ng c ngun gc t ting Anh Trung imin bc thi k u, c cng nhn hn ch vi t cch bin th khu vc, ting Scot Ulster ti Bc Ireland khng c cam kt c th nhm bo v v xc

tin.[191]

Hc sinh n 14 tui ti Anh bt buc phi hc mt ngn ng th hai,[192] ti Scotland l n 16 tui. Ting Php v ting c l ngn ng th hai c ging

dy ph bin nht ti Anh v Scotland. Ton b hc sinh ti Wales c dy ting Wales nh ngn ng th hai cho n nm 16 tui, hoc c ging dy bng ting Wales.[193]

Tn gio

C c gio lm nn tng quan trng cho di sn vn ha Anh Quc trong hn 14 th k.[194] Mc d a s cng dn vn gn b vi C c gio trong nhiu nghin cu, song s ngi d

l trong nh th gim i ng k t gia th k 20,[195] trong khi nhp c v bin i nhn khu hc gp phn vo s pht trin ca cc tn ngng khc, ng ch nht l Hi gio.[196] Tnh

hnh ny khin mt s nh bnh lun c cc m t khc nhau v Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland nh x hi a tn ngng,[197] th tc ha,[198] hoc hu C c gio.[199]

Trong iu tra nhn khu 2001, 71,6% tng s ngi tr li biu th rng h l tn C c gio, cc tn gio ln tip theo l Hi gio (2,8%), n gio (1,0%), Sikh gio (0,6%), Do Thi

gio (0,5%), Pht gio (0,3%).[200] 15% s ngi tr li biu th rng h khng theo tn gio no, v thm 7% khng tr li v tn gio.[201] So snh cc iu tra nhn khu nm 2001 v 2011,s ngi nhn l tn C c gio gim 12%, trong khi t l ca nhng ngi tr li l khng tn gio tng gp i. iu ny tri ngc vi s tng trng ca cc nhm tn gio chnh

khc, khi s lng tn Hi gio tng khong 5%.[202]

Gio hi Anh l quc gio ti x Anh.[203] Gio hi duy tr i din trong Quc hi Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland v Qun ch Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland l ngi

qun tr ti cao.[204] Ti Scotland, Gio hi Scotland (Trng Lo) c cng nhn l gio hi quc gia. Gio hi Scotland khng chu s kim sot ca nh nc, v qun ch Vng quc

Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland l mt thnh vin thng thng, c yu cu tuyn th "duy tr v bo tn tn gio Tin Lnh v thit ch gio hi Trng Lo" khi ng quang.[205][206] Giohi Anh gio ti Wales b phi quc lp ha vo nm 1920, Gio hi Anh gio Ireland cng nh th vo nm 1870 trc khi o Ireland b phn chia, do nn khng c gio hi quc lp ti

Bc Ireland.[207] Mc d cuc iu tra nhn khu ton Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland nm 2001 khng ly d liu c th v cc h phi C c gio, song c c tnh rng 62% tn

C c theo Anh gio, 13,5% theo Cng gio, 6% theo Trng Lo, 3,4% theo Gim L cng s lng nh theo cc gio phi Tin Lnh khc, v Chnh thng gio ng phng.[208]

Gio dc

Gio dc ti Anh l trch nhim ca B trng Gio dc Vng quc Lin hip, song qun l thng ngy v ti tr cho cc trng cng l trch nhim ca chnh quyn a phng.[209] Gio


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Hc vin King's l b phn ca i

hc Cambridge hnh thnh vo nm

1209

Ngn hng Anh l ngn hng trung

ng ca Vng quc Lin hip Anh

v Bc Ireland

Thnh ph Lun n l trung tm ti chnh ln nht

th gii cng New York[234][235][236]

Charles Darwin (180982),

hc thuyt tin ha theo

chn lc t nhin ca ng l

nn tng cho khoa hc sinh

hc hin i

dc cng min ph c tin hnh dn dn t nm 1870 n nm 1944.[210][211] Gio dc nay l bt buc trong tui t 5 n 16 (15 nu sinh vo cui thng 7 hoc thng 8). Nm 2011,

TIMSS xp hng cc hc sinh 1314 tui ti Anh v Wales th 10 th gii v ton v th 9 v khoa hc.[212] Nm 2010, trn 45% ch tiu ti i hc Oxford v 40% ti i hc Cambridge

thuc v cc sinh vin n t cc trng t thc, d ch chim 7% s hc sinh ph thng.[213] Anh c hai i hc c nht trong th gii Anh ng, l i hc Oxford v i hc Cambridge,vi lch s trn tm th k. Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland c 9 trng i hc nm trong nhm 100 i hc hng u theo xp hng ca Times Higher Education nm 2013, s

lng ch ng th hai sau Hoa K.[214]

Gio dc ti Scotland l trch nhim ca B trng Ni cc v Gio dc v Hc tp sut i, qun l thng ngy v ti tr cho cc trng cng l trch nhim ca chnh quyn a phng.

Hai c cu cng cng khng ngang cp b ng vai tr trng yu trong gio dc Scotland: C quan T cch Scotland,[215] C quan Hc tpv Ging dy Scotland.[216] Scotland ln u tin

php lut ha gio dc bt buc vo nm 1496.[217] T l tr ti Scotland theo hc trng t l trn 4%, tng chm trong nhng nm gn y.[218] Sinh vin Scotland theo hc ti cc trng

i hc Scotland s khng phi tr hc ph hay trch nhim hin tng tt nghip, do cc khon ph b bi b vo nm 2001 v trch nhim hin tng tt nghip b bi b vo nm 2008.[219]

Chnh ph Wales chu trch nhim v gio dc ti Wales. Mt s lng ng k hc sinh Wales c ging dy hon ton hoc mc ln bng ting Wales; cc bi hc bng ting Wales

l bt buc i vi ton b hc sinh cho n tui 16.[220]

Gio dc ti Bc Ireland l trch nhim ca B trng Gio dc Bc Ireland v B trng Cng vic v Hc tp, song trch nhim nm ti cp a phng trong vic qun l. Hi ng Kha trnh, Kho th v nh gi (CCEA) l

c cu chu trch nhim c vn cho chnh ph v nhng kin thc nn c ging dy trong cc trng hc Bc Ireland, kim nh tiu chun v cng nhn trnh .[221]

Y t

Y t ti Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland l mt vn c phn cp v mi quc gia c h thng ring v chm sc sc khe t nhn v cng cng, cng vi cc phng php iu tr thay th, ton din, v b sung. Yt cng cng c cung cp cho ton b c dn thng tr ti Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland v hu ht l min ph ti im cn thit, c tr t thu chung. T chc Y t Th gii vo nm 2000 xp hng d phng y

t ti Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland tt th 15 ti chu u v ng th 18 trn th gii.[222][223]

Cc c quan qun l c t chc trn c s ton Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland nh Tng hi Y khoa, Hi ng H l v Tr sn v cc c quan c c s phi chnh ph nh Royal College. Truy nhin, trch nhimchnh tr v hot ng y t thuc v c quan hnh php ca bn quc gia; y t ti Anh l trch nhim ca chnh ph Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland; y t ti Bc Ireland l trch nhim ca c quan hnh php Bc Ireland;

y t ti Scotland l trch nhim ca chnh ph Scotland; v y t ti Wales l trch nhim ca chnh ph hi ng Wales. Mi dch v th t quc dn c cc chnh sch v u tin khc nhau, dn n cc tng phn.[224][225]

K t nm 1979, chi tiu cho y t gia tng ng k, t gn hn ti mc bnh qun ca Lin minh chu u.[226] Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland chi tiu khong 8,4% tng thu nhp ni a cho y t, thp hn 0,5% so vi

mc trung bnh ca OECD v thp hn khong 1% so vi mc trung bnh ca Lin minh chu u.[227]

Kinh t

Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland c mt nn kinh t th trng chu kim sot cc b.[228] Da theo t gi hi oi th trng, Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland hin l nn

kinh t ln th su trn th gii v ln th ba ti chu u sau c v Php.[229] B Ngn kh N vng b h (HM Treasury) chu trch nhim pht trin v thi hnh cc chnh sch ti chnhcng v chnh sch kinh t ca chnh ph Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland. Ngn hng Anh l ngn hng trung ng ca Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland v chu trch

nhim pht hnh giy bc v tin ng bng Anh. Bng Anh l tin t d tr ln th ba th gii (sau Dollar M v Euro).[230] K t nm 1997, y ban Chnh sch Tin t ca Ngn hng Anh

chu trch nhim thit lp li sut mc cn thit nhm t c mc tiu lm pht tng th do B trng Ti chnh xc nh.[231]

Lnh vc dch v chim khong 73% GDP ca Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland (2006).[232] Lun n l mt trong ba "trung tm ch huy" ca kinh t ton cu (cng vi New York

v Tokyo),[233] l trung tm ti chnh ln nht th gii cng New York,[234][235][236] v l thnh ph c GDP ln nht ti chu u.[237] Du lch l mt ngnh rt quan trng i vi kinh tVng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland vi trn 27 du khch nm 2004, l a im du lch hng u th gii v Lun n l thnh ph c nhiu du khch quc t nht trn th

gii.[238][239] Cc ngnh cng nghip sng to chim 7% GVA vo nm 2005 v trng trng 6% mi nm trong giai on t 1997 n 2005.[240]

Cch mng cng nghip khi u ti Anh Quc vi tp trung ban u vo ngnh cng nghip dt may,[241] tip n l cc ngnh cng nghip nng khc nh ng tu, khai thc than, v sn

xut thp.[242][243] quc Anh c s dng lm mt th trng hi ngoi cho hng ha Anh Quc, cho php Anh Quc chi phi mu dch quc t trong th k 19. Ging nh cc quc giacng nghip ha khc, vi s suy gim kinh t sau hai th chin, Anh Quc bt u mt li th cnh tranh v cng nghip nng suy gim theo th bc trong sut th k 20. Ch to vn l b

phn quan trng trong kinh t song ch chim 16,7% sn phm quc gia vo nm 2003.[244]

Ngnh cng nghip t l mt b phn quan trng trong lnh vc ch to ca Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland, to cng vic cho hn 800.000 ngi, vi doanh thu khong 52 t bng (2011).[245] Ngnh cng nghiphng khng v tr ca Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland ln th nh hoc th ba th gii ty theo cch thc tnh. Ngnh cng nghip dc phm ng mt vai tr quan trng trong kinh t Vng quc Lin hip Anh v

Bc Ireland, quc gia ny c t l chi tiu dc khoa R&D cao th ba ton cu (sau Hoa K v Nht Bn).[246][247]

Nng nghip Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland c c im thm canh, c gii ha cao , v c hiu qu theo tiu chun chu u, sn xut khong 50% thc phm cn thit vi t hn 1,6% lc lng lao ng.[248]

Trong qu cui cng ca nm 2008, kinh t Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland chnh thc bc vo suy thoi ln u tin k t nm 1991.[249] T l tht nghip tng t5,2% trong thng 5 nm 2008 ln 7,6% trong thng 5 nm 2009 v n thng 1 nm 2012 th t l tht nghip trong nhm tui 18 n 24 nm tng t 11,9% ln 22,5%, mc cao

nht t 1992.[250][251] Tng n chnh ph ca Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland tng t 44,4% vo nm 2007 ln 82,9% GDP vo nm 2011.[252]

Nm 2006, Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland l nc tiu th ln th chn v nc sn xut ln th 15 trn th trng nng lng th gii.[253] Vng quc Lin hip

Anh v Bc Ireland l ni t tr s ca mt s cng ty nng lng ln, trong c BP, Royal Dutch Shell v BG Group.[254][255] Nm 2011, 40% in nng ca Vng quc

Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland c sn xut bng kh t, 30% bng than , 19% bng nng lng ht nhn, v 4,2% bng gi, hydro, nhin liu sinh hc, v cht thi.[256]

Lng iu chnh lm pht ti Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland gim 3,2% t qu th ba ca nm 2010 n qu th ba ca nm 2012.[257] K t thp nin 1980, bt

bnh ng kinh t ti Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland tng nhanh nht trong s cc quc gia pht trin.[258]

Chun ngho ti Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland thng c nh ngha l 60% thu nhp h gia nh trung bnh. Nm 20072008, 13,5 triu ngi hay 22% dn s sng di mc ny. y l mt mc ngho tng i

cao th 5 trong Lin minh chu u.[259] Trong cng nm, 4,0 triu tr em, tng ng 31%, sng trong cc h gia nh sng di mc ngho sau khi tnh c chi ph nh , gim 400.000 tr trong nm 19981999.[260] Vng

quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland nht khu 40% cung cp thc phm.[261]

Khoa hc v Cng ngh

Anh v Scotland l cc trung tm hng u trong Cch mng khoa hc t th k 17[262] v Anh Quc dn u Cch mng cng nghip t th k 18,[241] v lin tc sn sinh cc nh khoa hc v k s

c danh ting vi nhng tin b quan trng.[263] Cc nh l lun ln t th k 17 v 18 bao gm Isaac Newton, cc nh lut v chuyn ng v s khai sng v trng lc ca ng c xem l mt

nn tng ca khoa hc hin i;[264] t th k 19 Charles Darwin vi thuyt tin ha theo chn lc t nhin l nn tng cho s pht trin ca sinh hc hin i, v James Clerk Maxwell vi vic cng

thc ha tuyt in t hc kinh in; v gn y hn l Stephen Hawking, ngi nng cp nhiu hc thuyt ch yu trong cc lnh vc v tr hc, hp dn lng t v nghin cu l en.[265] Cc

khm ph khoa hc ln t th k 18 gm c hydro bi Henry Cavendish;[266] t th k 20 l penicillin bi Alexander Fleming,[267] v cu trc ADN bi Francis Crick v nhng ngi khc.[268] Cc

cng trnh v ng dng k thut chnh ca ngi Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland trong th k 18 gm c u my hi nc c pht trin bi Richard Trevithick v Andrew Vivian;[269]

t th k 19 l ng c in bi Michael Faraday, n si t bi Joseph Swan,[270] v in thoi thc tin u tin l pht minh ca Alexander Graham Bell;[271] v trong th k 20 l h thng

truyn hnh hot ng u tin ca th gii bi John Logie Baird v nhng ngi khc,[272] ng c phn lc bi Frank Whittle, c s ca my in ton hin i bi Alan Turing, v World Wide

Web bi Tim Berners-Lee.[273]

Nghin cu v pht trin khoa hc duy tr v th quan trng trong cc i hc Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland, nhiu trng thnh lp cc cng vin khoa hc nhm to iu kin sn xut

v hp tc vi cng nghip.[274] T nm 2004 n nm 2008, Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland sn xut 7% bi bo nghin cu khoa hc ca th gii v 8% trch dn khoa hc, cao th ba

v th hai th gii (ln lt sau Hoa K v Trung Quc, v Hoa K).[275] Cc tp ch khoa hc xut bn ti Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland gm c Nature, British Medical Journal and

The Lancet.[276]

Giao thng

Mt mng li ng b xuyn tm c 29.145 dm (46.904 km) ng chnh, 2.173 dm (3.497 km) ng cao tc v 213.750 dm (344.000 km) ng tri nha.[109] Nm 2009, c tng cng 34 triu xe c ng k ti Vng

quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland.[279]

Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland c mt mng li ng st di 10.072 dm (16.209 km) ti o Anh 189 dm (304 km) ti Bc Ireland. ng st ti Bc Ireland do NI Railways iu hnh, y l mt cng ty con cacng ty quc doanh Translink. Trn o Anh, mng li ng st c t hu ha t nm 1994 n nm 1997. Network Rail s hu v qun l hu ht cc ti sn c nh nh ng ray. Khong 20 cng ty ng st thuc s

hu t nhn hot ng chuyn ch hnh khch v ch trn 18.000 on tu hnh khch mi ngy. Mi ngy cng c khong 1.000ddaonf tu ch hng hot ng.[109]

T thng 10 nm 2009 n thng 9 nm 2010, cc sn bay Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland c tng cng 211,4 triu hnh khch thng qua.[280] Trong giai on ny, ba sn bay ln nht l Sn bay London Heathrow


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Ta nh ga s 5 ca Sn bay London

Heathrow, sn bay ny c lu lng

hnh khch quc t cao nht th

gii.[277][278]

Chn dung Chandos c

cho l miu t William

Shakespeare

The Beatles l ban nhc

thnh cng nht v thng

mi trong lch s m nhc.

o din phim Alfred

Hitchcock

Broadcasting House ti Lun

n l tr s ca BBC, c

quan pht thanh truyn hnh

lu nm nht v ln nht trn

th gii.[332][333][334]

(65,6 triu hnh khch), Sn bay Gatwick (31,5 triu hnh khch) v Sn bay London Stansted (18,9 triu hnh khch).[280] Sn bay London Heathrow ta lc cch 15 dm (24 km) v pha

ty ca th , c lu lng hnh khch quc t cao nht trn ton cu[277][278] v l trung tm ca British Airways, cng nh ca BMI v Virgin Atlantic.[281]

Vn ha

Vn ha Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland chu nh hng t nhiu yu t gm: tnh trng o quc; c lch s l mt th ch dn ch t do Ty phng v l l mt cng quc ln;cng nh l mt lin minh chnh tr ca bn quc gia vi mi quc gia duy tr cc yu t truyn thng, phong tc v tng trng c bit. Do s tn ti ca quc Anh, c th quan st thynh hng ca Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland trong ngn ng, vn ha, v cc h thng t php ca nhiu cu thuc a nh n , Canada, Ireland, New Zeland, Nam Phi, Hoa

K v c. Phm vi nh hng vn ha ng k ca Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland khin quc gia ny c m t nh l mt "siu cng vn ha."[282][283]

Vn hc

Hu ht tc phm vn hc Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland c vit bng ting Anh. Nm 2005, khong 206.000 sch c xut bn ti Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland v n

nm 2006 th y l quc gia xut bn nhiu sch nht trn th gii.[284]

Nh vit kch v nh th Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland William Shakespeare c nhn nh ph bin l nh bin kch v i nht mi thi i,[285][286][287] v nhng ngi cng thivi ng l Christopher Marlowe v Ben Jonson cng lin tc c qu trng cao .

Cc tc gia Anh tin hin i v u hin i gm c Geoffrey Chaucer (th k 14), Thomas Malory (th k 15), Thomas More (th k 16), John Bunyan (th k 17) v John Milton (th k 17).Trong th k 18, Daniel Defoe (tc gi ca Robinson Crusoe) v Samuel Richardson l nhng ngi tin phong ca tiu thuyt hin i. Trong th k 19, tip tc c cch tn hn na ca JaneAusten, Mary Shelley, tc gia thiu nhi Lewis Carroll, ch em nh Bront, nh vn ng x hi Charles Dickens, nh t nhin ch ngha Thomas Hardy, nh duy thc ch ngha George Eliot, nh tho tng William Blake v nh th lng mn William Wordsworth. Cc tc gia Anh th k 20 gm c tiu thuyt gia khoa hc vin tng H. G. Wells; cc tc gia kinh in thiu nhi RudyardKipling, A. A. Milne, Roald Dahl v Enid Blyton; nh ph bnh D. H. Lawrence; nh tn thi ch ngha Virginia Woolf; nh tro phng Evelyn Waugh; tiu thuyt gia tin tri George Orwell; tiu

thuyt gia qun chng W. Somerset Maugham v Graham Greene; tc gia hnh s Agatha Christie;[288] Ian Fleming (James Bond); cc nh th T.S. Eliot, Philip Larkin v Ted Hughes; cc tc gia

tng tng J. R. R. Tolkien, C. S. Lewis v J. K. Rowling; tiu thuyt gia th gic Alan Moore vi tiu thuyt Watchmen[289] v mt trong nhng tiu thuyt th gic bn chy nht tng c pht

hnh.[290]

ng gp ca Scotland gm c tc gia trinh thm Arthur Conan Doyle (sng tc Sherlock Holmes), vn hc lng mn ca Walter Scott, tc gia thiu nhi J. M. Barrie, nhng cuc phiu lu s thi caRobert Louis Stevenson v thi nhn tr danh Robert Burns. Gn y hn, cc nh tn thi ch ngha v dn tc ch ngha Hugh MacDiarmid v Neil M. Gunn ng gp cho Phc hng Scotland. Mt

quang cnh d tn hin ra trong cc cu chuyn ca Ian Rankin v hi kch kinh d tm l ca Iain Banks. Th Edinburgh ca Scotland c UNESCO chn lm thnh ph vn hc ton cu u tin.[291]

Nhiu tc gia t cc quc gia khc, ch yu t cc quc gia Thnh vng chung, Cng ha Ireland v Hoa K, c tr v lm vic ti Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland. Nhng trng hp c th trong nhiu th k gmc Jonathan Swift, Oscar Wilde, Bram Stoker, George Bernard Shaw, Joseph Conrad, T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound v gn y hn c cc tc gia Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland sinh ti hi ngoi nh Kazuo Ishiguro v

Salman Rushdie.[292][293]

m nhc

Cc phong cch m nhc khc nhau ph bin ti Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland, t m nhc dn gian bn a ca Anh, Wales, Scotland v Bc Ireland cho n m nhc heavy metal.Nhng nh son nhc c in ni ting t Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland v cc quc gia tin thn gm c William Byrd, Henry Purcell, Edward Elgar, Gustav Holst, Arthur Sullivan,Ralph Vaughan Williams v Benjamin Britten, ngi tin phong ca nhc kinh Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland hin i. Peter Maxwell Davies l mt trong nhng nh son nhc hin tili lc nht. Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland cng l qu hng ca cc dn nhc v dn hp xng giao hng ni ting th gii nh Dn nhc giao hng BBC v Dn hp xngLondon. Nhng ch huy ni ting gm c Simon Rattle, John Barbirolli v Malcolm Sargent. Mt s nh son nhc nn phim ng ch gm c John Barry, Clint Mansell, Mike Oldfield, John

Powell. George Frideric Handel l mt cng dn Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland nhp tch[294] v mt s tc phm hay nht ca ng nh Messiah c vit bng ting Anh.[295] AndrewLloyd Webber t c thnh cng ln v thng mi trn ton cu v l mt nh son nhc ca sn khu m nhc, cc tc phm ca ng chi phi Rp West End ti Lun ng trong mt s nm v

i n Broadway ti New York.[296]

The Beatles bn c trn mt t a trn ton cu v l ban nhc c nh hng nht trong lch s m nhc i chng.[297][298][299][300] Nhng ngi ng gp Vng quc Lin hip Anh v BcIreland ni bt khc c tc ng n m nhc i chng trong nhng thp nin qua gm c The Rolling Stones, Led Zeppelin, Pink Floyd, Queen, Bee Gees, v Elton John, h u bn c trn 200

triu a trn ton cu.[301][302][303][304][305][306] Gii Brit l gii thng m nhc thng nin ca BPI, v mt s nhn gii ng gp ni bt cho m nhc nh The Who, David Bowie, Eric Clapton,

Rod Stewart v The Police.[307] Nhng ca s Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland gn y c thnh cng trn quy m quc t gm c Coldplay, Radiohead, Oasis, Spice Girls, Robbie Williams,

Amy Winehouse and Adele.[308]

in nh

Anh Quc c nh hng ng k n lch s in nh, cc o din ngi Anh Quc nh Alfred Hitchcock vi Vertigo c mt s nh ph bnh nhn nh l phim hay nht mi thi i,[309] v

David Lean nm trong s nhng ngi c hoan nghnh nht v ph bnh mi thi i.[310] Cc o din quan trng khc gm c Charlie Chaplin,[311] Michael Powell,[312] Carol Reed[313] and

Ridley Scott.[314] Nhiu din vin Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland t c danh ting quc t v thnh cng v ph bnh, bao gm: Julie Andrews,[315] Richard Burton,[316] Michael

Caine,[317] Charlie Chaplin,[318] Sean Connery,[319] Vivien Leigh,[320] David Niven,[321] Laurence Olivier,[322] Peter Sellers,[323] Kate Winslet,[324] Anthony Hopkins,[325] and Daniel

Day-Lewis.[326] Mt s phim thnh cng nht v thng mi trong mi thi i c sn xut ti Anh Quc, bao gm Harry Potter v James Bond).[327] Ealing Studios c tuyn b l xng phim

hot ng lin tc lu nm nht trn th gii.[328]

Mc d c mt lch s vi cc sn phm quan trng v thnh cng, cng nghip in nh Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland thng mang c trng bt ngun t tranh lun v bn sc vmc nh hng ca Hoa K v chu u. Cc nh sn xut Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland hot ng trong hp tc sn xut quc t v cc din vin, o din, v on lm phimVng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland thng xuyn tham gia trong cc b phim M. Nhiu phim thnh cng ca Hollywood da trn nhn vt, cc cu chuyn hoc s kin ca Vng qucLin hip Anh v Bc Ireland nh Titanic, The Lord of the Rings, Pirates of the Caribbean.

Nm 2009, cc b phim Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland thu v khong 2 t $ trn ton cu v ginh th phn khong 7% ton cu v 17% ti Anh Quc.[329] Doanh thu phng v ti

Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland t tng cng 944 triu vo nm 2009.[329] The Hip hi in nh Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland lp ra mt bng xp hng 100 phim Vng

quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland hay nht mi thi i mang tn BFI Top 100 British films.[330] Gii thng in nh hn lm Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland c Vin Hn lm Ngh

thut in nh v Truyn hnh Anh Quc t chc thng nin.[331]

Truyn thng

BBC c thnh lp vo nm 1922 l cng ty pht thanh, truyn hnh v truyn thng mng s dng cng qu ca Anh Quc, v l c quan pht thanh truyn hnh lu nm nht v ln nht trn th

gii.[332][333][334] Cng ty vn hnh nhiu trm truyn hnh v pht thanh ti Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland v pht ra hi ngoi, dch v quc ni ca cng ty ly kinh ph t thu truyn

hnh.[335][336] Nhng c quan khc trong lnh vc truyn thng ti Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland gm c ITV plc vi 11 trong s 15 i truyn hnh khu vc hnh thnh ITV

Network,[337] v News Corporation s hu mt s bo ch ton quc thng qua News International nh The Sun v The Times,[338] cng nh nm gi mt c phn ln trong British Sky

Broadcasting.[339] Lun n chi phi lnh vc truyn thng ti Anh Quc: cc bo ch v truyn hnh cng pht thanh ton quc phn ln c tr s ti y, song Manchester cng l mt trung tm

truyn thng quc gia quan trng. Edinburgh cng Glasgow, v Cardiff, l cc trung tm quan trng v bo ch v pht thanh truyn hnh ti Scotland v Wales.[340] Lnh vc xut bn ti Vng quc

Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland c tng doanh thu khong 20 t v s dng 167.000 ngi.[341]

Nm 2009, theo c tnh khn gi xem truyn hnh trung bnh 3,75 gi v nghe pht thanh trung bnh 2,81 gi mi ngy. Trong nm ny, cc knh pht sng cng cng ca BBC chim khong

28,4% tng s theo di; ba knh c lp chnh chim 29,5% v cc knh v tinh v k thut s ang ngy cng quan trng khc chim 42,1% cn li.[342] S lng bo bn ra gim t thp nin 1970

v trong nm 2009 c 42% nhn dn c tng thut l c mt t bo ton quc mi ngy.[343] Nm 2010, 82,5% c dn Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland s dng Internet, y l t l

cao nht trong 20 quc gia c tng s ngi s dng ln nht vo cng nm.[344]

Th thao

Cc mn th thao ch yu, bao gm bng , bng bu dc kiu lin hip, bng bu dc kiu lin minh, qun vt, golf, quyn Anh, rowing v cricket, bt ngun hoc v cn bn c pht trin tiAnh Quc hoc cc quc gia tin thn. Do lut l v quy tc ca nhiu mn th thao hin i c pht minh v h thng ha vo cui th k 19 ti Anh Quc thi k Victoria, nm 2002, Ch tch

IOC Jacques Rogge ni rng; "Quc gia v i, yu mn th thao ny c cng nhn ph bin l sinh qun ca th thao hin i".[346][347]

Trong hu ht cc cuc tranh ti quc t, cc i tuyn ring bit i din cho Anh, Scotland v Wales. Bc Ireland v Cng ha Ireland thng lin hip trong mt i tuyn duy nht i din cho ton o, ngoi l ng ch lbng v i hi th thao Thnh vng chung. Trong phm vi th thao, cc i tuyn Anh, Scotland, Wales, Ireland/Bc Ireland thng c gi chung l "Home Nations". Trong mt s mn th thao, mt i tuyn duy nht idin cho ton Anh Quc, bao gm trong Th vn hi. Cc Th vn hi Ma h 1908, 1948 v 2012 c t chc ti Lun n, v y l thnh ph u tin t chc i hi ny ba ln. Anh Quc tha d mi k Th vn hi hin icho n nay v ng th ba tng s huy chng.


8 of 14 6/11/2015 8:09 PM

Sn vn ng Wembley ti Lun n

l sn nh ca i tuyn bng quc

gia Anh, l mt trong nhng sn vn

ng t tin nht tng c xy

dng.[345]

Sn vn ng Millennium ti Cardiff

m ca cho Gii v ch bng bu

dc th gii nm 1999.

Tng Britannia ti

Plymouth. Britannia l hin

thn quc gia ca Anh Quc.

Mt cuc thm d kin vo nm 2003 cho thy rng bng l mn th thao ph bin nht ti Anh Quc.[348] Mi mt quc gia cu thnh c hip hi, i tuyn quc gia v h thng gii

u bng ring. Gii u bng ng u ti Anh l Gii Ngoi hng, y l gii u bng c xem nhiu nht trn th gii.[349] Trn u bng quc t u tin l cuc tranh ti

gia Anh v Scotland vo ngy 30 thng 11 nm 1872.[350] Anh, Scotland, Wales v Bc Ireland cnh tranh nh cc quc gia ring bit trong thi u quc t.[351] Mt i tuyn bng Thvn hi Anh Quc tp hp thi u trong Th vn hi Lun n 2012. Tuy nhin, cc hip hi bng ca Scotland, Wales, Bc Ireland t chi tham gia, do lo ngi rng iu ny s lm

suy yu a v c lp ca h.[352]

Nm 2003, bng bu dc lin hip c xp hng l mn th thao ph bin th nh ti Anh Quc.[348] Mn th thao ny c sng to ti Anh, v trn

thi u bng bu dc u tin din ra vo ngy 27 thng 3 nm 1871 gia Anh v Scotland.[353] Anh, Scotland, Wales, Ireland, Php v tham d Giiv ch Lc quc; gii u quc t ng u ti Bc Bn cu. Cc c quan qun l th thao ti Anh, Scotland, Wales v Bc Ireland t chc v iu tit

ring bit v thi u.[354] Nu bt k i tuyn o Anh hoc Ireland no nh bi ba i khc trong mt gii u, i tuyn s c trao thng Triple

Crown.[355] Bng bu dc lin minh bt ngun ti Huddersfield v thng c chi ti min bc Anh.[356] Mt i tuyn 'Great Britain Lions' duynht tham d Gii v ch bng bu dc lin minh Th gii v cc gii u Test, song iu ny thay i vo nm 2008 khi Anh, Scotlad v Ireland

tham d vi t cch cc quc gia ring.[357]

Cricket c pht minh ti Anh, i tuyn cricket Anh do y ban Cricket Anh v Wales kim sot,[358] l i tuyn quc gia duy nht ti Anh Quc c v th Test. Cricket khc bit vi bng v bng bu dc ch Wales v Anh lin hip trong i tuyn quc gia, d Wales tng c i tuyn ring. Cc cu th ngi Ireland v Scotland c php thi u cho Anh do hai i

tuyn Scotland v Ireland u khng c v th Test v ch gn y mi bt u thi u ti One Day International.[359][360] Scotland, Anh (v Wales), v Ireland (bao gm Bc Ireland) thi utrong Gii v ch Criket th gii, Anh tng vi ln vo n trn chung kt. C mt gii u chuyn nghip, trong cc cu lc b i din cho 17 ht ca Anh v mt ht ca Wales tham

gia tranh ti.[361]

Qun vt hin i bt ngun t Birmingham, Anh trong thp nin 1860, sau truyn b ra ton cu.[362] Gii V ch Wimbledon din ra ln u tin vo nm 1877 v l gii u lu nm nht th gii, hin nay s kin din ra

vo cui thng 6 v u thng 7.[363]

Tng trng

Quc k Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland l Quc k Lin minh, n c to ra vo nm 1606 do xp chng quc k Anh ln quc k Scotland v c cp nht vo nm 1801 khi thmvo Hiu k Thnh Patrick. Wales khng c i din trong Quc k Lin minh do quc gia ny b Anh thn tnh trc khi thnh lp Vng quc Lin hip. Kh nng ti thit k Quc k Lin hip

nhm c i din cho Wales khng hon ton b loi tr.[364] Quc ca ca Anh Quc l "God Save the King", vi "King" thay bng "Queen" trong li nys qun ch l mt n gii.

Britannia l hin thn quc gia ca Anh Quc, bt ngun t Britain thuc La M.[365] Britannia c tng trng ha l mt ph n tr tui c tc mu nu hoc vng, i mt m st Corinth v mco chong trng. B gi mt inh ba ca Poseidon v mt khin, c th hin Quc k Lin minh. i khi b c m t l ci trn lng mt con s t. Do nh cao ca quc Anh vo cui th k19, Britannia thng c gn lin vi s chi phi hng hi ca Anh Quc, nh trong bi ca i quc "Rule, Britannia!". Cho n nm 2008, biu tng s t c m t sau Britannia trn ng 50 xuv trn mt sau ca ng 10 xu. N cng c s dng nh l mt tng trng trn hiu k phi l nghi ca Lc qun Anh Quc. Ch Bull i khi c s dng nh l mt tng trng ca Anh Quc

v c lin h vi s thch thc ca Winston Churchill vi c Quc x.[366]

Ghi ch

^ Ngoi ra, hai lnh th hi ngoi ca n cng c bin gii trn b vi cc quc gia khc. Gibraltar c bin gii trn b vi Ty Ban Nha, cn Khu vc cn c ch quyn Akrotiri v Dhekeliac bin gii vi Cng ha Sp, Cng ha Th Nh K Bc Sp, v khu vc m Lin Hip Quc chia tch hai thc th trn o.

1.

^ Hip nh Anh-Ireland c k kt vo ngy 6 thng 12 nm 1921 nhm gii quyt Chin tranh c lp Ireland. C hiu lc vo mt nm sau, hip nh thit lp Quc gia T do Ireland lmt quc gia t tr ring bit trong Thnh vng chung. Tn hin ti ca Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland c thng qua vo nm 1927 nhm phn nh bin i ny.

2.

^ New Zealand, Israel v San Marino l cc quc gia khc c hin php bt thnh vn.3.

Tham kho

^ a Population Estimates for UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, Mid-2013(http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/pop-estimate/population-estimates-for-uk--england-and-wales--scotland-and-northern-ireland/2013/index.html). Office for National Statistics. Truy cp ngy 26 thng 6 nm 2014.

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^ 2011 UK censuses (http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/census/2011/uk-census/index.html).Office for National Statistics. Truy cp ngy 17 thng 12 nm 2012.

2.

^ a b United Kingdom (http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2013&ey=2014&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=46&pr1.y=7&c=112&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=). International Monetary Fund.Truy cp ngy 1 thng 11 nm 2014.

3.

^ The British Monarchy, What is constitutional monarchy? (http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/HowtheMonarchyworks/Whatisconstitutionalmonarchy.aspx). Truy cp ngy 17 thng 7 nm 2013

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^ CIA, The World Factbook (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uk.html).Truy cp ngy 17 thng 7 nm 2013

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^ The World Factbook (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uk.html).Central Intelligence Agency. Ngy 1 thng 2 nm 2014. Truy cp ngy 23 thng 2 nm 2014.

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^ Countries within a country (http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page823). Prime Minister's Office. Ngy 10 thng 1 nm 2003.

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^ a Devolution of powers to Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland (https://www.gov.uk/devolution-of-powers-to-scotland-wales-and-northern-ireland#devolved-administrations). United KingdomGovernment. Truy cp ngy 17 thng 4 nm 2013. In a similar way to how the government is formed frommembers from the two Houses of Parliament, members of the devolved legislatures nominate ministersfrom among themselves to comprise an executive, known as the devolved administrations...

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^ Key facts about the United Kingdom (http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/LivingintheUK/DG_10012517). Directgov. Truy cp ngy 3 thng 5 nm 2011. The full title of thiscountry is 'the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland'. 'The UK' is made up of England,Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. 'Britain' is used informally, usually meaning the United Kingdom.'Great Britain' is made up of England, Scotland and Wales. The Channel Islands and the Isle of Man are notpart of the UK.

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^ Working with Overseas Territories (http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/about-us/what-we-do/overseas-territories). Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Truy cp ngy 3 thng 5 nm 2011.

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^ Mathias, P. (2001). The First Industrial Nation: the Economic History of Britain, 17001914. London:Routledge. ISBN 0-415-26672-6.

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^ Ferguson, Niall (2004). Empire: The rise and demise of the British world order and the lessons for globalpower. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-02328-2.

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^ Sheridan, Greg (ngy 15 thng 5 nm 2010). Cameron has chance to make UK great again(http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/opinion/cameron-has-chance-to-make-uk-great-again/story-e6frg6zo-1225866975992). The Australian (Sydney). Truy cp ngy 23 thng 5 nm 2011.

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^ Dugan, Emily (ngy 18 thng 11 nm 2012). Britain is now most powerful nation on earth(http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/britain-is-now-most-powerful-nation-on-earth-8326452.html). The Independent (London). Truy cp ngy 18 thng 11 nm 2012.

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^ Koch, John T. (2006). Celtic culture: A historical encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. tr. 973.ISBN 978-1-85109-440-0.

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^ Davies, John; Jenkins, Nigel; Baines, Menna; Lynch, Peredur I. bin tp (2008). The Welsh AcademyEncyclopaedia of Wales. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. tr. 915. ISBN 978-0-7083-1953-6.

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^ Mackie, J.D. (1991). A History of Scotland. London: Penguin. tr. 1819. ISBN 978-0-14-013649-4.21. ^ Campbell, Ewan (1999). Saints and Sea-kings: The First Kingdom of the Scots. Edinburgh: Canongate.tr. 815. ISBN 0-86241-874-7.

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^ Haigh, Christopher (1990). The Cambridge Historical Encyclopedia of Great Britain and Ireland.Cambridge University Press. tr. 30. ISBN 978-0-521-39552-6.

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^ Ganshof, F.L. (1996). Feudalism. University of Toronto. tr. 165. ISBN 978-0-8020-7158-3.24. ^ Chibnall, Marjorie (1999). The debate on the Norman Conquest. Manchester University Press.tr. 115122. ISBN 978-0-7190-4913-2.

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^ Nicholls, Mark (1999). A history of the modern British Isles, 15291603: The two kingdoms. Oxford:Blackwell. tr. 171172. ISBN 978-0-631-19334-0.

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^ Lee, Stephen J. (1996). Aspects of British political history, 19141995. London; New York: Routledge.tr. 173199. ISBN 978-0-415-13103-2.

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