VRB Technical

8/9/2019 VRB Technical

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Energy Storage & Power Quality SolutionsVRB Power Systems Inc.

Technical Introduction


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Energy Storage & Power Quality Solutions

VRB Power Systems Inc.

An electrochemical energy storage system

What is a VRB Energy Storage System?

A flow battery, based on Vanadium as the only element electrolyte cross-contamination not an issue

Based on the reduction and oxidation of the different ionicforms of Vanadium

Energy (electricity) can be stored indefinitely in a liquid very low self-discharge

Energy can be recovered instantaneously (< 10ms)


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VRB cell open circuit voltageState-of-Charge indicator

Nerntz Curve (SOC vs Eoc)

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0

State Of Charge (%)

Eoc(

Operating Range


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Eoc dependant

on concentration

depends on

concentration

ProtonExchangemembrane

V5+ V2+

Current collectors

V

VRB-ESS Basics:


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charging

V

V 4+ V 5+ + e- V 3+ + e- V 2+

V

0Vt

VRB-ESS Basics:


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charging

V

V 4+ V 5+ + e- V 3+ + e- V 2+

V

0Vt

VRB-ESS Basics:


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charging

V

V 4+ V 5+ + e- V 3+ + e- V 2+

V

0Vt

VRB-ESS Basics:


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charged

V

0Vt

V

V2+V5+

V 4+ V 5+ + e- V 3+ + e- V 2+

VRB-ESS Basics:

Negative Half CellPositiveHalfCell

OxidationProcess Reduction Process


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V 5+ + e- V 4+ V 2+ V 3+ + e-

V5+ V2+

V

discharging

V

0Vt

VRB-ESS Basics:


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V

V 5+ + e- V 4+ V 2+ V 3+ + e-

discharging

V

0Vt

VRB-ESS Basics:


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V 5+ + e- V 4+ V 2+ V 3+ + e-

V

V

0Vtdischarging

VRB-ESS Basics:


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V 5+ + e- V 4+ V 2+ V 3+ + e-

discharging

VVVV

V

0Vt

VRB-ESS Basics:


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discharged

EoD

V

V4+ V3+

EoDV

0Vt

VRB-ESS Basics:


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Charge Discharge Curves for VRB-ESS

-800

-600

-400

-200

0

200

400

600

800

0 12 24 36 48 60

Time (Hours)

Voltage

&C

urrent

I dc

V dc


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Operating Parameters

Vanadium concentration: 1 to 4 Mole/liter

Electrolyte Operating Temperature Range: 10C to 40C

Speed of response:


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V

CellStack

VRB-ESS

PumpPump


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Discharge Charge

Can separate discharge & charge functions

simultaneous discharge & charge

chemical DC-DC converter

Can separate stack &electrolyte bulk storage

physically

functionally

VRB-ESS Characteristics


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LoadsEnergy

sources

Converter

(PCS)

PLC/HMI

system

Electrolyte storage

CellStack

assemblies

Multiple outputs

VRB-ESS Components


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Technical Advantages of VRB-ESS High-energy efficiencies of >75% (AC to AC) and >85% (DC to

DC)

Very Low Self Discharge. Will remain fully charged almostindefinitely.

Storage capacity can be increased by increasing electrolytevolume; no change to battery cellstacks.

Cross mixing of electrolytes does not cause contamination.Same electrolytes on both sides of battery.

Can be charged and discharged > 13,000 cycles without need

for membrane replacement.

Designed for unattended operation. Low operating andmaintenance costs.

Together with PCS can provide power quality improvements.

High rate of Charging: Same rate as Discharge.


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The Electricity supply chain and VRB Power Systemsmarket focus

Supply

Bulk

GenerationTransmission Distribution

Distributed

Generation -

wind and solar

Commercial

Customer

Industrial

Customer

Residential

CustomersStorage

$$MULTIPLE VALUE STREAMS$$


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Energy Storage Technologies - Applications

System Power Rating

Seconds

Discharg

etime

Minutes

Hours

1 kW 10 kW 100 kW 1 MW 10 MW 100 MW 1 GW

SMES

PHS

CAES

Flow Batteries

NAS

Lead Acid Batteries

Low-Speed

Flywheels

HighSpeedFly

wheels

PowerQuality

BridgingPower

EnergyManagement


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0

Powerrating

0 10s 1 h 2 h 8 h

10 kW

100 kW

1 MW

10 MW

100 MW

Storage inventory

1s 1 min 4 h30 min

Power quality

Un-interruptiblepower supplies

Frequencycontrol

Voltagesupport

VAR support

Peak shaving

Transmissionstability

Spinning and standby reserve

Black start

Load levelling/following

Tariff trading

Load factorincreaseCapacity deferralIntegration of renewables

Power Rating and Storage Inventory


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Applications of VRB-ESS

Capital deferral of T&D $$$$$$$$ Load leveling max demand reductions

Arbitrage

PQ and energy management (Not PQ alone)

Provision of ancillary services to utilities or PFC to end users Integration with renewables to deliver capacity and enhance

efficiency

RAPS


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PacifiCorp Installation: 250kW X 8h

Remote location & operation

Uninterruptible power supply - avoids

brownouts

Peak shaving VRB-ESS charges during non-peak hours (night), to be discharged duringpeak hours

Maintains stable voltage and frequency

Grid Connected Energy Storage Systems


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340km long 25kV feeder, with 5-line regulators & 7-reclosers

New connects denied since feeder cannot supply any significantamount of new load without increasing voltage regulation problems

with existing customers.

Because feeder is so long, reliability and power quality is low leadingto Public Service Commission Complaints. PacifiCorp agreed to fix.

VRB-ESS Castle Valley, Utah Installation


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PacifiCorp VRB-ESS Project Experienceand Results

Interim Results

Commissioned in November 2003.

Voltage control highly effective. Voltage control through VARinjection can move the PF from 0.6 Lagging to unity as

required (X/R


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Load Output Power Rating 1.4MVA (2 x 700kVa Modules)Energy Storage duration 8 hours

Nominal Supply Voltage V nominal rms 480 V (L -L) +_ 10% Nominal Frequency 60HzOutput Voltage 480V 3 phase 6 0HzVoltage Regulation < 1% Continuously Reactive Energy Compensation 1000kVarDC Bus Voltage 200 - 350V

Load Terminal Overvoltage 135% of V nominal

Short Circuit Capability 300% of Full LoadMinimum Efficiency (Power Out/Power In) >94% @ Full Lo adMaximum Overload Capacity < 10 minutes 125% Maximum Overload Capacity < 5 seconds 150% Reliability >99.99% (4 Nines) minimum SPoF

Harmonic Performance Meets IEEE 519Communications Modbus, RS 232, TCP/IP, Ethernet

Environmental 0 to +40C (Co ntrolled Building) Mass kg - Storage Tanks (With Electrolyte) 430,000kgDimensions 8MWh 4 x 12 x 20m (240m 2)Life of system before replacement of membranes >12 yearsAnnual Operations & Maintenance Costs $0.001/kWh in first 12 Years

Nominal Specifications for a 1 MW 8MW-Hr VRB-ESS


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Layout of 1MW 8MW-hr Plant - Plan


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Layout of 1MW 8MW-hr Plant - Elevation


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Hydro Tasmanias King Island project:200kW X 4h

The VRB-ESS can be used to storesolar and wind energy

Ensures constant power supply-provides REACTIVE energycontinuously through PCS

Environmentallycleaner alternative to diesel generatorsand larger lead acid batteries

Solar or Wind

AC / DC converter

V R B

Renewable Energy Storage Systems


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Diesel Engine fuel usage as a % of full load

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

% of full Output

FuelUsage

liter/kWh

Without VRB/ESS

With VRB/ESS


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VRB-ESS Wind-Diesel Installation inTasmania

VRB ESS Wi d Di l I t ll ti i


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VRB ESS Wi d Di l I t ll ti i


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The Benefits of the King IslandWind Diesel VRB-ESS Project

Emissions Reductions 47%Fuel cost savings Current load factor is 28% or 10,000litres/day averageusage. This will be reduced by 1.5million/litres/yearReduced Operating and Maintenance costsImproved power system stability and enhance power qualityIt firms up the wind energy, capturing spillage and smoothing supply. This

means that less diesel engine reserve must remain on line at any one time.Wind penetration has been increased to nearly 40%.

Greenhouse Gas Reduction (GHG)Reduction in diesel run times through increased operating curve efficiency andefficient use of the captured wind energy (load shifting) will result in reductionsin particulates, NOx and Hydrocarbon emissions. Although this has still to beverified, it is estimated that 45,000 to 60,000kg fewer Hydrocarbons and 67,000to 80,000kg fewer NOx emissions will occur. 4million kg fewer CO

2emissions

will result.


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Wind Application

Output is variable so capacity is discounted by > 75%

VRB-ESS firms up supply and creates Capacity and Efficiencybenefits


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Wind Power Basics

Weibull distribution (k=2)for power density curve fora wind turbine

Actual Power output curvefor a wind turbine


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RAPS application for VRB-ESS

0 2 6 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 2 0 2 2 2 440

2

4

8

1 0

6

T i m e o f d a y [ H r s ]

C o n v e n t io n a l G e n s e t

A v e r a g e

Pow

er[kW]

Power[%]

1 0 0

8 0

6 0

2 0

4 0


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Cellular phone towers

Exchanges

Repeater stations

Radio networks

Replacement of Leadacid batteries

Technical and environmental advantages make theVRB-ESS attractive for telecommunications

applications particularly in remote areas

Telecommunications Power Backup

VRB ESS 5kW 4 hour Lead Acid


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VRB-ESS 5kW 4 hour Lead AcidBattery Replacement System

Cell site applications - 48V

Substation battery replacement 10 year life

Almost no maintenance andno disposal issues

Lower first cost and life cyclethan lead acid systems

Higher efficiency than leadacid systems

Same sized footprint than leadacid systems

Internal or external cabinet foradditional capacity


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Questions ?

Thank You !

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