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Vr Ÿctna Ven smaj pirbàtn

Zui¹¡ : mu¹¡mna †-buk

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Vmar AnueraeD AnÇ» "Zui¹¡' naemr ilFl mYagaijniF mu¹¡mnay "†-buk' Vkaer pãkaeSr jnY ˆnMu¹¡ ker ideyeC|Vim men kir Anusiɇsu …b„ mnnSIl pafekra …et Kub† ˆpkât Hebn| mu¹¡mna VeÆdalenr saeT jiRtŸlKkedrw ŸbS kiF ŸlKa …et siÊebiSt kereC AnÇ»| Vmra …r Veg mu¹¡mnar pQ ŸTek "mHaibeSÿ pãaN wbuiÁm¹ar ŸKaƒej' …b„ "ibbàtenr pT Der' b† duiF †-buk Vkaer pãkaS keriClam| Ÿs† …k† DarabaiHktay …barpãkaiSt Hl "Zui¹¡'| b†iF sutnI PeÆF ŸlKa HeyeC| mYagaijniF ifkmt pRet na parel dya ker sutnI PÆFVmaedr weyb sa†F ŸTek haˆnelah ker inn|

AnÇ»ek taƒr …† saHsI pdeQepr jnY As„KY DnYbad| Vim Zui¹¡r bûl pãcar kamna kir|

AiBij‡ raymu¹¡mnar pãitîfata sÚpadk17 …ipãl, 2007

hyw³†deª“qvwi 2007

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i¶Ykxj ebvg cÖMwZkxj - GB ؇›Ø weÁv‡bi AMÖhvÎv, weÁvbx‡`i Ávb mvabv †_‡g _v‡Kwb kZ cÖwZK~jZvi gv‡SI| Pve©vK I†jvKvqZ `k©b‡K nZ¨v Kiv n‡jI fvi‡Z cybe©vi e¯‘ev`x mvsL¨ `k©‡bi Rb¥ n‡q‡Q, Rb¥ wb‡q‡Q bvw¯—K¨ev`, A‡Áqev`(agnosticism) I ey‡×i WvB-B‡iKwUK (Aw¯—-bw¯—) `k©b|

weÁvb Gfv‡eB AMÖmi nq mZ¨‡K Avwe®‹v‡ii AvMÖn wb‡q, bZzb m„wói †cÖiYv wb‡q| wKš‘ weÁv‡bi c_ nj hyw³i c_, †hŠw³KZvic_, cix¶v-wbix¶vi c_| MwYZ Avi R¨vwgwZi Zx¶è hwy³ Zvi wfZ- Zvi fvlv, ch©‡e¶Y Zvi Dcjwä- m¤¢ve¨ Áv‡bi AvKi,ms‡k­lY I e¨vL¨v Zvi A¯¿ | ZvB hyw³wfwËK mgvR Mo‡Z n‡j, mgvR-cÖMwZi c‡_ AMÖmi n‡Z n‡j, D`vi‰bwZK eûgvwÎKivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZ Mo‡Z n‡j, weÁvb co‡Z n‡e, weÁv‡bi PP©v Ki‡Z n‡eÑ weÁvbx bv n‡qI weÁv‡bi Avwe®‹v‡ii gg©evYx¸‡jv‡KavZ¯’ Ki‡Z n‡e, Abyaveb Ki‡Z n‡eÑ Z‡eB bv Avgiv †jvKvqZev`x AviR Avjx gvZzeŸ‡ii Rxeb `k©b, Zvui weÁvbgb¯‹Zv,m‡e©vcwi GB gvbeZvev`x gvbylwUi Aš—wbwn©Z evYx‡K eyS‡Z cvie|

wPÎ : AviR Avjx gvZzeŸi

Avgiv BZtc~‡e© D‡j­L K‡iwQ weÁv‡bi Ae`vb A_©‰bwZK e¨eavb m„wó K‡i gvby‡l-gvby‡l| weÁvb hw` `~ieZ©x AvMš‘K iƒ‡cAwkw¶Z mgv‡R cÖ‡ek K‡i, †hgbwU Avgv‡`i mgv‡R AbycÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q Zvn‡j Avgiv Zvi evwn¨K ¯’~j Ae`vb‡KB e¨envi Kie, GiAš—wbwn©Z `k©b I evYx‡K AvZ¥¯’ Ki‡Z cvie bv, d‡j mgv‡Ri AMÖMwZ n‡e bv, wcwQ‡qB _vK‡e| A_©vr myBP wU‡c ˆe`y wZK evwZiAv‡jv e¨envi Kie wVKB, wKš‘ Rvbe bv Kx K‡i ˆe`¨ywZK evwZ Av‡jv †`q| d‡j Avgv‡`i Aš—‡j©vK AÜKv‡iB _vK‡e Av‡jvwKZn‡e bv| AviR Avjx gvZzeŸi we`z rkw³i cwiPq Rvb‡Z †P‡q‡Qb ïay ZË¡MZ eB c‡o bq, evwZ R¡vjvevi Rb¨ MÖvgxY cÖhyw³ e¨enviK‡i WvBbv‡gv evwb‡q we`¨yrkw³ Drcv`b K‡iwQ‡jb| `k©b gv_vq _v‡K, Avi weÁvb gw¯—®‹ †_‡K †b‡g Av‡m gv‡VÑ mvaviY gvby‡liKj¨v‡Y| AviR Avjx GBwU Avgv‡`i †`wL‡q‡Qb, GLv‡bB Zuvi †kªôZ¡, GLv‡bB wZwb Avgv‡`i bgm¨|

†jŠwKK `vk©wbK AviR Avjx gvZzeŸ‡ii `k©‡bi g~j K_v nj wRÄvmv I cÖ‡kœi ga¨ w`‡q m‡Z¨ DcbxZ nIqv hvq, ZvB †Zv wZwbe‡jb, ÔARvbv‡K Rvbvi ¯ú„nv gvby‡li wPiš—b| .. GB iKg ÔKxÕ I Ô†KbÕ AbymÜvb Kwi‡Z Kwi‡ZB gvbyl AvR Mwoqv Zzwjqv‡Q

weÁv‡bi AUj †mŠa|Õ A_P ag©xqcy —K¸‡jv Avgv‡`i wewa-wb‡l‡ai MÊx‡Z Ave× †i‡L Áv‡bi ¯ú„nvwU‡K †g‡i †dj‡Z Pvq|ag©cy —‡K hv ejv n‡q‡Q ZvB Pig mZ¨ I cig ÁvbÑ Gi evB‡i Rvbvi †Kv‡bv cÖ‡qvRb †bB †Kbbv Zv mZ¨ bq, cÖK…Z Ávb bq|AviR Avjx GB ag©xq†Muvovwg Avi AÜwek¦vm †_‡K Avgv‡`i gyw³i c_ evrwj‡q‡Qb| GB c_ †`Lv‡bvi Av‡jv wZwb Dcnvi w`‡q‡QbZvi cÖ_g MÖš’ Ôm‡Z¨i mÜv‡bÕi ga¨ w`‡q| RvwZi Kv‡Q Zvi †kªô Dcnvi| m‡Z¨i mÜvb‡K wZwb e‡j‡Qb Ô†jŠwKK `k©bÕ- Gi A_©RbM‡Yi `k©b, Bn‡jv‡Ki `k©b| eûkZvãx Av‡M Pve©vK I e„n¯úwZ Bn‡jŠwKK ev e¯‘ev`x `k©‡bi bvg w`‡qwQ‡jb Ô†jvKvqZ `k©bÕ|gvZzeŸi GKwesk kZ‡Ki Øvi cÖv‡š— G‡m Avgv‡`i Rb¨ bZzb K‡i Dcnvi w`‡jb bZzb K‡je‡i Ô†jvKvqZ `k©bÕ| wZwb weÁv‡bimviK_v mij fvlvq PgrKvifv‡e Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb, Avi Gi ga¨ w`‡q fveev`x `k©‡bi †Mvovq AvNvZ K‡i‡Qb, Ògvby‡li g‡b wRÁvmviAš— bvB| .. eZ©gvb hyMwU weÁv‡bi hyM Ges hyw³ev‡`iI| weÁvb c„w_exi ey‡K AvZ¥kw³ ev ¯gwngvq cÖwZôv jvf Kwiqv‡Q, KvnviIAbyK¤úvq bq| ... Avcwb hw` weÁv‡bi `vb MÖnY Kwi‡Z bv Pv‡nb, Zvnv nB‡j hvbevnb we‡`k mdi I Rvgv-Kvco Z¨vM Ki“b GesKvMR-Kj‡gi e¨envi I cy —K cov Z¨vM Kwiqv gyL¯— wk¶v Ki“b| Bnvi †KvbwU Kiv Avcbvi c‡¶ m¤¢e ? ... gvbyl weÁv‡bi Kv‡QFYx| wKš‘ mgv‡R Ggb GK †kªYxi †jvK †`wL‡Z cvIqv hvq, hvnviv nv‡Z Nwo I P‡¶ Pkgv AvuwUqv gvB‡K e³…Zv K‡ib Avi e¯‘ev`ewjqv weÁvb‡K N„Yv I e¯‘ev`x ewjqv weÁvbx‡`i AeÁv K‡ib| A_P Zuvnviv fvweqv †`‡Lb bv †h, fveev`xiv e¯‘ev`x‡`i †cvl¨|weÁvb gvbyl‡K cvjb K‡i| wKš‘ ag© gvbyl‡K cvjb K‡i bv, eis gvbyl ag©‡K cvjb K‡i Ges cÖwZcvjbI| ‡Kv‡bv iKg †Muvovgx‡KcÖkªq bv w`‡q cÖ‡Z¨K ag©‡K h_vm¤¢e Kzms¯‹vi gy³ Kiv DwPZ| Kzms¯‹vi Z¨vM Kivi A_© Ôag©‡K Z¨vM KivÕ b‡n| hw` †Kn Kzms¯‹viZ¨vM Kwi‡Z Awb”QyK nb Ges ewj‡Z Pv‡nb †h, Kzms¯‹vi Z¨vM Kwi‡j ag© _vwK‡e bv, Zvnv nB‡j g‡b Avwm‡Z cv‡i †h, ag©iv‡R¨ wKKzms¯‹vi wfbœ Avi wKQyB bvB? .. .. Avgv‡`i Awfhvb ïay AmZ¨ ev Kzms¯‹v‡ii wei“‡×, †Kvb a‡g©i wei“‡× bq| cÖ‡Z¨KwU ag© _vwK‡ewg_¨vi AveR©bvewR©Z I cweÎ m‡Z¨i Ici cÖwZwôZ|Ó- GB A‡_© AviR Avjx AvR‡Ki hy‡Mi ivg‡gvnb, we`¨vmvMi| Avgv‡`ibgm¨| GB bZzb K_v wjL‡Z wM‡q, wPivPwiZ cÖ_vi wei“‡× ej‡Z wM‡q Zuv‡K cvwK¯—vwb ˆ¯ikvmK I i¶Ykxj †gŠjev`x‡`i nv‡ZwbM„„nxZ n‡Z n‡qwQj, bvw¯—KZv cÖPv‡ii Awf‡hv‡M miKv‡ii nv‡Z Kvivi“× n‡Z n‡qwQj| Avgv‡`i cig †mŠfvM¨ †h gyw³hy× ïi“nIqvq wZwb †gŠjev`x‡`i nvZ †_‡K i¶v cvb| gyw³hy‡×i ciciB m‡Z¨i mÜv‡bi cÖKvk m¤¢e nq, bB‡j GB `vk©wbK‡K nq‡Zv AviLuy‡R cvIqv †hZ bv| kZ AZ¨vPv‡ii gy‡LI wZwb AvZ¥mgc©b K‡ibwb, wb‡Ri gZev`‡K wemR©b †`bwb| wZwb G hy‡Mi eª“‡bv, whwb

eª“‡bvi Av`k©‡K Avi GKevi Zz‡j ai‡jb| wZwb Avgv‡`i wPi bgm¨|

cÖeÜ

Ck¦iB wK m„wói Avw` ev cÖ_g KviY?AwfwRr ivq

evUª©vÛ iv‡mj Zvi weL¨vZ `why i am not a Christian’ cÖe‡Ü cÖ_g KviY m¤‡Ü e‡jb :

ÔAvgv‡`i Av‡MB ey‡S ivLv `iKvi †h RM‡Zi hv wKQy Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB, me wKQyi GKwU KviY Av‡Q| GB KviY‡K cÖkœ Ki‡Z Ki‡ZAvcwb †cQ‡bi w`‡K GwM‡q wM‡q Aek¨B cÖ_g Kvi‡Yi (First Cause) m¤§yLxb n‡eb Ges GB cÖ_g KviY‡KB ¯Ztwm×fv‡e ÔCk¦iÕwn‡m‡e a‡i †bqv nq| ... AvwgI eûw`b a‡iB GwU‡K ¯Ztwm× wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i wb‡qwQjvg wKš‘ GKw`b, hLb Avgvi eqm AvVv‡iv, AvwgRb ÷zqvU© wg‡ji AvZ¥Rxebx cowQjvg, Avi co‡Z wM‡qB †mLv‡b GB evK¨wU †cjvg : ÔAvgvi evev Avgv‡K cÖkœ Ki‡jbÑÔ†K Avgv‡K ˆZwiK‡i‡Q?Õ Avwg G cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z cvwiwb| wKš‘ GB cÖkœwU Avgv‡K AviI GKwU cÖvmw½K cÖ‡kœi w`‡K †V‡j w`j| †hwU nj Ck¦iB hw`Avgv‡K ˆZwi K‡i _v‡Kb, Z‡e Ck¦i‡K ˆZwi K‡i‡Q †K?Õ Avwg GLbI g‡b Kwi ÔCk¦i‡K ˆZwi K‡i‡Q †K?Õ GB mnR mij evK¨wU cÖ_gKviY m¤úwK©Z hyw³i †`vlwU †mB cÖ_g Avgv‡K †`Lv‡jv| hw` cÖwZwU wRwb‡mi GKwU KviY _v‡K, Z‡e Ck¦‡iiI KviY _vK‡Z n‡e| Avevihw` KviY QvovB †Kvb wKQy _vK‡Z cv‡i (†hgb Ck¦i), Z‡e GB hyw³ Ck¦‡ii RM‡Zi Rb¨ mgvbfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨Õ

ÔweM e¨vsÕ ZË¡wU ˆeÁvwbK mgv‡R M„nxZ nIqvi ci ciB wek¦vmx‡`i g‡a¨ bZzb K‡i ÔcÖ_g KviYÕwU‡K cÖwZôv Kivi be DÏxcbvj¶ Kiv †Mj| 1951 mv‡j Pope Pius XII cw›UwdKvj GKv‡Wwgi mfvq e‡jB em‡jbÑ

Ôhw` m„wói ïi“ _v‡K, Z‡e Aek¨B GB m„wói GKRb mªóvI i‡q‡Q, Avi †mB mªóvB n‡jb Ck¦i|Õ

†R¨vwZwe©Ávbx Ges ag©hvRK RR© †nbwi †jwgwÎ (whwb ÔweM e¨vsÕ cÖwZfv‡mi GKRb Ab¨Zg cÖe³v)Ñ †cvc‡K web‡qi m‡½ Gai‡bi hyw³‡K ÔAåvš—Õ wn‡m‡e cÖPvi Kiv †_‡K weiZ _vK‡Z civgk© w`‡qwQ‡jb|

B`vbxsKv‡j ÔKvjvg KmgjwRKvj AvMy©‡g›UÕ (Kalam Cosmological Argument) bv‡g GKwU `vk©wbK hyw³gvjv mvaviYwek¦vmx‡`i Kv‡Q LyeB RbwcÖq n‡q D‡V‡Q| wLª÷a‡g© `xw¶Z my k©b `vk©wbK Ges †ckv`vi weZvwK©K DBwjqvg †jb †µBM (WilliamLane Craig) 1979 mv‡j †jLv The Kalam Cosmological Argument eB‡qi gva¨‡g hyw³i GB aviv‡K mvaviY gvby‡liKv‡Q RbwcÖq K‡i ‡Zv‡jb| avivwU‡K wb‡Pi PviwU av‡ci mvnv‡h¨ eY©bv Kiv hvq :

1. hvi ïi“ Av‡Q, Zvi †cQ‡b GKwU KviY i‡q‡Q|2. Avgv‡`i AvR‡Ki GB gnvwe‡k¦i GKwU DrcwË Av‡Q|3. myZivs GB gnvwe‡k¦i †cQ‡b GKwU KviY Av‡Q|4. †mB KviYwUB nj ÔCk¦iÕ|

`vk©wb‡Kiv Kvjv‡gi hyw³‡K Zxeªfv‡e AvµgY K‡i‡Qb wewfbœ mg‡qB|1 GLv‡b Ôevûj¨ weavqÕ †m¸‡jvi cybi“‡j­L Kiv nj bv|Z‡e GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© e¨vcvi D‡j­L bv Ki‡jB †eva nq bq| mewKQyi †cQ‡bB ÔKviYÕ Av‡Q e‡j †cQv‡Z †cQv‡Z wek¦vmxiv Ck¦‡iiKv‡Q wM‡q nVvr K‡iB †_‡g hvb| G mgq Avi Zviv †hb †Kvb KviY Lyu‡R cvb bv| gnvwe‡k¦i RwUjZv‡K e¨vL¨v Kivi Rb¨ hw` Ck¦ibvgK GKwU mËvi Avg`vwb Ki‡ZB nq, Z‡e †mB Ck¦i‡K e¨vL¨v Kivi Rb¨ GKB hyw³‡Z Av‡iKwU ÔCk¦iÕ‡K KviY wn‡m‡e Avg`vwbKiv DwPr| Gfv‡e Avg`vwbi †Ljv Pj‡ZB _vK‡e G‡Ki ci GK, hv Avgv‡`i‡K Amxg‡Z¡i w`‡K †V‡j †`‡e| GB e¨vcviwU¯vfvweKfv‡eB mKj wek¦vmxi Kv‡Q AvcwËKi| ZvB Zviv wb‡RivB ÔmewKQyi †cQ‡bB KviY Av‡QÕ GB ¯Ztwm‡×i e¨wZµg wn‡m‡eCk¦i‡K Kíbv K‡i _v‡Kb Avi †mv”Pvi †NvlYv K‡ibÑÔCk¦‡ii Aw¯—‡Z¡i †cQ‡b †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb †bB|Õ mgm¨v nj †h, GBe¨wZµgwU †Kb ïay Ck¦‡ii †¶‡ÎB cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e, gnvwe‡k¦i †¶‡Î †Kb bq, Gi †Kv‡bv hyw³MÖvn¨ e¨vL¨v Zviv w`‡Z cv‡ib bv|

`k©b †Q‡o Gevi weÁv‡bi w`‡K †PvL †div‡bv hvK| Ôhvi ïi“ Av‡Q Zvi †cQ‡b KviY _vK‡ZB n‡eÕÑKvjv‡gi hyw³gvjvi cÖv_wgKavcwU‡K weÁv‡bi RM‡Z A‡bK Av‡MB LÊb Kiv n‡q‡Q| KviYwenxb †Kvqv›Uvg d¬vKPz‡qk‡bi D`vniY nvwRi K‡i| AvYweKcwie„wË (Atomic Transition), AvYweK wbDwK¬qv‡mi †ZRw¯Œq Ae¶‡qi Radio Active Decay of nuclei) g‡Zv †Kvqv›Uvg NUbvmg~nÔKviYwenxb NUbvÕ wn‡m‡e B‡Zvg‡a¨B ˆeÁvwbK mgv‡R ¯xK…Z| nvB‡Rbev‡M©i AwbðqZv ZË¡ (uncertainty principle) Abyhvqx

mvgvb¨ mg‡qi Rb¨ kw³ (hv E=mc2 m~‡Îi gva¨‡g, kw³ I f‡ii mgZzj¨Zv cÖKvk K‡i) Drcbœ I webvk NU‡Zcv‡iѯZtù~Z©fv‡eчKv‡bv KviY QvovB| GBmeB cixw¶Z mZ¨| Kv‡RB Dc‡ii D`vniY¸‡jvB Kvjv‡gi hyw³‡K LÊb Kivi Rb¨h‡_ó|

Avwg Avgvi †jLv ÔAv‡jv nv‡Z Pwjqv‡Q Avuav‡ii hvÎxÕ eBwU‡Z (g~j eB‡qi mßg Aa¨vq †`Lyb) Z_vKw_Z k~b¨ †_‡K wKfv‡e RoKwYKv m„wó nq, Zv wb‡q wek`fv‡e Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ| GB aviYvwU‡K m¤cÖmvwiZ K‡i eû weÁvbxB AvR g‡b K‡ib GK KviYwenxb†Kvqv›Uvg d¬vKPz‡qk‡bi (Quantum Flactuation) ga¨ w`‡q GB gnvwek¦ m„wó n‡Z cv‡i, hv cieZx©‡Z m„ó gnvwek¦‡K ùxwZi(Inflation) w`‡K †V‡j w`‡q‡Q, Ges Av‡iv c‡i c`v_© Avi KvVv‡gv ˆZwii c_ myMg K‡i‡Q| G¸‡jv †Kvb KíKvwnbx bq| gnvwek¦ †hk~b¨ †_‡K Drcbœ n‡Z cv‡i cÖ_g G aviYvwU e¨³ K‡iwQ‡jb GWIqvW© wUªqb 1973 mv‡j Ô†bPviÕ bvgK weL¨vZ ˆeÁvwbK Rvb©v‡j|2Zvici Avwki `k‡K ùxwZZ‡Ë¡i Avwef©v‡ei ci †_‡KB eû weÁvbx cÖv_wgK †Kvqv›Uvg d¬vKPz‡qkb‡i aviYv‡K ùxwZZ‡Ë¡i mv‡_ Ry‡ow`‡q g‡Wj ev cÖwZiƒc wbg©vY K‡i‡Qb| k~b¨ †_‡K GB gnvwek¦ m„wói aviYv hw` A‰eÁvwbK Ges åvš—B nZ, Z‡e †m¸‡jv cÖL¨vZˆeÁvwbK mvgwqKx (Scientific Journal) ¸‡jv‡Z KLbB cÖKvwkZ nZ bv| g~jZ ùxwZZË¡‡K mv¤cÖwZKKv‡j †ek wKQy cix¶vigy‡LvgywL n‡Z n‡q‡Q Ges me¸‡jv‡ZB GB ZË¡ AZ¨š— mvd‡j¨i mv‡_ G ch©š— DËxY© n‡q‡Q|3

wPÎ : Avu‡ ªwj‡›` (ev‡q) Ges Gjvb ¸_ (Wv‡b); ùxwZZ‡Ë¡i yB cÖvYcyi“l

Avm‡j Bb‡d¬kb ev ùxwZ wb‡q Avu‡`ª wj‡Û Avi Zvi `je‡ji mv¤cÖwZK M‡elYvi djvdj hw` mwZ¨ n‡q _v‡K Z‡e mwZ¨KviA‡_©B †mB ÔDËß weM e¨vsÕÑhvi gva¨‡g c‡biÕk †KvwU eQi Av‡M GK gnvwe‡ùvi‡Yi gva¨‡g G gnvwek¦ ˆZwi n‡q‡Q e‡j aviYvKiv nq, Zv‡K we`vq Rvbv‡bvi mgq G‡m wM‡q‡Q| KviY, mv¤cÖwZK M‡elYv ej‡Q, weM e¨vs w`‡q gnvwe‡k¦i ïi“ bq, eis gnvwe‡k¦iïi“ n‡q‡Q Bb‡d¬kb w`‡q| A_©vr weM e¨vs Gi c‡i Bb‡d¬k‡bi gva¨‡g gnvwek¦ ˆZix (hv wKQyw`b Av‡MI mwZ¨ e‡j fvev nZ) nqwb,eis Bb‡d¬k‡bi djkÖ“wZ‡ZB wKš‘ weM e¨vs n‡q‡Q, Zvici m„ó n‡q‡Q Avgv‡`i gnvwek¦| Zvi K_vq :4

Inflation is not a part of big-bang theory as we thought 15 years ago. On the contrary, the big-bang is the part ofinflationary model

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`Most Important of all, the Question of the Origin of the matter in the Universe is no longer thought to be beyond of science. ...Ifinflation is correct, then the inflationary mechanism is responsible for creation of essentially all the matter and energy in theUniverse. ...After two thousand years of scientific research, it now seems likely that Lucretius (who said `Nothing can be createdfrom nothing’) was wrong Conceivably, everything can be created from nothing. And `everything’ might include a lot more than whatwe can see. In the context of inflationary cosmology, it is fair to say that Universe is the ultimate free lunch!’

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gy³gbv c`v_©we` W. wf±i †÷sMiI GKB ai‡bi gZ e¨³ K‡i e‡jbÑ`Note that even if Kalam Conclusion were sound and Universe has a cause, why could that cause itself not be natural? As it is,Kalam Argument fails both empirically and theoretically.’

wUKv :1. Drmvnx cvV‡Kiv www.mukto-mona.com (World of science & rationalism page) Ges www.infidels.org. I‡qe mvBU ywU †`L‡Z cv‡ib|2. Is the Universe a Vacuum Fluctuation? Edward P. Tryon, Nature, Vol. 246. pp369-397(1973)3. we¯—vwiZ Z‡_¨i Rb¨ †`Lyb- The Inflationary Universe : The Quest for a New Theory of Cosmic Origins, Alan H. Guth, PerseusBooks Group (March 1, 1998)4. Self Reproducing Inflationary Universe, Andrei Linde, Scientific American, 1998.5. gvwëfvm© wb‡q gvwmK mv‡qÝ Iqv‡ì©i A‡±vei Ges wW‡m¤i Õ06 msL¨vq Avgvi ywU cÖeÜ ªóe¨|

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1. DiChristine M, 2006, Becoming Human, Scientific AmericanScience Magazne:Special Edition, p.1.2. Calvin W. 2006, The Emergence of Intelligence, ScientificAmerican:Special Edition, pp 85.3. Gould, S, J: Understanding Evolution, PBS Website : (http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/08/1/l_081_06.html4. Skybreak, A. 2006, The Science of Evolution and The Myth OfCreationism, Insight Press, Illinois, USA.5 .AvLZvi“¾vgvb, g, 1998, weeZ©bev`, evsjv GKv‡Wwg, c„ôv 319|6. AvLZvi“¾vgb, cÖv¸³, c„ôv 322|7. Dawkins R, 2004, The Ancestor's Tale, 2004. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, New York.8. The Human Genome Project, http://genome.wellcome.ac.uk/node30075.html 9. New Genome Comparison Finds Chimps, Humans Very Similar AtDNA Level, 2005, Science Daily Magazine. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/09/050901074102.htm10. Ibid11. Ibid12. Human and Chimp Genomes Reveal New Twist on Origin of Species,2006, Science Daily Magazine. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/05/060518075823.htm

13. Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium ,2005. "Initialsequence of the chimpanzee genome and comparison with the humangenome". Nature 437: 69-87 http://www.genome.gov/Pages/Research/DIR/Chimp_Analysis.pdf,Kenneth R. Miller, professor of biology at Brown University, delivered the keynote address at the University’s 242ndOpening Convocation Tuesday, Sept. 6, 2005. http://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/2005-06/05-013m.html, National Human Genome Reserach Institue4, 2005,'Scientists Analyze Chromosomes 2', http://www.genome.gov/135146214. New Genome Comparison Finds Chimps, Humans Very Similar AtDNA Level,2005, Science Daily Magazine. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/09/050901074102.htm

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Feminism is a diverse collection of social theories, political movements and moral philosophies, largely motivated by orconcerned with the experiences of women. Most feminists are especially concerned with social, political and economicinequality between men and women (in the context of it being to the disadvantage of women); some have argued thatgendered and sexed identities, such as `man’ and `woman’, are socially constructed. Feminists differ over the sources ofinequality, how to attain equality, and the extent to which gender and gender-based identities should be questioned andcritiqued. In simple terms, feminism is the belief in social, political and economic equality of the sexes, and the movementorganised around the belief that gender should not be the pre-determinant factor shaping a person’s social identity, orsocio-political or economic rights.

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wMIwM©I fvmvwi (Giorgio Vasari) Zvi wfwÂi RxebxMÖš’ Lives of the Painters’-G wj‡L‡Qb :

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ÔwjIbv‡`v,© AvKvk, gvwU, evqygÊj Ges Av‡jv wb‡q cix¶v wbix¶v K‡iwQ‡jb| Kv‡RB Zvi G‡cÖvP wQj ˆeÁvwb‡Ki gZ wKš‘ wZwb AmvaviYˆkwíK Ges myPvi“iƒ‡c G‡K cwiYwZ w`‡qwQ‡jb Zvi wPÎK‡g©| GKB wPÎK‡g© Avgiv †Kvgj AÂj †hgb †gN †_‡K P‡j †h‡Z cvwi PigRwUjZvq Ges PgrKvi wW‡UBj‡m| D`vniY¯iƒc, †gvbvwjmvi †cvkv‡Ki Mjvi Kv‡Q m~² ci®úi weRwoZ GgeªqWvwi i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jviwewfbœ GjvKvi ˆemv`„k¨ Ggb GK ai‡bi cÖvÄjZv ˆZwi K‡i‡Q hv wPÎK‡g© weij| mewKQy wg‡j †gvbvwjmv GZB ¯vfvweK Ges GZB cwiwPZ†h, Avgiv fy‡jB hvB GUv ló`k kZvãxi ïi“‡Z GB wPÎKg©wU wK AmvaviY Avwe¯‹vi wQj|Õ4

fvmvwi Zvi MÖ‡š’ eY©bv K‡i‡Qb †h, wjIbv‡`v©i mg‡qB `~i `~ivš— †_‡K wkíxiv Zvi ÷zwWI‡Z wfo Rgv‡Zv †gvbvwjmv‡K ch©‡e¶YKivi Rb¨| Zi“Y wkíx ivdv‡qj wjIbv‡`©vi m„wóKg© wb‡q GgbB Av”Qbœ wQj †h, †m wb‡RI †gvbvwjmvi Av`‡j †ek wKQy cÖwZK…wZGu‡K †d‡jwQj| G‡`i g‡a¨ Avevi K‡qKwU †gvbvwjmvi mv‡_ `vi“Yfv‡e mv`„k¨I wQj| Z‡e ej‡ZB nq †m¸‡jv‡Z `v wfwÂigv÷viwc‡mi bvUKxqZv Abycw¯’Z wQj|

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Awf‡bÎx wRbv †Wwf‡mi g‡a¨ †gvbvwjmv G‡d± Av‡Q| memgq g‡b nq nvwm †hb Sz‡j Av‡Q †Vvu‡U| GgbwK hLb nv‡mb bv ZLbIg‡b nq nvm‡Qb| W. wjwfs‡÷v‡bi g‡Z, †h‡nZz wRbv †Wwf‡mi †Pvqv‡ji nvo LyeB `„k¨gvb †mKvi‡YB GiKg g‡b nq|

†gvbvwjmvi inm¨gq nvwmi ˆeÁvwbK e¨vL¨v †`Iqv m‡Ë¡I Gi bv›`wbK iƒ‡ci cÖwZ h‡_ó kª×vkxj wQ‡jb W. wjwfs‡÷vb| Kv‡RBGB inm¨UzKz‡K niY K‡i Gi cÖwZ gvby‡li AvMÖn‡K †K‡o wb‡Z Pvbwb wZwb|

ÔAvwg PvB bv wjIbv‡`v©i inm¨UzKz †K‡o wb‡Z| AmvaviY cÖwZfvevb wkíx Rxeb †_‡KB GB inm¨UzKz wb‡qwQ‡jb, wKš‘ †KDB Zv †LqvjK‡ibwb| Avgv‡`i cvuPkÕ eQi †j‡M‡Q Zv D×vi Ki‡Z| wKš‘ Avð‡h©i welq n‡”Q †Kb Ab¨ wkíxiv GUv bKj Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb|†gvbvwjmvi Lye fvj bKj Ki‡Z n‡j hv Ki‡Z n‡e Zv n‡”Q AvuKvi mgq Gi gy‡Li †_‡K Ab¨w`‡K ZvwK‡q wb‡Z n‡e| G‡Zv mnRwRwbmUv A‡b¨iv †h †Kb cv‡iwb †mUvI GK inm¨Õ| 5

myLx †gvbvwjmvAv‡eM wPwýZKiY mdUIqvi e¨envi K‡i BDwbfvwmwU© Ae Avg÷viWv‡gi Kw¤úDUv‡i †gvbvwjmv‡K we‡k­lY Kiv n‡q‡Q| GBwe‡k­l‡Y †`Lv †M‡Q †h †gvbvwjmv 83 kZvsk Avbw›`Z, 9 kZvsk wei³, 6 kZvsk AvZswKZ Ges 2 kZvsk †µvavwšZ| Av‡eMwe‡k­l‡Yi †¶‡Î Kw¤úDUvi mdUIqviwU †Vvu‡Ui eµZv, †Pv‡Li Pvicv‡ki KzÂb‡K we‡ePbvq wb‡q _v‡K|

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Ôg~jZ GUv gvKokvi Rvj‡K gy‡Li Dci †d‡j †QvU †QvU L‡Ê fvM K‡i †djvi gZ| Zvici Avcwb cy•Lvbycy•Lfv‡e bv‡Ki ùxwZ ev †Pv‡LiPvicv‡ki ewj‡iLv¸‡jvi cv_©K¨‡K we‡k­lY Ki‡eb Gi Av‡eM‡K wPwýZ Kivi Rb¨|Õ 6

GB M‡elYvi m‡½ RwoZ bb Ggb ev‡qv‡gwUª·iv e‡jb, hw`I GUvB †gvbvwjmvi Rb¨ †kl K_v bq Z_vwc GB M‡elYvi djvdjh‡_ó AvMÖn DÏxcK| I‡q÷ fvwR©wbqv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi †m›Uvi di AvB‡Ww›Uwd‡Kkb †UK‡bvjRxi wW‡i±i j¨vix †nvivbK (Larry

Hornak) e‡jb †h-

ÔgyL”Qwe mbv³KiY †UK‡bvjwRi `ª“ZMwZ‡Z DbœwZ n‡”Q| Zv m‡Ë¡I Av‡eM mbv³KiY GL‡bv AvZziN‡iB c‡o Av‡Q| Z‡e g‡b n‡”Q †QvUn‡jI Zviv GKUv WvUv †mU‡K e¨envi K‡i‡Qb| bZzb †¶Î wnmv‡e GB KvR Lye GKUv †d‡j †`qvi g‡ZvI bq| M‡elYvi djvdj h‡_óDrmvne¨ÄK| RbM‡Yi AvMÖ‡ni welq¸‡jv‡Z †UK‡bvjwRi e¨envi memgqB gRv`vi, Ges gv‡S gv‡S Avcwb LyeB mvaviY djvdjI †c‡q†h‡Z cv‡ib|7

m¨vb †Rvm wek¦we`¨vj‡qi ev‡qv‡gwUª· M‡elK wRg I‡qg¨vb (Jim Wayman) ‡nvibv‡Ki mv‡_ GKgZ †cvlY K‡i e‡jb †hÑ

ÔGUv GKai‡bi †fwéevwR, wmwiqvm †Kv‡bv weÁvb bq| wKš‘ gRv wnmv‡e GUv `vi“Y Ges me‡P‡q eo K_v n‡”Q G‡Z Kv‡iv †Zv †Kvb¶wZe„w× n‡”Q bv|Õ8

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eûw`b Av‡M †_‡K Avevi †ekwKQy msL¨K †jvK `vwe K‡i AvmwQ‡jb †h †gvbvwjmv wfwÂiB wbR¯ †Pnvivi igYxq iƒc| GBaviYvwUi inm¨ D`NvU‡b MÖvwdK AvwU÷ wjwjqvb †kvqvR© (Lillian Shcwartz) 1998 Kw¤úDUvi wfwËK cÖhyw³i e¨envi NUvb|†kvqvR© wjIbv‡`v©i wb‡Ri AvuKv wb‡RiB cÖwZK…wZ wb‡q G‡K Dj‡U †`b Ges Kw¤úDUvi w¯Œ‡Y †gvbvwjmvi cÖwZK…wZ cvkvcvwk †i‡LZzjbv K‡ib| wZwb †`L‡Z cvb †h, †gvbvwjmv Ges wjIbv‡`v©i bvK, gyL, Kcvj, †Pvqv‡ji nvo, †PvL Ges å“ mewKQyB G‡Kev‡imij‡iLvq Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q| wjwjqvb GB e‡j Zvi Dcmsnvi Uv‡bb †h, wjIbv‡`v© bvix g‡Wj wb‡q cÖv_wgKfv‡e KvR ïi“ K‡iwQ‡jb|wKš‘ c‡i GB g‡Wj‡K Avi bv cvIqv hvIqv‡Z wZwb wb‡Ri †Pnvivi igYxq iƒc‡KB e¨envi K‡iwQ‡jb|10

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†emiKvwi †iK‡W©i g‡a¨B jywK‡q Av‡Q|

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†gvbvwjmvi mv`vwmav ev`vgx †cvkv‡Ki `„k¨gvb DaŸv©sk n‡”Q †dviRv cwiev‡ii cÖZxK Ges Gi wb‡Pi mshy³ wMUmg~n GesmyZv¸‡jv wfmKw›U Ges †dviRv cwiev‡ii eÜb‡K cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Ki‡Q| †gBK D‡j­L K‡ib †h, GB cÖZx‡Ki Kvi‡Y †gvbvwjmv n‡Zcv‡i Ggb gwnjvi msL¨v gvÎ AvURb-G mxgve× n‡q hvq| wZwb mswk­ó gwnjv‡`i †ek wKQy cÖwZK…wZ wPwýZ K‡ib| G‡`i g‡a¨i‡q‡Q K¨vUwibv, †dviRv, hvi Pzj wQj nvjKv jvj iO Gi, Bmv‡ejvi k¦vïox †evbv Ae m¨vfq Ges Bmv‡ejvi bb` G¨vbv-gvwiqv,G‡Äjv, B‡cvwjUv, weqvbKv, Gg‡cÖm Ges wewUªmv| ejv evûj¨ G‡`i Kv‡iv mv‡_B †gvbvwjmvi †Pnvivi wgj Lyu‡R cvIqv hvqwb,Kv‡RB Lye ¯vfvweKfv‡eB †gvbvwjmv nIqvi †¶‡Î GKgvÎ `vwe`vi n‡q c‡o Bmv‡ejv|

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Ô‡mB mgqKvi Wv‡qwi †jL‡Kiv Wv‡Pm Ae wgjvb bv‡gi PgrKvi GK igYxi `ytL wj‡L †M‡Q, †h Zvi g`¨c ¯vgxi nv‡Z cÖwZwbqZ wbh©vwZZn‡q Kvu ‡Zv| wKš‘ †mB igYx wQj `v wfwÂi Nwbô eÜz ev m¤¢eZ Zvi †P‡qI †ewk wKQy| †m Kvi‡YB AmsL¨ AvMÖnx †µZv _vKv m‡Ë¡I wfwÂZvi †gvbvwjmv‡K nvZQvov K‡ibwb wKQy‡ZB| GUv wQj †cÖ‡gi Mí| wKš‘ LyeB `yiƒn †cÖ‡gi Mí| Bmv‡ejv wQ‡jb mgv‡Ri AwZ D”Pch©v‡qiGes kw³kvjx Ae ’v‡bi Ask| Ab¨w`‡K wfw wQ‡jb †bnv‡qZB GK wkíx| ZLbKvi mgvR G ai‡bi Amg mvgvwRK Ae ’v‡bi †cÖg‡K†g‡b †bqvi g‡Zv Ae ’vq wQj bvÕ| 11

†d¬v‡ib‡mi †ikg e¨emvqxi ¯¿x jv wMIK‡Ûv †gvbvwjmv wQ‡jb GB e¨vcK ¯xK…Z aviYv‡K cÖZ¨vLvb K‡i‡Qb †gBK| Zvi g‡Z,wMIwM© fvmvwiii wjwLZ eY©bvi Ici wfwË K‡i GUv wQj jy fi wgDwRqv‡gi wbR¯ Abygvb gvÎ| †gB‡Ki wb‡Ri fvlvq :

ÔZviv Rvb‡Zv bv, †gvbvwjmv †K? Kv‡RB cÖ_g †h eY©bv Zviv †c‡q‡Q †mUv‡KB Zviv MÖnY K‡i wb‡q‡Q| GB eY©bv mv`vgvUvfv‡e †gvbvwjmvimv‡_ LvcI †L‡q wM‡qwQj| wKš‘ fvj K‡i j¶¨ Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e †h Avm‡j Zv Lvc Lvq wb| jy fi hv wKQy e‡j‡Q Zvi me wKQyB AcÖgvwYZGes ïi“ †_‡KB †ek wKQy Mí HwZnvwm‡Kiv Gi we‡ivwaZv K‡i G‡m‡Qb| †gvbvwjmv Ges fvmvwii eY©bvK…Z jv wMIK‡Ûvi cÖwZK…wZi eY©bvig‡a¨ Mowgj i‡q‡Q|Õ12

†gj‡evb© wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wmwbqi †jKPvivi wµm gvk©vj‡`i gZ wkí mgS`v‡iiv Aek¨ †gB‡Ki M‡elYvK‡g©i mv‡_ G‡Kev‡iBcwiwPZ bb Ges Zvi `„wófw½i mv‡_I †gv‡UB GKgZ bb| W. gvk©vj e‡jb †h,

Ô†h‡nZz fvmvwi Zvi ¯§„wZi Ici wbf©i K‡i ló`k kZvãxi gvSvgvwS mg‡q †gvbvwjmvi eY©bv wj‡L‡Qb, †m Kvi‡YB jv wMIK‡Ûv ZË¡ GL‡bvPvjy i‡q‡Q|Õ13

cvuP mš—v‡bi Rbbx¸B‡mc cvjvw›U bv‡gi †d¬v‡ib‡mi GKRb wk¶K kn‡ii AvKv©Bf¸‡jv‡Z `xN© cuwPk eQi M‡elYvi ci my®úó cÖgvY Lyu‡R cvb †h

wjIbv‡`©vi cwievi Ges †ikg e¨emvqx d«v‡Ým‡Kv wMIK‡Ûvi cwievi Nwbôfv‡e m¤ú©Khy³ wQj|14fvmvwii †h `vwe K‡iwQ‡jb †gvbvwjmv n‡”Q wMIK‡Ûvi ¯¿x, †m wel‡q cvjvw›Ui g‡b †Kvb m‡›`n †bB| †Kbbv fvmvwi

e¨w³MZfv‡e wMIK‡Ûv cwiev‡ii m‡½ cwiwPZ wQ‡jb| wjmvi eqm hLb PweŸk ZLb GB cÖwZK…wZwU AvuKv nq Ges Lye m¤¢eZwjIbv‡`v©i evevB Zv‡K GB KvRwU RywU‡q w`‡qwQj| G ai‡bi KvR wjIbv‡`v©i evev Av‡MI Aš—Z GKevi K‡iwQ‡jb e‡j cÖgvYcvIqv hvq| UvKv cqmvi e¨vcv‡i wjIbv‡`v© G‡ZvB A‡MvQv‡jv wQj †h Zvi evev‡K G ai‡bi mvnv‡h¨i nvZ gv‡S gv‡SB evwo‡q w`‡Zn‡qwQj|

cvjvw›Ui fvl¨ Abyhvqx wjmv cvuP mš—v‡bi Rbbx wQ‡jb| wjmv Ges d«v‡Ým‡Kv `¤úwZi cvuP mš—v‡bi g‡a¨ Pvi mš—v‡biB R‡b¥i†iKW© D×vi K‡iwQ‡jb wZwb| cvjvw›U Zvi M‡elYvi djvdj †QvÆ GKwU eB‡qi gva¨‡g cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb|

†gvbvwjmv‡K Zvi inm¨ D×vi Kivi Rb¨ Ab¨vb¨ cwÊZ Ges M‡el‡Kiv cvjvw›Ui cÖksmvq cÂgyL n‡q D‡V‡Qb| wiKv‡W©v †bbwPwb(Ricardo Nencini) e‡jb †h,

ÔGB M‡elYv nq‡Zv m¤ú~Y© m‡›`ngy³fv‡e cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv †h wjmv Ges †gvbvwjmv GKB igYx| wKš‘ †h ai‡Yi Z_¨ cÖgvY nvwRi Kivn‡q‡Q Zv‡Z Giv †h GKB bvix Zv cÖvq cÖwZwôZ n‡q D‡V‡Q|Õ15

AcüZ †gvbvwjmv1911 mv‡ji GKz‡k AMv÷ †mvgevi wek¦weL¨vZ GB wkíKg© jy fi wgDwRqvg †_‡K Pzwi n‡q hvq| IB w`b mKv‡j wgDwRqv‡gi

Kg©Pvixiv Avwe¯‹vi K‡i †h †gvbvwjmv Zvi wb‡Ri RvqMvq †bB| wKš‘ Kg©Pvixiv †f‡e †bq †h, †gvbvwjmv‡K †evanq wgDwRqv‡giAwdwmqvj d‡UvMÖvdvi Zvi Awd‡m wb‡q †M‡Q Gi d‡Uv †Zvjvi Rb¨|

g½jev‡ii g‡a¨ hLb QwewU ¯^ ’v‡b wd‡i G‡jv bv Ges Rvbv †Mj †h, †mUv d‡UvMÖvdv‡ii Awd‡mI †bB, ZLbB Zv wgDwRqvgKg©KZ©v‡`i Rvbv‡bv nq| Zvr¶wYKfv‡eB cywjk‡KI Lei †`Iqv nq Ges Zviv wKD‡iU‡ii Awd‡m †nW‡KvqvU©vi ¯’vcb K‡i mvivwgDwRqv‡gi me©Î e¨vcK AbymÜvb Pvjvq| wKš‘ †Kv_vI †gvbvwjmvi nw`m cvIqv †Mj bv|

msev`c‡Î †gvbvwjmv Pzwii NUbv cÖKvwkZ nIqvi ci divwm cÎcwÎKv¸‡jv Pzwii wewfbœ ZË¡ wb‡q nvwRi nq| GK msev`cÎ `vweK‡i †h, GKRb Av‡gwiKvb msMÖvnK GB Pzwii NUbv NwU‡q‡Q| Ges Gi wbLyuZ bKj Kivi ci bKj QwewU GKmgq wgDwRqv‡g†diZ cvVv‡bv n‡e| Ab¨ GK msev`cÎ e‡j †h, cy‡iv NUbvUvB Avm‡j †avuKvevwR| KZ mn‡R jy fi †_‡K Qwe Pzwi Kiv hvq Zv†`Lv‡bvB n‡”Q Gi g~j D‡Ïk¨|

Pzwii inm¨ D×vi Kivi Rb¨ Kg©Pvixmn Av‡kcv‡k emevmKvix AmsL¨ †jvK‡K wRÁvmvev` Kiv nq| me‡P‡q Avð‡h©i welq n‡”Qcywjk weL¨vZ wkíx cve‡jv wcKv‡mv‡KI GB Pzwii wel‡q wRÁvmvev` K‡iwQj| wcKv‡mv Gi Av‡M Zvi GK eÜz wc‡q‡ii KvQ †_‡K`yÕwU †PvivB cÖ —‡ii fv¯‹h© wK‡bwQ‡jb| †gvbvwjmv Pzwi nIqvi K‡qKgvm Av‡M wc‡q‡i IB fv¯‹h© `y‡Uv jy fi †_‡K Pzwi K‡iwQj|wcKv‡mv †f‡ewQj †h Zvi GB ¸Yai eÜzwUB nq‡Zv †gvbvwjmv‡KI Pzwi K‡i‡Q|

cwiw¯’wZi fqvenZv Ges B‡gR nviv‡bvi f‡q wcKv‡mv fv¯‹h© `y‡Uv wgDwRqv‡g †diZ †`qvi Rb¨ ¯’vbxq GK cwÎKv Awd‡mn¯—vš—i K‡ib| Zvi bvg cÖPvwiZ †nvK GUv wcKv‡mv Pvbwb| wKš‘ †KD GKRb GB NUbv cywjk‡K dvum K‡i †`q| Z`‡š—i ci Aek¨cywjk wbwðZ nq †h wcKv‡mv †gvbvwjmv Pzwii wel‡q wKQyB Rvb‡Zb bv|

†mŠfvM¨µ‡g Pzwi hvIqvi mvZvk gvm c‡i †gvbvwjmv‡K D×vi Kiv nq| wfb‡mb‡Rv †ci“wRqv bv‡gi GKRb BZvwjqvb†gvbvwjmv‡K GK jvL Wjv‡ii wewbg‡q †d¬v‡ib‡mi DwdwR M¨vjvix‡Z wewµ Kivi †Póv K‡iwQj| †ci“wRqv Aek¨ `vwe K‡i †h, UvKvbq eis †`k‡cÖ‡gi Kvi‡YB †m †gvbvwjmv‡K Pzwi K‡iwQj| GKRb weL¨vZ BZvjxq wkíxi wek¦L¨vZ wkíKg© d«v‡Ý _vK‡e GUv †m†g‡b wb‡Z cv‡i wb|

wÎgvwÎK we‡k­lY†gvbvwjmvi MVbweb¨vm, ÷vBj Ges wKfv‡e Av‡iv fvjfv‡e msi¶Y Kiv hvq †m wel‡q Av‡jvKcvZ Kivi Rb¨ b¨vkbvj wimvP©

KvDbwm‡ji (NRC) †mŠfvM¨ n‡qwQj GB cÖwZK…wZ‡K e¨vcKfv‡e cix¶v-wbix¶v Kivi| AZ¨vaywbK Kjv‡KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g AZ¨š—e¨qeûj GB M‡elYvq NRC M‡elYv `j †gvbvwjmv‡K ¯‹¨vb K‡i wecyj msL¨K WvUv msMÖn K‡ib we‡k­lY Kivi Rb¨|

jy f‡ii †cBw›Us wWcvU©‡g‡›Ui Aby‡iv‡a Centre de recherche et de restauration des musees de France (C2RMF)†gvbvwjmvi Ici M‡elYvi KvR †bq| GB M‡elYv wQj †Kvb †cBw›Us Gi Ici †bqv GLb ch©š— me †P‡q e¨qeûj M‡elYv| g‡Wwjs†UK‡bvjRx Ges w_ªwW (wÎgvwÎK) B‡gwRs Gi Ici e¨vcK Ávb Ges `¶Zvi Kvi‡Y GB cÖ‡R‡±i Ask wnmv‡e (C2RMF) K¨vbvWvwfwËK M‡elbv cÖwZôvb NRC Gi w_ª wW weÁvbx‡`i GKwU `j‡K Avgš¿Y Rvbvq M‡elYvq Ask †bIqvi Rb¨|

GB M‡elYvq GbAviwm-i f~wgKv wQj †gvbvwjmvi m¤§yL Ges cðvr `yBfvMB ¯‹¨vb Kivi gva¨‡g cÖwZK…wZwUi msi¶Y‡hvM¨ GKwUD”P †iRywjkb m¤úbœ wÎgvwÎK g‡Wj ˆZwi Kiv| wÎgvwÎK GB g‡Wj e¨envi Kiv n‡qwQj wZbwU Kv‡R :

ccjvi c¨v‡b‡ji AvK…wZi KZLvwb weK…wZ N‡U‡Q Zv mbv³ Kiv|QwewUi m¤§yL As‡ki ˆewkó¨mg~n, iO Gi wewfbœ ¯—i, c¨v‡bj Ges cÖwZK…wZwUi Dciwfv‡Mi wPo ev dvUj‡K cix¶v Kiv|QwewUi msi¶‡Yi e¨e¯’v Ges wfwÂi Qwe AvuKvi †KŠkj we‡klZ dzgv‡Uv †KŠkj‡K eyS‡Z mnvqZv Kiv|

c¨vwi‡m hvIqvi Av‡M NRC wU‡gi m`m¨iv ¯‹¨vwbs cÖwµqvi Abycy•L wmgy ‡jkb cix¶v K‡ib| †gvbvwjmv‡K Zvi cwi‡ek msi¶Y†P¤vi †_‡K eQ‡i gvÎ GKevi GK iv‡Zi Rb¨ cix¶v Kivi Rb¨ †ei Kiv nq| NRC M‡elKiv 2004 mv‡ji 18 †_‡K 20†kA‡±ve‡ii g‡a¨ `ywU gnvg~j¨evb ivZ †c‡qwQ‡jb †gvbvwjmvi mvg‡bi, †cQ‡bi Ges cv‡k¦©i As‡ki wÎgvwÎK ¯‹¨v‡bi Rb¨|

NRC wUg GB cÖ‡R‡±i Rb¨ GKwU enb‡hvM¨ wÎgvwÎK iwOb †jRvi ¯‹¨vbvi ˆZwi K‡iwQ‡jb| †g gv‡m C2RMF Gi †iu‡bvi(Renoir) AvuKv †ek wKQy Qwe ¯‹¨v‡bi gva¨‡g GB enb‡hvM¨ ¯‹¨vbviwU cÖv_wgKfv‡e cix¶v Kiv nq| wÎgvwÎK †UK‡bvjwR ˆZwii†bZ…Z¡ vbKvix M‡elK d«v‡¼v‡qm †e­Bm (Francois Blais) †gvbvwjmvi µgk cwieZ©bkxj iO-Gi Aby¾¡jZv‡K e¨vL¨v Kivi Rb¨bZzb Gj‡Mvwi`g Ges MvwYwZK g‡Wj D™¢e K‡ib|

Gb Avi wm weÁvbx gvK© wiI· †gvbvwjmvi wÎgvwÎK Qwe we‡k­lY Ki‡Qb wÎgvwÎK g‡Wj wbLyuZfv‡e †gvbvwjmvi c¨v‡b‡ji †eu‡KhvIqvi cwigvY‡K wPwýZ K‡i| †gvbvwjmv‡K AvuKv n‡qwQj †h ccjvi Kv‡Vi c¨v‡b‡j Zvi g‡a¨ Wvb cv‡k Av‡k cv‡ki GjvKvi†P‡q ev‡iv wgwjwgUvi DuPz DËjvK…wZi weK…wZ ˆZwi n‡q‡Q| Aek¨ GB weK…wZ GLb ch©š— †gvbvwjmvi nvwmi Rb¨ ûgwK n‡q `vuovqwb|

wÎgvwÎK GB we‡k­l‡Yi me‡P‡q eo cvIbv n‡”Q wjIbv‡`©vi AsKb‡KŠk‡ji inm¨ D×vi Ki‡Z cviv| wjIbv‡`v© Zvi GB AsKb†KŠkj‡K dzgv‡Uv ej‡Zb| BZvjxqv‡b hvi A_© n‡”Q †avuqv| wKš‘ †avuqvi g‡a¨ mwZ¨Kv‡ii hv nvwi‡q †M‡Q Zv n‡”Q wKfv‡e GB†KŠkj †gvbvwjmv‡Z cÖ‡qvM K‡iwQ‡jb wfwÂ|

wPÎ : wÎgvwÎK we‡k­l‡Y †gvbvwjmvi Qwe

NRC i nvB †iRy‡jkb iwOb wÎgvwÎK †jRvi ¯‹¨vwbs †UK‡bvjRx‡Z †gvbvwjmv‡Z wjIbv‡`v©i Zzwji AvPo mvM‡ii g„ ygÛ Zi‡½ig‡Zv G‡m‡Q| GbAviwmi M‡elK `‡ji m`m¨ Rb †UBji (John Taylor) e‡jb †h,

Ô†gvbvwjmvq Avgiv Zzwji AvP‡oi we¯Z…Z †Kvb wPý †`L‡Z cvB bv| GUv LyeB nvjKvfv‡e AvuKv Ges LyeB gm„Y| wKš‘ Zv m‡Ë¡ID`vniY¯iƒc ejv hvq †h †KvuKov‡bv Pz‡ji wW‡UBjm cÖejfv‡e `„k¨gvb| Kv‡RB ejv hvq †h Avgiv †h ai‡Yi †KŠkj Av‡M KL‡bv †`wLwb| GUvwjIbv‡`©vi m¤ú~Y© wbR¯ ¯KxqZv|Õ16

wKfv‡e Zvn‡j wfw †gvbvwjmv‡K Gu‡KwQ‡jb? †UBji e‡jb †h, hw`I fvev n‡q _v‡K †h wfw Zvi AvOyj‡K eªvk wnmv‡e e¨enviK‡iwQ‡jb, wKš‘ †gvbvwjmv‡Z †m fv‡e Zvi Av½y‡ji Qvc cvIqv hvqwb, †hUv wfwÂi Ab¨vb¨ Qwe‡Z cvIqv hvq| wkí we‡klÁivRv‡bb †h, MfxiZvi cvi‡mckb, AvqZb, aib Ges nvjKv ev MvpZv Avbvi Rb¨ dzgv‡Uv †KŠk‡j ¯”Q i‡O Gi ¯—i G‡Ki ci GKcÖ‡jc wnmv‡e e¨envi Kiv nq|

d«v‡¯‹v‡qm †e­Bm e‡jb †h :

Ô¯‹¨vwbs Gi gva¨‡g Avgiv †`Lv‡Z m¶g n‡qwQ †h, Mvp GjvKv †hgb †PvL Aek¨ †gvUv is Gi —i w`‡q MwVZ| hvi gv‡b n‡”Q G¸‡jvAmsL¨ ch©vµwgK cvZjv ¯”Q is Gi Av —i‡Yi mgšq| Zv m‡Ë¡I, †iu‡bmvi GB we®§qKi wkíx wKfv‡e Zvi iO-Gi —i Ges ˆZj gva¨g‡Ke¨envi K‡i‡Qb Zv GL‡bv inm¨B i‡q †M‡Q|Õ17

eZ©gv‡b NRCi M‡elKiv †gvbvwjmvi bKj cÖwZK…wZ¸‡jv †h¸‡jv Kv‡Vi Dci dzgv‡Uv †KŠk‡j AvuKv n‡q‡Q †m¸‡jvi Dci KvRKi‡Qb, wÎgvwÎK †jRvi ¯‹¨vwbs Ges Qwei Dcv`v‡bi cvi¯úwiK wµqv fvjfv‡e †evSvi Rb¨| Avi Gi gva¨‡gB Zviv Avkv Ki‡Qb†h, GKw`b wfwÂi dzgv‡Uv inm¨‡K Zviv †f` Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

wÎgvwÎK M‡elYvi mvdj¨ wb‡q D”Q¡wmZ †e­Bm Gi m¤¢vebv wb‡q `vi“Yfv‡e Avkvev`x| wZwb e‡jb †h,

ÔAvgiv †h wÎgvwÎK B‡gR †c‡qwQ hv Avmj †gvbvwjmvi LyeB KvQvKvwQi| wKš‘ Zv m‡Ë¡I GUv GKUv wWwRUvj Kwc gvÎ| Avgiv GLb wPš—vfvebv Kiv ïi“ K‡iwQ wKfv‡e wfRyqvjvB‡Rkb Gj‡Mvwi`g ˆZwi Kiv hvq, hv †gvbvwjmvi †Pv‡Li D¾¡j Mfx‡ii Abyf~wZ‡K KivqË¡ Ges Zvcybwb©gvY Ki‡Z cvi‡e|Õ18

Aš—tmË¡v †gvbvwjmv†gvbvwjmvi wÎgvwÎK Qwe we‡k­lYKvix M‡elKiv e‡j‡Qb †h, cÖwZK…wZ AvuKvi mgq †gvbvwjmv nq Aš—:mË¡v bZzev m`¨ cÖm~wZ wQj|Avi G aviYvi g~j wbwnZ i‡q‡Q †gvbvwjmvi †cvkv‡Ki g‡a¨|19

¯‹¨vb †_‡K †gvbvwjmvi Kvu‡a wgwn myZvq †evbv PgrKvi GKwU Av”Qv`‡bi Aw¯—‡Z¡i cÖgvY cvIqv †M‡Q| cÖL¨vZ divwm wgDwRqvgM‡elK wg‡kj †gby e‡jb †h, GB ai‡bi Av”Qv`b †iu‡bmvi mgqKvjxb Mf©eZx ev m`¨ cÖm~wZ BZvwjqvb gwnjviv e¨envi Ki‡Zb|

QwewU cy‡iv‡bv nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ GB Av”Qv`b Mvp eY© aviY K‡i‡Q| Nb Kv‡jv evwb©‡ki Kvi‡Y †gvbvwjmv wK iO Gi †cvkvK c‡iwQ‡jb Zv ejv `yiƒn| GB iO Kv‡jv †_‡K ev`vgx GgbwK meyR e‡jI †KD †KD Abygvb K‡i‡Qb| †gvbvwjmvi Kvu‡a weQv‡bvAv”Qv`b‡K KL‡bv KL‡bv Pv`i ev ¯‹vd© wnmv‡eI e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q|

wKš‘ Bbd«v-‡iW wi‡d¬‡±vMÖvwd †_‡K cÖvß B‡gR wfbœ Kvwnbx eY©bv †`q| GB ¯”Q AvQv`b‡K ejv nq ¸qvi‡b‡jv| m¨v‡Ûªv ewU‡mwji(Sandro Botticelli) AvuKv †c‡Ui Dci nvZ wewQ‡q ivLv Mf©eZx gwnjvi `Portrait of a Lady’- i Av”Qv`‡bi mv‡_ GiAvweKj wgj Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq|

cÖwZw`b †gvbvwjmv‡K wb‡q †jLv AmsL¨ KweZv Avi †cÖgc‡Î †Q‡q hvq jy fi wgDwRqvg& evafv½v †Rvqv‡ii g‡Zv †gvbvwjmv†cÖwgKiv wfo Rgvq jy f‡i ïaygvÎ †gvbvwjmv‡K GK bRi †`Lvi Rb¨, Zvi mv‡_ GKUv Qwe †Zvjvi Rb¨| wPÎKjvi BwZnv‡m G‡ZvAv‡jvwPZ Ges mgv‡jvwPZ wPÎKg© Avi nqwb| †iu‡bmvi gZB wPÎKjvi RM‡ZI wec­e e‡q G‡bwQj †i‡bumvi mgqKvjxb GBcÖwZK…wZ| †gvbvwjmvi †Pnviv AvR mvivwe‡k¦ mycwiwPZ| we‡k¦i wewfbœ wgDwRqvg †_‡K ïi“ K‡i, g‡`i †evZj, wej‡evW© †nb †KvbRvqMv †bB †hLv‡b †gvbvwjmv‡K e¨envi Kiv nqwb| hy‡Mhy‡M GB wPÎKg© cÖfvweZ K‡i‡Q bexb wkíx‡`i, AvMÖnx K‡i Zz‡j‡QwPÎKjvi ˆkwíK f~e‡b| KzwRb e‡jb †h :

Ô†gvbvwjmvi cieZx© mg‡qi cÖwZK…wZi m¤ú~Y© BwZnvmB †gvbvwjmvi Ici wbf©i K‡i‡Q| ïay BZvjxq †iu‡bmvKvjxbcÖwZK…wZmg~nB bq, mß`k kZvãx †_‡K ïi“ K‡i Ebwesk kZvãx ch©š— wcKv‡mv †_‡K ïi“ K‡i cÖ‡Z¨K wkíxiB †gvbvwjmvwb‡q AbycÖvwYZ n‡q‡Qb| cvðv‡Z¨i mKj cÖwZK…wZ wPÎKjviB †kKo n‡”Q †gvbvwjmv|Õ20

Z_¨m~Î :1. Mary Rose Storey, Mona Lisa. New York, Harry N. Abrams, 1980.2. http://www.pbs.org/treasuresoftheworld/a_nav/mona_nav/mnav_level_1/3technique_monafrm.htmlGiorgio Vasari, Lives of Painters, Sculptors and Architects. London: J.M. Dent & Sons, 1963.

3. http://www.pbs.org/treasuresoftheworld/a_nav/mona_nav/mnav_level_1/3technique_monafrm.html4. http://www.sfgate.com/cgibin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2000/11/27/MN127339.DTL5. http://www.livescience.com/history/ap_051215_mona_lisa.html6. Ibid7. IbidGiorgio Vasari, Lives of Painters, Sculptors and Architects. London: J.M. Dent & Sons, 1963. Stuart A. Kallen and P.M. Boekhoff, The Importance of Leonardo Da Vinci. Lucent Books, 2000.http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/06/24/1088046208817.html?from=storylhsIbidIbidhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2004/08/01/wmona01.xml&sSheet=/news/2004/08/01/ixworl

d.html Ibid http://iit-iti.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/projects-projets/monalisa-lajoconde_e.htmlIbid Ibidhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5384822.stmhttp://www.pbs.org/treasuresoftheworld/a_nav/mona_nav/mnav_level_1/3technique_monafrm.html

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cyi¯‹vi cv‡eb|3 Avgv‡`i †`‡ki Z_vKw_Z ÔcxiÕ Ges ÔAva¨vwZ¥K mvaK-mvwaKvivÕ PvB‡j i¨vwÛi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib|fvi‡Zi cwðge‡½ cÖexi †NvlI Abyiƒc P¨v‡jÄ w`‡q †i‡L‡Qb eûw`b †_‡K| evsjv‡`‡ki RbwcÖq g¨vwRwkqvb Ry‡qj AvB‡PiI Ge¨vcv‡i GKwU †NvlYv Av‡Q| j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z †KD AwZcÖvK…wZK e¨vcv‡ii Aw¯—Z¡ cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi‡j Zv‡K GKvwaK j¶ UvKv (wi‡qjwdMviUv GB gyû‡Z© Avgvi g‡b co‡Q bv-‡jLK) cyi®‹vi †`qv n‡e| evsjv‡`‡k nvRvi-nvRvi cxi-dwKi-Zvwš¿K‡`i †KDB AvRAewa Ry‡q‡ji P¨v‡jÄ MÖnY K‡i‡Qb e‡j Avgvi Rvbv †bB| A_P cÖwZwbqZ cwÎKvq cÖZviYvg~jK weÁvc‡Yi gva¨‡g nZvkvMÖ ’ IKzms¯‹v‡i Av”Qbœ cvewj‡Ki KvQ †_‡K j¶ j¶ UvKv nvwZ‡q wb‡”Q| g~j cÖm‡½ wd‡i hvB| cÖkœ Avm‡Z cv‡i, weÁvbx‡`i ch©‡e¶Y-cix¶vq wK fyj n‡Z cv‡i bv? wKsev, weÁv‡bi K_vB wK me© v aª“e mZ¨ e‡j gvb‡Zn‡e? Dˇi eje: weÁvbx‡`i cix¶v-wbix¶vq Aek¨B fyj n‡Z cv‡i, A‡bK mgq nqI; wKš‘ GKRb weÁvbx ev Zuvi ZË¡‡K hw` Ab¨Av‡iKRb weÁvbx ˆeÁvwbK c×wZ (cix¶v-wbix¶v-ch©‡e¶Y Ges M‡elYv) Øviv cÖvß djvd‡ji wfwˇZ fyj cÖgvY Ki‡Z cv‡ib,Zvn‡j cÖ_g weÁvbx‡K bZzb Z_¨ DcvË-djvd‡ji wfwˇZ Zvi w_Iix Aek¨B ch©‡jvPbv Ki‡Z n‡e, Zv wZwb cÖ‡dmi w÷‡dbnwKsbm ev Wt K`g Avjx, †hB †nvb bv †Kb| weÁv‡bi †h ˆewkó¨wU hyw³ev`x I gvbeZvev`x‡`i †ewk AvK…ó K‡i _v‡K, Zv n‡”Q GBe¨vcviwU| †m Rb¨B e‡jwQ, weÁv‡b e¨w³MZ gZvg‡Zi g~j¨ †bB| ag©MÖ‡š’i mv‡_ weÁv‡bi GwUB g~j Zdvr| †Kvivb AcwieZ©bxq,AjsNbxq; weÁvb Zv bq, †Kbbv cwieZ©bkxjZv n‡”Q cÖK…wZi ˆewkó¨ Avi mZZ cwieZ©bkxj †mB cÖK…wZi in‡m¨i D‡b¥vPb n‡”QweÁv‡bi gnvb j‡¶i GKwU|

†kl K_vag© m¤úK©xq åvš— wek¦vm Ges AwZ-cÖvK…wZK Kvwnbx m¤ú‡K© wbR¯ gZvgZ e¨³ Ki‡j A‡b‡K Avgv‡K cÖvqkB GB e‡j wbe„Ë Kivi†Póv K‡ib, fvB hvi hvi wek¦vm Zuvi Kv‡Q| †Kb Lv‡gvLv gvby‡li wek¦v‡m AvNvZ K‡i Zuv‡`i Kó †`b? ej‡Z B”Qv nq, gvbyl‡KA‡nZzK Kó w`‡q huviv wP‡Ë myL Abyfe K‡ib, Zviv m¨vwW÷ Ges Avwg †gv‡UI Zv‡`i GKRb bB| Z‡e †Kb Avwg †K¡vivY GesweÁvb m¤ú‡K© GZme K_v wjLwQ? G‡Z wK ag©cÖvY gymjgvb‡`i g‡b AvNvZ jvM‡Z cv‡i bv? cÖkœ Avm‡ZB cv‡i| Avi Zvi ReveIi‡q‡Q| gymjgvbiv msL¨vq c„w_exi †gvU RbmsL¨vi cÖvq GK-cÂgvsk| †gv‡UI PvwÆLvwb K_v bq| GK wewjq‡bi gZ gymjgvb‡`i N‡iwkï-wK‡kvi‡`i msL¨v KZ n‡Z cv‡i? wbðqB Zv msL¨vi gv‡c wekvj Ges ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| GLb GB K‡qK kZ†KvwU wK‡kv‡iiv wK K‡iweÁvb wk¶vq wkw¶Z n‡e hw` Zv‡`i gvZv-wcZv, ¸i“Rb‡`i mK‡jB wek¦vm K‡ib †h, Avj-‡Kviv‡bB i‡q‡Q mKj weÁvb? Zuviv wKReve †`‡eb (ev w`‡”Qb) hw` Zv‡`i ¯‹zj co–qv †Q‡j‡g‡qiv weÁv‡bi K¬vk G‡UÛ K‡i G‡mB wRÁvm K‡i: Av”Qv, AveŸy-Av¤§y,weÁv‡bi Kvh©-KviY (cause and effect) bxwZi mv‡_ ag©MÖ‡š’ ewY©Z Av`g-nvIqv-kqZvb, dzuK w`‡q c„w_ex m„wói e¨vcviwU wK†g‡j? wKsev, So-e„wó‡Zv cÖvK…wZK Kvi‡Y N‡U _v‡K, Gi mv‡_ †d‡i¯—v wgKvB‡ji wK m¤úK©? Avgvi Lye Rvb‡Z B”Qv nq, gymjgvbevev-gv‡qiv Gme cÖ‡kœi Dˇi wK e‡jb Zv‡`i mš—vb‡`i| Zuviv wK e‡jb, ÔweÁv‡bi K¬v‡k hv wk‡L‡Qv me wg‡_¨ Avi ag©MÖ‡š’i eY©bvBmwZ¨?Õ bvwK, ÔweÁvb Ges ag©MÖš’ `y‡UvB mwZ¨?Õ GB `y‡Uv DËiB wg_¨v| Avgvi wek¦vm, mK‡j bv n‡jI gymjgvb gvZv-wcZvi Aš—Z†KD †KD mš—vb‡`i mvg‡b mZ¨ †Mvcb KivUv‡K cÖkªq †`b bv Ges mivmwi e‡j †`b, ÔKvh©-KviY bxwZÕi Dci cÖwZwôZ weÁv‡bi

mv‡_ ag©MÖ‡š’i †Kv‡bv wgj †bB| wgj †LuvRvi †Póv Kiv e„_v| G `y‡Uv m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v `ywU welq|Õ †h me gvZv-wcZv GB mZ¨wU Zuv‡`imš—vb‡`i †Kvb ivL-XvK QvovB ejvi ¶gZv iv‡Lb, Zuviv †Kej wb‡R‡`i mš—vb‡`i mZ¨, my›`i Ges weÁvbag©x gvbwmKZv weKv‡kic_wUB myMg K‡ib bv; Zuviv G †¶‡Î gvbeZviI GKwU DcKvi Ki‡Qb| †Kbbv, Avgiv mevB Rvwb AvMvgxw`‡bi my›`i c„w_exwewbg©v‡Yi Rb¨ me‡P‡q ¸i“Z¡c~Y© †h KvRwU Avgiv AvRB ïi“ Ki‡Z cvwi, Zv n‡”Q- Avgv‡`i bZzb cÖRb¥‡K mZ¨, my›`i GesweÁv‡bi Av‡jvq Av‡jvwKZ Kiv|

Z_¨ ZvwjKv :1 Islam and Science: Religious Orthodoxy and the Battle for Rationality by Pervez Hoodbhoy2 Pervez Hoodbhoy, “Muslims and the West After September 11,” Washington Post (2002).3. www.randi.org

hyw³ev` : GKwU `k©b GKwU Av‡›`vjbgwdRyi ingvb i“b&by

Ôhyw³ev`Õ K_vwUi Drm `k©b| AvaywbK cvðvZ¨ `k©‡bi RbK †i‡b †`Kv‡Z©i (1596-1650) `k©b‡KB AvaywbK hyw³ev‡`i wfwË ejvhvq| w¯ú‡bvRv (1632-1677), jvBewbR (1646-1716) cÖgyL wQ‡jb hyw³ev`x `vk©wbK| cvðvZ¨ `k©‡bi GB Ôhyw³ev`Õ K_vwU‡KIBs‡iwR‡Z `Rationalism’ ejv n‡q‡Q| GB `Rationalism’ kãwUi evsjv Abyev` Kiv n‡q‡Q Ôhyw³ev`Õ ev Ôeyw×ev`Õ| Z‡e AvgivA_©vr hyw³ev`x Kg©x msMVKMY Ôhyw³ev` ej‡Z †hUv eywS †mUv Avi AvaywbK cvðvZ¨ `k©‡bi Ôhyw³ev`Õ K_vwUi A_© GK bq, eiswecixZ|

‡Kv‡bv wel‡q Avgiv hw` h_v_©fv‡e Rvb‡Z bv cvwi Z‡e, †m welq m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡`i h_v_© Ávbjvf m¤¢e bq| †Kv‡bv welq m¤ú‡K©wbwðZ n‡Z bv cvi‡j A_©vr ïay wek¦vm bq, †m wek¦v‡mi mg_©‡b hw` mv¶vrcÖgvY ev kw³kvjx hyw³ bv _v‡K Z‡e †m wel‡q Avgv‡`ie¯‘wbô Ávbjvf m¤¢e bq| aviYv †_‡K ev wek¦vm †_‡K Ávbjvf nq bv| Ávb gv‡b wbwðwZ‡eva| †h me welq m¤ú‡K© mskq cÖKvkKiv P‡j Zv‡K Avgiv mZ¨ ev wbwðZ Ávb e‡j `vex Ki‡Z cvwi bv| mZ¨‡K mÜvb Kiv `k©‡bi Ab¨Zg cÖavb KvR| Avgiv Kxfv‡em‡Z¨ DcbxZ n‡Z cvwi ev mwVK Ávbjvf Ki‡Z cvwi †m c_ ev c×wZ m¤ú‡K© cvðvZ¨ `k©‡b cÖavbZ PviwU wfbœ gZev‡`i Rb¥n‡q‡Q :

1. hyw³ev` ev eyw×ev` (Rationalism)2. cÖZ¨¶ev` ev AwfÁZvev` (Empiricism)3. wePviev` (Critical Theory) I4. Øvw›ØKev` (Dialectic Theory)

cvðvZ¨ `k©‡bi hyw³ev` ev eyw×ev‡`i g~jK_v n‡jvÑAvgv‡`i eyw× ev gw¯— ‹RvZ hyw³‡evaB mwVK Ávbjv‡fi me †_‡Kwbf©i‡hvM¨| G †¶‡Î cÂBw›`ª‡qi f~wgKv †MŠY| eyw×ev`x `vk©wbKiv Bw›`ªqjä Ávb‡K Áv‡bi ch©v‡qB †dj‡Z Pvbwb| Zvuive‡jbÑBw›`ªq¸‡jv Avgv‡`i me©‡¶‡ÎB mwVK Z_¨ †`q, GUv ejv hv‡e bv| eis cÖvqkB †m¸‡jv Avgv‡`i fyj Z_¨ †`q| A‡bK mgqAvgv‡`i i¾y‡K mc© e‡j åg nq| myZivs m‡Z¨ DcbxZ n‡Z ev mwVK Ávb jv‡fi GKgvÎ wbf©i‡hvM¨ gva¨g n‡jv Avgv‡`i weï×eyw× ev hyw³| cÖK…Zc‡¶ Zvu‡`i eyw×ev` ev hyw³ev` fveev`x `k©‡bi AvIZvf~³| fveev`x `vk©wbKMY ¸i“Z¡ †`b gvby‡li weï× eyw×ev ¯Áv‡K| fveev`x‡`i g‡Z wek¦RM‡Zi ev¯—e Aw¯—‡Z¡i †_‡K wek¦vm‡hvM¨ n‡jv Avgv‡`i eyw× ev †PZbv| ev¯—e ev `„k¨gvb RMrgvqv, Avgv‡`i †PZbvUvB cÖavb| G †¶‡Î Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi eyw×ev`x `vk©wbKMYI fveev`x wQ‡jb, e¯‘ev`x bb| Zvu‡`i Ck¦i ev ag©wek¦vmI wQj Mfxi|

myZivs cvðv‡Z¨i Ôhyw³ev`Õ Avi Avgv‡`i Ôhyw³ev`Õ ¯úóZB wfbœ, GUv Avgv‡`i Kv‡Q cwi¯‹vi nIqv cÖ‡qvRb| mv¤cÖwZK K‡qK`kK a‡i c„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡k hyw³ev`x msMVb¸‡jv wfbœavivi †h mvs¯‹…wZK Av‡›`vjb Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q Zv e¯‘ev` I weÁvb wbf©ihyw³ev‡`i wfwˇZB| cvðvZ¨ `k©‡bi hyw³ev` fveev‡`iB Ask| Avevi hv‡K cvðvZ¨ `k©‡b ÔweÁvbev`Õ ejv nq †mUvi g‡a¨IweÁvb †bB, Av‡Q fveev`| Avgiv Rvwb hyw³I bvbv iK‡gi n‡Z cv‡i| mevB wbR hyw³‡K Aåvš— g‡b K‡i| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bvgvIjvbv‡KI wbR bv‡gi †k‡l Ôhyw³ev`xÕ K_vwU Ry‡o w`‡Z †`Lv hvq|

Avgv‡`i Ôhyw³ev`Õ ¯úóZB e¯‘ev`x `k©‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i weKwkZ n‡q‡Q Ges Zv AvaywbK weÁvb‡KB Zvi kw³i Drm e‡j g‡bK‡i| hyw³ev`xiv Áv‡bi †¶‡Î GB e¯‘ev‡`i Dc‡iB wbf©i K‡i| Zviv g‡b K‡i P¶z, KY©, bvwmKv, wRnŸv I Z¡KÑGB c Bw›`ª‡qigva¨‡gB e¯‘MZ aviYv jvf Kiv hvq| cÖZ¨¶ Dcjwä Qvov mwVK Ávbjvf m¤¢e bq| †h e¨w³ †PvL-Kvb ey‡R e¯‘RM‡Zi mv‡_wb‡R‡K m¤ú~Y© wew”Qbœ K‡i iv‡L, Zvi c‡¶ m‡Z¨i mÜvb cvIqv †Kv‡bvfv‡eB m¤¢e bq| cvðv‡Z¨i ÔcÖZ¨¶ev`Õ (Empiricism)mg_©bKvix `vk©wbKMY GB c Bw›`ªq Øviv cÖvß aviYv‡KB Áv‡bi Drm e‡j g‡b K‡ib| R‡b¥i mgq gvby‡li gb G‡Kev‡i AwjwLZmv`v KvM‡Ri g‡Zv _v‡K, †mLv‡b Bw›`ªq¸‡jvi gva¨‡g cÖvß Z_¨¸‡jv G‡K G‡K Qvc †d‡j| AvgivI GB cÖZ¨¶ev`x‡`i g‡ZvB g‡bKwi c Bw›`ª‡qi gva¨‡g cÖvß Ávb cÖv_wgKfv‡e Bw›`ªqvbyf~wZiƒ‡c wbæZi ¯—‡i _v‡K, c‡i GUvB gw¯— ‹‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i Avgv‡`imwVK Z_v hyw³wm× Ávbjv‡f mvnvh¨ K‡i| †PvL ey‡R, a¨vb K‡i ev Bw›`ªqvbyf~wZ‡K A¯xKvi K‡i ïaygvÎ weï× eyw× w`‡q mZ¨‡KRvbv hvq bv| Avi †mfv‡e †Kv‡bv wKQy‡K e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z †M‡jB fyj n‡e| hyw³ev`xiv wek¦RMr‡K ÔgvqvÕ g‡b K‡i bv, Zv ev¯—eAw¯—Z¡kxj e‡jB gv‡b| gvby‡li Avwef©v‡ei Av‡MB c„w_ex m„wó n‡qwQj| e¯‘ RMr Avgv‡`i †PZbvi Ici wbf©ikxj bq, eis Avgv‡`i

†PZbvB e¯‘RM‡Zi Ici wbf©ikxj| wek¦RMr Avgv‡`i B”Qv wbi‡c¶ fv‡eB weivR K‡i| G wek¦RMr‡K Rvbv hvq, Zvi wewfbœwelq‡K cix¶v-wbix¶v I cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g †evSv hvq Ges Zvi wewawbqg m¤ú‡K© Ávbjvf Kiv hvq| Gfv‡eB Avgv‡`i Bw›`ªqjäcÖv_wgK Ávb µgvMZ ch©‡e¶Y, cix¶v Ges hvPvB-Gi gva¨‡g weÁv‡b DbœxZ n‡Z cv‡i| G Kvi‡Y hyw³ev`x‡`i `vk©wbK wfwËe¯‘ev` I weÁvb| G Kvi‡YB hyw³ev`xiv mg¯— Aa¨vZ¥ev`, A‡jŠwKKZv I fveev` cÖK…Z AjxK Kíbv‡K A¯xKvi K‡i| Zviv Zv‡`img¯— wm×v‡š— hyw³wbó AwfÁZv I weÁvbwfwËK wb‡gv©n Ávb‡K cÖvavb¨ †`q| e¯‘ev` I weÁvb‡K A¯xKvi K‡i †Kv‡bv hyw³ev‡`iAw¯—Z¡ bq|

Ôhyw³ev`Õ bZzb †Kv‡bv gZev` bq, ev nVvr MwR‡q DVv fyuB‡dvo †Kv‡bv welqI bq| cÖvPxb hyM †_‡KB wPš—vkxj gvby‡li wPš—v†PZbvq wewfbœ mg‡q Gi ¯ú~iY N‡U‡Q| gvbyl wPš—vkxj Rxe; hyw³ev`xZv Zvi wPš—vavivi GKwU ¯vfvweK w`K| †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó GKRbgvbyl Ôhyw³ev‡`Õi cÖeZ©K bb| Avgiv cÖvPxb AvBIbxq `k©b, Pvev©K, mvsL¨, gxgvsmv, †hvM †`nvZ¥ev`, evDjZË¡, †gvZvwRjv BZ¨vw`gZev‡`I AvaywbK cvðvZ¨ `k©‡b evi evi Ôhyw³Õi AvZ¥cÖKvk †`‡LwQ| Aek¨ Zvi gvÎv Ges e¯‘wbôZv wb‡q weZK© _vK‡Z cv‡i|Z‡e GUzKz ejv hvq weÁv‡bi AMÖMwZ Ges Ø›Øg~jK e¯‘ev‡`i k³ wfwËi Ici `vuwo‡q AvR‡Ki AvaywbK hyw³ev` Zvi im` msMÖnK‡i‡Q| `k©‡bi †¶‡Î AvR‡Ki hyw³ev` Ø›Øg~jK e¯‘ev‡`i Ici Ges c×wZ I cix¶v-wbix¶vi †¶‡Î weÁv‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i|

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Pviw`‡K N‡U hvIqv NUbv, gvby‡li nvnvKvi, mvgvwRK Aw¯—iZv, bvMwiK RwUjZv, MÖvgxY Rxe‡bi mgm¨v Avgv‡`i mvg‡b G‡m`vuovq| Zvi mv‡_ †hvM nq e¨w³MZ Aw¯’iZv, mvgvwRK weeZ©b, agx©q †Mvuovwg| Gme Avgv‡`i‡K fvevq| fvebv¸‡jv wbivc` AvkªqLyu‡R wKš‘ wKQy‡ZB wKQy nq bv| Avgiv hLb wKQy GKUv Kivi †Póv Kwi ZLb wbôzi mgvR Avgv‡`i w`‡K nv K‡i _vwK‡q _v‡K GescÖwZeÜKZv m„wó K‡i|

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bvix‡`i mvgvwRK gh©v`v Av‡Rv AcwiewZ©Z i‡q †M‡Q| mxZv †h wZwg‡i wQ‡jb, Zvi Kb¨vivI †m wZwg‡iB i‡q †M‡Qb| m¤cÖwZhy³ivR¨ cÖevmx GKRb †jwLKv mgv‡R bvix‡`i g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡j‡QbÑÔbvix n‡”Q cyi“‡li gvwë †cÖvWv±m, Wªwqs i“‡gi †kvwcmÕ| GUv G‡m‡Q †gavnxb, eyw×nxb‡`i gMR †_‡K| A‡b‡K G Dw³wUi we‡ivwaZv Ki‡jI Dw³wU m¤ú~Y© mZ¨|

Avgv‡`i †PvL, Kvb, wRnŸvq gi‡P a‡i‡Q| Avgiv Kzu‡Rv n‡q hvw”Q| APj, A¶g, Abv_ n‡q cowQ w`b w`b| Av‡Rv Avgiv gy³wPš—v Ki‡Z cvwi bv| wbtk¦vm wb‡Z cvwi bv gy³ nvIqvq| †`k †Q‡q hv‡”Q mv¤cÖ vwqKZvq, wbôziZvq, AZ¨vPv‡i, AwePv‡i|mycwiKwíZfv‡e cÖMwZkxj‡`i Rã Kiv n‡”Q| †K‡o †bIqv n‡”Q K_v ejevi AwaKvi|

mgvRcwZiv gvbyl‡K weåvš— Ki‡Q| a‡g©i bv‡g, K‡g©i bv‡g, wk¶vi bv‡g, gbyl¨‡Z¡ i bv‡g| mgv‡Ri me RvqMvq fy‡jiµgweKvk| gvbyl G¸‡Z Pvq mvg‡b, mZ¨vbymÜvbx gvbyl Av‡jvi c‡_ †cŠuQ‡Z Pvq, m‡Z¨i gy‡LvgywL `vuov‡Z Pvq wKš‘ Zvu‡`i‡K Afxój‡¶¨ †cŠuQ‡Z †`Iqv nq bv| my›`i I Kj¨v‡Yi cÖ ‘wZi Rb¨ hvu‡`i Av‡›`vjb, mgvR †_‡K cï Zvov‡bvi msMÖv‡g hvuiv m`v cÖ ‘Z|hvu‡`i †Pv‡L gy‡L gvbeZvi Awebk¦i `„wß Zvu‡`i‡K G mgvR †g‡b †bq bv| mZ¨ ejvi Aciv‡a mgvR Zv‡`i †g‡i †d‡j|

‡jL‡Ki Kjg Zievwii †P‡qI mnmª Y aviv‡jv| Kj‡gi Kv‡Q c„w_exi me‡P‡q kw³gvb, me‡P‡q wbcyb, me‡P‡q aviv‡jv A¯¿Ie¨_© n‡q hvq| GKvˇii ci g‡b Kiv n‡qwQj kΓ civwRZ n‡q‡Q; wKš‘ bv| Zviv Av‡Rv evsjvi De©i cwjgvwU‡Z wbtk‡ã eyK †U‡bnvuU‡Q| ivóª †_‡K Iiv wbe©vwmZ Ki‡Q gvbweKZv, Amv¤cÖ vwqKZv, weK…Z Ki‡Q BwZnvm, mZ¨‡K †X‡K w`‡q‡Q Avei‡Y| a‡g©i K_ve‡j Zviv Ae¯’vb wb‡q‡Q cÖMwZi wec‡¶| K_v ej‡Q evOjvi wec‡¶| Zv‡`i Kjw¼Z i³ µgkB Zv‡`i ee©i n‡Z wk¶v w`‡”Q|Zviv Pvq †`k Zv‡`i nv‡Z ew›` _vKzK, †`‡ki we‡eKevb gvbyl †nvK Zv‡`i nv‡Zi cyZzj| I‡`i wei“‡× Kjg ai‡Z wM‡q AvR cÖvYw`‡Z n‡q‡Q cÖMwZkxj‡`i|

BwZnv‡mi cvZvq AvR mZ¨ Dcw¯’Z bq| BwZnvm weK…Z, gvbyl mš¿ —, cÖvY IôvMZ, KÉ-iƒ×| gvby‡li wfZi AvR gvbweKZvAbycw¯’Z, wk¶v cÖwZôv‡b `vb‡ei nvuK-WvK, wk¶‡Ki i³ S‡i QvÎ bvgavix wKQy Amf¨‡`i nv‡Z| G Ae¯’vq Kv‡iv †hb `vq †bB,`vqe×Zv †bB| cÖwZkÖ“wZ †bB|

¯vaxb †`‡k Avgv‡`i wK PvIqv cvIqvi wQj| †`‡k MYZvwš¿K kvmbe¨e¯’v Pvjy _vK‡e, abx `wi‡`ªi ˆelg¨ K‡g Avm‡e| nZ¨v,ivnvRvwb, al©Y, mš¿vm n‡e bv| wKš‘ ev¯—‡e Avgiv wK †`L‡Z cvB, abx Mwi‡ei ˆelg¨ w`b w`b e„w× cv‡”Q| †`‡ki Avwk fvM m¤ú`†fvM Ki‡Q `k fvM †jvK| †`‡ki m¤ú` cvPvi n‡”Q we‡`‡k| †`‡ki msL¨vjNy m¤cÖ v‡qi Dci wbh©vZ‡bi gvÎv w`b w`b †e‡oPj‡Q| Bmjvwg kvmb Kv‡qg Kivi Rb¨ AmsL¨ `j cÖPviKvh© Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q A‰bmjvwgK cš’vq| a‡g©i bv‡g gvbyl‡K ag©vÜ Kivn‡”Q| Zviv ej‡Qb a‡g© me mgm¨vi mgvavb Av‡Q| wKš‘ wb‡RivB Zv wek¦vm K‡ib bv| ag©‡K Zviv e¨envi Ki‡Qb dvq`v jyUviRb¨|

‡`k AvR `yÕfv‡M wef³| GK w`‡K cÖMwZkxj Ab¨w`‡K cÖwZwµqvkxj| Av‡jvi w`‡K AMÖmigvb cÖMwZkxjiv| Zvuiv †h mgv‡RiQwe Avu‡Kb; †mLv‡b wkïi nvwm, bvixi iƒc, dz‡ji iƒc, im, NÖvY, KweZvi gvayh© Rxeb‡K K‡i Zvrch©gwÛZ| wKš‘ we‡ivaxiv-Gim¤ú~Y© wec‡¶| Zv‡`i Kv‡Q AÜKviUvB mZ¨| Zviv G‡`‡ki ¯vaxbZvq wek¦vm K‡i bv| Zviv wb‡Ri i³‡K wek¦vm K‡i bv| ZvBZviv wb‡R‡`i evOvwj cwiP‡q Ave× Ki‡Z Pvq bv| cÖwZwµqvkxjiv †Kvb w`bB eyw× cÖÁvq †c‡i D‡Vwb; GB ch©š— c„w_exi BwZnv‡mZvB †`Lv †M‡Q| Zviv Avkªq wb‡q‡Q eyw×i wei“‡× kw³i| Zviv kw³ w`‡qB evi evi i“× Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Q eyw× I cÖÁv‡K|

ivóª I mgv‡Ri kvmK hviv Zv‡`i Rb¨ AÜKvi LyeB cÖ‡qvRbxq| `„wónxbZv m„wó Ki‡Z Zviv Zrci| `„wónxbZv Kg n‡j gvby‡lig‡b wek¦v‡mi Rb¥ nq| ZLb gvbyl mv¤cÖ vwqK nq| wkïi g‡Zv wek¦vm K‡i mewKQy| KviY †m ZLb Zvi wPš—v kw³ nvwi‡q †d‡j||mgvRcwZiv Av‡jv Pvqwb, Pvqwb Av‡jvwKZ gvbyl| Zviv Pvqwb `k©b ¯Zš¿ †nvK ag© †_‡K, weÁvb weKwkZ †nvK ¯vaxbfv‡e| Zviv†P‡q‡Q `ywf©¶ `vwi`ª Avi gvby‡li nZvkv|

GB Ae¯’v †_‡K hviv wb‡R‡K gy³ Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Qb Zviv n‡q‡Qb Av‡jvwKZ| AÜKvi‡K ej‡Z †c‡i‡Qb AÜKvi †_‡K †U‡bZzjevi †Póv K‡i‡Qb AÜKv‡i wbgw¾Z‡`i| Avevi AvNvZI K‡i‡Qb ms¯‹v‡ii wewfbœ `y‡M©|

‡`‡ki AvR †h Ae¯’v Zv Av‡iv gvivZ¥K n‡Zv hw` m„wókxjiv †¯v”Qvi bv n‡Zb| Avgv‡`i Pviw`‡K hLb we‡li ejq ZLbcÖMwZkxj †jLK Kwe mvwnwZ¨KivB Avgv‡`i GKgvÎ fimv|

GB Ae¯’v †_‡K gyw³i Rb¨ Av‡›`vjb †h n‡”Qbv Zv bq| GB gy³ wPš—vi Av‡›`vjb Av‡iv †eMevb nIqv PvB| GB Av‡›`vj‡bAvm‡Z cv‡i Zi“Yiv hviv GL‡bv ¯v_© wP‡b wb| GL‡bv hviv cy‡ivcywi bó n‡q hvqwb|

`v¾v‡ji K_vRvwn` iv‡mj

ûgvqyb AvRv‡`i ÔAvgvi Awek¦vmÕ eBwU cov †kl K‡i †hB bv †Kv‡ji Ici ivLjvg ZLwb †`Ljvg Avgvi cv‡k emv `vwoIqvjvf`ª‡jvK cvk wd‡i Avgvi †Kvj †_‡K eBwU Zz‡j wb‡jb| wbZvš— Zvw”Q‡j¨i mv‡_ eBwUi K‡qKcvZv Dwë‡q Avgv‡K †diZ w`‡jb|Avgv‡K bvg wR‡Ám K‡i †Kv_vq hvw”Q Rvb‡Z PvB‡jb| wZwbI Zvui bvg Rvbv‡jb| Ave~ Avãyj­vn gynv¤§` AvBbyj û`v| Av‡ivRvbv‡jb, wZwb wbDBq‡K©i g`xbv gmwR‡`i LwZe| Zvui Kv‡Q agx©q cÖm‡½ †jLv A‡bK¸‡jv eB †`L‡Z †cjvg| †h‡nZz Avgvi nv‡ZiKv‡Q Avi coevi g‡Zv †Kvb eB †bB, ZvB Zvui eB¸‡jv †_‡K ÔKvb `v¾v‡ji Avwef©veÕ eBwU Zz‡j wbjvg| wk‡ivbvgUvB, Avgv‡K†evanq eBUv nv‡Z Zzj‡Z AvK…ó Ki‡jv| eB‡Z †jL‡Ki bvg †`‡L wbwðZ njvg Avgvi cv‡k emv e¨w³wUB GB eB‡qi †jLK|ZviciI Zvu‡K cÖkœI Kijvg wZwb †j‡L‡Qb wK-bv? wZwb gv_v †b‡o Rvbv‡jb wZwbB †j‡L‡Qb| wZwb Av‡iv Rvbv‡jb, GwU bvwKBwZc~‡e© gvwmK ÔciIqvbvÕ bvgK g¨vMvwR‡b cÖKvwkZ n‡q Lye cvVKwcÖqZv †c‡qwQj, ZvB GwU‡K eB AvKv‡i †ei K‡i‡Qb| û`vmv‡n‡ei KvQ †_‡K Rvb‡Z cvijvgÑ nhiZ Av`g m„wói ci †_‡K wKqvg‡Zi c~e©-ch©š— `v¾v‡ji wdZbvi †P‡q gvivZ¥K wdZbv Avi†bB|Õ Avwg Avgvi mskqev`x cwiPq cÖKvk bv K‡i Zvi mv‡_ K_v Pvwj‡q †h‡Z jvMjvg :

gy Av û`v : Avwg GB eBwU †j‡LwQ Cmv (Avt) Gi cybivMg‡bi Ges Bgvg †gn`xi AvZ¥cÖKv‡ki c‡ii me©‡kl `v¾vj‡K wb‡q|GB `v¾v‡ji AvMg‡bi c~‡e© Av‡iv 29 Rb `v¾v‡ji Avwef©ve NU‡e| nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.) e‡j‡Qb, ÒZ‡Zvw`b †KqvgZn‡ebv h‡Zvw`b bv (Kgc‡¶) wÎkRb wg_¨v beyqZ Gi `vwe`vi `v¾v‡ji Avwef©ve bv n‡q‡QÕÕ|

Rvwn` : I, `v¾vj Zvn‡j GKRb bv| Zv, me©‡kl GB `v¾v‡ji Avwef©ve KLb n‡e?

gy Av û`v : nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.) e‡j‡Qb,ÑÒZ‡Zvw`b ch©š— `v¾vj †ei n‡e bv h‡Zvw`b bv gvbyl †egvjyg `v¾vj‡K fy‡j hv‡eGes gmwR‡`i BgvgMY wg¤‡i `vuwo‡q `v¾v‡ji K_v ejv †Q‡o †`‡e|Ó `v¾v‡ji AvZ¥cÖKvk n‡e cÖv‡P¨i †Lvimvb evZrcvk¦eZx© GjvKvq| g‡b Kiv nq, wmwiqv Ges Biv‡Ki ga¨eZx© †Kvb Rbc` †_‡K †m †ei n‡e| nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.)Av‡iv e‡j‡QbÑÒwÎk eQi hveZ `v¾v‡ji gv-evevi †Kvb mš—vb mš—vbvw` n‡e bv; wÎk eQ‡ii ci Zv‡`i GKwU Kvbv,AZ¨waK g›` ¯fv‡ei GKwU †Q‡j mš—vb n‡e| Zvi `yB †PvL Nygv‡e wKš‘ Aš—i Nygv‡e bv| Zvi wcZv j¤v nxbKvq,MvuBwZi g‡Zv `xN© bvwmKv wewkó n‡e| Zvi gv wekvjKvq DbœZ e¶, j¤v nvZ wewkó n‡e| wewfbœ nvw`‡m gynv¤§``v¾v‡ji ˆ`wnK cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb Gfv‡e, †m GKRb cyi“l, GK †PvL †dvjv, GK †Pv‡Li Dci †gvUv Pvgov _vK‡e, `yB†Pv‡Li gvSLv‡b Kvd, dv, iv A_©vr Kvwdi wjLv _vK‡e, †m n‡e wbtmš—vb|

[Avgvi g‡bi gv‡S †f‡m DV‡jv 4/5ermi Av‡M wewUwf‡Z cÖPvwiZ wm›`vev` wmwiqv‡j †mB mgy ª my Ò‡K‡nigv‡biÓ gyLLvwb| Zvi kvixwiKˆewkó¨I A‡bKUv `v¾vj‡ji kvixwiK ˆewk‡ó¨i mv‡_ wg‡j hvq| wewfbœ Mí Dcb¨v‡m wf‡j‡bi Pwiθ‡jvi cÖwZ cvVK-cvwVKvi g‡b N„bv IfxwZ mÂv‡qi Rb¨ †hgb Zv‡`i kvixwiK w`KwU‡K K`h© I fqven K‡i †Zvjv nq `v¾v‡ji kvixwiK KvVv‡gv eY©bv †mB GKB ixwZ AbymiYKiv n‡q‡Q|]

Rvwn` : `v¾vj m¤ú©‡K Avi GKUz ejyb, ïwb|

gy Av û`v : `v¾v‡ji evnb m¤ú©‡K ejv hvq ÒZvi evnb n‡e Ggb GKwU Mvav hvi `yB Kv‡bi g‡a¨ e¨eavb n‡e Pwj­k nvZ| †mevqyZvwoZ †g‡Ni g‡Zv `ª“Z MwZm¤úbœÓ|

[`v¾v‡ji Mvavi eY©bv ï‡b Avwg nv n‡q †Mjvg| †hB Mvavi `y-Kv‡bi g‡a¨ e¨eavb (gvÎ) 40 nvZ, †m †Nvov Kw_Z Ab¨ Avmgvb †_‡Kco‡e bvwK WviDB‡bi ZË¡ mZ¨ cÖgvY K‡i GB mg‡qi †QvU Lv‡Uv Mvav¸‡jv `vbexq iƒc jvf Ki‡e, Zv fve‡Z jvMjvg|]

gy Av û`v : (û`v mv‡ne g‡b nq Avgvi g‡bi K_v eyS‡Z cvi‡jb wZwb ej‡Z jvM‡jb) Av‡i GBUv wb‡q G‡Zv fvebvi wKQy bvB|Avm‡j `v¾v‡ji evnbwU iƒcK A‡_© ‡evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q nq‡Zv| GUv n‡Z cv‡i †Kvb †m mg‡qi †Kvb we‡kl evnb|ZvQvov `v¾v‡ji Abymvix n‡e Bûw`iv, G‡`i ‡Zv Avj­vncvK Mvav e†j‡Qb| Avi †h Mvavi Nv‡oi cÖ — 40 nvZ Zvi

MwZ‡Z evqyZvwoZ †g‡Ni g‡Zv n‡ZB cv‡i|

[AvR hLb gvbyl k‡ãi †eM civwRZ K‡i Av‡jvi †e‡M Qy‡U Pjvi evnb ˆZwi Ki‡Z cÖ ‘Z ZLb AvR †_‡K Av‡iv c‡i †Kqvg‡Zi Av‡M(giv gvbyl RxweZ Kivi g‡Zv ¶gZvavix) `v¾vj †Kb †h evqyZvwoZ †g‡Ni g‡Zv axiMwZi evnb wb‡q Pj‡e, ZvI fveevi welq| G‡¶‡ÎcvVK‡`i g‡b ivLv `iKvi GB Mvav Øviv 40 w`‡b wZwb c„w_exi me ’v‡b hv‡eb| Avm‡j AvR †_‡K 1400 eQi Av‡M gi“f~wg‡Z cÖavb evnbwQj DU| ZvB †mB mgq evqZvwoZ †g‡Ni †e‡M Pjv evnb A‡c¶v `ª“ZMwZi evnb Kíbv Kiv m¤¢e nqwb| ]

Rvwn` : Zv, `v¾vj ivR‡Z¡i ¯’vwqZ¡ KZ w`b n‡e|

gy Av û`v : `v¾v‡ji ivR‡Z¡i ¯’vwqZ¡Kvj m¤ú‡K© gynv¤§` e‡jbÑÒ‡h `ywbqvq Pwj­k w`b _vK‡e| GB Pwj­k w`‡bi GKw`b n‡eGKeQ‡ii mgvb, GKw`b GKgv‡mi mgvb, GK w`b GK mßv‡ni mgvb, Aewkó w`b¸‡jv †Zvgv‡`i ¯vfvweK w`‡bimgvbÓ|

[û`v mv‡ne Zvi eB‡qi 25 c„ôv Ly‡j Avgv‡K `v¾v‡ji ivR‡Z¡i ’vwqZ¡ m¤ú‡K© co‡Z w`‡jb| Avwg †`Ljvg, eB‡q D‡j­wLZ †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bvnvw`‡m ejv n‡q‡Q, `v¾v‡ji ivR‡Z¡i †gqv` 40 w`b Avevi †Kv_vI ejv n‡q‡Q 40 eQi| wKš‘ GB K_vi Moeo‡K iƒc‡K wn‡m‡e a‡iwb‡q wewfbœ Bmjvwg gynvwÏmMY wb‡Ri g‡bi gvayix wgwk‡q e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb| gymjgv‡bivI Lye fv‡jv †Q‡j; Iiv cÖkœ K‡i bv, hv cvq ZvBLvq| ]

Rvwn` : Zv, `v¾vj Avi Kx Kx Ki‡e?

gy Av û`v : Cgv‡bi m‡ev©”P cix¶v n‡e `v¾v‡ji mgq| †hgbÑ`v¾vj GK e¨w³‡K cvKovI Ki‡e, Zv‡K KivZ w`‡q wØLwÊZK‡i ej‡e| Zvici Zv‡K Avevi RxweZ K‡i Zzj‡e Ges Zv‡K cÖkœI Ki‡eÑÒ‡Zvgvi cÖfy †KÓ| †jvKwU DËi †`‡eAvj­vn| †mB †jvKwU n‡e Rvbœv‡Z ivmy‡ji D¤§‡Zi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q wcÖq| `v¾vj Avm‡e jv‡Lv cvc cw¼jZvq c~Y© Zv¸wZwek¦‡K bvdigvwb‡Z c~Y© Ki‡Z| Avi Ab¨w`‡K Bgvg gvn`x Avm‡eb Avj­vni `ywbqv‡K GmKj bvdgvwbi cÖfvZ †_‡Kgyw³ w`‡q `ywbqv‡Z Avj­vni kvmb Kv‡qg Ki‡Z| eZ©gvb wek¦cwiw¯’wZi †cÖ¶vc‡U ejv hvqÑKvbv `v¾v‡ji kvw¯—i wek¦Kv‡qg n‡q †M‡Q| Avgiv gymjgv‡biv †hgb Bgvg‡gn`x AvZ¥cÖKvk Ges Cmv (Av.) Gi cybivwefv‡©ei R‡b¨ A‡c¶vKiwQ †Zgwb †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv m¤cÖ v‡qi gvbyl `v¾v‡ji R‡b¨ A‡c¶v Ki‡Q he is coming †¯­vMvb wb‡q| `v¾vj AvmviAv‡M Zvi ivRZ¡ Kv‡qg n‡q hv‡e| we‡k¦i Avbv‡PKvbv‡P †h‡Kv‡bv fv‡e Zvi evwnbx †cŠu‡Q hv‡e| Avcwb hw`evsjv‡`‡ki w`‡K ZvKvb Z‡e †`L‡eb-evsjv‡`‡k wewfbœ bv‡g, wewfbœ cwiP‡q, wewfbœ Kvq`vq, we‡kl gZv`‡k© wek¦vmxKwZcq †jvK AwZm¤cÖwZ Zv‡`i we‡kl KvR ïi“ K‡i w`‡q‡Q| Zv‡`i †`‡L gvbeZvi cig wn‰Zlx eÜz g‡b nq| wKš‘Giv `v¾v‡ji iv‡R¨i we¯—v‡i mvnvh¨ Qvov wKQyB Ki‡Q bv|

Rvwn` : Avwg wVK eySjvg bv Avcwb Kv‡`i K_v ej‡Qb?

gy Av û`v : A‡b‡KB †Zv Av‡Q, †Kb GB †h bv‡g †ebv‡g GbwRI M‡o DV‡Q GivBev Kg wK‡mi|

Rvwn` : †Kb Iiv †Zv A‡bK fv‡jv KvR Ki‡Q, †hgb gvbyl‡K ¯wbf©i, wk¶v we¯—vi, `vwi`ª we‡gvPb, bvix‡`i...

gy Av û`v : bvix ¯vaxbZv? Rvwnwjqv hy‡Mi j¶YB n‡jv, bvixiv N‡ii evB‡i †ei n‡q Avm‡e-e¨wfPvi ïi“ n‡e| GB GbwRIG¸‡jv e„w× Ki‡Q|

Rvwn` : `v¾v‡ji Abymvwi Kviv n‡e?

gy Av û`v : `v¾v‡ji AbyMvgxiv g~jZ Bûw`‡`i †_‡KB n‡e| Zvici †e`yBb cj­xevmx Ges gwnjviv|

Rvwn` : Avjv`vfv‡e gwnjv‡`i K_v ejvi Kx `iKvi?

gy Av û`v : fÊcxi, fÊbex Avi fÊev‡`i Zv‡e`vwi‡Z gwnjviv ninv‡gkvB cyi“‡li †P‡q cvKv‡cv³| `v¾v‡ji Wv‡K ZvBgwnjviv me‡P‡q †ewk mvov †`‡e| `v¾v‡ji Wv‡K mvov †`‡e ZvB ZLb gvbyl Zvi ¯¿x, gv, †g‡q, †evb I dzdz‡K `woimvnv‡h¨ †eu‡a ivL‡e|

[bvix‡`i e¨vcv‡i GKUv bZzb Z_¨ Rvbv †Mj! Aek¨ ag© bvix‡`i c`©vi bv‡g †eviKv ew›` K‡i iv‡L, †m ag© bvix‡`i e¨vcv‡i G avibv †cvlYKi‡ZB cv‡i, Zv‡Z AevK nevi †ewk wKQy †bB|]

Rvwn` : `v¾v‡ji KvwnbxUv ïwb Zvn‡j|

gy Av û`v : `v¾v‡ji Afy Ìvb wmwiqv I Biv‡Ki ga¨eZx© ¯’v‡b n‡e| B¯úvnv‡bi 70 nvRvi Z‡jvqviavix Bûw` Zvi Zv‡e`vi n‡e|A‡bK †`k Rq Ki‡e Ges ag© åóI †jvK Zvi Aš—f~©³ n‡e| †m g°v I gw`bvq cª‡e‡ki †Póv Ki‡j Avj­vni wbhy³†d‡i¯—v Zv‡K evav ‡`‡e| `v¾vj ZLb wmwiqvi &Awfgy‡L hvÎv Ki‡e| `v‡g‡¯‹ ZLb Bgvg gvn`xi wei“‡× hy‡×i cÖ ‘wZ

‡b‡eb| GKw`b AvQ‡ii mgq nVvr Cmv `y-Rb †d‡i¯—vi Kvu‡ai Dci fi K‡i Avmgvb n‡Z AeZx©Y n‡eb| `v‡g‡¯‹iRv‡g DgvIqx gmwR‡`i c~e© w`‡Ki wgbv‡ii Dci G‡m `vuov‡eb| Bgvg gvn`x Zvi Dci hy‡×i mg¯— fvi b¨¯— Ki‡ZPvB‡eb| wKš‘ wZwb ej‡eb, fvi †Zv me Avcbvi Dci _vK‡e, Avwg ïay `v¾vj‡K ea Kievi Rb¨ G‡mwQ| Cmv GKwU‡Nvovq mIqvi n‡q GKwU ej­g/ek©v nv‡Z `v¾v‡ji w`‡K avweZ n‡eb| Ab¨vb¨ gymjgvb ˆmb¨MY `¾v‡ji ˆmb¨M‡YiDci AvµgY Ki‡e| fxlY hy× n‡e| H mgq Cmvi wbtk¦v‡mi g‡a¨ Ggb GK ZvwQi n‡e †h, hZ`~i `„wó hv‡e Z‡Zv `~ik¦vm hv‡e Ges †h Kvwd‡ii Mvu‡q k¦v‡mi GKUz evZvm jvM‡e †m nvjKv n‡q hv‡e| `v¾vj Cmv‡K †`‡L fvM‡e| CmvZv‡K wcQy †b‡eb| Ôev‡e †jv`Õ bvgK ¯’v‡b wM‡q `v¾vj‡K ea Ki‡eb Ges Zvi ek©vq `v¾v‡ji i³ †`Lv‡eb| ZviciCmv hZ RvqMvq `v¾vj Akvwš— ¯’vcb K‡i‡Q, †mB me ¯’v‡b wM‡q RbMY‡K kvwš— `vb Ki‡eb| Avj­vn Bûw`‡`i wbg©~jKi‡eb, Avj­vni m„wói g‡a¨ Ggb wKQy _vK‡e bv hvi Avov‡j wM‡q cÖv‡Y evuP‡e| cv_i, MvQ, †`qvj, PZz®ú` Rv‡bvqvimevB gymjgvb‡`i †W‡K jywK‡q _vKv Bûw`‡`i †`wL‡q w`‡q nZ¨vi K_v ej‡e| ïay MviK¡v` e„¶ †Kvb K_v ej‡e bv|KviY GUv Bûw`‡`i MvQ|

Rvwn` : Zvn‡j Mv‡QiI Avjv`v ag© Av‡Q!

gy Av û`v : Kx e‡j bvB Avevi| Zzjwm MvQI ‡Zv GKUv wn›`y MvQ| Avi me MvQcvjvI †Zv Avj­vni Bev`Z K‡i|

Rvwn` : hy‡× Zvn‡j Z‡jvqvi, ek©v I †Nvov e¨eüZ n‡e| AvR‡Ki `ywbqvq hy‡× †hLv‡b cvigvbweK-ivmvqwbK AvaywbK A¯¿,wegvb-ivWvi e¨eüZ n‡”Q †mLv‡b ‡Kqvg‡Zi c~‡e© †h hy× n‡e Zv‡Z †Kb ga¨hyM ev cÖvPxb hy‡M e¨eüZ Z‡jvqvi ek©v I†Nvov e¨eüZ n‡e GUv nvm¨Ki bq wK? Avm‡j Avgvi g‡b nq cÖvPxbKv‡j hviv GB ai‡bi Mí dvu‡`b ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bvcÖvPxb Mí †_‡K msMÖn K‡ib, Zviv fve‡ZI cv‡ibwb, †`o `y-nvRvi eQi ci c„w_exUv‡K gvbyl K‡ZvUv GwM‡q †b‡e|Aek¨ Zvi ïb¨ gw¯—‡®‹i AwaKvix Abymvixiv GmKj MvuRvLywi M‡íi dvuK-†dvuKi XvK‡Z wewfbœ iƒcK A_© ‡LuvRvq LyeB`¶| Avi GB †h Avcwb e‡j‡Qb †Kqvg‡Zi wewfbœ AvjvgZ †`Lv hv‡”Q, `v¾v‡ji ivRZ¡ cÖwZwôZ n‡q †M‡Q, GB meAvjvg‡Zi j¶Y Avcbviv eû k eQi a‡i †c‡q Avm‡Qb Av‡iv eû k eQi cv‡eb| wKš‘ †Pv‡Li c`©vUv miv‡j †`L‡Zcv‡eb gvbyl †mB cÖvPxb AÜvi mf¨ZvUv‡K Av‡jvi c‡_ A‡bK`~i †U‡b wb‡q G‡m‡Q, ‡U‡b wb‡q hv‡e nq‡Zv Av‡iv eû`yi| Avi GB mf¨Zv GwM‡q hvevi c‡_ cÖavb mgm¨ Avcbv‡`i KvwíK `v¾vj bq| cÖavb evav Avcbv‡`i AÁZv,AÜwek¦vm, Kzms¯‹vi| GB me MuvRvLywi Mí A‡bKUv †iv‡Mi g‡Zv| Gi me M‡í wek¦vm K‡i A‡b‡K wb‡R‡Kgvbemgv‡Ri D×viKvix wn‡m‡e wb‡R‡K Bgvg gvn`x †NvlYv Ki‡e, N„Yv Rb¥v‡e Bûw` mn Ab¨ ag©vj¤x‡`i cÖwZ| MZermi I cvwK¯—v‡b Ggwb GK ¯‡NvwlZ Bgvg gvn`x Zvi wKQy Abymvix mn cywj‡ki nv‡Z aiv c‡o‡Q| `v¾v‡ji g‡ZvKvíwbK kµ ˆZwi K‡i Avi Gai‡bi MvuRv Lywi M‡í wek¦vm K‡i Kv‡Ri KvR hv n‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv gvby‡l gvby‡lmv¤cÖ vwqK m¤cÖxwZ bó n‡q‡Q...

gy Av û`v : †eqv`‡ci g‡Zv K_v ej‡e bv| Lye †ewk eyB¾v †dj‡Qv, Avgvi Av‡MB ‡evSv DwPZ wQj, †h †Q‡j ûgvqyb AvRv‡`i g‡ZvGKUv bvw¯—‡Ki eB c‡o Zvi mv‡_ Gme Áv‡bi K_v ej‡Z hvIqv gv‡b mgq bó Kiv| Avj­vncvK †Zvgvi †n`v‡qZKi“b|

Dwb †i‡M nb nb K‡i P‡j †M‡jb|

[GKwU KvíwbK AvjvcPvwiZv]

wm‡jwU †gŠjev`mygb Zzinvb

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wm‡j‡Ui mvs¯‹…wZK ¯vZ‡š¿ i K_v ej‡Z †M‡j cÖ_‡gB Av‡m fvlvi K_v| g~j wm‡jU QvovI fvi‡Zi †MŠnvwU, wkjPi, wkjs,KvQvo, eivK DcZ¨Kv, KwigMÄ, AvMiZjv, jÛb, ga¨cªvP¨ wg‡j mviv we‡k¦i cÖvq 10 †KvwU 3 j¶ gvbyl wm‡jwU Dcfvlvq K_ve‡jb| evOjvi mv‡_ A‡bK wgj _vKv m‡Ë¡I GWIqvW© †MBU Zvi Ôwnw÷ª Ae AvmvgÕÑMÖ‡š’ wm‡jwU fvlv‡K c~e© fviZxq fvlves‡kiAš—©f~³ Ges Anwgqv fvlvi Acåsk iƒc e‡j `vwe K‡i‡Qb| fvlvweÁvbx RR© Aveªvnvg wMÖqvimbI GKB gZ †cvlY K‡ib| Z‡e,mgmvgwqK fvlvwe` †iBgÛ MW©b wm‡jwU Dcfvlvi mv‡_ evsjvi 70 kZvsk wgj i‡q‡Q e‡j g‡b K‡ib| DËi cÖ‡`k I wenv‡iiÔKvBw_Õ wjwci AbyKi‡Y wm‡jwU fvlv GKKv‡j ÔbvMwiÕ wjwc‡Z wjwLZ n‡Zv, Z‡e Gme wjwc GLb wejyß n‡q †M‡Q Kv‡ji ay‡jvq|wecyj cwigv‡Y wnw›`, Aviwe I dviwm k‡ãi Dcw¯’wZ wm‡jwU Dcfvlvi Av‡iKwU ˆewkó¨|

A_©‰bwZK w`K w`‡q wm‡jU evOjv‡`‡ki Ab¨Zg cÖvPyh©kvjx AÂj| evOjv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q †ewk cÖevmxi msL¨v wm‡jU A‡j GesAmsL¨ cwievi cÖevmx‡`i cvVv‡bv ˆe‡`wkK gy ªvi Ici wbf©i K‡i _v‡Kb| wm‡jwU cÖevmx‡`i AcPqcÖeYZv me©Rbwew`Z; ZvivcÖvmv‡`vcg AÆvwjKv wbg©vY K‡ib wKš‘ wkíKviLvbv ˆZwi‡Z KL‡bv LiP K‡ib bv, wkívq‡bi PvB‡Z agx©q cÖwZôvb wbg©v‡Y ZvuivmvaviYZ †ewk D‡`¨vMx| wm‡jwUiv ågYwccvmy bb, wm‡j‡Ui evB‡i GKgvÎ jÛb m¤ú‡K©B Zvuiv †LvuRLei iv‡Lb Avi evOjv‡`km¤ú‡K© A‡b‡Ki Ávb †kvPbxqfv‡e mxwgZ| GKevi mviv evOjv‡`k åg‡Y wM‡q Avwg Avwe¯‹vi K‡iwQjvg †`‡ki Ab¨vb¨ A‡jiZzjbvq wm‡jwUiv †ek Ajm| DËi ev `w¶Ye‡½i gvbyl †hfv‡e cÖwZ Bw RvqMv Kv‡R jvwM‡q mviv eQie¨vcx K…wlKvR K‡ib wm‡j‡UZv weij, GLv‡b GK‡ii ci GKi Rwg Avev`nxb c‡o _vK‡Z †`Lv hvq| GB Ajm ms¯‹…wZi †bwZevPK cÖfve †`L‡Z cvB wm‡j‡UiZi“Y m¤cÖ v‡qi g‡a¨, jÛb hvIqv Qvov AvZ¥wbf©i nIqvi Avi †Kv‡bv c_ Zv‡`i Rvbv †bB| wm‡j‡Ui wkivq wkivq memgq cÖevwnZ

n‡”Q jÛb Avi ga¨cÖv‡P¨i gy ªv, IB `y-wU A‡ji Avkx©ev` Qvov †m APj|wm‡j‡Ui fvlv I ms¯‹…wZ m¤ú‡K© wm‡jwUiv †ek m‡PZb I ¯úk©KvZi| ¯vRvZ¨‡eva G A‡ji gvby‡li gv‡S Rb¥ w`‡q‡Q GK

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Z_¨m~Î1. gwZDi ingvb †PŠayix, wm‡jU I wm‡jwU fvlv, gvP© 1999| ÷vi cÖKvkbx|Edward Gate, History of Assam, p274, spink & Co.George Abraham Grierson, Language survey of India, 2nd Vol, Part 1, Page 224, Royal Asiatic Society.2. Sanjib Barua, India against itself; Assam and the politics of nationality, p42. University of Pensilvenia Press.3. Monika Ali, Briclane, Black Swan 2004Indian Council for cultural relations: The Indo-Asian Culture. p29;

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L. b¾vg (g„Zz 845) :b¾vg m¤¢eZ Avj­v‡di mnPi wQ‡jb| †KD †KD Zvu‡K bvw¯—K, Avevi †KD †KD Db¥v` e‡j aviYv Ki‡Zb| b¾v‡gi g‡Z, Avj­vnig›` Kg© Ki‡Z m¤ú~Y© Amg_©| Avj­vn Zvui Ávbvbyhvqx †h KvR Zvui avwg©K ev›`v‡`i Rb¨ fv‡jv e‡j g‡b K‡ib ZvB ïay Ki‡Zcv‡ib| e¯‘Z †hUzKz wZwb K‡ib †mUzKzB gvÎ Zvui me©kw³gËvi mxgv| hvi †Kv‡bv e¯‘i cÖ‡qvRb _v‡K ZviB B”Qv _v‡K, AZGeB”Qvkw³ Avj­vni ¸Y n‡Z cv‡i bv| Avj­vn GKeviB m„wó K‡ib; cÖ‡Z¨KwU e¯‘i g‡a¨ wZwb †mB kw³ wbwnZ K‡ib hvi Øvivfwel¨‡ZI Zvui wbg©vYµg Kvh©Kix _vK‡e| b¾v‡di K_v n‡jv : mKj m¤cÖ v‡qiB wKQy f~j aviYv _vK‡Z cv‡i, †hgb gymjgvb‡`iGKUv aviYv n‡jv Ab¨vb¨ bwe A‡c¶v gynv¤§‡`i Avjv`v ˆewkó¨ wQj, Zv n‡jv wZwb Avj­vnKZ…©K †cÖwiZ; wKš‘ GLv‡b †Zv GUvB fyj†h gvÎ GKRb‡K Avj­vn †cÖiY K‡i‡Qb; bwe kãwUi A_©vbyhvqx †Zv mKj bwe‡KB Avj­vn †cÖwiZ e‡j a‡i wb‡Z n‡e|

M. Avgi Be‡b evnvi Avj RvwnR (g„Zz 869) :RvwnR n‡jb b¾v‡gi wkl¨| wZwb bvgKiv †jLK Ges M¤¢xi‡PZv `vk©wbK wQ‡jb| wZwb g‡b Ki‡Zb mZ¨ wbY©‡qi Rb¨ ag© GescÖvK…wZK wbq‡gi mgšq mvab me‡P‡q †ewk cÖ‡qvRb| cÖ‡Z¨KwU e¯‘i g‡a¨B cÖvK…wZK wbqg KvR K‡i, Avi †mB Kv‡Ri g‡a¨BAvj­vni cÖKvk| gvbeeyw×B Áv‡bi mªóv|

N. gyAv¤§i :AvbygvwbK 900 wLª÷v‡ãi gyZvwRjv `vk©wbK| gyAv¤§i Zvui c~e©m~wiMY A‡c¶vI AwaK Ôwb¸©Yev`xÕ| Avj­vn me©cÖKvi ˆØZ †_‡Kme© vB gy³ AZGe Zvui g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv ¸Y-we‡kl‡Yi m¤¢vebv †bB| Avj­vn wb‡R‡K ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv e¯‘ ev ¸Y‡K Rv‡bb bv, KviY Ávb¯xKvi Kivi ci ÁvZv †Áq BZ¨vw` bvbv AmsL¨ ˆØZ G‡m nvwRi n‡e| gyAv¤§‡ii g‡Z, MwZ-w¯’wZ mvg¨-Amvg¨ mg¯—B KvíwbKaviYv, G‡`i †Kv‡bv ev¯—weK mZ¨ †bB| gvby‡li B”Qv eÜbnxb| B”QvB gvby‡li GKgvÎ wµqv| evwK wµqvmg~n †Kej kvixi-m¤Üx|

O. Avey nvwmg emwi(933 L„÷vã) :Zvui g‡Z, Avj­vni ¸Y, NUbvewj, RvwZ (mvgvb¨) Ávb-hyw³ wKQy w¯’wZ mËv I A-mËvi g‡a¨ Ae¯’vb K‡i| mg¯— Áv‡bi g‡a¨ m‡›`‡niD™¢e nIqv cÖ‡qvRb|

Dcwiwj­wLZ Av‡jvPbvq †`Lv hvq †h, gyZvwRjv cÖe³v‡`i gZev` cÖavbZ wbæwjwLZ ZË¡ I ZË¡ ‡jvi Dci wfwË K‡i M‡o I‡V†m¸‡jv n‡jv :

1. Avj­vni GKZ¡;2. Avj­vni ¸Yvewj (wmdvZ);3. Avj­vni `k©b jvf (w``vi);4. Avj­vni Kvh©Kjvc;5. fvj-g›` ev mr-Amr;6. †KviAvb wPiš—b wKsev m„ó;7. gvby‡li wPš—v I K‡g© ¯vaxbZv; Ges8. wek¦ m„wói inm¨|†KviAv‡b Avj­vn‡K ÁvZv (Av‡jg), kw³gvb (Kv‡`i), cÖvYevb (nvB) cÖf„wZ e‡j eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q| G †_‡K mij wek¦v‡m †g‡b

†bqv nq †h, Avj­vn Ávb, cÖvY cÖf„wZ ¸‡Yi AwaKvix| wKš‘ gyZvwRjviv G cÖPwjZ g‡Zi we‡ivax| Zvu‡`i g‡Z Avj­vni †Kv‡bv we‡kl¸‡Yi AwaKvix n‡Z cv‡ib bv| Avj­vn GK I AwØZxq| myZivs Zvu‡K eû¸‡Yi AwaKvix e‡j g‡b Kivi A_©B n‡e Zvui mËvi eûZ¡Av‡ivc Kiv| Zvuiv Av‡iv wek¦vm K‡i †h, Avj­vn Kv‡ivi Øviv m„wó bb Ges Zvui †Kv‡bv Aswk`vi †bB| wKš‘ Zv‡`i g‡Z Avj­vn&wbivKvi Ges ¯xq mËvi (Essence) AwaKvix| Avj­vni †Kv‡bv ¸Yvewji cÖwZ Zvuiv †Kvb Av¯’v iv‡Lbwb, KviY Zvuiv g‡b K‡i †h, H¸Yvewj Avj­vni wbi¼zk GKZ¡‡K e¨vnZ Ki‡e| Zvuiv e‡jb †h, Avj­vn‡K Dcjwäi Rb¨B ¸Yvewj e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| Zvui wbi¼zk GKZ¡cÖgvY Kivi Rb¨ Zv‡`i Avnj-Dj-ZvIwn` (Partisans of Unity- GKZ¡ev`x) e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv nq|

i¶Ykxj gymwjg‡`i g‡Z †KviAv‡b ewY©Z AvqvZwfwËK avwg©K e¨w³MY ciKv‡j Avj­vni `k©b jvf (Beatific Vision) Ki‡eb|Gi we‡ivwaZv K‡i gyZvwRjviv e‡j †h, †h‡nZz Avj­vn& wbivKvi, Kvqvnxb, ZvB ciKv‡j cvw_©e P¶z Øviv Avj­vni `k©b jvf Am¤¢e|Avj­vn‡K cvw_©e iƒc`vb Aag©| myZivs Pg© I ev¯—e †Pv‡L Avj­vni `k©b m¤¢e bq| Z‡e †ivR wKqvg‡Z avwg©K e¨w³MY m~¶è AvwZ¥KAbyf~wZi Øviv Avj­vni `k©b †c‡Z cv‡i|

†KviAv‡bi cÖv_wgK mgv‡jvPK n‡jv gyZvwRjviv, hv‡`i Bmjv‡gi gy³wPš—K I hyw³ev`x `j ejv nq| gyZvwRjviv wMÖK IAv‡j·vw›`ªqvb †jLK‡`i †jLvi mv‡_ cwiwPZ nIqvq Zv‡`i Ávb we`¨vi mv‡_ cwiPq nq| ZvB Giv A‡bK wMÖK aviYv b¨vqev` Im‡›`nev`mn Bmjvwg `k©b I agx©q Av‡jvPbvq cÖ‡qvM I Avg`vwb K‡iwQ‡jb|

†KviAvb †h Abš— I Am„ó, GB †Mvuovev`x gZev`‡K gyZvwRjviv g‡b K‡ib †h G aviYv †cvlY Ki‡j †KviAvb‡K Avj­vnimgKvjxb (Coeval) ejv nq hv Aev¯—e| G aviYv Zv‡`i g‡Z, wØZ¡ev‡`i aviYv hv Avj­vni GK‡Z¡i wei“‡× Ges wkiK,Aswk`vwiZ¡| KviY †KviAvb‡K me©kw³gvb Avj­vni mgZzj¨ I Abš— Kiv n‡”Q|

gyZvwRjviv Av‡iv gZ‡cvlY K‡ib †h, †KviAv‡bi evYxi nvRvi nvRvi LwÊZ I wew¶ß g~j Kwc, nvdmvi Kwcmn hv msKjK‡`i†ndvR‡Z wQj †m¸‡jv B”QvK…Zfv‡e aŸsm K‡i †djv n‡q‡Q| GLb `vwe Kiv nq †h GwU Abš—Kvj †_‡K wQj GKiƒ‡c GesAcwiewZ©Z iƒ‡c| †KviAv‡bi ÷vBj I iPbv †`‡L ‡evSv hvq GUv AvnvgwiI bq, A‡jŠwKK MÖš’I bq| †KviAvb LvuwU Aviwe fvlvqwjwLZ bq, Gi g‡a¨ eû we‡`kx kã Av‡Q| †KviAvb g~jZ †gvnv¤§` iwPZ M`¨-Kve¨, Ab¨ wKQy bq| †KviAvb m¤‡Ü Zvuiv Av‡ivIe‡jb †h, GB MÖš’ AwbZ¨ Rq, m„ó I DgvBqv Lwjdv wØZxq gviIqvb (g„. 749)-Gi c„ô‡cvlKZv K‡i‡Qb Ges AveŸvwm Lwjdv‡`imiKvwi mg_©b †c‡q‡Q| AveŸvmx Lwjdv gvgyb (g„. 833) agx©q Av`vjZ MVb K‡i Gi cÖPjbI K‡i‡Qb|

hyw³ev`x I gy³ wPš—vi AwaKvix gyZvwRjviv, †KviAvb †h A‡jŠwKK MÖš’, †Mvuovev`x‡`i GB gš—e¨‡K †gvKv‡ejv Kivi Rb¨ cÖvPxbAviwe Kwe I Ávbxe¨w³‡`i iPbv RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ weZiY K‡iwQj Ges †`Lv‡Z †P‡qwQj †h GB cÖvPxb Kwe‡`i iPbv ÷vBj GesˆbwZK wk¶vq †KviAv‡bi †P‡q A‡bK DbœZ| gyZvwRjv †jLK Ges Aviwe M‡`¨i GKRb we‡klÁ Avgi Beb evnvi (g„. 869) AvjRvwnR bv‡g L¨vZ-e‡jwQ‡jb †h, †KviAvb iPbvq I fvlvq GKwU fv‡jv MÖš’ e‡U, Z‡e cwic~Y© Aviwe fvlvq bq (Not inperfection of Arabic)| †`Lv hvq †h, gyZvwRjv m¤cÖ vq wek¦vm K‡i i¶Ykxj gZev` Abyhvqx †KviAvb wPiš—b n‡Z cv‡i bv|KviY GKUv we‡kl ¯’vb I Kv‡j Zvi m„wó n‡qwQj|

i¶Ykxj Bmjvwg gZev` Abyhvqx c„w_ex Avj­vni Øviv m„ó Ges Qq w`‡b mvZ ¯—‡i GB c„w_ex m„wó| Aciw`‡K wMÖK `vk©wbKGwi÷U‡ji g‡Z c„w_ex wPiš—b| gyZvwRjviv `vwe K‡i c„w_ex m„ó I wPiš—b| Giv e‡j, c„w_ex cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq wb¯—ä I wbðj wQjGes Zv wPiš—bZvi mc‡¶ ejv hvq| wKš‘ Avj­vn& G‡Z †`n, cÖvY I MwZ mÂvi K‡i‡Qb| Zv‡`i GB gZev` ga¨cš’x‡`i gZev`|cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq gyZvwRjv ZË¡ I Z_¨¸‡jv wMÖK fveavivi cÖfv‡e D™¢yZ bv n‡jI cieZx© hy‡M gyZvwRjv gZev‡`i weKv‡k Gwi÷Uj I†c­‡Uvi wPš—vavivi mgšq mvab n‡qwQj, G K_v Ab¯xKvh©| I wjqvix h_v_© e‡j‡Qb †h, wMÖK cÖfve wmixq wLª÷vb‡`i gva¨‡g Bmjv‡gAbycÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q| (Arabic Thought and its place in History)|

gyZvwRjv‡`i Z‡Ë¡i cÖavb Drm wQj wMÖK `vk©wbK m‡µwUm, †c­‡Uv, Gwi÷U‡ji `k©b, wPš—v‡PZbv, cÖvP¨, cvðvZ¨ Z_v †KvivAv‡bi

eû AvqvZ, †hgb G‡Z (†KviAvb kwi‡d) †mB mg¯— †jv‡Ki Rb¨ Bw½Z i‡q‡Q hviv Dcjwä K‡i, hyw³-ZK© Øviv we‡ePbv K‡i kªeYK‡i Ges Mfxi wPš—vq gMœ _v‡K| ZvB G‡`i Avnj Avj Kvjvg A_ev hyw³ev`x †Mvôx ejv nq| ZrKvj †_‡K eZ©gvb Kvj ch©š—gyZvwRjviv Bmjvwg `k©b, gy³wPš—v, cÖMwZev`x-hyw³ev`x Z_v eyw×ev`x wn‡m‡e Bmjvwg †i‡bmuvi aviK wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| gyZvwRjvivAvRI ZrKvj Ges ¯-Kv‡ji Rb¨ we¯§q|

Z_¨m~Î :

1. evUªv©Û iv‡mj - cvðvZ¨ `k©‡bi BwZnvm (AvaywbK hyM)|†eÄvwgb IqvKvi - dvD‡Ûkb Ae Bmjvg (Abyev` : mvÕ` Dj­vn) |mvÕ` Dj­vn& - Bmjvgx `k©b I `vk©wbK|mvÕ` Dj­vn& - Bmjv‡gi wfbœgZ I ¶gZvi jovB|mvÕ` Dj­vn& - Bmjv‡g agx©q ivR‰bwZK †Mvwô|W. Avwgbyj Bmjvg - Bmjvg ag© I gymwjg `k©b|ivûj msK…Z¨vqb - `k©b w`M`k©b|

Kv‡ji Avqbvq bvixgyw³i nvjPvjGg G Avwjg

mg¯— c„w_ex‡Z cÖvq mv‡o Qq kZ †KvwUi gZ gvbyl i‡q‡Q| c„w_exi GB wecyj RbmsL¨vi cÖvq Aa©vskB bvix| bvix m¤¢eZ gnvRM‡Zime‡P‡q Av‡jvwPZ| cÖvPxbKv‡j bvix I cyi“l wb‡R‡`i j¾v-m¤£g wb‡q †Zgb GKUv fveZ bv| fveZ bv Zv‡`i RxweKv wb‡qI| bvixI cyi“liv ZLb `je× n‡qB RxweKv wbe©v‡ni Rb¨ djg~j msMÖn I wewfbœ cÖKvi cï-cvwL wkKvi KiZ| we‡kl we‡kl ixwZ-bxwZiD™¢e bv nIqvi Kvi‡Y ZrKvjxb mgvRe¨e¯’v wQj Ak­xjZvq cwic~Y©| A_©vr bvix-cyi“‡li gv‡S ZLb wQj Aeva †hŠbvPvi|

†hŠbwgj‡b bvixiv Mf©eZx© nZ| e‡ii m~‡Î Zviv GK¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨¯’v‡b Mgb KiZ| KL‡bv ev cvnvo-ce©Z cvwo w`‡q Zv‡`im¤§y‡L Pi‡Z nZ| Avi ZLbB NUZ Mf©eZx bvix‡`i Rb¨ wec`| †Kbbv, Mf©eZx bvix‡`i DPzu f~wg‡Z Av‡ivnY wKsev PjvPj wQjLyeB Kómva¨ Ges cðv`Mvgx| Mf©eZx bvixiv hyׇ¶‡ÎI wQj AcviM| Kv‡RB mg‡qi mv‡_ cvj­v w`‡q m¤§y‡L Pj‡Z bv cvivi Kvi‡Yµ‡g µ‡g M„nB n‡q I‡V Zv‡`i cÖavb Avkªq¯’j|

ga¨hy‡M mg¯— c„w_exe¨vcxB hLb agx©q cÖfv‡ei e¨vcK QovQwo, ZLb bvixiv ewniv½b †_‡K Av‡iv ¸wU‡q †h‡Z _v‡K| we‡kl K‡igymwjg bvixiv| cyi“l bvix‡K mvwR‡q‡Q AmsL¨ Awfavq| †h Awfavmg~‡ni †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bvwU Ggb KzrwmZ ‡h, ejv evûj¨|mgvRe¨e¯’v cÖPwjZ nIqvi ci †_‡KB µ‡g µ‡g cyi“l mgvR Pvjv‡bvi cy‡iv `vwqZ¡fvi MÖnY K‡i, Avi bvix‡`i M„ne›`x Kivi Rb¨ˆZwi Ki‡Z _v‡K wewfbœ mvgvwRK k„•Lj| cyi“l bvix‡K e›`x Kivi Rb¨ ˆZwi K‡i‡Q cwievi mgvR I ivóª| m„wói ci †_‡K cyi“livbvix m¤ú‡K© †h me †k­vK-wewa-weavb ˆZwi K‡i‡Q Zvi cÖvq meUvB m‡›`nRbK I AvcwËKi| bvix cwievi, mgvR I iv‡óª cyi“‡limvRv‡bv wewaweav‡b µ‡g k„•LwjZ n‡q c‡o| cyi“l bvix‡K †kLvq Zv‡K kª×v ev m¤§vb Ki‡Z, cvkvcvwk fqI Ki‡Z| Kv‡RBk„•LwjZ bvixi Aš—iI cyi“‡li cÖwZ _v‡K fxZ m¯¿ —, KviY cyi“l bvix‡K `vmx K‡i †i‡L‡Q| NUbvi NbNUvq c‡o wKsev ¯xq ¯v‡_©I AcÖZ¨vwkZ f‡q cyi“l KL‡bv KL‡bv bvixi RqMvb K‡i gnxqmx iƒ‡c wKsev †`ex iƒ‡c| mycÖvPxbKvj †_‡K eZ©gvb ch©š— GB my xN©mgq a‡i cyi“l ïay Zvi ˆRweK Pvwn`v PwiZv_© Kivi Rb¨B bvix‡K cÖ‡qvRb Ges LvwbK g~j¨evbI g‡b K‡i Avm‡Q| †hŠbvPvi m¤úbœKivi gyn~Z© wj‡Z cyi“liv bvix‡K AwfwnZ Ki‡Z _v‡K wewfbœ gb †fvjv‡bv wbQK Awfavq| bvix Zv‡Z weMwjZ nq; wKš‘ ¯xqAÁZvq f~‡j hvq cyi“‡li GB mvRv‡bv cÖZviYvi K_v| my xN© mgq a‡i cyi“liv bvix‡K Ae`wgZ Ki‡Z Ki‡Z GZUvB K‡i‡Q †h,bvix GLb cyi“‡li †Kv‡bv Lvivc Kv‡RiI wei“×vPiY Ki‡Z fq cvq| bvixi †h wbR¯ Aw¯—Z¡ i‡q‡Q, ZviI †h wbR¯ wPš—v †PZbv,g~j¨‡eva i‡q‡Q Zv †m †egvjyg fy‡j hvq| cÖK…Z c‡¶ Zviv, fy‡j hvq bv, Zv‡`i fywj‡q †`Iqv nq|

bvixi we‡eK‡eva myß; †m wb‡RI †h cyi“‡li b¨vq ¯Zš¿ mËv, Zvi wPš—v †PZbv Kg©I †h g~j¨evb wKQy n‡Z cv‡i, mf¨ZviAMÖMwZ‡Z †mI †h g~j¨evb †Kvb Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡iÑGgb cÖkœ nqZ †Kvb †Kvb bvixi g‡b KL‡bv KL‡bv Rv‡M, wKš‘ Zv ¯’vqxZ¡ jvfKi‡Z cv‡i bv| †Kbbv, mgvR KvVv‡gv‡K wcZ…Zš¿ Ggbfv‡e wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q †h, GKv ev ¯ívs‡ki ¶z ª wPš—‡b Zvi gyw³ m¤¢e bq|

eZ©gvb mf¨Zv n‡”Q wcZ…Zvwš¿K mf¨Zv ev cyi“lZvwš¿K mf¨Zv| cyi“lZ‡š¿i †mŠi‡jv‡Ki m~h© cyi“l Avi bvix n‡”Q AÜKvi|cyi“lZvwš¿K mf¨Zvq cyi“l gyL¨, bvix †MŠY| cyi“l cÖfy, bvix `vmx; cyi“l kixi, bvix Qvqv; cyi“l eªvþY, bvix k~ &ªx cyi“l weKwkZ, bvixAweKwkZ| wcZ…Zvwš¿K mf¨Zvq cyi“l wbqš¿K Avi bvix wbqwš¿Z; cyi“l †kvlK; bvix †kvwlZ cyi“l mf¨Zvi kx‡l© Av‡ivnY K‡i µ‡gavivevwnKfv‡e RqMvb K‡i P‡j‡Q wb‡R‡`i| wcZ…Zvwš¿K mf¨Zvq cyi“‡li hZ RqMvb Kiv nq ZZB Kiv nq bvixi Rb¨ wb›`v| bvixA¶g, A_e©, ciwbf©ikxj BZ¨vw`|

bvixi cÖviw¤¢K iƒc n‡”Q wkï| †KD bvix n‡q Rb¥ †bq bv µgk bvix n‡q I‡V| (bvix, ûgvqyb AvRv`, c„óv 19) GKwU †g‡q wkïf~wgó nIqvi ci †hw`‡K ZvKvq †mw`‡KB †`‡L cyi“‡li AvwacZ¨| †MvUv c„w_exUvB †hb cyi“‡li| wcZ…Z‡š¿i cwievi †kLvq cyi“lcÖavb, mgvR †kLvq cyi“l cÖavb, we`¨vjq, gnvwe`¨vjq, cÖPvi gva¨g, wewfbœ cÖwZôvb †kLvq cyi“l cÖavb Ae¯’v †`‡L g‡b n‡e †hbmgvR iv‡óªi cÖwZwU ms¯’v cyi“‡li cÖvavb¨ cÖPvi, cÖwZôv I msi¶‡Yi ms¯’v| mZxZ¡ bvix‡K cyi“‡li †`Iqv GKwU Dcvwa| kirP›`ª,Awbjv †`exi QÙbv‡g e‡jb, Ò...mZx‡Z¡i evov bvixi Avi ¸Y bvB| me †`‡ki cyi“lB GK_v †ev‡S, GUv cyi“‡li Kv‡Q me‡P‡qDcv‡`q mvgMÖx| ... GB mZxZ¡ †h bvixi KZeo ag© nIqv DwPZ, ivgvqY, gnvfviZ I cyivYvw`‡Z †m K_vi cybtcybt Av‡jvPbv nBqvwMqv‡Q| ...GLv‡b ¯qs fMevb B›`ª ch©š— mZx‡Z¡i `vc‡U KZevi Aw¯’i nBqv wMqv‡Qb| wKš‘ mgm¨ ZK©B GKZidv GKv bvixiRb¨|Ó

cyi“l GL‡bv bvix‡K †`‡L †fvM¨cY¨ iƒ‡c| ¸›Uvi MÖv‡mi weL¨vZ GKwU KweZvq Avgiv ZviB wPÎ ¯úó †`L‡Z cvB :cyi“l Pzl‡Z †`qbveo Ijvb Szwj‡q Mvfx hLb

evoxi c‡_ iv —v †c‡ivq, hvbevnb _vwg‡q w`‡qcyi“liv Avo †Pv‡L ZvKvqcyi“l †Kej Z…Zxq —‡bi ¯cœ †`‡Lcyi“l `y» †cvl¨ wkï‡K Bl©v K‡i ...(¸›Uvi MÖvm msKjb, c„óv 19)

Dcwbl‡`i Fwl ¯¿x m¤ú‡K© gby I Zvnvi †cvlvK mvgš— mgvR n‡Z eû ¯úó Dw³ K‡i‡Qb| Fwli e³e¨ wQj ¯¿xi wb‡Ri i“wPi Rb¨¯¿x wcÖq nq bv, cyi“‡li i“wP weav‡bi Rb¨B ¯¿x wcÖq nq|Õ (b‰e fvh©vqv : Kvgvq fvl©v wcÖqv fewZ| AvZ¥vbš— Kvgvq fvl©v wcÖqv fewZ \(gvbe mgvR, 142) bvix‡`i ¯vaxbZv niY Kiv n‡q‡Q| Zviv civaxb| G wel‡q GKwU bxwZ evK¨ Ki‡Z cvwiÑKzgvix Kv‡j Zvnvii¶K wcZv †hŠebKv‡j cwZ Ges eva©‡K¨I i¶K n‡e cyÎ; ¯¿xi KL‡bv ¯Zš¿Zv _vKv DwPZ bq|Õ

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Gi ci wcZ…Z‡š¿i cÖengvb ˆbwZKZvq ¶gZvi †`ŠivZ¥ µgkB GwM‡q P‡j; †h_v bvix cyZz‡jiB Abyiƒc| Ò¯¿xi Ae¯’v mgv‡Rµ‡gB Lvivc nBqv‡Q, µ‡gB Zvnvi †gŠwjK AwaKvi¸wj jywÉZ nBqv‡Q Ges †k‡l ¯¿x we›`ygvÎ cÖwZev` Kwi‡Z mvnm cvq bv; †Kej†Mvc‡b wel‡q ¸wUi g‡Zv GB wbgg©Zv‡K KÉjxb K‡i †bq| Gi KviY LyeB ¯úó wcZ…Z‡š¿i mgvR KvVv‡gv Ggbfv‡e ˆZwi †h, ¯¿xi†¯”QvPv‡i mgv‡Ri bvK Kvb KvUv hv‡e Avi cyi“‡li åóvPvi‡K mgvR dzu w`‡q Dwo‡q †`q|

†cvkvK cwi”Q‡`i †¶‡ÎI bvix‡`i ¯vaxbZv †bB; cyi“lB wba©viY K‡i w`‡q‡Q bvix Kx †cvlvK ci‡e| `xN©w`b a‡i bvixiAe`wgZ ü`‡q wcZ…Zvwš¿K cÖfv‡e `vmxe„wË g‡bvfve VvuB K‡i wb‡q‡Q| bvixev`x †iv‡Kqv e‡j‡Qb Avgv‡`i gb ch©š— `vm nBqvwMqv‡Q| (†iv‡Kqv iPbvejx, 17) wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb, kixi †hgb RowcÊ, gb Z‡ZvwaK Ro (†iv‡Kqv iPbvejx, 25); Avgv‡`i kqbK‡¶ †hgb m~h©v‡jvK cÖ‡ek K‡i bv, Z`ª“c g‡bvK‡¶I Áv‡bi Av‡jvK cÖ‡ek Kwi‡Z cvq bv| (†iv‡Kqv iPbvejx, 26); eûKvj nB‡Zbvix ü`‡qi D”P e„w˸wj A¼z‡i webó nIqvq bvixi Aš—i, evwni, gw¯— ‹, ü`q meB Ô`vmxÕ nBqv cwoqv‡Q| (†iv‡Kqv iPbvejx, 28)

ZvB bvixi Rb¨ GB `vmxe„wË g‡bvfve cwinvi Kiv Avek¨K| G Rb¨ PvB ¯vZš¿ ‡eva|Ô¯vZš¿ Õ n‡e Amvgvb¨Zvi cÖZxK| Zvi g‡bvf~wg n‡e m„Rbkxj-wbZ¨ evmš—x nvIqv eB‡e Zv‡Z| fv½‡b _vK‡e Zvi †e`bv‡eva,

Mo‡b RvM‡e Dj­vm| (Avng` kixd iPbvewj, 123)ZvB KvwjK cÖn‡i bvixgyw³i Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb ¯xqwP‡Ëi RvMiY, Rxe‡bi RvMiY| Rxe‡bi hLb RvMiY Av‡m, ZLb gvbyl Db¥y³ n‡q

D‡V AvZ¥cÖmv‡i| ZLb ZvRv cÖvY wN‡i _v‡K m„wó my‡Li Dj­vm... ZvB cÖMwZ wKsev AMÖMwZ Avm‡j g‡biB wPš—v fvebvi dmj|(Avng` kixd iPbvewj, 123)

cyi“‡li Kvge„wË cÖej| Aek¨ bvixi I †h †bB Zv bq; Z‡e cyi“l ïay bvixi †hŠbKvg PwiZv_© Kivi Rb¨B bvix‡K Av‡eMvKzjZvqKv‡Q Uv‡b| Av‡e‡M n‡q c‡o wenŸj, Db¥y³| G cÖm‡½ †UvKb VvKz‡ii GKwU KweZvi K‡qKwU cO&w³ ¯§iY †hvM¨ :

Ô...GKRb bvixi g‡a¨ mgy ª Av‡Q, e›`i Av‡Q RvnvRI Av‡Q|Avi AmsL¨ cyi“l Rvnv‡Ri W‡K Kg †eZ‡bi MZiLvUvLvjvwm n‡q gv‡mi ci gvm mgy‡`ª e‡m _v‡K|eûw`b †m Zvi evwo‡ZI †d‡i bv|Õ(mgKvj, Kv‡ji †Lqv, 10.11.2006)

bvixiv cyi“‡li ˆZwi cÖ_vq GL‡bv e›`x| Amy ’ e¨w³i wPš—v-†PZbv †hgb Amy ’ _v‡K, †Zgwb cÖ_vq ev k„•L‡ji MwʇZ †e‡o IVvbvixi Aš—i I k„•LwjZ _v‡K| GgZve¯’vq _v‡K Zvi ¯xq AwaKvi| Aek¨, bvixiI †h ¯Zš¿ mËv i‡q‡Q, ZviI †h ¯xq AwaKvicÖ‡qvRb, ¯vaxbZv cÖ‡qvRb, Ggb wPš—vI Zvi Ae‡PZ‡bB †_‡K hvq| bvixi AwaKvi wb‡q GK‡MvÎ cyi“l Ewbk kZK †_‡K jovBK‡i‡Qb bvixi c‡¶| Zv‡`i `„wó‡Z bvix I cyi“‡li i‡q‡Q mgvb AwaKvi| ZvQvov bvix I cyi“‡li Df‡qi g~j cwiPq n‡”Q Zvivgvbyl| bvixev`x †iv‡Kqvi †Pv‡L cyi“l kãwUB wQj AvcwËKi| wZwb cyi“l‡K Dcnvm Ki‡Qb, Zv‡K MY¨ K‡i‡Qb cïi †_‡KIwbK…óiƒc| wZwb e‡jb, Ôhw` ¯v_©ciZv, a~Z©Zv I KcUvPvi‡K m`¸b ejv hvq, Z‡e Aek¨ cyi“lRvwZ KzKz‡ii Zzjbvq †kªô|Ó(†iv‡Kqv iPbvewj, c„: 170) cyi“lZ‡š¿i ˆZwi GK Hkx fvev`k© Ô¯vgxÕ hv cyi“l‡K DËxY© K‡i‡Q bvixi weavZvi ¯—‡i| Ô¯vgxÕ Zvui

Kv‡Q AZ¨š— AvcwËKi kã| wZwb cÖkœ K‡i‡Qb, kªxgwZMY Rxe‡b wPim½x, kªxgvbw`M‡K Ô¯vgxÕ fve‡eb †Kb? (†iv‡Kqv iPbvewj, c„:43) wZwb G kãwU evwZj K‡i cÖ —ve K‡i‡Qb GKwU bZzb kã: Avkv Kwi GLb Ô¯vgxÕ ¯’‡j ÔAa©v½xÕ kã cÖPwjZ nB‡e| (†iv‡KqviPbvewj, c„: 44)

c~‡e©B e‡jwQ, cyi“‡li ˆZwi Kiv cÖ_vq bvixiv GL‡bv e›`x| Avi †m cÖ_vq wbgMœ n‡qB bvixiv Aj¼vi c‡i| bvixi Aj¼vi wb‡qI†iv‡Kqv Zxeª cwinvm K‡i‡Qb| Zvi g‡Z, ÔAvgv‡`i AwZwcÖq Aj¼vi¸wjÑG¸wj `vm‡Z¡i wb`k©b we‡kl| GLb Bnv †mŠ›`h© ea©‡biAvkvq e¨envi Kiv n‡q e‡U; wKš‘ A‡bK gvb¨Mb¨ e¨w³i g‡Z Aj¼vi `vm‡Z¡i wb`k©b (Originally badges of slavery) wQj| ZvB†`Lv hvq, KvivMv‡i e›`xMY cvq, †jvnwbwg©Z †eox c‡i, Avgiv (Av`‡ii wRwbm ewjqv) ¯Y© †iŠ‡c¨i †eox A_©vr gj cwi| Dnv‡`invZKwo †jŠn wbwg©Z, Avgv‡`i nvZKwo ¯vY© ev †iŠc¨ wbwg©Z Pzwo! KzKz‡ii M‡j †h MjveÜ †`wL, Dnv‡`iB AbyKi‡Y †eva nqAvgv‡`i R‡ovqv wPK wbwg©Z nBqv‡Q| ... †Mv-¯vgx ej‡`i bvwmKv we× Kwiqv ÔbvKv`oxÕ civq, G‡`‡k Avgv‡`i ¯vgx Ô‡bvjKÕcivBqv‡Qb! H †bvjK nB‡Z‡Q ¯vgxÕi Aw¯’‡Z¡i (maevi) wb`k©b! (†iv‡Kqv iPbvejx, c„: 19-20)

Zvui gy‡LB Avgiv ïb‡Z cvB bvixgyw³i GK PigevYxÑÒKb¨v¸wj‡K mywkw¶Zv Kwiqv Kg©‡¶‡Î Qvwoqv `vI, wb‡Ri Rb¨ e¯¿ DcvR©bKi“K|Ó (†iv‡Kqv iPbvewj, c„: 30)| AvVvi kZ‡Ki GK wec­ex bvixev`x †jwLKv †gwi Zvui `ye©j wj½xq †kªYxi kixi I g‡b kw³AR©‡bi †Póv K‡ib| wZwb e‡jb, ÔGKgvÎ Dcv‡q bvixiv c„w_ex‡Z `vuov‡Z cv‡iÑwe‡q eÕ†m| G Kvgbv Zv‡`i cï‡Z cwiYZ K‡i,hLb, Zv‡`i we‡q nq ZLb Zviv Ggb AvPiY K‡i hv ïay wkï‡`i Kv‡QB Avkv Kiv hvqÑZviv mvR‡MvR K‡i, Zviv iO gv‡L|Õ (GwfwÛ‡Kkb Ad w` ivBUm Ad I g¨vb)

wk¶vi gva¨‡g bvixi wPš—vчPZbvi cÖf~Z DbœwZ m¤¢e| bvixiv †h‡nZz M„ncwi‡e‡k wcZ…Z‡š¿i cÖevngvb avivq †e‡o I‡V ZvB Zv‡`iwbZ¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq A‡bK wKQyi Rb¨B cyi“‡li Dci wbf©i Ki‡Z nq| bvix‡`i GB M„ng‡bvfve, ciwbf©ikxjZvi Rb¨ cy‡iv mgvRe¨e¯’v, mvgvwRK Kzms¯‹vi I AbMÖmi g‡bvfveB `vqx| Awk¶v I mgv‡Ri i¶Ykxj g‡bvfv‡eB Kvi‡YB bvixiv AvRI ¯vej¤x bq|Rxeb Pjvi c‡_ bvix‡`i gZvg‡Zi we‡kl g~j¨vqb Kiv nq bv ej‡jB P‡j| wcZ…Z‡š¿i wek¦vmÑZviv cÖ‡qvR‡b mwVK wm×vš— wb‡Zcv‡i bv| †hgbÑD`vniY¯iƒc ejv hvqÑÔwe‡qÕ| we‡q‡Z mvaviYZ MÖvgxY AwaKvsk †g‡qiB gZvg‡Zi g~j¨vqb nq bv; ïay MÖvg bqkn‡iI Lye ¯ívsk †g‡q‡iB gZvg‡Zi g~j¨vqb nq, hv †gv‡Ui Zzjbvq LyeB bMb¨| AvRI K‡b †`Lvi gv‡b Zvi iƒc, †`‡ni evwn¨KMVb (`vuZ, Kvb, bvK, nvZ, †Kk, myMwVZ ¯—b) cQ›` Kiv| A‡bKUv evRv‡i fvj Mi“ µq-weµ‡qi gZ NUbv Avi wK! eZ©gv‡b Aek¨bvix‡`i wewfbœ Kg©‡¶‡Î †`Lv hvq, Z‡e Zv †gv‡Ui Zzjbvq LyeB AcÖZzj bq wK? Dchy³ wk¶v I my‡hvM †c‡j Zviv cwiev‡i IKg©‡¶‡Î bvbv ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Kv‡R Ask MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| cv‡i ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Kv‡R wm×vš— wb‡Z Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b †bZ…Z¡ w`‡Z| Bsj¨v‡ÛigvM©v‡iU †_Pvi, fvi‡Zi Bw›`iv MvÜx, kªxjsKvi kªxgv‡fv e›`i bv‡qK, evsjv‡`‡ki Lv‡j`v wRqv, †kL nvwmbv, bvix wk¶v I bvix gyw³Av‡›`vj‡bi †bÎx †eMg †iv‡Kqv Ges cvwK¯—v‡bi Avmgv Rvnv½xi Gi cÖK…ó D`vniY|

bvix‡`i m¤ú‡K© GZKvj a‡i †h mg¯— åvš— I Kzms¯‹vi mgv‡R e×g~j n‡q Av‡Q Zv GKw`‡b †hgb cwieZ©b m¤¢e bq †Zgwb¯ívs‡ki cÖ‡Póvq I Zv `~ixf~Z Kiv m¤¢e bq| bvixi wb‡Ri Ae¯’vb Ges fwel¨r m„wó K‡i wb‡Z n‡e wb‡R‡KB, cyi“l Zvi fwel¨rm„wó Ki‡e bv| bvixi wbi¼zk gyw³ ZLbB NU‡eÑhLb bvixi fwel¨r gvbyl nIqv, bvix nIqv, bvix _vKv bq|

nvq ¯cœ! nvq mf¨Zv!wjUb `vm

w`be`‡ji mv‡_ AvgivI cÖwZwbqZ e`‡j hvw”Q| Avgiv Avgv‡`i gbylZ¡‡K wewµ K‡i w`‡qwQ Ab¨‡`i nv‡Z| Iiv Avgv‡`i‡K †hfv‡e B”Qv †mfv‡e bvPv‡”Q| Avgiv cÖwZev` Kiv fy‡j †MwQ| AcÖ‡qvRbxq wRwbm wb‡q bxieZv †f‡OwQ Avevi cÖ‡qvR‡bi mgq bxie†_‡KwQ| Avgiv Avgv‡`i mf¨Zv‡K fy‡j wM‡q Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Amf¨Zv‡K MÖnY K‡iwQ| wewkó `vk©wbK Kvj© gvK©m(1818-1883)e‡jwQ‡jb Òag© n‡”Q Mwi‡ei AvwdgÓ| AvR †mB Avwd‡gi †bkvi g‡a¨ Avgiv nveyWyey Lvw”Q| Avgiv †mB Avwdg‡KAvgv‡`i Rxe‡bi mv‡_ Ggbfv‡e Rwo‡q †i‡LwQ hv‡Z K‡i Avgiv Amf¨ bv n‡q hvB| Avgv‡`i me mgq g‡bi g‡a¨ A_© vr gv_vig‡a¨ GKUv wPš—v KvR K‡i Avm‡Q, †h †jvKwU GB Avwdg MÖnY Ki‡e bv †m KLbI fvj gvbyl n‡e bv! †mB †jvKwU n‡q hv‡e Kvwdi|Avgv‡`i wbR¯ mf¨Zv‡K nvwi‡q AvR GB Avwd‡gi Amf¨Zvi ee©iZv g‡b-cÖv‡Y MÖnY KiwQ, A_ev Ki‡Z eva¨ KiwQ| Avgv‡`i†`‡ki gyw³‡hv×viv AvR `vwi‡`ª i RivRxY© cwi‡e‡k Amnvqfv‡e Rxeb KvUv‡”Q A_P †KD GKUv cÖwZev` K‡i bv ivRc‡_ †b‡g|Avi Gw`‡K Avwdg‡mebKvixiv Kx `vc‡U Mvwo, evwo, ivRc_, wk¶vcÖwZôvb GgbwK †`kUv ch©š— I‡`i Kv‡jv nv‡Zi gy‡Vvi wfZ‡iwb‡q hv‡”Q| Avgiv GiciI I‡`i‡K mv‡cvU© Kwi| I‡`i‡K †fvU w`‡q wbe©vwPZ Kwi|

we‡bv`‡Yi gva¨g wUwf| wUwf Pvjy Ki‡j weÁvc‡b †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq Amf¨Zvi wb`k©b| K‡qKUv weÁvcb †hgbÑÒGKv GKv †L‡Z PvI, `iRv eÜ K‡i LvI!ÓÒGKUv †g‡q †`Šu‡o Avm‡Q †Uª‡b DVvi Rb¨ÑA_P Zvi nvZwU Kv‡jv nIqvq Zvi nvZwU †KD ai‡Q bvÓ †dBm cwi¯‹vi, ZzjZz‡j bv nIqvq †m fvj cvidig¨vÝ Ki‡Z cvi‡Qbv|ÕÒGKwU wmMv‡iU LvIqvi Rb¨ GKUv my›`ix †g‡q G‡m Zv‡K Rwo‡q ai‡Q BZ¨vw` GB iKg †jL‡j K‡qKkUv †jLv n‡q hv‡e|

Dch©y³ weÁvcb¸‡jv wK mf¨Zv bv Amf¨Zvi wPý? †g‡q‡`i‡K Avgiv cY¨ wn‡m‡e e¨envi KiwQ| Avgv‡`i †Q‡j‡g‡qiv GB ai‡biweÁvcb †`‡L Lvivc n‡e bv fvj n‡e †mUv wPš—v bv K‡i e¨emvi jvf n‡e bv ¶wZ n‡e †mUv wPš—v Kwi| e¨emvi jv‡fi Rb¨†g‡q‡`i‡K hw` †fvM¨cY¨ Ki‡Z nq ZeyI Zviv Ki‡e| GB ai‡bi ivóª †_‡K Avgv‡`i Rvbvi ev †kLvi Kx Av‡Q?

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wKš‘ g‡ib wb (‡R‡bwmm 32: 30, G‡·vWvm 33 : 11)

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†g‡q 2/3 I ¯¿x 1/8 Ask| Zvn‡j †gvU Ask `uvovq (1/6+1/6+2/3+1/8) = 27/24 Ask, hv g~j cwigv‡Yi †P‡q †ewk| c‡inRiZ Avjx Zv ms‡kvab K‡ib, hv div‡q‡R AvB‡b ÔAvDjÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ| m~iv dv‡Znvi Pvi †_‡K mvZ b¤i AvqvZ ch©š— Avj­vni evYx nq wKfv‡e? †Kbbv AvqvZ¸‡jvi c~‡e© Ô K¡–jÕ ev e‡jv ev ÔGB e‡jcÖv_©bv KivÕ ejv nq bvB|GQvov m~iv ZIev ¯Zš¿ m~iv bvwK Ab¨ †Kvb m~ivi ev m~iv Avbdv‡ji Ask Zv wb‡q we‡f` Av‡Q| m~iv dxj I †KvivBk GK m~iv bvwKc„_K `ywU m~iv Zv wb‡q A‡bK weZK© wQj| ZvQvov †Kviv‡bi AvqvZ, kã, eY©, msL¨v wb‡q we‡f` i‡q‡Q, Zv A‡b‡KB †Lqvj K‡ibbv| Gevi Avwm nvw`‡m| Avey hi †Mdvwi (iv.) GKw`b ivmyjyj­vn (mvt) Gi mv‡_ m~h©v‡¯—i mgq gmwR‡` Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb| ivmyjyj­vn(mvt) ej‡jb Avey hi, m~h© †Kv_vq A¯— hvq Rv‡bv? Avey hi ej‡jb, Avj­vn Ges Zuvi ivmyjB fvj Rv‡bb| ZLb ivmyjyj­vn (mvt)ej‡jb, m~h© Pj‡Z Pj‡Z Avi‡ki wb‡P †cŠu‡Q †mR`v K‡i| nhiZ Avãyj­vn Be‡b Igi †_‡KI GB m¤‡Ü nv`xm ewY©Z n‡q‡Q †h,cÖ‡Z¨K m~h© Avi‡ki wb‡P †cuŠ‡Q †mR`v Ges bZzb cwiåg‡Yi AbygwZ cÖv_©bv K‡i| AbygwZ jvf K‡i bZzb cwiågY ïi“ K‡i|(Zdmxi gvAv‡idzj †KviAvb, c„ôv-1133)GLb cÖkœ nj c„w_exi GK RvqMvq m~h©v¯— n‡j Ab¨ RvqMvq _vK‡e `ycyi, Av‡iK RvqMvq _vK‡e m~‡h©v`q| Zvn‡j hv ejv nj, Zvie¨vL¨v Kx? wek¦m„wói Avw`‡Z †h Ae¯’v weivR KiwQj, wn›`ya‡g©i gbymswnZvi Fwl Zv eY©bv K‡i‡Qb Gfv‡e, ÔGB †h wek¦msmvi †Pv‡Li mvg‡bcÖZ¨¶ Zv wQj Mvp AÜKv‡i wbgw¾Z| GB AÜKvi RMr wQj Avgv‡`i Áv‡bi AZxZ, †Kv‡bv j¶‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ G m¤ú‡K© Abygv‡bi†Kv‡bv Dcvq wQj bv| GB RMr wQj A‡Áq, †hb me©‡Zvfv‡e Mvp wb`ªvq Av”Qbœ| GB cÖjqve¯’vi ci ¯q¤¢~ m~¶iƒcx fMevb cÂgnvf~ZcÖf„wZ‡Z e¨³ Ki‡jb- wZwb AwgZ‡ZRv, cÖjqve¯’vi webvkK iƒ‡cB †hb Avwef~©Z n‡jb|Õ (gbymswnZv 1: 6-7) m„wói Avw`‡Z Kx wQj Zv HwZ‡iq Dcwbl‡` wee„Z n‡q‡Q- Ôm„wói c~‡e© GB RMr AwØZxq AvZ¥¯iƒ‡cB eZ©gvb wQj; wb‡glvw`wµqvkxj Ab¨ wKQyB wQj bv| †mB AvZ¥v GB iƒc C¶b Kwi‡jb- ÒAvwg †jvKmg~n m„Rb KwieÓ|Õ (1:1:1) e„n`viY¨K Dcwbl‡`i g‡Z, Ôc~‡e© wKQyB wQj bv, GB RMr †fvR‡b”Qviƒc g„Zz Øviv Ave„Z wQj, KviY eyfy¶vB g„Zz | ÔAvwg mgb¯‹nBeÕ- GBiƒc D‡Ïk¨hy³ nBqv H g„Zz Kvh©ch©v‡jvPb¶g g‡bi m„wó Ki‡jb| wZwb Avcbv‡K c~Rv Kwiqv wePiY Kwi‡Z jvwM‡jb|wZwb hLb AP©bviZ wQ‡jb, ZLb D`K (Rj) Drcbœ nBj|Õ (1:2:1) ÔRjB AK©| D³ ¯’‡j R‡ji Dc‡i m‡ii b¨vq hvnv nBqvwQj,Dnv Mvp nBj; Ges Dnv c„w_ex‡Z cwiYZ nBj| c„w_ex m„wó nB‡j kªvš— K¬vš— †mB g„Zz †_‡K †Z‡Rvim wbM©Z nBj; (BwbB) AwMœ A_©vrweivU|Õ (1:2:2)

G eY©bv †_‡K GUvB Dcjwã nq †h, wn›`ya‡g©i m„wóZ‡Ë¡i mv‡_ weÁv‡bi †KvbI m¤úK© †bB Ges Zv Avw`g Kíbv ˆe wKQy bq|Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ¯úó †`Lv hvq, hyw³i mv‡_ wek¦v‡mi Ø›Ø cÖKU Ges weivU| hyw³i Ici fi K‡i weÁvb `uvwo‡q| Avi

wek¦v‡mi Ici fi K‡i ag©MÖš’ ‡jv| GLb Avcwb †KvbwU MÖnY Ki‡eb?Avgiv G K_v ¯úófv‡e g‡b Kwi- aviY Kwi, Avgv‡`i‡K Aek¨B ag©MÖš’ ‡jv co‡Z n‡e, hvi hvi wb‡Ri fvlvq, hyw³ cÖ‡qvM

K‡i eyS‡Z n‡e ag©MÖ‡š’ evYxmg~‡ni gg©v_©| ïay cyY¨jv‡fi Avkvq cweÎ fvlvq bv ey‡S, cvV Kiv †_‡K weiZ _vK‡Z n‡e| bv ey‡ScvV Ki‡j ïayB AÁZvB e„w× cvq, Ávb ev‡o bv| Avi GB AÁZv bvgK `ye©jZvi myweav †bq Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡ki wKQy fʆgvj­v-†gŠjwf, wci-dwKi, VvKzi cÖgy‡Liv| ZvB Avgv‡`i mgvR‡K weÁvbgb®‹, hyw³ev`x, cÖMwZkxj K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡j, Avmyb Avgivhyw³i Avkªq †bB| †S‡o †dwj mKj AÁZv, Kzms¯‹vi Avi cweÎ wek¦v‡mi bv‡g Acwek¦vm¸‡jv| Gi †Kv‡bv weKí †bB|

Abyev`

gy³wPš—K cwiwPwZ*W¨vb evK©viAbyev` : wgwniKvwš— †PŠayix

gy³wPš—Kiv ag©‡K hyw³ w`‡q, HwZn¨, KZ…©Z¡ I cÖwZwôZ wek¦vm wbi‡c¶ n‡q †hŠw³K gvb`‡Ê wb‡Ri wek¦v‡mi KvVv‡gv wbg©vY K‡ib|Zvu‡`i g‡a¨ †hgb i‡q‡Qb bvw¯—K, †ZgbB i‡q‡Qb AÁvev`x, ag©wbi‡c¶ gvbeZvev`x I wbi¼zk hyw³ev`xiv|

ag©wek¦vm, ag©MÖš’ I ÎvYKZ©vi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ †i‡L gy³wPš—K nIqv m¤¢eci bq| gy³wPš—K‡`i Kv‡Q in‡m¨v`NvUb wbi_©K Ges†Mvuovwg m‡Z¨i c‡_ evav¯iƒc|

gy³wPš—‡Ki Áv‡bi wfwË Kx?gy³wPš—Kiv cÖK…wZev`xI e‡U| ev¯—eZvi mv‡_ ïay m‡Z¨iB mvgÄm¨ i‡q‡Q| ev¯—eZv Avgv‡`i Bw›`ªqMÖvn¨Zvi gva¨‡g cÖZ¨¶fv‡eAbyaveb‡hvM¨ A_ev hyw³MÖvn¨Zvi gva¨‡g c‡iv¶fv‡e wbwðZ nIqv wel‡qi g‡a¨ mxgve×| weÁvbgb¯‹Zv n‡”Q Ávb AR©‡bi GKgvÎwbf©i‡hvM¨ gva¨g| †Kv‡bv GKwU welq‡K mZ¨ e‡j gvb‡Z n‡j †mUv‡K Aek¨B hyw³i gvb`‡Ê DËxY© n‡Z n‡e (GKvwaKcix¶v-wbix¶vi gva¨‡g wbwðZ nIqvi Dchy³Zv), n‡Z n‡e cwieZ©b‡hvM¨ (ZvwË¡Kfv‡e cÖgvwYZ bv nIqvi Rb¨ we‡eP¨), wn‡mex(mxwgZ AbygvbwfwËK mnR e¨vL¨vi Dchy³Zv) Ges hyw³m¤§Z (we‡ivagy³)|

gy³wPš—K e¨w³iv gvbeRxeb‡K ˆbwZKZvi †gŠwjK wfwË wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡ib| hv gvbeKj¨vY wbwðZ K‡i ZvB ÔAKj¨vYKiÕ Geshv Zv‡K wec`vcbœ K‡i ZvB ÔAg½jÕ| m„wó cig bq| G wek¦ eªþv‡Ê Avgv‡`i g~j¨‡ev‡ai wfwË n‡”Q Rxeb| Kv‡RB hyw³ev`xivgvbeZvev`xI e‡U| GUv †_‡KB Avgv‡`i G we‡k¦i Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ AvMÖ‡ni m„wó Avi †mUv RxeRš‘ ch©š—I e¨vß|

*‡jL‡Ki AbygwZµ‡g `Losing faith in faith; from preacher to atheist' MÖ‡š’i "What is a freethinker" cwi‡”Q‡`i Abyev`|

GKwU ˆbwZK wm×vš— ev wePvi-we‡k­lY Ôb¨vq-Ab¨vqÕ†Kw›`ªK| AwaKvsk ˆbwZK cÖ‡kœ g~j¨‡ev‡ai we‡iva i‡q‡Q †hLv‡b hyw³i mZK©cÖ‡qvM AZ¨vek¨K| A‡b¨i gvbwmK KvVv‡gv‡K kvmb Kiv Pigfv‡e A‰bwZK I LyeB wec¾bK|

gy³wPš—Kiv wK Rxe‡bi mv_©KZv Lyu‡R cvb?gy³wPš—Kiv Aek¨B Rv‡bb †h AwfcÖv‡qi Drcw˯’j n‡”Q gb| gnvwe‡k¦i gb †bB, fvebvI †bB e‡jB Avcbv‡K mZK© _vK‡Z n‡ehw` Avcwb Afxó j‡¶¨ †cŠuQ‡Z Pvb| e¨w³i ¯vaxbZv i‡q‡Q| wZwb gvbweK ˆbwZKZv‡K eRvq †i‡L wbR¯ KvVv‡gv wbg©vY Ki‡Zcv‡ib|

A‡bK gy³wPš—K wewfbœ wel‡qi cÖwZ Abyf~wZ I mnvbyf~wZ cÖ k©‡b Rxe‡bi mv_©KZv Lyu‡R †c‡q‡Qb| G ai‡bi †¶Îmg~‡ni g‡a¨i‡q‡Q gvby‡li AcÖ‡qvRbxq `ytL-Kó, mvgvwRK Dbœqb, gvbevZv‡ev‡ai †mŠ›`h© (wkíKjv, m½xZ, mvwnZ¨), e¨w³MZ myL mv”Q›`¨,Avb›`, fv‡jvevmv I Áv‡bi Dbœqb|

Rxe‡bi RwUjZv wK m„ó bq?Rxe‡b †h †Kv‡bv cÖkœ ev RwUjZv e¨vL¨vi `vwe iv‡L| WviDB‡bi weeZ©bev‡`i ZË¡ j¶-†KvwU eQi a‡i M‡o IVv cÖvK…wZKm„wóKvVv‡gvi e¨vL¨v `vb K‡i‡Q| ˆ`efv‡e †Kv‡bv wKQyi m„wói cÖm½ Av‡m bv KviY †m‡¶‡Î mvwe©K welqwUI mgfv‡e hyw³KZvigvb`‡Ê DbœxZ n‡Z n‡e| gy³wPš—Kiv ¯xKvi K‡ib †h, G gnvwe‡k¦ i‡q‡Q A‡bK wek„•Ljv, A¯w¯— Ges Kó-‡e`bvцh¸‡jvi ey rcwËie¨vL¨vi Aek¨B cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q|

gy³wPš—K‡`i †Kb a‡g©i wei“‡× Ae¯’vb?gy³wPš—Kiv `„pcÖZ¨qx †h-agx©q e¨vL¨v¸‡jvi g‡a¨ mZ¨Zvi Afve i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv mv¶¨ cÖgvYI hyw³i gvb`‡Ê DËxY© n‡Z cv‡iwb|wg_¨v‡K wek¦vm K‡i wKQy AR©‡bi †h wKQy †bB, ïay ZvB bq Kzms¯‹v‡ii Kv‡Q Avgv‡`i hyw³i Acwinvh© gvb`ÊwU nviv‡bvi d‡jmvwe©Kfv‡e ¶wZMÖ —B nevi Dcµg nq|

AwaKvsk gy³wPš—K ag©‡K ïay wg_¨vkªqx e‡jb bv, ¶wZKi e‡jI g‡b K‡ib| ag©hy³weMÖn, `vmZ¡, bvix-cyi“l ˆelg¨, RvwZMZˆelg¨, nvbvnvwb, AmnbkxjZv I msL¨vjNy‡`i Dci wbh©vZb BZ¨vw` wel‡q b¨vh¨Zv `vb Kivi Rb¨ e¨eüZ n‡q Avm‡Q|

ag© wK we‡k¦i †Kv‡bv AmvaviY g½j e‡q Av‡bwb?wKQy wKQy ag©ev`x fv‡jv †jvK wKš‘ Zvuiv †Zv †h †Kv‡bv gvb`‡ÊB fv‡jv| gy³wPš—K‡`i b¨vq wePvi we‡k­lY mg„× ag©ev`x‡`i †¶‡Îa‡g©i we‡kl †Kv‡bv f~wgKv †bB|

e¯‘Z AwaKvsk AvaywbK, mvgvwRK I ˆbwZK Dbœqb a‡g©i mv‡_ mswk­ó bq Ggb e¨w³‡`i ØvivB n‡q‡Q hv‡`i g‡a¨ i‡q‡QbK¬viv-evU©b, AvjevU© AvBb÷vBb, GÛªy Kv‡b©Mx, _gvm GwWmb, †gix Kzix, GwjRv‡e_ K¨vWx ÷v›Ub, mymvb we cÖš’bx, GBP Gj †gb‡Kb,Pvjm© WviDBb, wmMgvÊ d«‡qW, eivU© evb©m, cvwm© †kjx, †Rvnvbm eªvgm Ges Av‡iv A‡b‡K hvu‡`i Avgiv AvRI gvbeZvi cÖwZAe`v‡bi Rb¨ m¤§vb Kwi|

AwaKvsk ag©wek¦vm cÖwZwbqZB cÖMwZi c‡_ evav n‡q `vuwo‡q‡Q| G cÖm‡½ Av‡m `vmZ¡cÖ_v we‡jv‡ci cÖkœ| bvix mgv‡Ri†fvUvwaKvi, gwnjv‡`i Mf©wb‡iva, Mf©cvZ, wPwKrmvkv‡¯¿i Dbœq‡b A‡e`wbK e¨envi, †mŠiRM‡Zi ˆeÁvwbK we‡k­lY I weeZ©b, we`y r`‡Êi e¨envi Ges ivóª I MxR©vi cÖ‡kœ Av‡gwiKvi bxwZ BZ¨vw`|

gy³wPš—K‡`i wK †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó ivR‰bwZK gZv`k© i‡q‡Q?bv, gy³wPš—v gb¯—vwË¡K GKwU welq, ivR‰bwZK bq| AvRKvj gy³wPš—v ev¯—‡e cÖvq mKj ivR‰bwZK gZv`‡k©i AbyMZ‡`i g‡a¨cÖmviZv jvf K‡i‡Q| Avi †mUv cyuwRcwZ, e¨w³ev`x, mgvRev`x, mvg¨ev`x, wicvewjKvb, †W‡gv‡µU, D`vicš’x, i¶Ykxj †hB †nvbbv †Kb| mvg¨ev` I bvw¯—KZvi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv m¤úK© †bB| GWvg w¯§_ I AvBb †iÛ-Gi g‡Zv e¨w³Z¡iv wQ‡jb †Mvuov cyuwRcwZ|Ab¨w`‡K A‡bK mvg¨ev`xI wQ‡jb †Mvuov avwg©K †hgbwUi D`vniY wn‡m‡e Avw` wLª÷xq MxR©vi (Early Christian Church) K_vD‡j­L Kiv hvq|

bvw¯—KZv/gvbeZvev` wK a‡g©i ch©v‡q c‡o?bvw¯—KZv †Kv‡bv wek¦vm bq| GUv †`e-†`ex‡Z wek¦v‡mi Afve| †Kv‡bv wek¦v‡mi msK‡U bZzb †Kv‡bv wek¦v‡mi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv|bvw¯—KZv ev¯—e c‡¶ hyw³ev‡`i cÖwZkÖ“wZi Dci cÖwZwôZ| wKš‘ GUv †Kv‡bvfv‡eB a‡g©i ch©v‡q c‡o bv| gy³wPš—Kiv Ôag©Õ K_vwU‡K wKQy wek¦vmKvVv‡gvi g‡a¨ wePvi K‡ib †hLv‡b i‡q‡Q A‡jŠwKK RM‡Zi K_v, weMÖ‡ni K_v,ˆ`efv‡ecÖvß wjwLZ ag©evYxi K_v hv mswk­ó weï× ag©wek¦v‡mi mv‡_ m½wZc~Y©|

ag©wbi‡c¶ gvbeZv‡ev‡ai †Kv‡bv Ck¦i, †Kv‡bv ag©MÖš’ ev †Kv‡bv ÎvYKZ©v †bB| GUv ¯vfvweK †h hyw³ev`x `k©b ˆbwZKZvi DcicÖwZwôZ| GUv bgbxq I ev¯—em¤§ZÑGUv a‡g©i msÁvi g‡a¨ c‡o bv|

a¨vb-aviYvi eûZ¡ wK gvbeZvi AMÖhvÎv bq?n¨vu, GUvB Avgv‡`i cÖMwZi c‡_ GwM‡q hvIqvi GKgvÎ Aej¤b| †Mvuovwgi k„•Ljgy³ e¨w³wPš—vi eûZv †h †Kv‡bv a¨vbaviYv‡KwePvi we‡k­l‡Yi MÖn‡Yi ev eR©‡bi Dc‡hvMx K‡i †Zv‡j| agx©q †Mvuov‡`i me©MÖvmx g‡bvfve cÖMwZ‡K e¨vnZ K‡i|

gy³wPš—K wn‡m‡e †Kb Avwg Me©‡eva Kwi?gy³wPš—v ev hyw³ev` ev¯—eZv m¤§Z| gy³wPš—v KvD‡K Zvi wb‡Ri g‡ZvB wPš—v Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| gy³wPš—Kiv cÖvPxb Kzms¯‹v‡iiAÜf³ nIqv‡Z †Kv‡bv AnsKvi †`‡Lb bv, AnsKvi †`‡Lb bv Avw`Kv‡ji D‡b¥vwPZ †Kv‡bv ˆ`ekvm‡Ki m¤§y‡L †jvKP¶zi Aš—iv‡jAebZ n‡Z| gy³wPš—v m¤§vbRbK| gy³wPš—v cÖK…Zc‡¶ eÜbnxb|

hyw³ I hyw³ev`Abš— weRq `vk

hLb †_‡K gvby‡li hvÎv ïi“, †mB cÂvk-lvUnvRvi eQi Av‡Mi wbq¨vbWvi_¨vj cÖRvwZ †_‡K eZ©gvbKv‡ji †µv-g¨vMbb gvby‡li g‡a¨me‡P‡q †ewk †h fvebvwU gvbegw¯—‡®‹ Dw`Z n‡q‡Q, Zv n‡jv Ô†KbÕ| GUv Kx, IUv Kx, GUv †Kb, IUv †Kb| GB Ô†KbÕ fvebvwUgvbyl‡K PvwjZ K‡i‡Q, gvby‡li wPš—vq c„w_exi bvbv NUbvi Kvh©KviY m¤ú‡K© cÖkœ RvwM‡q‡Q, gvbyl‡K Ávb A‡šl‡Y PvwjZ K‡i‡Q|gvbyl AvR hZUzKzB ÔgvbylÕ †nvK bv †Kb, Zvi meUzKziB †cQ‡b GKgvÎ f~wgKv n‡”Q, gvby‡li g‡a¨ Anwb©k †R‡M _vKv Ô†KbÕ cÖkœwU|cÖvPxbKv‡ji ¸nvevmx gvbyl j¶¨ K‡i‡Q, AvKv‡k Kx my›`i K‡i Wvbv †g‡j D‡o hvq cvwL, MvQ †_‡K UcUc K‡i dj c‡o,ïK‡bvcvZv S‡i c‡o, b`x‡Z wbw`©ó mgq cici †Rvqvi-fvUvi †Ljv nq, cÖwZw`b †fvi n‡j GKB wbq‡g AvKv‡k m~h© †`Lv hvq,m~‡h©i Av‡jvq f‡i hvq c„w_ex; Avevi mܨv n‡j m~h©‡K †`Lv hvq bv, Av‡¯— Av‡¯— Mvp AÜKv‡i c„w_ex †X‡K hvq| GB mg‡q GKwPj‡ZAv‡jv wb‡q Dcw¯’Z nq Pvu | c„w_exi GB mKj bvbv NUbvi cvkvcvwk m~h©-P‡›`ªi GB jy‡KvPzwi †Ljv gvbeg‡b bvbv †KŠZzn‡ji m„wóK‡i‡Q, fvweZ K‡i‡Q, wRÁvmv RvwM‡q‡Q| GB wRÁvmvi Avi †KŠZzn‡ji DËi Rvbvi ZvwM‡`B gvbyl m„wó K‡i‡Q weÁvbÕ‡K, hvgvbyl‡K mf¨Zv Movi c‡_ cwiPvwjZ K‡i‡Q| A_©vr GB cÖkœ Kivi evwZK Avi DËi †LvuRvi ZvwM`B gvby‡li me‡P‡q eo nvwZqvi,me‡P‡q eo m¤ú`; c„w_ex‡K e`‡j †djvi, bZzb c„w_ex‡K Movi| †Kvb ai‡bi Mv‡qwe gv‡RRvq wKsev Avßev‡K¨ KLbI wbtmskq bv†_‡K gvbyl cÖRb¥ †_‡K cÖRb¥vš—‡i Qwo‡q w`‡q‡Q Zvi †mB me©‡kªô nvwZqvi ÔcÖkœ Kivi evwZK Avi DËi †LvuRvi ZvwM`|Õ GiB d‡jmy xN©Kvj a‡i gvby‡li wPš—vq ˆZwi n‡q‡Q mskqev`x `„wófw½, wRÁvmvq ficyi ÔcÖkœ Kiv Ges DËi †LvuRviÕ GK cÖvYvš—Ki cÖ‡Póv|GB Ávb-A‡šl‡Yi Zxeª ¯ú„nv †_‡KB ˆZwi n‡q‡Q hyw³, hv ev¯—e Rxe‡b bvbv wel‡q wm×vš— MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ wePvi-we‡k­l‡Yi gvcKvwV|hyw³ gvby‡li gw¯— ‹wµqvi dj eyw×e„wË, wPš—vcÖm~Z| Av‡iv fv‡jvfv‡e ej‡j ejv hvq, gvby‡li eyw×e„wËK wPš—vi mymse×iƒcB n‡”Qhyw³| gvbyl we‡eK-eyw×-hyw³ cÖ‡qvM K‡i wm×v‡š— DcbxZ nq| d‡j gy³wPš—v, gy³eyw× gvbyl‡K m‡Z¨i KvQvKvwQ †cŠuQ‡Z mvnvh¨K‡i| Aciw`‡K Ae¯‘Zvwš¿K hyw³nxb fw³-fq-wek¦vm gvbyl‡K Kvh©KviY I weÁvbwfwËK ev¯—eZvi †¶Î †_‡K `~‡i mwi‡q iv‡L; wVKwm×vš— MÖn‡Y evavMÖ ’ K‡i| gy³wPš—v, hyw³‡eva, weÁvbgb®‹Zvi e`‡j AcÖgvwYZ A‡jŠwKK wek¦vmwbf©iZv, KwíZ-AwZcÖvK…Z kw³iKv‡Q AvZ¥mgc©‡Y gvby‡li AbymwÜrmv, wRÁvmv, †gav-gbxlvi Acg„Zz N‡U| wKš‘ ZviciI AÁZvi, AÜKvi hy‡Mi wKse`wš— I†cŠivwYK wek¦vm Av‡Rv weÁvb I cÖhyw³i Pig DrKl©Zvi hy‡MI Avgv‡`i gv‡S nvZ aivawi K‡i mnve¯’vb K‡i‡Q, Ges cðvrw`‡KAbeiZ †U‡b ai‡Q| hv †Kv‡bvfv‡eB Kvg¨ bq| ˆkk‡ei †cŠivwYK AwZK_v, Dcvmbv-agx©q DcvL¨vb, cvc-c~‡Y¨i kvw¯—, cyi¯‹v‡ii†jvf KL‡bvB gvbemf¨Zv‡K GwM‡q wb‡q hvqwb| ei gvby‡li †eu‡P _vKvi msMÖvg, hyw³‡eva, weÁvbgb®‹Zv, Kg© ú„nv, gbyl¨Z¡gvbemf¨Zv‡K hyM hyM a‡i GwM‡q wb‡q †M‡Q, GL‡bv hv‡”Q|

Ôhyw³ev`Õ wb‡q Av‡jvPbvi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z cÖ_‡gB e‡j †djv fv‡jv Ôhyw³ev`Õ n‡”Q Ôhyw³‡Kw›`ªK gZev`Õ; GKwU `vk©wbK `„wófw½|Avgv‡`i `k©bkv¯¿ †gvUv `v‡M `ywU fv‡M wef³| GKwU n‡”Q Ôfveev`Õ Ges AciwU n‡”Q Ôe¯‘ev`Õ| GB Ôfveev`Õ Ges Ôe¯‘ev`Õ wb‡Rivwewfbœ Z‡Ë¡ eû Ôev`ÕÑÔgZev`ÕÑG wef³| hvB †nvK, GB e¯‘ev‡`i g‡a¨ GKwU n‡”Q hyw³ev` ev ÔRationalismÕ|

GLb Ôev`Õ ev ÔIsmÕ e¨vcviUv wVK Kx, †mUvB cÖ_‡g †`Lv hvK| Ôev`Õ ev ÔIsmÕ m¤ú‡K© msw¶ßvKv‡i ej‡j ejv hvq Ôev`Õ evÔIsmÕ mvaviYZ wZb ai‡bi| cÖ_gZ Rxeb I RMr wVK Kx iKg, †m cÖm‡½ †KvbI `vk©wbK ev ˆeÁvwbK gZ‡K Ôev`Õ ev ÔIsmÕ e‡j|h_v-evK©‡ji Solipsism, †WwfW wnD‡gi Agnosticism | wØZxqZ †KvbI `vk©wbK g‡Zi aib ev `„wófw½‡K Ôev`Õ ev ÔIsmÕ ejvnq| h_vÑ Idealism, Realism BZ¨vw`| Avevi Z…ZxqZ `vk©wbK Av‡jvPbvi c×wZ ev `vk©wbK wm×v‡š— †cŠuQ‡bvi ÁvbZË¡MZ Dcvqev †mvcvb‡KI ev` ev ÔIsmÕ ejv n‡q _v‡K| h_v Criticism, Scepticism BZ¨vw`| GQvov Av‡iv AmsL¨ A‡_© Ôev`Õ ev ÔIsmÕkãwU e¨eüZ nq| wKš‘ †m¸‡jv GLv‡b cÖvmw½K bq|

Ôev`Õ ev ÔIsmÕ m¤ú‡K© Z…ZxqZ †h msÁv †`qv n‡q‡Q Zvi Av‡jv‡K †`Lv hvq †h, wm×v‡š— †cŠuQ‡bvi †mvcvb‡KI Ôev`Õ ev ÔIsmÕejv nq Ges hyw³ †h‡nZz †Kvb wek¦ „wófw½‡Z ev `vk©wbK wm×v‡š— †cŠuQ‡bvi †mvcvb, AZGe Ôhyw³ev`Õ Aek¨B GKwU Ôev`Õ ev ÔIsmÕ|GQvovI cÖ_gZ Ges wØZxqZ e‡j †h msÁv †`qv n‡q‡Q; Gi Av‡jv‡K †`Lv hvq †h, Ôhyw³ev`Õ GKwU Ô`k©bÕ, ÔgZev`Õ ev ÔIsmÕ|A_©vr Ôhyw³ev`Õ ïay wePvi-we‡k­l‡Yi wKQy c×wZMZ Kvq`vKvbyb bq, Ôhyw³ev`Õ GKwU mvgwMÖK Rxeb`k©b, GKwU wek¦wbix¶Y-c×wZ,GKwU wek¦ „wófw½|

hyw³i gva¨‡g wm×vš— MÖn‡Yi c×wZ :

Logic ev hyw³we`¨vq wm×vš— †bqvi Rb¨ `ywU c×wZ Av‡Q|h_v- 1. wWWvKkb (Deduction) ev Ae‡ivn; 2. BÛvKkb (Induction) ev Av‡ivn|G m¤ú©‡K Lye msw¶ß AvKv‡i ejv hvq †h :1. Ae‡ivn ev wWWvKkb (Deduction) n‡jv, †Kv‡bv e¨vcK ev mvaviY mZ¨ †_‡K we‡kl m‡Z¨ †cŠuQ‡bvi Kvq`v| aiv hvK, ejv

n‡jv Ôme gvbylB giYkxjÕ Ges Av‡iv ejv n‡jv Ôiwng mv‡ne GKRb gvbyl,Õ Zvn‡j wbwðZfv‡e ejv hvq, Ôiwng mv‡ne giYkxj|... GB c×wZwUi we‡k­lY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, iwng mv‡ne GKB m‡½ Agi I giYkxj n‡Z cv‡ib bv| †h‡Kv‡bv GKwUB Zv‡K

n‡ZB n‡e| wKš‘ wZwb Agi n‡j cÖ_g evK¨ Ôme gvbylB giYkxjÕÑGi we‡ivwaZv Kiv nq| A_©vr, Zvn‡j iwng mv‡ne gvbyl bb| wKš‘iwng mv‡ne ÔgvbylÕ n‡j Zv‡K Aek¨B giYkxj nIqv Qvov MZ¨š—i †bB| GLb †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, Ôme gvbyl giYkxjÕÑGB mvaviY mZ¨†_‡K Avgiv GKRb we‡kl gvbyl m¤ú‡K© wm×v‡š— †cŠu‡QwQ| A_©vr eûi wel‡q wm×vš— †_‡K G‡Ki wel‡q †b‡g G‡mwQ| GUvBAe‡ivng~jK hyw³ Ges GB Ae‡ivng~jK hyw³i †cQ‡b Av‡Q AvZ¥we‡ivwaZv ev ¯wi‡ivwaZv bv Kivi bxwZ, hv‡K Bs‡iwR‡Z e‡jÔLaw of non self-contradictionÕ Ges Zvi mv‡_ Av‡Q ÔRMr msmvi ¯wi‡ivax bqÕÑGB †gŠwjK `„wófw½|

2. Av‡ivn ev BÛvKkb (Induction) n‡jvÑ †Kv‡bv we‡kl NUbv ev mZ¨ †_‡K cvIqv Z_¨ †_‡K GKwU e¨vcK ev mvaviY wm×v‡š—†cŠuQv‡bv| aiv hvK, ejv n‡jv :

ÔKwig mv‡neÕ cUvwkqvg mvqvbvBW †L‡q‡Qb Ges g‡i‡Qb|ÔRwjj mv‡neÕ cUvwkqvg mvqvbvBW †L‡q‡Qb Ges g‡i‡Qb|Ômvjvg mv‡neÕ cUvwkqvg mvqvbvBW †L‡q‡Qb Ges g‡i‡Qb|ÔgwZb mv‡neÕ cUvwkqvg mvqvbvBW †L‡q‡Qb Ges g‡i‡Qb|... Ggwb K‡i AmsL¨ cUvwkqvg mvqvbvBW-LvIqv e¨w³i Ici cix¶v Pvwj‡q †`Lv †Mj, cUvwkqvg mvqvbvBW LvIqvi Kvi‡Y gviv

†M‡Qb| d‡j AmsL¨ e¨w³i Ici cix¶v Pvjv‡bvi wfwˇZ ejv hvq, Ô†h cUvwkqvg mvqvbvBW Lvq, †m gviv hvq|Õ g~jZ GLb hZ†ewk msL¨K †jv‡Ki Ici cix¶v Pvwj‡q wm×vš— MÖnY Kiv n‡e, ZZB wm×vš—wU wbf©yj n‡e A_ev wbf©yj nIqvi m¤¢vebv e„w× cvq|

Av‡ivng~jK hyw³i wcQ‡b K‡qKwU †gŠwjK bxwZ ev Principle i‡q‡Q|†hgb :

1. ÔcÖ‡Z¨KwU NUbviB KviY i‡q‡Q, hv‡K Bs‡iwR‡Z e‡j ÔLaw of CausationÕÑ GB cÖZ¨q bv _vK‡j Ôg„Zz Õi Av‡`Š †Kv‡bvKviY Av‡Q wK bv Zv wb‡q msk‡q co‡Z nq Ges cieZx© NUbvi KviY †LvuRvi cÖkœB Av‡m bv|2. ÔGKB KviY me mgq GKB dj †`‡e ev ÔLaw of Uniformity of natureÕÑGB cÖZ¨q bv _vK‡j AmsL¨ †jvKcUvwkqvg mvqvbvBW †L‡q gi‡jI †m m¤ú‡K© †Kv‡bv wm×vš— †bqv †hZ bv|3. ÔAbymÜvb ev M‡elYv Ki‡j cÖwZwU NUbviB KviY m¤ú~Y© †evaMg¨ n‡Z eva¨|ÕÑGB wel‡q we›`ygvÎ m‡›`n _vK‡j Kvh©KviYm¤ú‡K© wek¦vm Ki‡jI †Kvb ˆeÁvwbK AbymÜvb-Gi †¶‡Î GKcvI G‡Mv‡bv hv‡e bv| hw` fvev nq g„Zz i KviY _vK‡jI ZvÁvb ev eyw×i AMg¨, Zvn‡j cUvwkqvg mvqvbvBW ev H RvZxq †Kv‡bv ev¯—e wel‡qi g‡a¨ KviY †Lvu‡R †eov‡bvi K_v gv_v‡ZBAvmv DwPr bq|

... DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ‡evSv hvq †h, wm×vš— MÖn‡Yi †¶‡Î Ae‡ivn ev Av‡ivn †h ai‡biB hyw³ cÖ‡qvM Kwi bv †Kb,KZ¸‡jv †gŠwjK `„wófw½ Qvov G‡Mv‡bv m¤¢e bq| †hgb : ¯we‡ivwaZv Kiv Pj‡e bv, cÖwZwU NUbviB KviY LyuR‡Z n‡e, KviY¸‡jvme©Rbxb n‡e Ges KviY¸‡jv ‡evSv hv‡e|

GLb †h cÖkœ ‡jv D‡V Av‡m, Kvi ¯we‡iwvaZv bv Kiv, wK‡mi NUbv, wK‡mi KviY, †Kvb cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z ejv n‡”Q, wK‡mi†evaMg¨Zv? BZ¨vw`|

GB cÖkœ ‡jvi DËi n‡”Q, hLb GK cwieZ©bkxj e¯‘Z‡š¿i cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z Avgiv G¸‡jv wPš—v Kwi, wm×vš— MÖn‡Yi †Póv Kwi Ges†h‡Kv‡bv mdj ¯v_©K BwZevPK wPš—vi †¶‡Î gvbyl wPiKvjB ZvB K‡i Avm‡Q| Ôhyw³ev`Õ ZvB Avm‡j Ôe¯‘ev`| e¯‘gqZv Ges ev¯—ecwieZ©bkxjZvi aviYv Qvov hyw³, jwRK G‡Kev‡iB `vuovq bv| ZvB e¯‘cwieZ©b-hyw³ Avgv‡`i Aw¯—‡Z¡i m‡½ evav| GKgvÎ weg~Z©wPš—v Qvov hyw³i Aw¯—Z¡ Avgiv Ab¨ †Kv_vI Ae‡njv Ki‡Z cvwi bv|

hyw³ev` ZvB Avgv‡`i Aw¯—‡Z¡i ¯xK…wZ, Avgv‡`i AvZ¥gMœZv I ewngy©wLZv Df‡qiB m½x| hyw³ev` gv‡b GKwU †MvUv wek¦ex¶vA_©vr †MvUv wek¦wbix¶Y c×wZ, ¯we‡ivwaZvnxb Rxeb`k©b|

Z_¨m~Î :1. gwdRyi ingvb i“bby, hyw³ev` †PZbvgyw³i jovB, co–qv cÖKvkbx, XvKv 1000, evsjv‡`k|2. cÖexi †Nvl, ms¯‹…wZ : msNl© I wbg©vY; †`ÕR cvewjwks, KjKvZv 700073|

G msL¨vi †jLK-cwiwPZ

1. W. ARq ivq : weÁvbx, Aa¨vcK (Ae.) XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq, XvKv|2. AwfwRr ivq : M‡elK, cÖ‡KŠkjx| gy³gbv (mukto-mona.com) Avš—R©v‡ji cÖwZôvZv| D‡j­L¨‡hvM¨ cÖKvwkZ MÖš’ : ÔAv‡jv nv‡Z

Pwjqv‡Q Avuav‡ii hvÎxÕ (A¼zi cÖKvkbx, 2005) BZ¨vw`|3. eb¨v Avng`: Av‡gwiKv cÖevmx wm‡÷g Gbvwj÷| cÖKvwkZ MÖš’ : ÔweeZ©‡bi c_ a‡iÕ (Aemi cÖKvkbx, 2007)|4. AvKvk gvwjK : Bsj¨vÛ cÖevmx Kwe, †jLK|5. bw›`bx †nv‡mb : Bsj¨vÛ cÖevmx †jLK| mvZis (satrong.org) Avš—R©v‡ji cÖwZôvZv|6. dwi` Avn‡g` : gy³gbv Avš—R©v‡ji †Kv-gWv‡iUi| †hŠ_fv‡e cÖKvwkZ MÖš’ : Ôgnvwe‡k¦ cÖvY I eyw×gËvi †Luv‡RÕ (Aemi cÖKvkbx,

2007)|7. †gŠ gayeš—x : KvbvWv cÖevmx Kwe| cÖKvwkZ Kve¨MÖš’ : Ôi³b`x GKvÕ|8. Rv‡n` Avng` : Av‡gwiKv cÖevmx, ev‡qv‡UK‡bvjwR‡Z gv÷vm©| gy³gbv Avš—R©v‡ji †Kv-gWv‡iUi|9. gwdRyi ingvb i“b&by : h‡kvi hyw³ev`x mwgwZi cÖwZôvZv| cÖKvwkZ MÖš’ : Ôhyw³ev` †PZbvgyw³i jovBÕ (co–qv cÖKvkbx)|10. Ai“bKvwš— `vk : †jLK, e¨vsK Ggc­wq|11. gvngy Avjx : Kwe, cÖKvwkZ Dcb¨vm : Ôbi‡K k~b¨ _vjvÕ|12. A.Av.g. †iRv : Kwe, cÖvewÜK|13. Rvwn` iv‡mj : Bsj¨vÛ cÖevmx †jLK|14. mygb Zzinvb : A‡÷ªwjqv cÖevmx cÖvewÜK| cÖKvwkZ MÖš’ : ÔGB cvwLi cÖevn GB FZzeZx †gN (2000), Sivmg‡qi Mvb (2005) BZ¨vw`|15. dv‡Zgv †iRwgb : †jLK| wk¶v_©x; kvnRvjvj weÁvb I cÖhyw³ wek¦we`¨vjq, wm‡jU|16. gwbi †nvmvBb : †jLK, cÖvewÜK, wk¶v_©x ; gyivwiPuv` K‡jR, wm‡jU|17. Gg.G. Avwjg : Kwe, †jLK| wk¶v_©x; gyivwiPuv` K‡jR, wm‡jU|18. wjUb `vm: cÖvewÜK| wk¶v_©x; gyivwiPuv` K‡jR, wm‡jU|19. ˆmKZ †PŠayix : †jLK| wk¶v_©x ; XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq, XvKv|20. wgwniKvwš— †PŠayix : †jLK, Abyev`K| cwiPvjK, GKv‡Wgx Ae Uz Avim, wm‡jU| cÖKvwkZ Kve¨ : ÔIwi‡q›Uvj mvbÕ (2000)|21. Abš— weRq `vk : wk¶v_©x ; kvnRvjvj weÁvb I cÖhyw³ wek¦we`¨vjq, wm‡jU|

beRxe‡bi mÜv‡b

GK`j cwieZ©b cÖqvmx gvbyl; GKwU wec­e| AmsL¨ ZvRv cÖvY; A‡bK i³| GKwU bZzb †fvi; AmsL¨ beRxeb|gvSLv‡b †K‡U hvIqv `yiš— mgq|Avevi GK`j cwieZ©b cÖqvmx gvbyl; GKwU wec­e| AmsL¨ ZvRv cÖvY; A‡bK i³| GKwU bZzb †fv‡ii cÖZx¶vq A‡bK cÖvY; evuPvi

AvKzwZ‡Z|G wec­‡ei bvg ÔmÜvbxÕ; iƒcKvi AmsL¨ wb‡ew`Z cÖvY ‡gwW‡Kj I †W›Uvj K‡j‡Ri QvÎ-QvÎxe„›` Avi g~jgš¿ Ô‡¯”Qvq i³`vb I

gi‡YvËi P¶z vb Av‡›`vjb|Õevsjv‡`‡k †¯”Qvq i³`vb Av‡›`vjb me©cÖ_g ïi“ K‡i ÔmÜvbxÕ| 1978 mv‡ji 2iv b‡f¤i GKwU †¯”Qvq i³`vb Abyôvb

Av‡qvR‡bi gva¨‡g| cieZx©‡Z w`bwU‡K ÔRvZxq †¯”Qvq i³`vb I gi‡YvËi P¶z vb w`emÕ wn‡m‡e †NvlYv K‡i MYcÖRvZš¿xevsjv‡`k miKvi| Gici GwM‡q Pjv, A‡bK PovB-DrivB †cwi‡q; A‡bK Z¨vM, Zey Avgiv †`Lv cvBwb †mB †fv‡ii, †hLv‡b i‡³iAfv‡e gviv hv‡ebv Avi GKRb gvbylI|

KviY GL‡bv G‡`‡ki GKwU wekvj Rb‡Mvôx †¯”Qvq i³`vb n‡Z `~‡i; GL‡bv i‡³i cÖ‡qvR‡b †ckv`vi i³`vZv‡`i mv‡_ Zv‡`iAmnvq mL¨Zv| Avi Gi g~‡j i‡q‡Q m‡PZbZvi Afve, Ab_©K AvRI AÁZvRwbZ fq| GRb¨ mÜvbxi i‡q‡Q D×z×KiY Kg©m~Px;mv¶v‡Z Ges Ab¨vb¨ gva¨‡g| cÖwZeQi G‡`‡k cÖvq AvovB-wZb j¶ e¨vM i‡³i cÖ‡qvRb nq; Gi g‡a¨ gvÎ cªvq cÂvk-lvU nvRvie¨vM i³ mieivn K‡i mÜvbx| wKQy msM„nxZ nq †iWwµ‡m›U, evuab I Ab¨vb¨ msMV‡bi gva¨‡g Avi †¯”Qv`vZv‡`i gva¨‡g| AvievwK Pvwn`vi cÖvq A‡bKUzKz Av‡m †ckv`vi i³ we‡µZvi KvQ †_‡K; Avi wKQyUv Av‡m bv| Gme †ckv`vi i³we‡µZviv gv`Kvm³;hviv †ncvUvBwUm-we.wm, wmwdwjm, GBWmmn wewfbœ †iv‡M Avµvš—| G‡`i i³ MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g †ivMx Avµvš— nq Gme cÖvYNvZx†iv‡M| djkÖ“wZ‡Z nvwi‡q hvq AmsL¨ ZvRv cÖvY bxi‡e|

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