1

the psyllid, yet spare beneficialinsects and bees.

Spread of PsyllidsNymphs of Asian citrus psyllid

can acquire the disease within 15

By William Quarles

Asian citrus psyllid (ACP),Diaphorina citri, is a vector ofhuanglongbing (HLB) or yel-

low dragon, one of the most seriouscitrus diseases worldwide. The dis-ease is called yellow dragonbecause yellow shoots with asym-metrically blotched yellow leavesare the first symptoms. As the dis-ease develops, small, green, mis-shapen fruit with bitter juice dropprematurely, dramatically reducingyield. Because of effects on fruit,yellow dragon is also called citrusgreening. The disease is caused bya bacterium (see Box A). Within 3-5years or so infected trees start todie, and currently there is no cure(Grafton-Cardwell 2013; Bové2006). Both psyllids and the disease can

spread quickly. The disease wasfirst found in Florida in 2005.Infection rate was 1-2% in 2006. By2010, an estimated 18% of the 60million trees of sweet orange, Citrussinensis, in Florida were infected(Gottwald 2010; Gottwald et al.2012). The Asian citrus psyllid was

found in California in 2008, andhuanglongbing was detected in LosAngeles County in 2012. Since theinitial discovery, psyllids havemoved into Ventura, Santa Barbara,Imperial, Orange, Los Angeles, SanBernadino, Riverside, Kern, andTulare counties. A CaliforniaDepartment of Food and Agriculture(CDFA) quarantine has been estab-lished in those areas (CDFA 2013). Feeding damage from the psyllid

does not kill the tree and can bemanaged. But huanglongbing (HLB)is causing grower panic and over-

use of pesticides in a desperateattempt to stop the threat. Growers“may apply as many as 6 to 15foliar and 1 to 2 systemic treat-ments per year from five chemicalclasses in an effort to slow thespeed of HLB.” (Grafton-Cardwell etal. 2013). Because of the insecticidebarrage, psyllids are already show-ing pesticide resistance (Tiwari etal. 2011a).Frequent and widespread pesti-

cide applications are sure to havean impact on bees and other benefi-cial insects (Grafton-Cardwell et al.2008; Qureshi and Stansly 2010). This article is meant to outline

IPM methods that will help control

In This Issue

Asian Citrus Psyllid 1ESA Report 8Calendar 10

Volume XXXIV, Number 1/2, (Published December 2013)

IPM for Asian Citrus Psyllid and Huanglongbing Disease

Photo co

urtesy

of M

ichael E

. Rogers

Adult Asian citrus psyllids, Diaphorina citri, feed with their heads down,tails in the air. Nymphs excrete waxy tubes of honeydew. Both adults andnymphs transmit the huanglongbing pathogen.

2

2 Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707IPM Practitioner, XXXIV(1/2) Published December 2013

Update

minutes of feeding, but it usuallytakes longer. (see Box A) Infectednymphs become infected adults,and the infection is spread primari-ly by adults that acquired the dis-ease as nymphs (Pelz-Stelinski etal. 2010; Hall et al. 2013). Asian citrus psyllid is capable of

fast dispersal. It spread over 31counties in Florida within threeyears. Dispersal was through infest-ed nursery stock, infested fruit, andlong range dispersal of flying psyl-lids as a consequence of stormsand hurricanes (Hall et al. 2013). Unless it receives help from

human transport, spread of thepsyllid in California is likely to beslow. But the pest flies at about 1.6km/hr (1 mi/hr) and one flight cancover 0.6 km (0.4 mi). So it canmigrate from one orchard to anoth-er. A likely problem is spread ofpsyllid and disease from backyardtrees into commercial orchards(Hall and Hentz 2011).

Ecological AdvantageThe pathogen turns trees into

zombies. It preempts tree metabo-lism to maximize bacterial disper-sal, causing trees to releasevolatiles that are attractive to thepsyllids. Psyllids become infected,then move quickly to more nutri-tious uninfected trees (Mann et al.2012a).Though the infection is spread

mostly from tree-to-tree by psyllid

feeding, about 1-3% of psyllids passthe infection to offspring. Inheritedinfection allows the disease tospread even though infected treeshave been removed (Grafton-Cardwell et al. 2013).Infected psyllids do not get sick,

they thrive. Generation times accel-erate, and egg laying increases. Soinfected psyllids have a survivaladvantage (Hall et al. 2013).However, infected adults have lowerprotein and esterase levels, andthey are more susceptible to someinsecticides (Tiwari et al. 2011b).

Latent Period a ProblemAfter trees are infected with the

bacteria, there is a 1-2.5 year latentperiod before symptoms occur.Latency prevents any kind of earlytreatment, and makes tree removalto prevent disease spread less effec-tive. Trees without symptoms canquietly infect a whole orchard(Grafton-Cardwell et al. 2013;Gottwald 2010; Trivedi et al. 2009). The latent period depends on the

amount of inoculum and age—young trees show signs sooner.Although infection is systemic, bac-terial concentrations throughoutthe tree are variable, and PCR of asample may show a false negative. The latent period means that the

number of infected trees can be 2-13 times the number of trees show-ing symptoms. About half anorchard can be infected in 3-5

The IPM Practitioner is published six times per year by the Bio-Integral ResourceCenter (BIRC), a non-profit corporationundertaking research and education in inte-grated pest management. Managing Editor William Quarles Contributing Editors Sheila Daar

Tanya DrlikLaurie Swiadon

Editor-at-Large Joel Grossman Business Manager Jennifer BatesArtist Diane Kuhn

For media kits or other advertising informa-tion, contact Bill Quarles at 510/524-2567,birc@igc.org.

Advisory Board George Bird, Michigan State Univ.; SterlingBunnell, M.D., Berkeley, CA ; Momei Chen,Jepson Herbarium, Univ. Calif., Berkeley;Sharon Collman, Coop Extn., Wash. StateUniv.; Sheila Daar, Daar & Associates,Berkeley, CA; Steve Frantz, GlobalEnvironmental Options, Woodland Hills, CA;Linda Gilkeson, Canadian Ministry of Envir.,Victoria, BC; Joseph Hancock, Univ. Calif,Berkeley; William Olkowski, Birc Founder;George Poinar, Oregon State University,Corvallis, OR; Ramesh Chandra Saxena,ICIPE, Nairobi, Kenya; Ruth Troetschler, PTFPress, Los Altos, CA.ManuscriptsThe IPMP welcomes accounts of IPM for anypest situation. Write for details on format formanuscripts or email us, birc@igc.org.

CitationsThe material here is protected by copyright,and may not be reproduced in any form,either written, electronic or otherwise withoutwritten permission from BIRC. ContactWilliam Quarles at 510/524-2567 for properpublication credits and acknowledgement.

Subscriptions/MembershipsA subscription to the IPMP is one of the bene-fits of membership in BIRC. We also answerpest management questions for our membersand help them search for information.Memberships are $60/yr (institutions/libraries/businesses); $35/yr (individuals).Canadian subscribers add $15 postage. Allother foreign subscribers add $25 airmailpostage. A Dual membership, which includesa combined subscription to both the IPMPand the Common Sense Pest ControlQuarterly, costs $85/yr (institutions); $55/yr(individuals). Government purchase ordersaccepted. Donations to BIRC are tax-deductible. FEI# 94-2554036.

Change of AddressWhen writing to request a change of address,please send a copy of a recent address label.© 2013 BIRC, PO Box 7414, Berkeley, CA94707; (510) 524-2567; FAX (510) 524-1758.All rights reserved. ISSN #0738-968X

Shown here are the five nymphal stages of the Asian citrus psyllid.The small first stage is at the left, and the fifth stage is at the right.

Photo co

urtesy

of D

avid

Ha ll U

SDA

3

years, and peak infection rates take3-13 years. Once an infection isfound, the disease has likely beenin the region for 10 years (Gottwald2010).Infections tend to aggregate along

the edges of an orchard or alongplanting rows. Fruit drops off trees,and yields are reduced 30-100%.Symptoms get worse until the treedies. The disease has killed about60 million trees in 40 countries(Gottwald 2010; Belasque et al.2010; Abdullah et al. 2009).

IPM ProgramsAccording to Hall et al. (2013)

“even intensive insecticide programs

against ACP are generally ineffectivefor preventing the introduction andspread of HLB, especially in newplantings.” Extensive pesticideapplications are causing psyllidresistance, and probably damage tobees and beneficial insects. So it isimportant to devise IPM schemesthat minimize the amount of pesti-cides applied, especially neonicoti-noids and other broadspectrummaterials (Tiwari et al. 2011a). Possible strategies include trap-

ping, biological control, repellents,attractants, and application of pes-ticides such as horticultural oilswith low impact on beneficialinsects and biological controls(Grafton-Cardwell et al. 2013).

Infected trees may respond to heatand nutrients. Antibiotics such asampicillin will kill the pathogen.Long range hopes are resistantspecies for replants, cross protec-tion with non-pathogenic microbes,or treatment with bacterial antago-nists (de Graca 1991; Hall et al.2013; Zhang et al. 2013).IPM actions depend on infestation

levels of psyllids, and the percent-age of infected trees (Bové 2006;Halbert and Manjunath 2004).

MonitoringMonitoring is the key to success-

ful management of these pests withthe least environmental disruption.Adults can be captured in yellow

3IPM Practitioner, XXXIV(1/2) Published December 2013 Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707

Update

Asian citrus psyllid originated inChina or India, but is present inAfrica, South America, Mexico, andmost other citrus producing areas(Hall et al. 2013). The adult Asiancitrus psyllid is small brown insectabout the size of an aphid, 1/8 to1/6 inch (3-4 mm) long. It has apointed front end, red eyes, andmottled brown wings with a clearstripe. Adults live one or twomonths, and each female lays 500-800 tiny, yellow orange eggs on thetips of growing shoots and onleaves. Eggs hatch into tiny yellow,orange or brownish winglessnymphs (1/100 inch; 0.25 mm long)that grow through five stages to1/14 inch (1.8 mm) long. Nymphsfeed only on new growth. Adultsfeed with their heads down, tails inthe air (Grafton-Cardwell andLazaneo 2010: Hall et al. 2013;Mead 1977; Quarles 2010). The psyllid causes feeding dam-

age, and new shoots twist and curlor die. The psyllid also excreteswaxy, tubelike honeydew that con-tributes to the formation of sootymold. It prefers sweet oranges, butwill infest most Citrus species and10 other genera in the same family.Fortunately, many of those non-Citrus species will not sustain thedisease (Grafton-Cardwell et al.2013). Psyllids prefer warm, humidconditions, and the maximum num-

ber of eggs are laid at about 29.6°C(85°F) (Hall et al. 2013)

Bacterium Causes Disease

Huanglongbing in the U.S. iscaused by the bacteriumCandidatus Liberibacter asiaticus(Las). Research shows that this bac-terium probably originated ininsects. Over time, it jumped frominsects and learned to infect plants.The bacterium has been identifiedby DNA methods, as no one hasbeen able to isolate it and grow it inculture. When microbe identificationis based entirely on molecular meth-ods, the word Candidatus is part ofthe genus name. Like a virus, thebacterium relies on its hosts and

perhaps symbiotic bacteria to pro-vide needed nutrients. In fact, citrusgreening was originally thought tobe a virus disease (Bové 2006;Gottwald 2010; de Graca 1991).Citrus greening is found through-

out the world, but both psyllids andthe disease probably originated inAsia. The disease has been presentin citrus in China for more than 100years (Bové 2006; Hall et al. 2013;de Graca 1991).

Threshold Concentration Needed

In plants, the bacterium growsonly in the phloem. The bacteriumgrows slowly, and a threshold con-centration is necessary to producesymptoms. Trees may mount somekind of defensive attack, as quanti-tative polymerase chain reaction(QPCR) shows more than two-thirdsof the Las bacteria in symptomatictrees are dead. Presumably, prolifer-ation of the bacteria clogs thephloem, preventing transport ofminerals and nutrients (Trivedi etal. 2009; Hall et al. 2013; Zhang etal. 2013). An early symptom is yellowing of

leaves, which is probably due todeficiency of iron and zinc in theleaves. However, citrus greening isnot just a nutrient problem, asother metabolic disturbances arepresent (Hall et al. 2013; Masaokaet al. 2011; de Graca 1991).

Box A. Asian Citrus Psyllid and Huanglongbing

Shown here is an egg, 5 nymphal stages, and an adult female Asian citrus psyllid.

From Catlin

g 1970. T

hanks to

Fla. D

ept. A

gric. C

onsumer S

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4 Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707IPM Practitioner, XXXIV(1/2) Published December 2013

Updatesticky monitoring traps. Nymphsand adults can be sampled by tap-ping branches to dislodge insectsfrom foliage. Tap samples give bet-ter estimates than traps (Hall 2009;Hall et al. 2013). A 22 by 28 cm(8.5 by 11 in) white paper sheet isheld under branches that aretapped three times. Monitoringthroughout Florida showed 44-67%of new flush was infested by psyl-lids. A high population is 3 nymphsand 5 adults per twig (Qureshi etal. 2009; Halbert and Manjunath2004).Trees can be monitored for dis-

ease visually and by DNA analysiswith polymerase chain reaction(PCR). Because bacterial distribu-tion in a tree is spotty, PCR cangive a false negative. There arealways more infected trees than canbe found by monitoring (Grafton-Cardwell et al. 2013; Trivedi et al.2009).

Repellents and AttractantsGarlic chives and guava are repel-

lent. In Asia interplants of guavaand citrus reduced infections(Onagbola et al. 2011; Mann et al.2011; Zaka et al. 2010). Psyllidsavoid sprays of essential oils suchas coriander, lavender, and thyme(Mann et al. 2012b). Trees treatedwith kaolin clay are repellent. About80% reductions of nymphs andeggs on new flushes and 60-78%reductions of adults were seen (Hallet al. 2007). Use of reflective metal-lized mulches reduced infestationrates by 50% in new plantings(Croxton 2012).Volatiles such as methyl salicylate

from damaged trees are attractants(Mann et al. 2012ab; Hall et al.2013). Psyllid behavior suggests asex pheromone is present, whichmight be used as an attractant fortrapping (Grafton-Cardwell et al.2013).

Biological Control of the Psyllid

Major biocontrols include spiders,ladybugs, syrphid fly larvae,lacewing larvae, and the parasitoidTamarixia radiata. Tamarixia sp.attaches an egg to the underside of

3rd to 5th instar nymphs. Up to 500nymphs are killed by each para-sitoid through a combination ofparasitism and predation. Anothernymphal parasitoid, Diaphoren-cyrtus aligarhensis, can kill up to280 nymphs (Hall et al. 2013). Biological control was effective in

controlling huanglongbing onRéunion Island, and organic grow-ers in Florida have had success.Some commercial biocontrols areavailable (see Resources). Majorpredators in Florida are ladybugssuch as Harmonia axyridis that cancause 80-100% psyllid mortality.Growth rates of psyllids are 5 to 27fold higher when predators areexcluded (Batcha 2013; Qureshiand Stansly 2009).T. radiata has been established in

Florida, but parasitism rates arelow in conventional Floridaorchards where pesticide use isextensive (Batcha 2013; Hall et al.2013). One survey showed levels of1-2%, and another showed lessthan 20% during spring and sum-mer, but up to 56% in fall. In con-trast average levels of 70% wereseen in Puerto Rico, and rates of60-70% were found on RéunionIsland (Michaud 2004; Qureshi etal. 2009; Halbert and Manjunath2004).

Biological Control of the Pathogen

Biological control of the pathogenhas not been attempted. The idea is

to inoculate trees with an antago-nist or a microbe that providescross resistance to Ca. Liberibacterasiaticus (Las). For instance, infec-tions of citrus tristeza virus willcross protect against citrus green-ing (Halbert and Manjunath 2004). Bacillus subtilis and other antago-

nists are effective for some plantdiseases, and this approach shouldbe tried. Las grows very slowly,making biocontrol more feasible.Microbial associations in citrusshould be explored. For instance,the chitinase producingAchromobacter xylosoxidans is asso-ciated with disease-free citrus, andMethylobacterium spp. is associatedwith Las infections. Ampicillin andother antibiotics will kill thepathogen if injected into trees(Zhang et al. 2013; Trivedi et al.2009).

Biopesticides and Induced Resistance

Natural biocontrols may eventual-ly reduce dispersal of the psyllid.Pesticides compatible with biocon-trols should be used as much aspossible. Sprays of the biopesticideChromobacterium sp. (Grandevo®)are lethal for adults and nymphsand interfere with reproduction (seeMarrone Resources). Effectivenessis similar to organophosphates, andtreated trees are repellent to psyl-lids (Quarles 2013a; Grandevo2012).

Foliage on the left is afflicted with huanglongbing, foliage on theright is healthy.

Photo co

urtesy

University

of F

lorid

a

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5IPM Practitioner, XXXIV(1/2) Published December 2013 Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707

UpdateNeem applications at about 22

ppm azadirachtin gave 100% mor-tality to nymphs, but had no effecton adults (Weathersbee andMcKenzie 2005). Horticultural oilswill destroy 80% of eggs, 74-83% ofnymphs, and 55% of adults. Insectgrowth regulators (IGRs) andchenopodium oil are compatiblewith biocontrols (Hall et al. 2013;Hall and Nguyen 2010; Grafton-Cardwell and Lazaneo 2010; Boinaet al. 2009; Cocco and Hoy 2008;Rae et al. 1997). Fungi may be useful in a low

impact IPM program. About 50-60%fungal mortality of psyllids hasbeen seen in field situations. Isariafumosorosea is commercially avail-able, and it may be possible to com-bine fungi with attractants to selec-tively inoculate psyllids (see CertisResources). Psyllids infected with I.fumosorosea mostly stop feedingwithin 24 hours (Stauderman andArthurs 2012; Hall et al. 2013;Halbert and Manjunath 2004;Hunter et al. 2012).Induced resistance may be help-

ful. Drenches of beta-aminobutyricacid can reduce the number of psyl-lid eggs, adults, and nymphs on cit-rus (Tiwari et al. 2013). Some grow-ers have used salicylates and potas-sium phosphite for induced resist-

ance (Hall et al. 2013; Gottwald etal. 2012).

Timing is ImportantIf broadspectrum pesticides are

used in the winter when trees aredormant, there is no lasting impacton beneficial insects. One applica-tion of a broadspectrum pesticide inJanuary can reduce psyllid popula-tions 10-15 fold for 5-6 monthswithout interfering with biologicalcontrol (Qureshi and Stansly 2010).During periods of new flush, hor-

ticultural oils and low impact pesti-cides such as Grandevo can kill thenymphs, while sparing biologicalcontrols (Grafton-Cardwell et al.2013).

Systemic PesticidesSystemics applied include the

neonicotinoids imidacloprid, thi-amethoxam and clothianidin. Toprovide protection, concentration ofimidacloprid in citrus leaves mustbe greater than 200 ppb (Setamouet al. 2010). Neonicotinoids act asantifeedants and also cause mortal-ity (Serikawa et al. 2012). Thoughsystemics can provide good protec-tion for immature trees, they mustbe applied about every two months.Protection of mature trees is unreli-able, and psyllid mortality is about50%-70% both from foliar spraysand trunk injections (Ichinose et al.2010ab). Because psyllids oftenreceive sublethal doses, resistanceto neonicotinoids is likely to buildquickly. Another problem is thatliberal use of systemics and otherpesticides has not stopped the psyl-lid in Florida (Boina et al. 2009;Hall et al. 2013).

Impact on Bees and Beneficials

Systemic applications of imidaclo-prid (Admire™) and other neonicoti-noids will help destroy nymphs, butcan have an impact on bees. Nativebees and honey bees are known tobe adversely affected by neonicoti-noids at concentrations larger than20 ppb (Quarles 2011). Thoughbees are not needed to pollinate cit-rus, managed bee colonies are often

allowed to forage for pollen andnectar in citrus plantings. Applyingimidacloprid in the fall may reducethe bee hazard, because there areno blooms and pollen at that time(Grafton-Cardwell et al. 2013). Buteven if trees are not in bloom dur-ing treatment, bees may still beimpacted by the treated irrigationwater (Quarles 2011). Studies have shown that imida-

cloprid and probably other neoni-cotinoids have an adverse impacton beneficial insects in citrus whenused either as a spray or systemic(Grafton-Cardwell et al. 2008).Sprays and systemics may alsohave an indirect effect on frogs,fish, and bats through an impacton their immune systems (Mason etal. 2013; Quarles 2013b).

Other SystemicsCyantraniliprole has potential in

IPM programs. The pesticide is 297times more toxic to the pest psyllidthan to the Tamarixia sp. para-sitoid. Foliar sprays and systemicdrenches made citrus foliage repel-lent, reduced psyllid feeding, eggs,nymphs and adults (Tiwari andStelinski 2013). Field tests haveshown that a similar pesticide,chlorantraniliprole, poses fewerrisks to bees than seen with neoni-cotinoids (Larson et al. 2013).

Resistant Species and Heat

Heating infected trees for 2-4 hrsat 47°C (116°F) stopped symptomsof greening. Similarly, 40°C (104°F)for three weeks did the job (deGraca 1991). Heat might be useful

Huanglongbing causes bitter,deformed fruit to develop.

Photo co

urtesy

Florid

a Dept. A

gric. a

nd Consumer S

ervices

Systemic pesticides can be a threat to honey bees.

Photo co

urtesy

of K

athy Keatly

Garvey

for disinfesting nursery stock in aquarantine area.Trifoliate orange, Poncirus trifoli-

ate, is resistant to Asian citruspsyllid attack. This species formshybrids with citrus, and might beused to develop resistant varieties(Westbrook et al. 2011; Grafton-Cardwell et al. 2013).

Tree Removal and Nutrition

In Brazil, 10 million infected treeshave been removed. When infectionlevels in an orchard reach 28%, alltrees are removed. At least 18% ofthe 60 million orange trees inFlorida may be infected. Faced witha desperate situation, growers inFlorida have tried nutritional treat-ments to try to prolong tree healthas long as possible. Anecdotalaccounts show that such treat-ments can help (Batcha 2013;Gottwald et al. 2012). However, a controlled experiment

in Florida using foliar sprays andsoil drenches of mineral nutrientsand induced resistance materialssuch as potassium phosphite andsalicylate salts did not improveyield. Treatments did not reducethe pathogen titer, and fruit contin-ued to drop prematurely. Averagefruit volume slightly increased.Nutritional treatments temporarilyreversed the yellow color in some ofthe foliage (Gottwald et al. 2012). All the trees involved in these

experiments were infected. Growersin Florida treat whole orchards,containing both infected and unin-fected trees. Nutritional boosts inuninfected trees might slow diseasedevelopment (Batcha 2013).

IPM Program for Asian Citrus Psyllid

Monitor for psyllids with yellowsticky traps and tap samples.Concentrate on orchard edges. If nopsyllids are present, do nothing. Iflow populations are detected, applyleast-toxic pesticides when newflush appears. If possible, releasebiological controls. Provide goodnutrition for trees.If medium or large populations

appear, use a broadspectrum pesti-

cide in the dormant season. Applyleast-toxic pesticides to new flush.Encourage or release biological con-trols. Avoid use of systemics thatwill kill bees. If systemics are need-ed to protect new plantings, usematerials that minimize harm tobees and beneficials. If there is no disease, no problem.

If an infected tree is found, removeit. If large numbers of infected treesare found, either destroy them ortry to extend their productive life-time with a nutritional program.Make sure that replacement treesare free of the pathogen.

The Politics of DespairOnce the disease is established,

the biology of the psyllid and themechanics of the disease favorinfection of entire orchards. Psyllidsare preferentially attracted to infect-ed trees, where they feed just longenough to become infected. Thenthey move to more nutritious unin-fected foliage. Infected psyllids havefaster generation times and producemore offspring than uninfectedpsyllids. Infected trees have a long

latent period, quietly spreadinginfection before they can beremoved (Bové 2006; Mann et al.2012a; Hall et al. 2013). Biological control and careful use

of pesticides kept the disease undercontrol on Réunion Island. But pes-ticides have compromised biologicalcontrol in Florida. The recommend-ed strategy of insecticide treatmentof psyllids, removal of infectedtrees, and replanting disease-freematerial seems to have kept theinfection low in Brazil, but 10 mil-lion trees have been removed, sofar. However, the approach has notworked in Florida, perhaps becausethe infection was too widespreadbefore treatment began (Hall et al.2013). But growers should not giveup hope. It took years to find atreatment for sudden oak death(Garbelotto and Schmidt 2009).

ConclusionSo far, huanglongbing in the U.S.

has caused major problems only inFlorida. The disease spread quicklythere due to infected nursery stockand storms that dispersed the psyl-lid. Without help from humans andstorms, natural dispersal of thepsyllid in California and elsewhereis likely to be slow. There is noneed for growers to panic and applyaggressive pesticide applicationsthat cause environmental problems.The situation should be carefullymonitored, and research on resist-ant species and microbial biocontrolshould be intensified. If psyllidsappear, an IPM program is the bestoption.

William Quarles, Ph.D. is an IPMSpecialist, Managing Editor of theIPM Practitioner, and ExecutiveDirector of the Bio-Integral ResourceCenter (BIRC). He can be reached byemail at birc@igc.org.

ReferencesAbdullah, T.L., H. Shokrollah, K. Sijam et al.

2009. Control of Huanglongbing disease withreference to its occurrence in Malyasia.African J. Biotechnol. 8(1):4007-4015. [CABAbstracts]

Batcha, L. 2013. Organic practices offer hope forcitrus greening. CCOF Certified OrganicFall:30.

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IPM Practitioner, XXXIV(1/2) Published December 2013 Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 947076

Update

CA Dept. of Food and Agric.(CDFA)�1220 N St., Sacramento,CA 95814; 916/654-0466;800/491-1899;www.cdfa.ca.gov/invasives

Center for Invasive Species Research(CISR)�Rm 108A, Chapman Hall,UC Riverside, 900 University Ave.,Riverside, CA 92521; 951/827-4714; cisr@ucr.edu

Certis, 9145 Guilford Rd. Suite 175,Columbia, MD 21046; 800/847-5620, 301/604-7340, Fax301/604-7015;www.certisusa.com

IPM Practitioner’s 2013 Directory ofLeast-Toxic Pest Control Products(access to commercial biocontrolsand biopesticides), www.birc.org

Marrone Bio Innovations, 2121Second St., Suite B-107, Davis,CA 95618; 877/664-4476,530/750-2800; www.mar-ronebioinnovations.com

University of California Statewide IPMProgram, University of California,Davis, CA 95616-8621; 530/752-8350, Fax 530/752-6004;www.ipm.ucdavis.edu

Resources

Belasque, J., R.B. Bassanezi, P.T. Yamamoto etal. 2010. Lessons from Huanglongbing man-agement in Sao Paulo State, Brazil. J. PlantPathol. 92(2):285-302. [CAB Abstracts]

Boina, D.R., E.O. Onagbola, M. Salyani, and L.L.Stelinski. 2009. Antifeedant and sublethaleffects of imidacloprid on Asian citrus psyl-lid, Diphorina citri. Pest Manag. Sci.65(8):870-877.

Bové, J.M. 2006. Huanglongbing: a destructive,newly emerging, century old disease of cit-rus. J. Plant Pathol. 88(1):7-37.

Catling, H.D. 1970. Distribution of psyllid vec-tors of citrus greening disease, with notes onthe biology and bionomics of Diaphorina citri.FAO Plant Prot. Bull. 18(1):8-15.

Cocco, A. and M.A. Hoy. 2008. Toxicity oforganosilicone adjuvants and selected pesti-cides to the Asian citrus psyllid and its par-asitoid Tamarixia radiata. Fla. Entomol.91(4):610-620.

CDFA (California Department of Food andAgriculture). 2013. Asian citrus psyllid,Huanglongbing. 2 pp.www.cdfa.ca.gov/plant/acp/

Croxton, S. 2012. Mulches repel Asian citruspsyllid. Presentation 2012 ESA Conference,Knoxville, TN. croxtsd@ufl.edu

De Graca, J.V. 1991. Citrus greening disease.Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 29:109-136.

Garbelotto, M. and D.J. Schmidt. 2009.Phosphonate controls sudden oak deathpathogen for up to two years. Calif. Agric.63(1):10-17.

Gottwald, T.R. 2010. Current epidemiologicalunderstanding of citrus huanglongbing.Annu. Rev. Phytopath. 48:119-139.

Gottwald, T.R., J.H. Graham, M.S. Irey et al.2012. Inconsequential effect of nutritionaltreatments on huanglongbing control, fruitquality, bacterial titer and disease progress.Crop Prot. 36:73-82.

Grafton-Cardwell, E.E., J.E. Lee, S.M. Robillardet al. 2008. Role of imidacloprid in integrat-ed pest management of California citrus. J.Econ. Entomol. 101(2):451-460.

Grafton-Cardwell, E.E. and V.F. Lazaneo. 2010.Asian citrus psyllid. UC IPM Online. 4 pp.http://ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PEST-NOTES/pn74155.html

Grafton-Cardwell, E.E., L.L. Stelinski and P.A.Stansly. 2013. Biology and management ofAsian citrus psyllid, vector of huanglongbingpathogens. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 58:413-432.

Grandevo. 2012. Grandevo label. www.mar-ronebioinnovations.com

Halbert, S.E. and K.L. Manjunath. 2004. Asiancitrus psyllid and greening disease of citrus:a literature review and assessment of risk inFlorida. Fla. Entomol. 87(3):330-353.

Hall, D.G., S.L. LaPointe and E.J. Wenninger.2007. Effects of a particle film on biologyand behavior of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera:Psyllidae) and its infestations in citrus. J.Econ. Entomol. 100(3):847-854.

Hall, D.G. 2009. An assessment of yellow stickycard traps as indicators of the abundance ofadult Diaphorina citri in Citrus. J. Econ.Entomol. 102(1):446-452.

Hall, D.G. and R. Nguyen. 2010. Toxicity of pes-ticides to Tamarixia radiata, a parasitoid ofthe Asian citrus psyllid. Biocontrol 55(5):601-611.

Hall, D.G. and M.G. Hentz. 2011. Seasonal flightactivity by the Asian citrus psyllid in eastcentral Florida. Entomol. Exp. Applic.

139(1):75-85.Hall, D.G., M.L. Richardson, E-D. Ammar, and

S.E. Halbert. 2013. Asian citrus psyllid,Diaphorina citri, vector of huanglongbing dis-ease. Entomol. Exper. Appl. 146:207-223.

Hunter, W.B., P.B. Avery, P. Pick et al. 2012.Broad spectrum potential of Isariafumosorosea against pests of citrus. Fla.Entomol. 94:1051-1054.

Ichinose, K., D.V. Bang, D.H. Tuan and L.Q.Dien. 2010a. Effective use of neonicotinoidsform protection of citrus seedlings frominvasion by Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera:Psyllidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 103(1):127-135.

Ichinose, K., K. Miyazi, K. Matsuhira et al.2010b. Unreliable pesticide control of thevector psyllid Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera:Psyllidae) for the reduction of microorganismdisease transmission. J. Environ. Sci. HealthPart B 45:466-472.

Larson, J.L., C.T. Redmond and D.A. Potter.2013. Assessing insecticide hazard to bum-ble bees foraging on flowering weeds intreated lawns. PLoS ONE 8(6):e66375

Mann, R.J., R.L. Rouseff, J.M Smoot et al. 2011.Sulfur volatiles from Allium spp. affect Asiancitrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, response tocitrus volatiles. Bull Entomol. Res. 101:89-97.

Mann, R.J., J.G. Ali, S.L. Hermann et al. 2012a.Induced release of a plant defense volatile“deceptively” attracts insect vectors to plantsinfected with a bacterial pathogen. PLoSPathogens 8(3):e1002610.

Mann, R.S., S. Tiwari, J.M. Smoot et al. 2012b.Repellency and toxicity of plant based essen-tial oils and their constituents againstDiaphorina citri. J. Appl. Entomol. 136:87-96.

Masaoka, Y., A. Pustika, S. Subandiyah et al.2011. Lower concentrations of microele-ments in citrus infected with CandidatusLiberbacter asiaticus. JARQ 45(3):269-275.

Mason, R., H. Tennekes, F. Sanchez-Bayo andP.U. Jepson. 2013. Immune suppression byneonicotinoid insecticides at the root of glob-al wildlife declines. J. Environ. Immunol.Toxicol. 1(1):3-12.

Mead, F.W. 1977. The Asiatic citrus psyllid,Diaphorina citri, Kuwayama. FDACS Entomol.Circ. No. 180, 4 pp.

Michaud, J.P. 2004. Natural mortality of Asiancitrus psyllid (Homoptera: Psyllidae) in cen-tral Florida. Biol. Control 29:260-269.

Onagbola, O., R.L. Rouseff, J.M. Smoot et al.2011. Guava leaf volatiles and dimethyl sul-fide inhibit response of Diphorina citri to hostplant volatiles. J. Appl. Entomol. 135:404-414.

Pelz-Stelinski, K.S., R.H. Brlansky, T.A. Ebertand M.E. Rogers. 2010. Transmissionparameters for Candidatus Liberibacter asi-aticus by Asian citrus psyllid. J. Econ.Entomol. 103(5):1531-1541.

Quarles, W. 2010. New invasives threatenCalifornia crops and ornamentals. IPMPractitioner 32(7/8):1-7.

Quarles, W. 2011. Pesticides and honey beedeath and decline. IPM Practitioner33(1/2):1-11.

Quarles, W. 2013a. New biopesticides for IPMand organic production. IPM Practitioner33(7/8):1-9.

Quarles, W. 2013b. Bats, pesticides and whitenose syndrome. IPM Practitioner 33(9/10):1-6.

Qureshi, J.A. and P.A. Stansly, 2009. Exclusion

techniques reveal significant biotic mortalitysuffered by Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorinacitri. Biol. Control 50(2):129-136.

Qureshi, J.A., M.E. Rogers, D.G. Hall and P.A.Stansly. 2009. Incidence of invasiveDiaphorina citri and its introduced parasitoidin Florida citrus. J. Econ. Entomol.102(1):247-256.

Qureshi, J.A.and P.A. Stansly. 2010. Dormantseason foliar sprays of broadspectrum insec-ticides: an effective component of integratedpest management for Diaphorina citri(Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in citrus orchards.Crop Prot. 29:860-866.

Rae, D.J., W.G. Liang, D.M. Watson et al. 1997.Evaluation of petroleum spray oils for con-trol of Asian citrus psylla, Diaphorina citri, inChina. Int. J. Pest Manag. 43:71-75.

Serikawa, R.H., E.A. Backus and M.E. Rogers.2012. Effects of soil applied imidacloprid onAsian citrus psyllid (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)feeding behavior. J. Econ. Entomol.105(5):1492-1502.

Setamou, M., D. Rodriguez, R. Saldana et al.2010. Efficacy and uptake of soil-appliedimidacloprid in the control of Asian citruspsyllid and a citrus leafminer, two foliarfeeding pests. J. Econ. Entomol. 103(5):1711-1719.

Stauderman, K. and S. Arthurs. 2012. Control ofAsian citrus psyllid using Isaria fumosoroseaand emulsifiable oils. Proc. Fla. State Hort.Soc. 125:98-101.

Tiwari, S., R.S. Mann, M.E. Rogers and L.L.Stelinski. 2011a. Insecticide resistance infield populations of Asian citrus psyllid inFlorida. Pest Manag. Sci. 67(10):1258-1268.

Tiwari, S., K. Pelz-Stelinski and L.L. Stelinski.2011b. Effect of Candidatus Liberibacter asi-aticus infection on susceptibility of Asiancitrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, to selectedinsecticides. Pest Manag. Sci. 67:94-99.

Tiwari, S. and L.L. Stelinski. 2013. Effects ofcyantraniliprole, a novel anthranilic diamideinsecticide, against Asian citrus psyllidunder laboratory and field conditions. PestManag. Sci. 69:1066-1072.

Tiwari, S., W.L. Meyer and L.L. Stelinski. 2013.Induced resistance against the Asian citruspsyllid, Diaphorina citri, by beta-aminobu-tyric acid. Bull. Entomol. Res. 103(5):592-600.

Trivedi, P., U.S. Sagaram, J.S. Kim et al. 2009.Quantification of viable CandidatusLiberibacter asiaticus in hosts using quanti-tative PCR with the aid of ethidiummonoazide. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 124(4):553-563.

Weathersbee, A.A. III and C.L. McKenzie. 2005.Effect of a neem biopesticide on repellency,mortality, oviposition, and development ofDiaphorina citri (Homoptera: Psyllidae). Fla.Entomol. 88(4):401-407.

Westbrook, C.J., D.G. Hall, E. Stover et al. 2011.Colonization of citrus and citrus-relatedgermplasm by Diaphorina citri. HortScience46(7):997-1005.

Zaka, S.M., X.-N Zeng, P. Holford et al. 2010.Repellent effect of guava leaf volatiles on set-tlement of adults of citrus psylla, Diaphorinacitri, on citrus. Insect Sci. 17:39-45.

Zhang, M., C.A. Powell, L.S. Benyhon et al.2013. Deciphering the bacterial genome ofcitrus plants in response to CandidatusLiberibacter asiaticus—infection and antibi-otic treatments. PLoS ONE 8(11):e76331

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Update

sjinbo@clemson.edu). Bait stationswith 300 ml (10 fl oz) of 30% sugarsolution were either unmarked ormarked with the protein marker.Three days later, ants were collectedand an ELISA sandwich test with IgGrabbit serum was performed.

The protein marker was detectedin Argentine ants 15-25 meters (49-82 ft) from bait stations, regardlessof whether bait stations were 10meters (33 ft) or 20 meters (66 ft)apart. Hence, the optimal distancebetween Argentine ant bait stationswas 20 meters (66 ft). Though baitstations decreased the mean numberof foraging ants in the short-term, itremains to be seen whether the antreductions will persist one or twoyears later.

Asian Needle Ant BaitsAsian needle ants, Pachycondyla

chinensis, native to Japan and Asia,have spread in the USA fromConnecticut to Florida and Georgia,where their stings can result in seri-ous systemic reactions, said Ying Mo(Clemson Univ, Clemson, SC 29634;moying88@hotmail.com).

A number of good ant baits, bothgels and granules, are available. Aturban sites where Asian needle antsare considered pests, Mo tested sev-eral formulations: Advion® andAdvance® were broadcast.Optigard®, Advion® granules andMaxForce were used in bait stations.Asian needle ants do not like wetbait, so bait stations need protectionfrom rain. Advion® gel bait workedbest after 10 weeks. GranularAdvion® fire ant bait provided 60-70% control.

Herbal Oils Repel Pesky Wasps

Sterling Rescue!® yellowjackettraps baited with varying mixtures of21 essential oils were field tested onsocial wasps (Vespidae) such aspaper wasps, Polistes dominulus;western yellowjackets, Vespula pen-sylvanica, and hornets. Of the 21essential oils, 11 showed strong

reduced bumble bee weight gain, lessforaging and reduced queen and hivereproduction several weeks later.With chlorantraniliprole, a newerproduct, these adverse neonicotinoidpesticide effects were not seen.

Neonicotinoids Impair Soy Aphid IPM

The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines,can reduce soybean yields by 40%,said Carolina Camargo (Univ ofNebraska, ENTO 220, Lincoln, NE68588; caro.camargo@yahoo.es). AnIPM approach includes biologicalcontrols, seed treatments, resistantvarieties and monitoring with eco-nomic treatment thresholds. Minutepirate bug, Orius insidiosus, a com-mon predator in the North CentralUSA, can keep soybean aphid popu-lations below economic thresholds.In greenhouse studies, seed treat-

ments with the neonicotinoidthiomethoxam produced high O.insidiosus mortality, which is a con-cern because O. insidiosus eats 20aphids per 24 hours. In Camargo’ssystemic bioassay, aphids spent 24hours feeding on leaves grown fromtreated seeds; then starved O.insidiosus females were added to thesystem. O. insidiosus survivorshipwas reduced at 24 hours, thoughaphid consumption was not reduced.Thus, the seed treatments do notseem compatible with a conservationbiocontrol strategy. Given the O.insidiosus mortality, an IPM strategyusing the neonicotinoid seed treat-ments would need to augment O.insidiosus populations to maintainsoybean aphid biocontrol.

Optimizing Argentine AntBait Placement

Optimal placement of Argentineant, Linepithema humile, bait sta-tions in South Carolina’s GreenwoodState Park was studied using a pro-tein marker and sandwich ELISA testto determine ant foraging distancesand patterns, said Jinbo Song(Clemson Univ, Clemson, SC 29634;

By Joel Grossman

T hese Conference Highlightswere selected from about 1,800talks and over 600 poster dis-

plays at the Nov. 11-14, 2012,Entomological Society of America(ESA) annual meeting in Knoxville,Tennessee. ESA’s next annual meet-ing is November 10-13, 2013, inAustin, Texas. For more informationcontact the ESA (10001 DerekwoodLane, Suite 100, Lanham, MD 20706;301/731-4535; www.entsoc.org

Lawn Pesticides CanPoison Pollinators

Turf is a high chemical input sys-tem where pesticides impact the eco-logical food chain of pollinators, nat-ural enemies, and detritivores, saidJonathan Larson (Univ of Kentucky,Lexington, KY 40546; jonathan.lar-son@uky.edu). For example, clothi-anidin (Arena®), a widely used neon-icotinoid pesticide, reduces decom-posers (detritivores) such as earth-worms and springtails. Chloran-traniliprole (Acelepryn®), whosemode of action is muscular, has lesseffect.Lawn insecticides can be a prob-

lem for bees because they areattracted to the clover flowering inthe lawn. Kentucky bluegrass lawns,which may have 30% white clovermixed in, are often frequented bybumblebees. In one experiment, turfwas sprayed with the neonicotinoidpesticide, clothianidin, then the turfwas tented with bees. After the pesti-cide spray, there were fewer foragingbees, and hives contained less storedfood.In a 2-week experiment in 2011,

turf was mowed to remove floweringplants before it was treated with pes-ticides and tented with bumble bees.Mowing mitigated the pesticideeffects.

In a 2012 experiment, bees weretented on clothianidin-treated turffor 6 days and then moved for 6weeks to unsprayed turf. The 6-daypesticide exposure resulted in

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ESA 2012 Annual MeetingHighlights

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The pestiferous L. langei is a general-ist species, therefore its acceptanceof sunflower for feeding is not unex-pected. L. helianthi, a native leafmin-er is a specialist feeding and develop-ing only on sunflower and one otherhost (not celery). Emery’s data pro-vide convincing support for the useof L. helianthi on sunflower as anearly-season host to increase para-sitoid populations, rendering themmore effective in their control of thepestiferous L. langei in adjacent cel-ery fields.

Asian Citrus Psyllid Predators

A brown lacewing, Sympherobiusbarberi, available from commercialinsectaries for aphid biocontrol, wastested as a predator of Asian citruspysllid, Diaphorina citri, said AzharKhan (Univ of Florida, 2685 State Rd29 North, Immokalee, FL 34142;azharkhan@ufl.edu). S. barberireduced psyllid nymphs 35% on (4-year old) citrus trees in the field (onshoots enclosed in fine mesh sleevecages).The native ashy-gray ladybird bee-

tle, Olla v-nigrum, and a greenlacewing species, Ceraeochrysacubana, are predators of Asian citruspysllid eggs and nymphs in Floridacitrus groves, but are not availablefrom commercial insectaries, saidJoel Mendez (Univ of Florida, 2685State Rd 29 North, Immokalee, FL34142; mendez.1@ufl.edu). However,both the lady beetle and greenlacewing could be reared commer-cially.

Microbe Controls Aphids,Thrips & Psyllids

“Grandevo® (MBI-203) is a micro-bial-based insecticide based uponthe novel bacteriumChromobacterium subtsugae strainPRAA4-1,” said Timothy Johnson(Marrone Bio Innovations, 2121 2ndSt, Davis, CA 95618). In small plottests, a dry flowable formulation waseffective against Asian citrus psyllid,Diaphorina citri. Grandevo is broad-spectrum, and depending upon cropand pest, 0.5-3.0 lb/acre (0.55-3.3kg/ha) in water has been successfulagainst western flower thrips,Frankliniella occidentalis, potato psyl-

2E0, Canada; michael.brown-bridge@vinelandresearch.com).Foliar and soil fungi biocontrol

agents include: Metarhizium anisopli-ae Strain F52 (MET52®), which islabeled for soil pests such as larvalblack vine weevils and strawberryroot weevils, plus thrips and white-flies; and BotaniGard®, a Beauveriabassiana product.Soil predators used for biological

control, primarily of fungus gnats,include: Stratiolaelaps scimitus, amite predaceous on fungus gnats,springtails, thrips and other soilpests; Gaeolaelaps gillespiei, a mitepreying on fungus gnats, springtailsand thrips soil life stages; andDalotia (Atheta) coriaria, a rove beetlepreying on fungus gnats and soil lifestages of pests like thrips. The nem-atode, Steinernema feltiae, is alsouseful against thrips.

Knowing compatible combinationsof biocontrol agents makes thripsbiocontrol more cost effective.MET52 and Steinernema feltiae arecompatible. Growing plants in shad-ed soil benefits S. feltiae nematodes.BotaniGard sprayed on the soil andpredatory soil mites also work welltogether to provide good thrips bio-control. Indeed, all the fungal bioin-secticides seem to work well withGaeolaelaps gillespiei to provide goodthrips control. Rove beetles (Atheta)and fungal insect biocontrol prod-ucts also work well together.

Sunflower PerimetersProtect Celery

“Liriomyza species (Agromyzidae)have consistently and rapidly devel-oped insecticide resistance, and cur-rently Liriomyza langei is consideredthe most difficult to control,” saidSara Emery (Univ of California, 130Mulford Hall #3114, Berkeley, CA94720; semery@berkeley.edu).Parasitism rates often reach 70-90%,indicating there is potential for thecreation of nursery crops of sharedparasitoids using early-season non-perstiferous leafminers to protectvegetable crops.“There is potential to use perimeter

plantings of sunflower as hosts tonon-pest leafminers to build upearly-season parasitoid populationsfor better pest control,” said Emery.

wasp repellency, said Qing-He Zhang(Sterling Interntl, Spokane, WA99216; qing-he@rescue.com). Singledout for further study were the essen-tial oils of clove, pennyroyal, lemon-grass, ylang ylang, spearmint, win-tergreen, sage, rosemary, lavender,geranium, patchouli, citronella,Roman chamomile, thyme, fennelseed, anise and peppermint.Especially promising were a threeessential oil mixture of clove, gerani-um and lemongrass; and a fouressential oil mixture of clove, gerani-um, lemongrass and rosemary.

Rhizobacteria BlendsBoost Turf

According to R. Murphey Coy(Auburn Univ, 301 Funchess Hall,Auburn, AL 36849; rmc0023@tiger-mail.auburn.edu), sod inputs can bereduced, turf growth boosted, sys-temic resistance induced and pestmanagement improved by applyingnon-pathogenic plant growth pro-moting rhizobacteria (PGPR) to colo-nize grass seeds and roots.PGPR offer ease of use, as they can

be formulated as user-friendlysprays. For more consistent resultswith PGPR, two or more species orstrains are used in combination,including Bacillus, Pseudomonas andRhizobium species. In turf, PGPRblends can induce systemic resist-ance to pathogens such as Fusarium.PGPR also attract parasitoids toboost biocontrol. Plus PGPR improvewater use, iron use, plant nutritionand root growth.About 30% of golf courses have

environmental stewardship programspromoting biodiversity and biocon-trol, said Coy, and could easily addPGPR to the IPM mix. A Bacillus fur-mus product tripled biocontrol of turfpests such as fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda, over a two-year period.

Greenhouse BiocontrolCombos in Canada

Canadian greenhouse productionis valued at $1.4 billion per year, halfof which is floriculture production,said Michael Brownbridge (VinelandRes & Innov Centre, 4890 VictoriaAve N, Vineland Station, ON L0R

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Trapping Drosophilasuzukii

Clear traps, Commercial traps,Haviland traps, Modified Havilandtraps, Van Steenwyk traps, Red trapsand Dreves traps were tested againstDrosophila suzukii in 9 differentcrops in British Columbia (Canada),Oregon, Washington, California,Utah, Michigan and North Carolina.“The Haviland caught the most over-all at 16 sites,” said Jana Lee(USDA-ARS, 3420 NW Orchard Ave,Corvallis, OR 97330; jana.lee@ars.usda.gov.) At 6 sites in Oregon theDreves trap caught the most. Follow-up analysis suggested that trapswith greater entry areas generallycaught more SWD. Traps with meshdid better than traps with holes.The traps were not selective, cap-

turing other Drosophila species. Forexample, D. suzukii was only 26-31%of trap catches in Oregon blueber-ries, Washington cherries and NorthCarolina raspberries.In 2012, five trap colors were test-

ed in 9 crops. Red and yellow trapsoften rank first when traps areordered by relative catch, comparedto clear, white and black, said Lee.

Attracticidal SpheresIn the mid-Atlantic states, where

Drosophila suzukii is a pest ofberries, cherries, strawberries,peaches and other fruit crops, insec-ticides are sprayed because wine andvinegar traps do not capture enoughflies to protect the crop, said BrentShort (USDA-ARS ; 2217 WiltshireRd, Kearneysville, WV 25430;Brent.Short@ars.usda.gov).Attracticidal spheres like those usedfor apple maggot, Rhagoletispomonella, with a toxicant and feed-ing stimulant in the red round base,were adapted for use against D.suzukii. The toxicant was 0-1%active ingredient, either a pyrethroid(bifenthrin; lambda-cyhalothrin) or aspinosad (spinetoram; spinosad).In 48-hour cage tests with 14 D.

suzukii flies, raspberry plants andred sticky spheres, the spheresreduced the number of flies by 50%;there was a 30% decrease in fly lar-vae in the fruit.

lid, Bactericera cockerelli, and citrusrust mite, Phyllocoptruta oleivora.

Grandevo is also effective againstgreen peach aphid, Myzus persicae,which infests a wide range of vegeta-bles and ornamental crops grown inthe field and greenhouse, said L.B.Flor-Weiler (Marrone Bio Inno-vations, 2121 2nd St, Davis, CA95618). Green peach aphid wasrepelled, and adult fecundity wasreduced by Grandevo.

Mulches Repel Asian Citrus Psyllid

Florida has 70% of the U.S. citrusindustry. About $9 billion per yearand 76,000 jobs are at risk fromHuanglongbing (HLB) or citrusgreening disease, which is vectoredby Asian citrus psyllid (ACP),Diaphorina citri, said Scott Croxton(Univ of Florida, 2685 State Rd 29North, Immokalee, FL 34142; crox-tsd@ufl.edu). When infected orchardsare replanted, they are protected byneonicotinoid drenches; but theinfection rate is still 5% per year.So, reflective mulches like those

used to protect vegetables fromaphids and whiteflies were tested toprotect young citrus trees. In a yearof extremely high ACP pressure,young citrus trees protected by UVreflective metalized mulch had 30%of flushes infested, versus 60% forbare ground and trees with whitemulch. This was essentially a worstcase scenario, as trees were notheavily sprayed with pesticides. Themetalized mulch, which is availableas a virtually impermeable film (VIF),had the highest soil moisture. Boththe metalized mulch and whitemulch had fewer weeds.Overall, UV reflective metalized

mulch plots had fewer ACP, lessHLB, fewer weeds, and increasedtree growth. More reflected light hit-ting the trees resulted in more treegrowth, but care must be taken toavoid sunburn. Standard bareground orchards had the worstresults; e.g. least soil moisture; mostweeds. A huge cost-savings in thesystem is that trees grown under theincreased light intensity of a reflec-tive mulch come into production ayear earlier.

IPM Practitioner, XXXIV(1/2) Published December 2013 Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 9470710

Conference NotesCalendarJanuary 21-23, 2014. National Pest ManagementAssoc., Eastern Conf., Tarrytown, NY. Contact:NPMA, www.npmapestworld.org

January 22-25, 2014. 34th Annual EcoFarmConference. Asilomar, Pacific Grove, CA.Contact: Ecological Farming Association,831/763-2111; info@eco-farm.org

January 31-February 1, 2014. 7th Organic SeedGrowers Conf., Corvallis, OR. Contact: OrganicSeed Alliance, PO Box 772, Pt. Townsend, WA98368; 360-385-7192

February 2-4, 2014. Annual Conference,Association Applied Insect Ecologists, Monterey,CA. Contact: www.aaie.net

February 3-6, 2014. Annual Meeting WeedScience Society of America. Vancouver, BC,Canada. Contact: www.wssa.net

February 11-12, 2014. NPMA Southern Conf.,Tunica, MS. Contact: NPMA, www.npmapest-world.org

February 15-16, 2014. 31st Annual NOFA VTWinter Conf., Burlington, VT. Contact: 802-434-3821; info@nofavt.org

February 27-March 1, 2014. 25th Annual MosesOrganic Farm Conference. La Crosse, WI.Contact: Moses, PO Box 339, Spring Valley, WI54767; 715/778-5775; www.mosesorganic.org

March 5, 2014. Farming the Urban Edge,California Certified Organic Farmers, AnnualMeeting, Anaheim, CA. Contact:jbeckett@ccof.org; www.ccof.org

March 9-11, 2014. California Small FarmConference. Doubletree, Rohnert Park, CA.Contact: www.californiafarmconference.com

March 18-23, 2014. 4th Intl. Conf. Weeds andInvasive Plants. Montpellier, France. Contact:http://tinyurl.com/agsqucp

June 19-21, 2014. 71st Annual Convention, PestControl Operators of CA. Harrah’s, Las Vegas,NV. Contact: www.pcoc.org

August 10-15, 2014. 99th Annual ConferenceEcological Society of America. Sacramento, CA.Contact: www.esa.org

August 9-13, 2014. Annual Conference AmericanPhytopathological Society (APS). Minneapolis,MN. Contact: APS, 3340 Pilot Knob Rd., St.Paul, MN 55121; 651-454-7250; aps@scisoc.org

November 16-19, 2014. Annual ESA Meeting.Portland, OR. Contact: ESA, 10001 DerekwoodLane, Suite 100, Lanham, MD 20706; 301/731-4535; http://www.entsoc.org

March 24-26, 2015. 8th Intl. IPM Symposium.Salt Lake City, UT. Contact: Elaine Wolff,Wolff1@illinois.edu

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