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Volume 8, Issue 10(1), October 2019 International Journal of Multidisciplinary

Educational Research

Published by Sucharitha Publications 48-12-3/7, Flat No: 302, Alekya Residency Srinagar, Visakhapatnam – 530 016 Andhra Pradesh – India Email: [email protected] Website: www.ijmer.in

Editorial Board Editor-in-Chief Dr. K. Victor Babu Associate Professor, Institute of Education Mettu University, Metu, Ethiopia

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Prof. S.Mahendra Dev Vice Chancellor Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai Prof.Y.C. Simhadri Vice Chancellor, Patna University Former Director Institute of Constitutional and Parliamentary Studies, New Delhi & Formerly Vice Chancellor of Benaras Hindu University, Andhra University Nagarjuna University, Patna University Prof. (Dr.) Sohan Raj Tater Former Vice Chancellor Singhania University, Rajasthan Prof.R.Siva Prasadh IASE Andhra University - Visakhapatnam Dr.V.Venkateswarlu Assistant Professor Dept. of Sociology & Social Work Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur Prof. P.D.Satya Paul Department of Anthropology Andhra University – Visakhapatnam Prof. Josef HÖCHTL Department of Political Economy University of Vienna, Vienna & Ex. Member of the Austrian Parliament Austria Prof. Alexander Chumakov Chair of Philosophy Russian Philosophical Society Moscow, Russia Prof. Fidel Gutierrez Vivanco Founder and President Escuela Virtual de Asesoría Filosófica Lima Peru

Prof. Igor Kondrashin The Member of The Russian Philosophical Society The Russian Humanist Society and Expert of The UNESCO, Moscow, Russia Dr. Zoran Vujisiæ Rector St. Gregory Nazianzen Orthodox Institute Universidad Rural de Guatemala, GT, U.S.A Prof.U.Shameem Department of Zoology Andhra University Visakhapatnam Dr. N.V.S.Suryanarayana Dept. of Education, A.U. Campus Vizianagaram Dr. Kameswara Sharma YVR Asst. Professor Dept. of Zoology Sri. Venkateswara College, Delhi University, Delhi I Ketut Donder Depasar State Institute of Hindu Dharma Indonesia Prof. Roger Wiemers Professor of Education Lipscomb University, Nashville, USA Dr. N.S. Dhanam Department of Philosophy Andhra University Visakhapatnam Dr.B.S.N.Murthy Department of Mechanical Engineering GITAM University Visakhapatnam

Dr.S.V Lakshmana Rao Coordinator A.P State Resource Center Visakhapatnam Dr.S.Kannan Department of History Annamalai University Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram

Dr. B. Venkataswamy H.O.D., & Associate Professor Dept. of Telugu, P.A.S. College Pedanandipadu, Guntur, India Dr.E. Ashok Kumar Department of Education North- Eastern Hill University, Shillong

Dr.K.Chaitanya Department of Chemistry Nanjing University of Science and Technology People’s Republic of China

Dr.Sandeep Narula Dept. of Management Sciences IIHMR University, Jaipur Dr. Bipasha Sinha S. S. Jalan Girls’ College University of Calcutta, Calcutta Prof. N Kanakaratnam Dept. of History, Archaeology & Culture Dravidian University, Kuppam Andhra Pradesh Dr. K. John Babu Department of Journalism & Mass Comm Central University of Kashmir, Kashmir Dr.T.V.Ramana Department of Economics, Andhra University Campus, Kakinada

Dr.Ton Quang Cuong Dean of Faculty of Teacher Education University of Education, VNU, Hanoi

Prof. Chanakya Kumar Department of Computer Science University of Pune,Pune

Prof. Djordje Branko Vukelic Department for Production Engineering University of Novi Sad, Serbia Prof. Shobha V Huilgol Department of Pharmacology Off- Al- Ameen Medical College, Bijapur Prof.Joseph R.Jayakar Department of English GITAM University Hyderabad Prof.Francesco Massoni Department of Public Health Sciences University of Sapienza, Rome Prof.Mehsin Jabel Atteya Al-Mustansiriyah University College of Education Department of Mathematics, Iraq Prof. Ronato Sabalza Ballado Department of Mathematics University of Eastern Philippines, Philippines Satheesha H Mettu University Mettu, Ethiopia Dr.J.B.Chakravarthi Assistant Professor Department of Sahitya Rasthritya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha, Tirupati Dr.Ni Luh Putu Agustini Karta Department of Tourism Triatma Mulya Institute of Economy Bali, Indonesia

© Editor-in-Chief, IJMER®

Typeset and Printed in India

www.ijmer.in IJMER, Journal of Multidisciplinary Educational Research, concentrates on critical and creative research in multidisciplinary traditions. This journal seeks to promote original research and cultivate a fruitful dialogue between old and new thought.

C O N T E N T S

Volume 8 Issue 10(1) October 2019

S. No Pg.No

1. Effect of Interval Training Program on Fitness Ability of Football Players in Visakhapatnam K.Ashok and A. Pallavi

1

2. Assessment of Fly Ash in the Construction of Rigid Pavement Krishan Kumar

and Shashivendra Dulawat

5

3. Gayl Jones’ the Healing: A Moving Affirmation of Forgiveness and Bust

Istuak Ahmad

14

4. Diminishing of Joint Family Culture Harween Kaur

21

5. Corporate Social Responsibility to Customers Satisfaction Jyoti Rani

27

6. A Quest for Female Consciousness in Manju Kapur’s Difficult Daughters

M.H. Siddiqui

32

7. A Study on Awareness and Attitude of Individuals Towards Budgeting and Savings – with References to Thoothukudi

M. Meenalavenya and V. Sornaganesh

41

8. A Descriptive Study to Assess the Knowledge of Staff Nurses Regarding First 24 Hours Care of Patients with Myocardial Infarction Admitted in Selected Hospitals of Delhi with A View to Develop Self Instruction Module.

Neha Dimri, Sumity Arora and Giji John

51

9. ^Ekyrh Tks'kh Dh Dgkfu;Ksa Esa Vfhko;Dr Ukjh Laosnuk* fiadh ikjhd

58

10. Viscometric Studies of Substituted Heterocyclic Drug Rosuvastatin at Various Molar Concentrations at 303 K

R.B.Dhake

61

11. Improvement in Color Image Using Modified Laplacian Filter Seema and Shaveta Kalsi

66

12. Tkfy;Kaokyk Ckx&Dkam Vksj Å/Ke Flag “Ke”Kkn Vyh

75

13. Effective Leadership - A Facilitator of Continuous Improvement and Innovation for Organizational Changes

Suneel Ramachandra Joshi

81

14. Advanced Technologies are the Critical Factors behind the Social Acceptance of Technology Based Startups-A Study Based on Fintech Startups Ecosystem

Syed Zakir Hussain and N.H.Mulli

89

15. Women in Politics of India: A Critical Assessment of Panchayati Raj Institutions

Tabassum and Qaiser Jahan

104

16. Non-Violence and Mahatma Gandhi Thagendra Chutia

114

17. A Fuzzy Cluster Means Color Segmentation Approach for Detection of Exudates in Images of Diabetic Retinopathy

V.Sudha and C. Karthikeyan

120

18. Identification of Music Emotions Using Fuzzy Logic By Reduced Set of Emotion in Emotion Model

Vibha Lahane and Saurabh Deshmukh

138

19. म एव ंरोजगार :रायपरु जले के सदंभ म शिशकला अतलुकर and ए .के .पांडे

145

20. सकल रा य घरेल ूउ पाद के सदंभ म छ ीसगढ़ म रोजगार शिशकला अतुलकर and ए .के .पाडें

155

Dr. K. VICTOR BABU

M.A.,M.A.,M.Phil.,Ph.D.,PDF, (D.Lit) Associate Professor, Institute of Education & Editor-in-Chief International Journal of Multidisciplinary Educational Research (IJMER) & Sucharitha: A Journal of Philosophy and Religion Mettu University, Metu, Ethiopia.

ISSN : 2277 – 7881 Impact Factor :6.014 (2019)

Index Copernicus Value: 5.16

Editorial……

It is heartening to note that our journal is able to sustain the enthusiasm and covering various facets of knowledge. It is our hope that IJMER would continue to live up to its fullest expectations savoring the thoughts of the intellectuals associated with its functioning .Our progress is steady and we are in a position now to receive evaluate and publish as many articles as we can. The response from the academicians and scholars is excellent and we are proud to acknowledge this stimulating aspect.

The writers with their rich research experience in the academic fields are contributing excellently and making IJMER march to progress as envisaged. The interdisciplinary topics bring in a spirit of immense participation enabling us to understand the relations in the growing competitive world. Our endeavour will be to keep IJMER as a perfect tool in making all its participants to work to unity with their thoughts and action.

The Editor thanks one and all for their input towards the growth of the Knowledge Based Society. All of us together are making continues efforts to make our predictions true in making IJMER, a Journal of Repute

Dr.K.Victor Babu

Editor-in-Chief

SOCIAL SCIENCES, HUMANITIES, COMMERCE & MANAGEMENT, ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, MEDICINE, SCIENCES, ART & DEVELOPMENT STUDIES, LAW

www.ijmer.in

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN: 2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR – 6.014; IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 VOLUME 8, ISSUE 10(1), OCTOBER 2019

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EFFECT OF INTERVAL TRINING PROGRAM ON FITNESS ABILITY OF FOOTBALL PLAYERS IN VISAKHAPATNAM

K.Ashok Research Scholar

Dept. of Physical Education Andhra University, Visakhapatnam

Dr. A. Pallavi Asst. Prof

Dept. of Physical Education Andhra University, Visakhapatnam

Abstract Football player is most effective when he can start quickly and move with “controlled speed” to a given spot in the field. Football is more often a game of nimble and quick bursts of speed from side to side and fluent forward and backward movements in the playing field. Although much attention is usually given to the period of activity during an interval workout, the training stimulus associated with performing intervals occurs form a combination of work and recovery. This is what makes interval training different from continuous training. Therefore, the duration and nature of the recovery periods are an important part of interval training. A very short recovery period may not allow the body to recover sufficiently to perform the next work interval at the desired intensity. The research methodology used for the study was an experimental during using three phases, viz. Pre-test, training phase and Post-test. The eighty subjects from different schools in Visakhapatnam were selected using the simple random technique. The subjects were divided into two equal groups, viz. experimental group and control group the data was analysed using the paired t-test statistical technique. The null hypothesis of equality of mean fitness variable, in experimental and control groups is rejected, and it may be concluded the average fitness variables of the boys in experimental and control groups in the interval training programme is not the same. It may ne concluded that the interval training programme is effective for improving the fitness variables of football players aged 12 to 14 years. Introduction Football is a game where full speed is seldom achieved by a player and in fact very infrequently warranted. The player must always be ready to stop and change direction quickly and this suggests that a compromise must be reached between the use of out-right speed and the use of controlled speed so that he can drop quickly and change direction on demand. Football player is most effective when he can start quickly and move with “controlled speed” to a given spot on the field football is more often a game of nimble and quick bursts of speed from


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side to side and fluent forward and backward movements on playing surface. Interval training is based on the premise that a greater amount of intense work can be accomplished if the work is interspersed with periods of rest. This has important implications for gains in fitness, since fitness is affected to a greater extent by the intensity of exercise than by either the duration or frequency. During an interval workout, the exercise is performed at a greater intensity than during continuous exercise. Furthermore, interval training has been found to be more effective than continuous training in stimulating fatty acid oxidation in muscle mitochondria. Although much attention is usually given to the period of activity during an interval workout, the training stimulus associated with performing intervals occurs from a combination of work and recovery. This is what makes interval training different form continuous training. Therefore, the duration and nature of the recovery periods are an important part of interval training. A very short recovery period may not allow the body to recover sufficiently to perform the next work interval at the desired intensity. Objectives of the study 1) To determine the effect of interval training program on selected fitness ability of football players. 2) To understand the effect of interval training program on selected skill ability of football players. 3) To see the comparative effect on two groups of the interval training program. 4) To provide guideline for training procedure for football players and professional. Hypothesis The interval training program may have no significant effect on the speed of football players. The interval training program may have no significant effect on the agility of football players. The interval training program may have no significant effect on the strength of football players. Research Methodology The research methodology used for the study was an experimental design using three phases, viz. pre-test, training phase and Post-test. The Eighty subjects from different Schools in and around Visakhapatnam area were selected using the simple random technique. The football players aged 12 to 14 years ware divided into two equal groups, viz. experimental group and control group.


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Result and Discussion TABLE A: Comparison of control and Experimental Group mean Gains on Post Test of Speed

Variable Control Group Mean

Experimental Group Mean

Tstat P(tailed) df

Speed 5.405 5.315 -3.561 0.0009 39 It can be seen from the Table -A that the value of t-statistics is 3.561. this t-statistic is significant as its corresponding p value is 0.0009, which is less than 0.05. thus, the null hypothesis of equality of mean speed in experimental and control groups is rejected, and it may be concluded the average speed of the boys in experimental and control groups in the interval training program is not the same. However, in order to conclude whether the speed has increased or not, one tailed test should be used. The hypothesis that need to be tested in that shall be H0 :expt = µ cntrl, H1 : µ expt


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TABLE C: Comparison of Control and Experimental Group mean Gains on Post Test of Strength

Variable Control Group Mean

Experimental Group Mean

Tstat P(tailed) df

Strength 173.7 183.75 4.65 0.0001 39

It can be seen from the Table -C that the value of t-statistics is 4.65. this t-statistic is significant as its corresponding p value is 0.0001, which is less than 0.05. Thus, the null hypothesis of equality of mean Strength in experimental and control groups is rejected, and it may be concluded the average Strength of the boys in experimental and control groups in the interval training program is not the same. However, in order to conclude whether the Strength has increased or not, one tailed test should be used. The hypothesis that need to be tested in that shall be H0 :expt = µ cntrl, H1 : µ expt


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ASSESSMENT OF FLY ASH IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF RIGID PAVEMENT

Krishan Kumar

Postgraduate Scholar Mewar University, Chittorgarh

Rajasthan India

Shashivendra Dulawat Assistant Professor

Mewar University, Chittorgarh, Rajasthan India

Abstract

Fly ash is a waste material which is generated in huge quantities every day in thermal power stations. Fly ash can be utilized as replacement of cement content. Utilization of fly ash in cement will not only solve the disposal problem, this would results in lowering of cost of construction without any loss in strength. Now these days, concrete pavements are achieving more popularity due to durability, stability and operational comfort for road users. As demand for cement concrete road increases, requires more amount of cement. Every ton of production of cement releases 7% carbon dioxide approximately to the environment. In many industries, including power plants, coal is used as fuel. This produces tons of coal ash, which is very difficult to dispose of, which in turn cause pollution. In this study an attempt is being made to reduce the amount of this pollution causing material and utilize it for the betterment of humankind and environment as well.

In this investigation experimental program was carried out to study the utilization of fly ash for enhancement in properties of materials and technology. Cement content is replaced by fly ash according to the range of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% by weight of cement for M-35 design mix with 0.43 water cement ratio and analyzed on different parameters. The experimental results show that the use of 30% fly ash and 70% of cement provides a good performance in terms of compressive strength when compared with the cement having no fly ash content.

Keywords: Concrete, Cement, Compressive Strength, Fly Ash, Rigid Pavement 1. Introduction

Pavement is a multilayered system that distributes vehicular load over a larger area. Pavement is of two types i) Flexible pavement and ii) Rigid Pavement. Flexible pavement: A flexible pavement structure is composed of several layers of material with better quality material on top where the intensity of stress from traffic loads is and lower quality materials at the bottom where the stress


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intensity is low. Flexible pavements can be analyzed as a multilayer system under loading (Shaik et al.,2016). Rigid pavement: Rigid pavement is those, which reduces the stress concentration and distributes the reduced stresses uniformly to the area under slab. Rigid pavement can be analyzed as a single layer system (Khanna & Justo,2015). In present days the use of concrete road pavement is widely increased. Concrete paved road is better option in road construction as compared to the conventional road, which is made by bitumen and gravel, in terms of durability and better stability. Most of the work related with building or roadway is done these days by cement concrete design mix (Mall et al., 2014). In developed countries use of mineral admixtures such as fly ash and silica fume and rise husk ash etc. has already adopted in making concrete. In India too much replacement has already been programmed and adopted with the introduction of ready mixed concrete and the process has been accelerated in recent times, in order to affect the economy in construction (Vallabuni et al.,2018). Conventional method of concrete road construction consumes the natural resources like stone metal, sand, murum etc. The cement is a costly ingredient of concrete. A part of cement and sand can be replaced by good quality fly ash. This would results in lowering cost of resultant concrete without any loss in strength( Suryanshi et al., 2012). (VESTIN et al., 2012)reported that fly ash is suitable for gravel road stabilization. Upon using fly ash in pavement construction, the frost thawing properties and the bearing capacity of pavement has also shown significant increase. Fly ash, as traditionally known within the UK, has been used for many years in road construction as a fill material, in concrete, lean mix sub-bases and in more recent years as a binder and aggregate in hydraulically bound materials(Sear, 2008). (Mulder, 1996) reported that Fly ash has high content of calcium and silicate oxides which give pozzolanic properties and thus has high compression strength. Sear, (2008)also reported that fly ash has considerable benefits when used in road construction, whether it is for embankment construction, for concrete in roads and bridges or for sub-base materials as in Fly Ash Bound Mixtures. Where fly ash replaces virgin aggregates, or acts as a cementitious binder, significant reduction in the cost of materials. However, the reductions in greenhouse gas emission are possible to the benefit of the environment; ensuring the sustainable construction of our road infrastructure. High strength of concrete can be prepared and the incorporation of admixture or substitute to improve the properties of concrete (Yadav et al., 2017). Fly ash is a fine gray powder consisting mostly of spherical, glassy particles that are produced as a by-product in coal-fired power stations. Fly ash reacts with


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lime to form cementitious compounds. It is commonly known as supplementary cementitious material. Fly ash is a residue generated in combustion and comprises the fine particles that rise with the flue gases. Ash that does not rise is called bottom ash. In an industrial context, fly ash usually refers to ash produced during combustion of coal. Fly ash is a heterogeneous material. The main chemical components present in fly ash are: Silicon dioxide, Aluminum oxide, Ferric oxide, Calcium oxide (Jatale et al., 2013). The safe disposal of the fly ash is the major socio-economic problem before the authorities and is becoming a costly affair for them(Suryanshi et al., 2012).However, we are all responsible for the future of this planet and by maximizing the use of by-products materials, such as fly ash, this will reduce depletion and leave resources for the future. From the viewpoint of sustainable development, it is a strongly viable solution as a building material for upcoming time(Kaviya et al., 2015). Present paper makes an attempt to investigate the effects of fly ash in cement concrete pavement. Mechanical properties at different levels of replacements have been found. Cement replacement levels by fly ash were 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 percent’s have been used for analysis in this project work. As quality criteria, Compressive strengths of cubes at the ages of 3, 7, and 28 days were determined as per IS Code 456:2000 practices. The results are represented in the relevant tables and graphs. The performance of the designed mixes using fly ash content has been found. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Methodology:- The methodological approach followed in present study for the evaluation of M35 design mix concrete having varying content of fly ash as cement replacement has been depicted in the schematic flow diagram as shown below:

Figure 1: Schematic flow diagram of methodological approach.


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2.1.1 Material collection: Materials were collected for conducting experiment on fly ash concrete as per methodology. All the material was obtained from proper place qualitatively. The materials used for preparing of fly ash cement concrete are as following: Cement: Ordinary Portland cement of 43 grade Fly Ash: Fly ash obtained from thermal power station Aggregates: Aggregates of size 10-20mm Sand: Passed through 4.75mm sieve and retain on 0.075 mm sieve. 2.1.2 Weighing of Materials: Before using materials it is very necessary to weigh properly of all the materials in required proportion as per mix design. (IS Code 456:2000) 2.1.3 Mixing Process: After weighing of material, it was mixed in proper amount as per nominal mix design. In this experiment M-35 grade of concrete isprepared(Mall et al., 2014), (Shaik et al.,2016),(Choure, (2017). The cement, sand and aggregates were mixed in proportion of 1:0.5:1. Totally six type of concrete mix was prepared in which cement content is replaced by 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% by fly ash(Choure, 2017), (Kaviya et al., 2015),(Vallabuni et al., 2018). 2.1.4 Moulding Process: Moulding Process consists of moulds of cube sized 150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm. Totally 18 cubes were molded for each type of concrete mix having different amount of fly ash; out of 18 cubes, 6 cubes were tested after 7 days, 6 cubes were tested after 14 days and 6 were tested after 28 days(Shaik et al.,2016),(Choure, (2017). Concrete was prepared by thoroughly mixing by hand and slump tests as well as compaction factor test were also conducted before placingit in cubes. Concrete was well compacted by temping rod and by vibrator for the removal of air voids after pouring of concrete in cubes (IS Code 456:2000) I.S. 516-1959. 2.1.5 Removing of Moulds (Demolding):.After 24 hours of placing of concrete, moulds were removed. After demolding, each cube is marked by waterproof marker on the top of the concrete cube for its identificationas per I.S. 516-1959(Shaik et al.,2016). 2.1.6 Curing Process:Curing plays an important role in gaining strength of concrete. Concrete cubes were cured for 7 days, 14 days and 28 days by immersing them under water at room temperature (in water tank). If the concrete cubes are not cured well; cracks will develop and concrete will not gain strength as per I.S. 516-1959.(Shaik et al.,2016). 2.1.7 Testing Process:Various tests were performed, for finding the physical property of material: initial setting time, and moisture content, specific gravity of cement, fly ash, sand etc. For workability of concrete, slump test and compaction factor test were conducted before placing of concrete in cubes and for the determination of strength of concrete, compressive strength test was


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performed on compression testing machine as per I.S. 516-1959(Shaik et al.,2016),(Choure 2017). 2.1.8 Experimental result: The material used in present study and their properties found out by performing different tests has been tabulated, plotted and analyzed. 3. Results and Discussion The data collected from different experiments performed on M35 design mix concrete having fly ash content 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% as replacement of cement has been analyzed for reaching out at optimum value. 3.1 Physical properties of material used Table 1: Properties of materials used in M35 design mix concrete:

1.

Physical Property of Cement 1. Specific Gravity 2. Initial Setting Time 3.Moisture Content 4. Fineness Modulus 4. Color

3.14 50-55 Minutes 32 % 7% Grey Black

2.

Properties of Fly Ash 1. Specific Gravity 2. Moisture Content 3. Color

` 2.11 18.56% Grey White

Table 1 shows the physical properties such as specific gravity, moisture content and color of cement fly ash and cement.Figure 2 shows that the use of higher fly ash content in cement mix increases the initial setting time of cement. Thus fly ash content retards the setting of cement and cement will remain workable for longer duration.

Figure 2: Impact on Initial setting Time of cement for varying fly ash content.


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3.2 Results of concrete cubes specimen 3.2.1 Workability Analysis The impact on workability due to fly ash content as cement replacement is presented in table 2, shows that use of fly ash can alter the workability of concrete. The mix of 30 % fly ash and 70 % cement gave the best result for road construction as per low workability requirement. Table 2: Slump and Compaction Factor Test values indicating workability for various percentage of fly ash content

S. No. Content Slump Value (in mm) Compaction Factor Workability

1. 0% 75 0.840 Low

2. 10% 100 0.917 Medium

3. 20% 90 0.837 Medium

4. 30% 30 0.790 Very Low

5. 40% 70 0.870 Low

6. 50% 60 0.810 Low

3.2.2 Water Absorption Analysis Table 3: Water absorption by concrete with varying fly ash content

S.No. Fly ash content (by weight) in cement Dry Weight (W1)

in kg Wet Weight (W2)

in kg % Water

Absorption (W %)

1 0% 7.964 8.173 2.62 2 10% 7.914 8.061 3.16 3 20% 7.383 7.972 7.38 4 30% 7.263 7.862 8.25 5 40% 6.791 7.469 9.98 6 50% 6.565 7.324 10.56

From the table 3, it has been observed that as the fly ash content increases, the weight of the concrete decreases and water absorption percentage also increases. 3.2.3 Compressive Strength Analysis Compressive Strength of Control Concrete: The strength achieved at different ages namely 7, 14 and 28 days for Control concrete are presented in the table below (See Table 4). Table 4: Compressive Strength of M35 design mix Control Concrete N/mm2

Grade of Concrete 7 days 14 days 28 days

M35 (1:0.5:1) 26.35 31.57 36.79


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Compressive Strength of Fly Ash Concrete: The Compressive Strength test was carried out by obtaining compressive strength of concrete at the ages of 7, 14 and 28 days. The cubes of dimension 150 mm × 150 mm × 150mm are tested using Compression Testing Machine of capacity 2000KN.

The figure shown below (See figure 3) represents the variation of compressive strength with age for M35 grade Fly Ash Concrete with varying content of fly ash i.e. 0% 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%.

Figure3: Compressive Strength of Fly ash Concrete mix (in N/mm2).

From the compressive strength test, it can be clearly seen that as the amount of fly ash increased, the compressive strength of concrete increases up to 30% of fly ash as cement replacementbut when used above 30% it starts decreasing. 4. Conclusion: The experimental studies on the replacement of cement by fly ash in the M35 design mix concrete in the order of 0%,10%, 20% 30%, 40% and 50%, leads the choice of replacement of 20-30 % fly ash as cement replacement in concrete because of good results. From the compressive strengthresult it is clear that addition of 20 to 30% fly ash in cement is safe to use as cement replacement. It provides good strength to the concrete. Thus, fly ash can be used as pavement construction material. From the above experimental studies it can be concluded that:


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Fly ash in the concrete mix as replacement of cement increases the compressive strength of concrete due to the pozzolanic activity of the fly ash. Fly ash content in the range of 20-30 % as cement replacement also helps in obtaining better workability of M35 design mix concrete.

Fly ash is a fine, waste product produced in thermal power plants. The use of fly ash in cement not reduces the burden on natural resources but also help in solving the safe disposal of fly ash. Thus, it helps in arresting environmental degradation.

On the basis of present study, for M35 design mix concrete using water cement ratio of 0.43 the use of 20-30% fly ash content as cement replacement is recommended.

References:

1. Choure, A. (2017). Experimental Study on Concrete Containing Cement Kiln Dust. International Research Journal of Engineering Technology, 4(2), 202–205. https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2017.2011

2. Kaviya, K., & Chamundeeswari, J. (2015). Utilisation of fly ash and fibre in concrete. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 8(32), 1–7.

3. Mall, R., Shrama, S., Patel, P. R. D., Structural, M. T., & Associate, E. (2014). Studies of the Properties of Paver Block using Fly Ash. International Journal for Scientific Research & Development, 2(10), 59–64.

4. Sear, D. L. K. A. (2008). Using Coal Fly Ash in Road Construction. LJMU 2008 Annual International Conference: Research and Practical Applications Using Sustainable Construction Materials Technology in Asphalt and Pavement Engineering., 1–12. Liverpool,UK.

5. Shaik, R., & Rao, C. V. S. (2016). Design of Rigid Pavement by Using Fly Ash as a Stabilizing Material Department of CIVIL Engineering. International Journal of Research, 03(14), 3070–3075.

6. Suryanshi, N. T., Bansode, S. S., & Nemede, P. D. (2012). Use of eco-friendly material like fly ash in rigid pavement construction & it’"s cost benefit analysis. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering., 2(12), 795–800.

7. Vallabuni, V. K., Sandeep, C. P., & Mohammed, I. (2018). Study and analysis of rigid pavements using fly ash. IJIRSET, 7(2), 1371–1379.

8. VESTIN, J., Maria, A., Desiree, N., & Anders, L. (2012). Fly ash as a road material. WASCON 2012, (1), 1–8.

9. Yadav, A., & Yadav, N. K. (2017). Study of Fly Ash Cement Concrete Pavement. SSRG International Journal of Civil Engineering, 4(2), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.14445/23488352/ijce-v4i2p101


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10. Khanna& Justo, (2015) Highway Engineering Book 11. Mulder E, (1996) A mixture of fly ashes as road base construction

material, Waste Management, 16(1-3), 15-20 12. JataleAman, TiwariKartikey, KhandelwalSahil, (2013). Effects on

Compressive Strength when cement is partially replaced by fly-ash.IOCR Journal of mechanical and civil Engineering. 5(4),34-43

13. I.S. 516-1959Method of tests for strength of concrete (CED 2: Cement and Concrete)“Bureau of Indian Standard”, New Delhi

14. IS Code 456:2000Plain and reinforced concrete – Code of practice (CED 2: Cement and Concrete) “Bureau of Indian Standard”, New Delhi


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GAYL JONES’THE HEALING: A MOVING AFFIRMATION OF FORGIVENESS AND BUST

Dr. Istuak Ahmad

Department of English B.Seminary Inter College

Chapra, Bihar, India Abstract Jones’ third novel, The Healing (1998) “is a novel extraordinary in its scope, rich texture, and depicts of African American characters. Its bawdy journey is on a level with Voltaire’s Candide” (Philadelphia Inquirer 75). The title of the novel, ‘The Healing’ examines precisely and announces: “healing from silence, from physical attacks and treachery, from spiritual and cultural isolation, from the pain of old fashioned, bluesy love” (The New York Times, May 10, 1998, 15). Key Words: Healing, Bawdy Journey, Silence, Attack And Treachery, Spiritual, Isolation Introduction

Gayl Jones’ The Healing is at quite different from her two previous novels—Corregidora and The Eva’s Man. The novel draws on many of the same psychological themes and storytelling techniques from her earlier works. It is the story of a woman’s (Harlan Jane Eagleta- the protagonist of the novel) journey to wholeness and self-knowledge. Though telling the story in strict chronological order, the novel opens at a time when its protagonist is near the achievement of her guest. Harlan Jane Eagleta says:

“Now I’m a faith healer, “I say (The Healing, 04) - a faith healer, is on her way, to “small tank town” (ibid-05) to perform faith healing at a church. The bus by which Harlan travels, rides the healing ritual itself, and the novel’s side events are all narrated in a run-on, and stream of consciousness style:

The sun hitting window makes a rainbow across a field of straw pyramids. There’s a few horses and cows grazing in the meadow, a whitewashed harn and a farmhouse, one of them three-story farmhouse, and there's one of them little tin rooted sheds built on to the farmhouse. It looks like one of them painted scenes; you know the sorta landscape paintings you can buy at them flea markets. Or the sort of landscapes that you see on a television, where the different artists teach you how to paint pictures. You can learn how to paint pictures on oil or watercolor, and they teach you the secrets


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of painting and makes it seem like almost anyone can be an artist, at least be able to paint pictures in their style of painting. (The Healing, 03) The pastoral description of scenes adds beauty to the novel. These

beautiful scenes provide a sort of heal to the eyes- eyes of Harlan or eyes of readers.

Although, Harlan starts early life as a faith healer, her life soon unfolds in a reverse as the stories of her stints as the manager of an unbearable women rock-star, a beautician, and a racetrack gambler. Precisely, she was brought up in Louisville, Kentucky, by her mother and grandmother, who owned a beautiful salon. With the passage of time, Harlan too becomes a beautician. By the time, she meets Joan- the rock star singer, at a party, observing Joan learning towards makeup job, Harlan hires on as the singer’s makeup person, start helping with her books as well, and ends up working as a manager. Experiencingly, she negotiates more and better deals than the singer had getting on her own; but on the other hand Joan remains a small fish in the ocean of pop music.

Surprisingly, the relationship that develops between Harlan and Joan is complex. It often bothers both. They spend much time together, especially on tour, and share a running commentary on such diverse topics as popular culture, the reality of African American scientists, and even the pros and cons of song title:

Joan think they would list Invisible Man, but they list The Autobiography of an Ex colored Man. Joan say that's on account of them islavel Reed novels don't use the techniques of the trachitional Western novel, she say that because they use the techniques of they own tradition, but when I ask her what they are tradition, she just look at me like I am a fool. Her mine? Ain't that the name of one of them novels. (The Healing 90) To Harlan, “I’m her business manager and even I think its all hype."

(61) She (Joan) sings rock mostly. Harlan remains her manager when she calls herself managing. Slowly, Joan's manipulative nature begins on Harlan, However/As a result, she (Joan) sets her up for a liaison with her ex-husband- Jamey; lends to sexual jealousy to their complex friendship: "Sometimes when I listen to her I don't know what she is either. Her music doesn’t explain her all together," Harlan says, further their complicated relationship is revealed before the reactes when Harlan throws a section of the Time at Joan and says:

We're standing in the entrance of the recording studios, in New York, where I have waited for her. Did you know what you were doing? What are you talking about? ......Did you know what you were financing?.... Did you know they were using the money you got from the schacter contract- I


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supposed that's the money you used- to buy weapons? So they could by to take back their country? Joan saying nothing. (The Healing 270) More interestingly, Jones with her insight with attacks the religion and

personal of the society. Being a true healer of the society, the people don't believe the true witness. So, they hire got to hire themselves a fake witness; because the fake witness to the healing is more believable than the true witness. It is a wonder " that would make the healer a faker, if the healing themselves is real, but the healer on got to hire a fake witness 'cause even the true believers don’t believe the true witness " (11). In addition to this concept Harlan and Joan relationship develops throughout the novel. It is a truth that the fake witness gets more "confabulatory imagination than the true witness that just got knowledge of the healing"(11). Even scientist has given their voices that “imagination being superior to knowledge”(11) in there scientific experiments and scientific theories.

Moreover, the novel has the layers of stories in one story. Religion, sex, brutality, and racism are ample in amount in the book. Preferably, The Healing is Jones' mature one book that talks about religion broadly:

Preacher say that some people secretly prefer their flows to their virtues, because they mistakenly think that it's virtue that make people the same, but flows that distinguish them, that give them character. Preacher say that them is the sorta people that is enamored of the flaws, and them is the hardest people to free from sins. 'cause what they love best about themselves in the flaws. They cultivates them. But if you is a true healing women, he say you can heal some of the peoples. To one whom much is given, much is required. (The Healing, 282) It is true that Harlan, in the beginning, does not look killing women. But

she heals herself first, "then horse and then a woman" (281) who seems like a turtle. Harlan moves from place to place mainly peddling her services to small Southerrn black churches. She reports not only on the people she sees and meets but also about the skeptical gossip they are probably sharing behind her back.

Novelistically, promising prospects of following a faith healer in Harlan travels in detoured when a man from her past shows up with a message. Her (Harlan’s) story seems to be about the nature and redeeming power of love. Her grandmother- Jabot claims that she used to be a turtle. Partially, her life was complex. She cannot see herself following a man in that desirous way; and in the end of the novel, it is "Norvell" who seeks her out. It appears that the result of or visits from one tank town to another are genuine. People receive healing- mental, physical, emotional and spiritual. As the story develops, Jones artistically pushes the readers into flashback mode


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(Harlan's Past Life). Beginning with her life as a faith healer, as her background is uncovered, so are her struggles with pain, anger, frustration and love. These struggles are learned through a dizzying array of her shared anecdotes. She faces lots of problem before starting her career as a faith-healer:

She ain't a preacher woman, she's a heeling women. And us search don't allow women to preach anyway. They allow a woman to teach but they don't allow her to preach. You know that preacher women that come here and they told her she could not preach. They said she could teach, but they would not let her preach. And what if a woman is called to preach the same as a man?... So she gives that little lecture. She returned to it as a lecture, but it sounded like preaching to me (13).

Harlan’s suffering, struggle, frustration, pain, anger, and after success makes the novel “the deep ocean.” To find “the pearl one must dive into their depths; the survivors are the visitors” (Azam 105) Characteristically, Jones proves her maturity in her third novel, The Healing. Characters like Harlan Jane Eagleton, Joan Savage, Nicholas J. Love, Josef, and Novelle are memorable in their roles. Harlan- a black faith healer and is at the same time a sharply unique character and a sort of African American Everywoman. There is an edge to her outlook on life; she does not believe or trust everyone she meets, but at the same time she approaches most people and happenings with a bracing openness. It appears that she is always to ready to fit in anywhere she wants to be. Always she is largely self-educated yet her conversations show a surprisingly wide range of knowledge:

…my vocabulary sound elementary, it don’t even sound like that preacher- teacher woman that give that lecture, ain’t that wondrous and fantabulous vocabulary them healers uses, and if I could really heal, wouldn’t I already just know about them trains too? And I don’t talk that revelation talk, that prophet passion. Just some ordinary woman, could be one of them, or one of their daughters, one of their own girls. They’re straight at my bomber jacket, its gray for-collar, imitation fox, ‘cause I wouldn’t have a collar with no real fox, like I wouldn’t have no real crocodile, and my greased and braided hair. I’m one of their own girls, they are thinking. “Except maybe more streetwise and jazzy”…. “Full o’ all that city flash.” (25)

Harlan bears little resemblance, physically or psychologically, to the popular stereotypes of a faith healer. She readily admits she has no idea how she does the healing. She is usually content to look in one church lady’s words- like “She look like she belong on a submarine or on a motorcycle.” (13). She does not mystify her gift with ceremony or magic formulations.


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Joan Savage, in contrast, a memorable character, takes pride in being mercurial and flamboyant. She even considered calling herself Joan “The Bitch” (8) Savage. Professionally, she is rock star; and sings rock mostly. She is well known for her songs “Kiss Me Till It’s Good.” (61) Like many other artists, she is never quite confident about her talent but rushes offstage to ring her hands in her dressing room. Her friendship with Harlan serves as a catalyst to both women’s self-knowledge. To Harlan, Joan is not a “rational woman.” (69) she is fond of reading books-“paperback novels” (69). Having conflict in their relation/friendship, she blames Harlan seducing her ex-husband-James. On behalf of James, Harlan tries to persuade her.

I… Darling, I don’t care who you screw, or who he screws either, as long as it ain’t me. James can screw you all he wants, or any other of his little infatuations, or get him a have of girlies as long as it ain’t me. He knows not to screw me…. Or at least I thought so. He knows better than to screw me, though. (71)

With the passage of time, both of them come closer once again. Harlan serves her as a business manager. Lastly, she winds up her career singing more “revolutionary songs” (227) The novel’s other characters have some interesting complexities too, such as Josef’s disdain for most of American culture and his contradictory regard for American women. Nicholas J. Love is a unique character. J. stands for “Jess”. (29). He looks like love . Harlan explains his name and gesture:

Nicholas J. Love I think that J. stands for Jess. They should a named him Jess Love, ‘cause he look like it, don’t he? He look just like love, don’t he? Well, he look just like love ain’t a jest with him. He supposed to testify. He the one witnessed that first healing. (29)

Nicholas, a giant of a man, a big good looking, a mountain, a man of impressive height, indulges in only a little hyperbole when he says, “Y’all know I’m a powerful man” (31). On the other hand, he is good at heart. He is not “gullible” (32) man. Moreover, Norvelle Harlan’s ex-husband another least memorable characters also beckons readers minds. Perhaps, he is the least well defined of the several male characters, but may be because Harlan still sees him through the eyes of love. His enthusiasm for gathering African medical folklore despite personal discomfort or exhaustion forms the very image of the dedicated professor. Harlan herself supports her husband’s passion for collecting African medical folklore:

My husband started following around that Masin medicine woman,… I’d followed him all over Africa while he recorded the


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medical lore of various tribal doctors, he said that there was a lot of traditional African medical lore that had never been recorded or collected. For him it was exciting,… my husband , had books on modern urban Africa and the detribalized African he still behaved himself as if Africa was all bush or highland village or damp river valley. (117) This Jones’ beauty that she risks all kinds of gaps in logical and

development. Sometimes, she leaps the clason and sometimes she takes a nose dive; but on the whole the efforts are worth her trouble and ours too. Jones (she) forces us to believe that Harlan, who has begun her adult life as a beautician, has also become the manager of a renowned black rock star, has married and divorced a professor of an American-German businessman buying up American horse country even as he surrounds himself with bodyguard and technology. The illogic of Harlan’s story gathers its own authority and strength-illogic in time, becomes connected to healing and faith:

Bible says to be wary of folks of that sort. It warns you about them false prophets and them false saints. But the bible also talks about them gifts of the spirit, and God don’t give gifts on the spirit to looks…. Bible say Jesus was ugly, and He is the greatest spirit gift His own self. (19) The paradoxically convincing quality of Jones’ story is achieved as

much through the power of narrative style as it is through the power of narrative style as it is through realistic detail. It seems suspicious at first glance when Harlan begins dropping in strained literary references to “Chaucer”, Henry James, Ishmael Reed, the works of Richard Price, and “William Shakespeare” (102). In addition to her style, her auto didacticism is decidedly in the American literary tradition, but ever more distinctly maintaining her own oral storytelling voice. The novel’s language shapes itself to her juxtaposition. Searchingly, Harlan’s relationships- to the rock star, to the rock star’s ex-husband, to her paranoid German lover and to her beloved former husband- are pleasingly complex. She is bound to all her people with a believable ambivalence. Love, fear, and jealously jostle for her attention, but she is centered by her upbringing. Her mother and grandmother are vividly and deftly drawn in a few brief scenes: her another feeding the poor, embodies then ideals of Christianity, and her grandmother, telling her tales of when she was a Turtle Woman in a carnival, embodies the tradition of African-American folklore and spirituality. Together, they help explain Harlan’s movement from rock star’s manager to faith healer. The final healing of the novel may arrive abruptly for some tastes. In fact, it is also the most joyful leap of the book. Violence and paranoia are banished by the faith Harlan embraces. Both of Jones’ earlier novels- Corregidora and Eva’s


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Man ended on muted notes of hope; but this ending is full-throated: “I ‘have set myself up as a healing woman just is that perhaps my husband Norvelle will leave the Masai woman and start following me around.” (221). It is a moving affirmation of forgiveness and bust. References 1. Jones, Gayl. The HeAling. Boston: Beacon Press, 1998. 2. Azam, S.M.R. “John Updike’s Achievements as a Novelist.” New

Perspective on American Literature, ed. Ishteyaque Shams. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers, 2004.

3. Lawrence, D.H. The Rocking Horse. 4. Milatovic, Maja. Reclaimed Genealogies: Reconsidering the Ancestor

Figure in African American Womens’ Neo-Slave Narratives. P. Lib. 2014. Web. Feb. 2019.

5. Kentucky Monthly. Kentucky Writers Hall of Fame. P. lib. Feb 1, 2017. Web. Feb. 2019.

6. Grazier, Julie M. “Gayl Jones.” Voices from the Gaps. P. Lib. 23 May, 2001. Web. 28 Jan. 2019.


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DIMINISHING OF JOINT FAMILY CULTURE

Harween Kaur Khalsa College for women, ludhiana

Abstract

In the earlier times, most families lived in a joint family system. Since there were many family members living together, the responsibilities were shared. There was common living, shared responsibilities and utilities and also co-existence, which played a key role in development. There used to be a 'Karta' who was the head of the family and was responsible for taking care of the family. All the working members of the family contributed towards the common pool. Assets were majorly ancestral in nature of the common pool owned, with the 'Karta' having the power to decide. With changing times, the families started to disintegrate and became more nuclear in nature. Modern system of education introduced by the British Government affected joint family in several ways. It has brought about a change in the attitudes, beliefs, values and ideologies of the people. Education which is spreading even amongst the females has created and aroused the individualistic feelings. While the male literacy level has increased from 9.8% in 1901 to 55.7% in 1991, among the females it has increased from 0.6% to 30.09% during the same period. Factory system of production, new system of organization and management and new style of life has also affected the joint family. It has resulted in the breakdown of the link between the kinship and the occupational structure. Many of the traditional skills, crafts and household industries associated with the joint family have declined because of the onslaught of factory system of production. The phenomenon of urbanization has become now widespread. Urban population is increasing steadily. In the mid-eighteenth century, around 10% of the population in India were urban residents. Their percentage increased to 36.19% in 1991.

Key Words: Joint Family, Modern, Traditional, Education, Urban Population

Introduction

Family is the basic and universal social structure of human society. It fulfils needs and performs functions, which are indispensable for the continuity, integration and change in the social system. The forms and functions of family have undergone adaptive changes in the technological and economic superstructure of present society. The family may be broadly perceived as a unit of two or more persons united by the ties of marriage, blood, adoption or consensual unions. It is considered the basic unit of the society, to meet the


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needs of individuals and those of other societal institutions. It determines the development of individuals, in that; it is a major source of nurturance, emotional bonding and socialization. In contemporary urban society, families present a peculiar combination of traditional and modern values. The new identities and changing value patterns also affect the attitude .During the last quarter of the century there has been a radical change in the social fabric of our country. There has been a gradual disintegration of the joint family system and emergence of ‘nuclear family’. Reflecting the rise of the nuclear families in urban India, these households are small in size 88 percent have three to four members with no senior citizens and just 11 percent have more than two children. This is mainly to build more financial stability, making children less dependent and inclining them towards personal and academic development.

Causes: 1. Influence of Education: Modern system of education introduced by the British Government affected joint family in several ways. It has brought about a change in the attitudes, beliefs, values and ideologies of the people. Education which is spreading even amongst the females has created and aroused the individualistic feelings. While the male literacy level has increased from 9.8% in 1901 to 55.7% in 1991, among the females it has increased from 0.6% to 30.09% during the same period. The increasing education not only brings changes in the philosophy of life of men and women, but also provides new avenues of employment to the latter. After becoming economically independent, women demand more freedom in family affairs. They refuse to accept anybody’s dominance over them. Education in this way brings changes in relations in the family. As the level of education rises, the percentage of those in favour of nuclear families increases and the percentage of those supporting joint family living, decreases. 2. Impact of Industrialization: Factory system of production, new system of organization and management and new style of life has also affected the joint family. It has made young men and women leave their joint family to faraway places in search of better prospects and employment. It has resulted in the breakdown of the link between the kinship and the occupational structure. Many of the traditional skills, crafts and household industries associated with the joint family have declined because of the onslaught of factory system of production. Some important effects of industrialization on joint family system may be noted here. (i) The family which was a principal unit of production has been transformed into a consumption unit. Instead of all family members working together in an


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integrated economic enterprise, a few male members go out of the home to earn the family’s living. This affected family relations. (ii) Factory employment has freed young adults from direct dependence upon their families. This financial independence of the youngsters has weakened the authority of the head of the household over those earning members. In many cities even women too joined men in working outside the families on salary basis. (iii) In the changed social situation children have ceased to be economic assets and have become liabilities. Children’s educational requirements have increased. They are to be supported for a very long time till they get into some good job. (iv)Industrialization separated the home from the work. This has made the working members to bear themselves all the burden and headache connected with their job. Their families can hardly lend support in this regard. 3. Influence of Urbanization: The phenomenon of urbanization has become now widespread. Urban population is increasing steadily. In the mid-eighteenth century, around 10% of the population in India were urban residents. Their percentage increased to 36.19% in 1991. The studies made by Aileen Ross, M.S. Gore, Milton Singer and others have revealed that the city life is more favorable to small nuclear families than to big joint families. On the basis of the studies made, it could be said that the urban living weakens joint family pattern and strengthens nuclear family patterns. Educated persons in urban areas are less in favour of joint family norms. Cities provide opportunities to women also for gainful employment and when woman starts earning, she seeks freedom in many spheres. She tries to break away more and more from her husband’s family of orientation. Urban residence thus seems to introduce a certain measure of variation in family pattern in our society. 4. Change in Marriage System: Change in the age at marriage, freedom in mate-selection and change in the attitude towards marriage have also affected our family system. Modern young men and women not only marry at a late age but also take personal decision in this matter. They do not wait for parental permission.Parents’ role in mate-selection has diminished. Marriage is not very much considered a religious affair but only a social ceremony. Modern marriage does not symbolize the superior authority of the family head over other members. 5. Legislative Measures: The impact of legislative measures on the family system cannot be ignored. Prohibition of early marriages and fixing the minimum age of marriage by the Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929 and the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, have lengthened the period of education.


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The freedom of mate- selection and marriage in any caste and religion without the parents’ consent after certain age permitted through by the Special Marriage Act, 1954, gave a blow to the parental authority to decide their children’s marriage. Other legislations such as the Widow Remarriage Act, 1856 which gives sanction for widow remarriage, the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 which permits divorce and the Hindu Succession Act, 1956 which gives share to daughters in parental property – all have modified interpersonal relations within the family, the composition of the family and the stability of the joint family. 6. Other Causes: I. Influence of Western Values: The western values relating to modern science, rationalism, individualism, equality, free life, democracy, freedom of women etc. have exerted a tremendous influence on the Hindu family system. The modern educated youths who came under the influence of these values took the earliest opportunity to become free from the tight grip of the joint family. ii. Awareness among Women: Increasing female education, widened freedom and employment opportunities for women created awareness among women particularly in the middle and up-per class. They also sought chances of becoming “free” from the authoritarian hold of the joint family. iii. Enlightenment of Women: The educated Indian women are impressed by the modern family life. They have become conscious of their rights and equality with men. They have started making use of educational and employment opportunities .Education and jobs for women have brought about tremendous changes in their status. At present they earn their own living. This gives them a sense of independence. The effect of jobs for women has been towards equality. Thus, the rises in the status of women and their economic independence have adversely affected the joint family system. iv. Over-Population: Over-population has caused excessive pressure on the agricultural and residential land. The agriculture no longer provides employment to the ever- increasing number of people depending on it. The poor and the unemployed desert their homes in search of employment elsewhere. When they get employment m distant places, they naturally set up their separate families there and gradually their links with joint families become weak. v. Problem of Accommodation: Another factor adversely affecting joint family structure in India is the problem of accommodation. This problem is especially acute in large cities. A small house in city cannot provide accommodation to all the members of joint family.


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The members find it difficult to live together. Hence, they are forced to establish their separate families. vi. Decline in Agriculture and Village Industries: The joint family system emerged as a product of agrarian society. The villagers depended on agriculture as well as agro- based collage industries. But the commodities produced by the village artisans and craftsmen could not stand the competition brought about by the price and quality of goods produced in the factories. As a result there was a decline of village industries and finally these were closed down. Hence, the pauperized peasants and ruined artisans in rural areas went to the industrial and urban centers in search of employment. This has resulted in the disintegration of joint family. vii. Extension of Communication and Transport: Difficulties of transport and communication in the past compelled all the members of the family to live together and carry on the family occupation in agriculture and trade jointly. They were relatively immobile. But with the rapid development of the means of transport and communication, people have become more and more mobile. Now they move to different places in search of various kinds of jobs and employment. They also adopt trade at different places. All these have caused the breakdown of traditional joint family system. viii. Family Quarrels: Conflict or family quarrel has caused the breakdown of joint family system. Conflicts regarding family property, its income and expenditure, unequal distribution of work at home and personal clashes between women lead to the break-up of joint families. Mental uneasiness in a joint family is sometimes inevitable as a result of its size and sometimes because of economic strains. There is a growing desire among young men and women to live far away from their families. It is true that the joint family system is disintegrating. This integration is more evident in big cities’ and industrial centers than in rural areas. Reference 1. Aileen Ross (1961). The Hindu Joint Family in its Urban Setting, Bombay:

Oxford University Press. 2. Ames, M.M. (1969). Modernization and Social Structure: Family, Caste,

and Class in Jamshedpur, Economic and Political Weekly, 4, 1217-1224. 3. Bhushan, A.& Ahuja, M.(1987). Value difference among adolescence,

youth and adults belonging to different levels of educational institutions. Journal of Psychological Research, 31, 53-62

4. Caldwell, J.C, Reddy, P.H, & Caldwell (1984)The determinants of family structure in rural South India. Journal of Marriage and Family, 46, 215-229.


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5. Desai, I.P. (1956). Joint Family in India: An Analysis. Sociological Bulletin, 5, 144-156.

6. Gore, M.S (1968) Urbanization and family change. Bombay: Popular Prakashan.

7. Goode William J. (1987).The Family Second Edition. Prentice Hall of India Private Limited.

8. Gore, M.S (1978). Changes in India. In E.J Anthony & C.G Chiland (Eds).The child in his family: children and their parents in a changing world (pp365-374) New York: wiley.

9. Hoch,E (1966). The Changing Patterns of Family in India, Bangalore: Christian Institute for the study of Religion and Society.

10. Hales, S (1989). Valueing the self: understanding the nature and dynamics of self-esteem. In perspectives: Saybrook Institute, and Francisco


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CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY TO CUSTOMERS SATISFACTION

Jyoti Rani Assistant Professor

School of Commerce and Management GSSDGS Khalsa College

Patiala, Punjab, India Abstract In the contemporary era organizations adopt corporate social responsibility for customer satisfaction. Concept of corporate social responsibility is most prominent area in the literature from customer’s point of view. The consequences of the study are that CSR has positive impact on the customer’s satisfaction and loyalty. Keywords: Customer Satisfaction, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Customer loyalty, Corporate Philanthropy. Introduction The business organisations play a crucial role in the society. Corporate social responsibility is well known topic in business world and among the researchers, CSR was found limited discourse in 1950.Many of researchers found positive behavior of customers in buying on the base of corporate social role (Forte & Lamont, 1998.)Fredrick was an eminent contributor of the CSR in the literature explained that balances of the competing resources, Corporate Philanthropy and managers as public trustees are three Ideas (Carroll &Shabana, 2010). As per The World Bank definition CSR is “the commitment of business to contribute to sustainable economic development working with employees, their families, the local community and society to improve the quality of life in a way that both good for business and development. So CSR is emerging trend in the business organisations.In the past organisations main motive was to earn the profits and wealth maximisation but now concerns give importance to customer satisfaction for long term survival of the organization in the business world. Nowadays, customers are aware about their rights and they have eye on the activities of the concern. Besides this, business concerns also give importance to the standard of living and welfare of the community by reducing harmful effects of business activities on the society. Hence, CSR and corporate image are two important tools or it can say that the routes to customer satisfaction & loyalty for services as well as manufacturing companies in retaining or attracting customers. Review of Literature In earlier thoughts organizations were only think and seeking for the maximization of the profit and shareholders wealth only. CSR is the


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commitment of organization to improve community by business practices and contribution of resources (Kotler& Lee, 2008). CSR is an effort and responsibility of company to avoid the hurdles or reduces harmful effects and maximizing long run positive impact and image on society (Moon, 2002). Corporate social responsibility according to the World Bank is “the commitment of the business to contributes economics developments working with employees, their families, local community, and society to improve quality of life, in ways that are both good for the business and good for development” (Chung, Yu, Choi, & Shin, 2015). There are lots of researches that shown the support as well as detract the concept of Social Corporate Responsibility. Where articles argued for CSR, some were against the CSR (Carroll &Shabana, 2010). CSR is a commitment of companies to reducing all harmful effects and maximizing wealth and its long-run beneficial impact on society or community (Mohr, Webb, & Harris, 2001). Companies have become increasingly interested in CSR, as it seems to have a positive impact on consumers’ affective and behavioral responses (Sen& Bhattacharya, 2001). Planning and initiatives to the social problem is better than to react against them (Carroll, Buchholtz, & Business, 2000). There are four dimensions of social responsibilities such as economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic. These components are considered as a pyramid of corporate social responsibility. Each dimension has equal value in the CSR. Objectives To study the relationship between CSR and customer satisfaction. To analyze the effectiveness of corporate image on customer satisfaction

and loyalty. Research methodology The study is secondary in nature based on exploratory analysis of various dimensions of corporate social responsibility and customer satisfaction. For this purpose extensive quantitative review of literature has been conducted from various research papers, journals and books and the idea have been conceived then.


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Customers Satisfaction and Effect of CSR Customers Satisfaction and Effect of CSR Customer satisfactions are feelings of person in term of pleasure that shows expectations of the product/services to their expectations (Oliver, 1980). Customer’s satisfaction is the base for business success and the long run growth of the business (Drucker,1973). When level of Customer satisfaction increased it leads to the higher level of customers repurchase (Iqbal, Zia, Bashir, Shahzad, &Aslam, 2008) they also found that satisfied Customer will also recommend and patronize to other customers for the choosing of that firm’s product/services. CSR make a good reputation in the mind of consumers that is a positive sign and customer satisfaction positively influence by the Social Corporate Responsibility, the following hypothesis can be generated based on previous theoretical discussion. Customer loyalty and Effect of CSR Customer loyalty is desire of customer to continue to conduct business with a company over the time (Smith & Chaffey, 2008). Loyalty mean to stay with the company for the time being or repurchase behavior of the costumers is customer loyalty toward firm. It can be described consumer loyalty to recognition and preference towards a particular company (Naqvi, 2013). Oliver, (1999) defined loyalty as “a deep commitment to the product/services for re-patronizing and repurchasing consistently for the time being, thereby causing to purchase same brand again and again, despite situational influences and marketing efforts having the potential to cause switching behavior”. As customer loyalty is considered a major objective of a firm to survive in the market and growth and also important for the competitive advantages (Kotler& Armstrong, 2010). The customers who are loyal will be commented higher contribution of their category spending for the firm, and are more likely to pursue and positively speak to the surrounding peoples about the firm to become part of the firm (Zeithaml, Berry, &Parasuraman, 1996). It is widely agreed that customer satisfaction leads to customer retention, purchase intentions. Thus, it is expected that CSR and customer satisfaction are positively related to customer loyalty (Anderson & Mittal, 2000). Therefore, the following hypothesis is proposed, based on previous theoretical discussion. Effect of Corporate Image on Customer Satisfaction and Customer Loyalty Several studies had accepted the crucial part of corporate reputation and corporate image in the customer’s buying behavior (Zeithaml, 1981). “Perceptions of an organization reflected in the associations held in consumer memory” (Kotler& Lee, 2008). Corporate reputation and image are considered as important factors in establishing and maintaining loyalty among customers (Gupta, Raj,& Wilemon,1985). Corporate image is related to customer retention likelihood (Ball, Coelho, &Vilares, 2006; Nguyen& Leblanc, 2001). According to attitude theory, the foremost cause of corporate image is the evaluation of


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services which increases value and becomes more accessible in memory (Farquhar, Herr, & Fazio, 1990). Some of the researchers justify the role of Corporate Image for the consumer’s satisfaction with the support of signaling theory (Chen & Dubinsky, 2003). However, it is also found by the researches that when costumers develop their positive mindset about any corporation they will move towards higher satisfaction and loyalty (Brodie, Whittome, & Brush, 2009). In the light of above mentioned arguments it can be testify that positive corporate image should enhance customer satisfaction and loyalty towards corporations. Examining airline services (Ostrowski, O'Brien, & Gordon, 1993) argue that positive experience over time ultimately leads to positive image. Studies showed the direct impact (Nguyen & Leblanc, 2001) as well as indirect effect (Ball, Coelho, &Vilares, 2006) of corporate image on customer loyalty. Conclusion As the results, CSR has significantly Positive Impact on Customer Satisfaction and customer loyalty, with study of Mandhachitara&Poolthong, (2011) and Chung, Yu, Choi, & Shin, (2015) also supported the same result. “Corporate Image has positive Impact on the Customer Satisfaction” also supported by the Ball, Coelho, &Vilares, (2006) and Nguyen & Leblanc, (2001) Said that Corporate image is related to customer retention positively effects the customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. This is a most precious aspect that CSR and Corporate Image both positively Influence the Customer Satisfaction and Customer Loyalty so according to the above mentioned results “Corporate Image moderate relationship between CSR and Customers Satisfaction, in the way that this relationship will stronger when Corporate. Limitations With the best of our knowledge we tried to make the study perfect, but there are few limits about the study. The major limitation of the study is shorter of time, data was only collected from the research papers, thesis and organisations corporate reports, in that manner generalization of the results is difficult. These are the reasons of narrow down the study, Educational level of the respondent also matter. Future Research Research related to the importance of CSR and Corporate image in attracting customers to the company and as per the limitations, this study focused on the impact of CSR on customer satisfaction and Customer loyalty and Collected data related to Cellular Firms and for more generalization of future researches can be done in the Manufacturing firms as well as other services firms or a whole Impact how this may change between different industries. Finding good measures of satisfaction, image and loyalty, is therefore required.


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References Ali, I., Rehman, K. U., Yilmaz, A. K., Nazir, S., & Ali, J. F. (2010). Effects

of corporate social responsibility on consumer retention in the cellular industry of Pakistan. African Journal of Business Management, 4(4), 475.

Anderson, E. W. (1998). Customer satisfaction and word of mouth. Journal of service research, 1(1), 5-17.

Anderson, E. W., & Mittal, V. (2000). Strengthening the satisfaction-profit chain. Journal of service research, 3(2), 107-120. Ararat, M. (2008). A development perspective for “corporate social responsibility”: case of Turkey. Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, 8(3), 271-285.

Ball, D., Coelho, P. S., &Vilares, M. J. (2006). Service personalization and loyalty. Journal of services marketing, 20(6), 391-403.

Brodie, R. J., Whittome, J. R., & Brush, G. J. (2009). Investigating the service brand: A customer value perspective. Journal of business research, 62(3), 345-355.

Carroll, A. B. (1979). A three-dimensional conceptual model of corporate performance. Academy of management review, 4(4), 497-505.

Carroll, A. B. (1991). The pyramid of corporate social responsibility: Toward the moral management of organizational stakeholders. Business horizons, 34(4), 39-48.

Carroll, A. B. (1999). Corporate social responsibility: Evolution of a definitional construct. Business & society, 38(3), 268-295.

Chattananon, A., Lawley, M., Trimetsoontorn, J., Supparerkchaisakul, N., &Leelayouthayothin, L. (2007). Building corporate image through societal marketing programs. Society and Business Review, 2(3), 230-253.

Kaur, H., &Soch, H. (2012). Validating antecedents of customer loyalty for Indian cell phone users. Vikalpa, 37(4), 47-62.

Maignan, I., & Ferrell, O. (2000). Measuring corporate citizenship in two countries: The case of the United States and France. Journal of Business Ethics, 23(3), 283-297.

Maignan, I., & Ferrell, O. (2004). Corporate social responsibility and marketing: An integrative framework. Journal of the Academy of Marketing science, 32(1), 3-19.

Mandhachitara, R., &Poolthong, Y. (2011). A model of customer loyalty and corporate social responsibility. Journal of services marketing, 25(2), 122-133.

Matten, D., & Crane, A. (2005). Corporate citizenship: Toward an extended theoretical conceptualization. Academy of management review, 30(1), 166-179.


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A QUEST FOR FEMALE CONSCIOUSNESS IN MANJU KAPUR’S DIFFICULT DAUGHTERS

Dr. M.H. Siddiqui Associate Professor

Department of English P.C. Science College, Chapra

J.P. University, Chapra, Bihar, India Abstract In Indian English Literature, there are a number of woman writers who contributed to the literary field. Many women writers along with Manju Kapur have proved their creativity and versatility by their great works of literature in which they have portrayed the reality of women in the family and society. Manju Kapur used literature as a medium to express her thoughts and revolting ideas against the traditional patriarchal norms. She has given her women a new image of boldness. All her female protagonists are the “new women” who belong to the middle class, but challenge the existing socio-cultural patriarchal system. The purpose of this research paper is to analyse her widely read novel Difficult Daughters to explore the present scenario of women’s status in the changing Indian society. Hence, I am going to study Kapur’s Difficult Daughters in the context of identity crisis. In the novel I will explore that how the protagonist Virmati rebels against the male dominance and emerge as a new woman of Kapur. Key Words: Patriarchal, Socio-Cultural, Identity Crisis, Dominance, New Woman Manju Kapur’s Difficult Daughters is a beautiful moving story which narrates the relationship between a daughter and mother. The story mainly revolves around the three women belonging to three generations – Kasturi, Virmati and Ida. The novel came out in 1998 and won the “Commonwealth Writers prize for the first book (Eurasia) and was a number one best seller in India” (Srivastava, 5). In the novel, we encounter the journey and struggle of Virmati, the female protagonist who tried to be different and dared to defy the lines drawn by the patriarchal society and becomes a difficult daughter as she crossed the threshold. And so did the New Generation Woman, Ida, the daughter of Virmati. Ida never wanted to be like her mother:

The one thing I had wanted was not to be like my mother. Now she was gone and I stared at the fire that rose from her shriveled body, dry-eyed, leaden, half dead myself, while my


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relatives clustered around the pyre and wept. (Difficult Daughter, 1)

Kapur presents Ida as her revolting new woman who is not ready to sacrifice her life in the name of so called tradition. She never cares for what people say or think about her. She does not listen even to her mother Virmati if the suggestion is related to “What people will say?” She has witnessed her mother craving for love, honour, value and almost everything that she deserved. Virmati, the protagonist of the novel wanted to shape her life according to her own way. She suffered a lot throughout her life. She revolted against the age-old norms. She went against her family and married an already married man, the professor. She fought a battle for her basic rights all her life. But she could never get what she desired. She finally succumbed. Now, she wants nothing. She expects nothing from anybody. She has adjusted herself according to the situation, according to the norms of society and tradition. We find how Virmati changed herself- from the revolting to the submissive one. She tried to live her life on her own condition and became a difficult daughter. Now, she can easily understand why her mother Kasturi wanted Virmati to be meek and obedient. And now Virmati wants her daughter Ida to be the same. But, Ida refutes the very idea of her mother. Right at the outset of the novel, what we explore is the death of Virmati. That “She was gone,” and standing near the pyre of her mother, Ida “stared at the fire that rose from her shriveled body” and remember her mother’s wish. Virmati wanted ‘no shor shaar’ after her death. She wished:

When I die ... I want my body donated. My eyes, my heart, my kindneys, any organ that can be of use. That way someone will value me after I have gone. (ibid, 1)

The above pathetic lines clearly show the agony of a woman, who craved for her self-identity, her value, her worth throughout her life, But, nobody was bothered about all these when she was alive. She was overlooked. She was neglected, she was deceived. She married a man of her choice but ironically she could never get the right of a wife by her husband. She silently waited for her husband’s true love and never revolted against him. Her wish could never be fulfilled. Eventually, she died with the deepest desire in her heart to be a real wife. This is the reason, Ida did not wan

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