CONTENTS

VOLUME 25, No. 4 OCTOBER - DECEMBER, 2014

EDITORIAL COMMITTEEDr. N.P. Singh ChairmanDr. P.S. Basu MemberDr. G.P. Dixit MemberDr. Hemant Kumar MemberDr. G.K. Sajayanand MemberMr. D. Upadhyaya Member Secretary

News 2-3 Group Meet on Mungbean and Urdbean World Food Day celebrated by IIPR Kanpur Advanced Solar Station to Monitor Weather Foreign Delegates Visited Institute IIPR Awarded ISO Certification Attachment of IAS Officer TraineesResearch Highlights 4-7 Variability for Folic Acid in Mungbean

Genotypes Regeneration Potential of Chickpea

Cultivars Bradford Method for Protein Estimation Soil Matrix for Screening Transgenic

Chickpea Phosphorus Availability affects Protein in

Chickpea Variability for Leaf Miner Incidence in

Fieldpea Dry Root Rot of Chickpea in Dharwad Effect of Nutrient Management System on

Chickpea under Rice-Fallow Condition Effect of Culture Technique on Infestation

of C. Arvensis under Rice Fallows Resistance Source for Multiple Diseases

in Lentil Enhanc ing RUE in Soybean+Pulses

System

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Group Meet of All India NetworkPro ject on Arid Legumes (Guar,cowpea, moth bean and horse gram)was organised at IIPR, Kanpur onDecember 6, 2014. The Meet wasinaugurated by Dr. B.B. Singh ADG(O&P), ICAR. Dr. A.K. Tiwari, Director,Directorate of Pulses Production,Bhopal was also present at thisoccasion. Dr. N.P. Singh, Director, IIPR,in his welcome address, stressed uponthe need to devisestrategies toincrease theproduction of aridlegumes and toestablish a synergybetween the otherAICRPs to bring outconvergent researchand development inall the pulse crops.Dr. A. Henry, ProjectC o o r d i n a t o rpresented the report of Network Projecton Arid Legumes and appraised theoverall scenario and current status ofarid legumes. He called upon theresearchers to encash the export valueof guar gum which is fetching morethan 12,000 crore rupees annually.

Dr. A.K. Tiwari stressed upon tobring the arid legumes under NationalFood Securi ty Mission (NFSM)considering its nutritional importance.He also highlighted the alarmingreduction in the area under cultivation

Group Meet of AINP on Arid Legumes

of these arid legumes in contrast to theincreasing arid situation in the country.Dr. B.B. Singh welcomed the move toshift the Arid Legumes Project basefrom CAZRI to IIPR, Kanpur and urgedthe scientists to make arid legumesmore remunerative and to developconcrete recommendations. He alsoopined that the benefits of NFSM cancome to arid legumes except guarcrop.

Later, a Brain Storming meetingwas organised in which majorconstraints in each of the four aridlegumes were discussed in detail. Dr.N.P. Singh opined that the breedingmaterial or segregating populationshould be freely shared among thecentres to accelerate the varietaldevelopment programme. He alsosought the mutual coordination amongthe scientists of all the AICRPs ofpulses available at a particular centrein the execution of the network/coordinated project.

2 Indian Institute of Pulses Research

Group Meet on mungbean andurdbean for spring, summer and ricefallow cultivation was organized atICAR-Central Costal AgriculturalResearch Institute (ICAR-CCARI), OldGoa on November 22, 2014. About 27participants from different statesattended the group meet. Dr. B.B.Singh, Assistant Director General(O&P), ICAR, and Chief Guestof the event, deliberated uponvarious issues on pulsesresearch in the country. Dr.Narendra Pratap Singh,Director, ICAR-CCARI in hiswelcome address emphasizedthe need and scope for pulseresearch in the coastal region.

Dr. N.P. Singh, Director,ICAR-I IPR, Kanpur expressedsatisfaction on the research anddevelopment efforts which could makepossible to produce pulses over 19million tonnes in the country. Dr.Sanjeev Gupta, Project Coordinator(MULLaRP) delivered the exhaustivereport on research achievements and

Group Meet on Mungbean and Urdbeanfuture programmes. He mentioned thatover 16 lakh ha area is available forintroducing summer mungbean in rice-wheat system of irrigated plains.Summer mung is also becoming thecandidate crop in new delta area ofsouthern peninsula. Similarly, there isvast potential of urdbean cultivation inrice fallow situation of peninsular India.

He called upon the group to accelerateefforts for developing suitable varietiesand appropriate product ion andprotection technologies to promotemungbean and urdbean in new nitches.The results of 2014 were reviewed andtechnical programme for 2015 wasfinalized during the Meet.

World Food Day celebrated by IIPR KanpurWorld Food Day was celebrated

by Indian Institute of Pulses Research,Kanpur in collaboration with Deen DayalResearch Institute (DRI), Krishi VigyanKendra, Ganiwan, Chitrakoot (UP) onOctober 16, 2014. The main event wasorganized at Chitrakoot and Dr. BharatPathak, General Secretary DRI, Dr.N.P. Singh, Director IIPR and Dr. AtarSingh, Acting Zonal Project Director(Zone IV), Kanpur graced the occasion.While addressing the gathering, Dr.N.P. Singh highlighted the importanceof pulses in the context of nutritionalsecurity of the society. He emphasizedupon more and closer interaction ofpulse growers of Bundelkhand regionof U.P. and M.P. with IIPR. Dr. BharatPathak urged the farmers to adopt newtechnology in agriculture production forsustaining soil health as well as

Advanced Solar Stationto Monitor Weather

A high precisions weather stationhas been established at IIPR Kanpurby Solar Radiation ResourceAssessment (SRRA) and Centre forWind Energy Technology (CWET),Chennai under Ministry of New andRenewable Energy (MNRE,GoI), tomonitor sun track, real time radiation,global/diffuse radiation, sun elevationand inclination along with all majorweather parameters. With this, Kanpurhas figured as one of the 60 Solarstations installed across the countryfor generating information on solarenergy andclimate change.MNRE, GoIini tiated thispro ject toestablish Indiaas a globalleader in solarenergy and tomeet thechallenges of climate change. A highpowered sun-tracker Geonica, Spain,ultrasonic anemometer, barometer,temperature and humidity sensor andtriple bucket raingauge from USA havebeen integrated with the system. On-line data is accessible through GPRS/central server and password ondesktop and android mobile round theclock at every 1 minute intervals. Theweather data will be useful for studieson impact of climate change on pulses,and disease and pest dynamics.

which is the pulse bowl of UttarPradesh. About 550 farmers includinglarge number of women farmers fromsix districts of Bundelkhand regionparticipated in the event. Farmers ofNABARD Farmers Club and about 50farmer representatives of BhartiyaKisan Union also participated in theprogramme. Dr. Sushil Kumar Singh,Principal Scientist (Agril. Extension)coordinated the overall programme.

system productivity. Dr. Atar Singhelaborated about importance and roleof Krishi Vigyan Kendra in upliftmentof socio-economic status of farmers.

At this occasion, a Farmers-Scientists interaction workshop wasalso organized, wherein IIPR scientistsDrs. S.K. Chaturvedi, S.S. Singh, S.K.Singh and Dr. Naimuddin deliveredspecial lectures on various aspects ofpulses production in Bundelkhand

Pulses Newsletter : October - December, 2014 3

Foreign Delegates Visited InstituteDr. Roland Schafleitner, Head,

Molecular Genet ics and Dr.Ramakrishnan M. Nair, VegetableBreeder, Legumes, South Asia fromAVRDC-The World Vegetable Centre,Taiwan and Dr. Col Douglas, DAFF,W a r w i c k ,A u s t r a l i avisited IIPRon December8, 2014 toexplore thepossibilitiesof initiating anInternationalMungbean Network. They interactedwith the scientists of the Institute anddiscussed the status of mungbean cropas well as the objectives and work planof the proposed network. With anobjective to include AVRDC, Australia,India, Myanmar and Bangladesh in thisnetwork, they explored the strengths

and researchable issues of Indianmungbean programme and desired toinclude IIPR as one of its majorpartners. Director IIPR appreciated thismove and assured the visitors tocontribute s igni ficant ly in the

International Mungbean Network withtremendous strength in technology andmaterial in mungbean crop. A field tripwas also arranged to Barahapur villageof Kanpur Dehat district. Delegatesvisited demonstration site of longduration pigeonpea along with a groupof farmers.

Attachment of IASOfficer Trainees

Under institutional attachmentprogramme, 20 IAS Officer Trainees of2014 batch were deputed at IIPR during24-26 December, 2014 by Lal BahadurSastr i National Academy ofAdministra tion, Govt . of India,Mussoorie . The purpose of thisattachment was to expose the officert ra inees to the funct ioning oforganization and role in the economy/society. Dr. N.P. Singh, Director, IIPR

briefed about Institute achievements,pulse production scenario and strategyfor enhancing pulses production inIndia. The IAS officer trainees alsovisited Biotechnology Labs andTechnology Park of the Institute,besides participating in the interaction-cum-visit programme.

IIPR Awarded ISO CertificationIndian Institute of Pulses Research has been awarded ISO 9001:2008

certificate for Quality Management System to Enusure Self-Sufficiency in PulsesProduction and Improve Nutritional Security and Sustainability.

TransferDr. S. Datta, Sr. Scientist (PlantBiotechnology) has been transferred toICAR-CRIJAF, Barrackpore on17.11.2014.

Personnel

AppointmentsName Post Date of joining

Mr. A. Lamichaney Scientist 13.10.2014 Mr. B. Mondal Scientist 13.10.2014 Mr. D.N. Borase Scientist 13.10.2014 Mr. S.K. Meena Scientist 10.10.2014 Mr. A.K. Konda Scientist 22.10.2014 Dr. A.K. Srivastav Scientist 15.12.2014

4 Indian Institute of Pulses Research

Research Highlights

Variability for Folic Acid in Mungbean Genotypes

Regeneration Potentialof Chickpea Cultivars

Comparative regenerat ionpotential of two different desi chickpeacultivars viz., JG 11 and DCP 92-3 wasassessed based on standardizedregeneration system of chickpea. DCP92-3, responded better in terms of

shoots per explant as compared to JG11. Further, separated individual shootsof DCP 92-3 exhibited more elongationas compared to their counterpartsderived from JG 11, facilitating in vitrografting and plant establishment.Hence, cultivar DCP 92-3 can beeffec tive ly uti li zed for geneticmanipulation.

Alok Shukla, Jamal Ansari,Nitin Gupta, Alok Das,

Subhojit Datta and N.P. Singh

Bradford Method forProtein EstimationAccurate quantification of protein

based on standard Bradford assayrelies on shift of absorption maximafrom 465 to 595 nm. The temporal factorof protein-dye complex stabilization iscrucial for linear standard curve. Thestandard protein, Bovine Serum

Albumin (BSA) at four different dilutions(1.44, 0.72, 0.36 and 0.18 mg/ml)relates to linear curve as indicated bymultiple correlation value (R2 = 0.9982),after 15 minute of incubation at 200rpm. The standardized technique canbe repeatably used for quantification oftarget proteins in transgenic chickpeaand pigeonpea lines.

Alok Shukla, Arvind Kumar Singh,Shallu Thakur, Alok Das and

N.P. Singh

Soil Matrix forScreening Transgenic

ChickpeaGenerat ion advancement of

putative transgenic chickpea lines isan important activity, requiring suitablematrix to support growth in time boundmanner. Four dif ferent matricescons is ting of Vermicompost,Vermiculite, Coco peat (VVC-1:1:1)

and soil (100% soil, 50% soil+50%VVC, 25% soil+75% VVC and 100%VVC) was assessed for germinationand establishment subsequent totransfer. Combination of 25% soil +75% VVC exhibited completegermination and percent establishmentsubsequent transfer, obviating otherbottlenecks like damage of primaryroots, fragile matrix and poor vegetativegrowth. The matrix grown plants couldbe easily removed from tray andestablished in soil for normal growthand development.

Alok Das, Malkhan Singh,Alok Shukla, Jamal Ansari,

Subhojit Datta andN.P. Singh

Folic acid is important from healthpoint of view as human body needs folicacid to synthesise DNA and to act asa cofac tor in certa in bio logica lreactions. Its deficiency leads to neuraltube defects during pregnancy.Mungbean is one of the importantpulses to contain high folic acid. Folicacid was quantified in the seeds of 20genotypes of mungbean using HPLC

technique. It was found in the range of352.6 – 905.1 µg/100g with a mean of568.3 µg/100 g seeds. Genotypes viz.,HUM 1, Co 4, LGG 450, BDN 2, GM 4,HUM 16, NDM 1 and Meha had higherfolic acid.

R.P. Srivastava, N.L. Meena,S. Gupta and Jagdish Singh

PI- Post incubation after addition ofBradford Reagent

Standard curve linearity of BSA

Multiple and elongated shoots fromDCP 92-3

Effect of soil matrix on growth andestablishment (25% Soil+75% VVC)and transfer of matrix with intact root

mass

Pulses Newsletter : October - December, 2014 5

Phosphorus Availability affects Protein inChickpea

A study was initiated to evaluateeffect of soil phosphorus deficiency ongrain yield and protein content in sevenelite chickpea breeding lines viz., IPC2005-44, IPC 2006-14, IPC 2006-84,IPC 2008-34, IPC 2008-92, IPC 2010-152 and IPC 2011-01 along with twocheck varieties viz., BG 256 and JG16. These genotypes were grown underlow and high so il phosphorus

avai labi li ty (Olson’s P). The Pdeficiency resulted in decreased grainyields with exception of almost noreduction in IPC 2008-92. Under low Pconditions, IPC 2006-14 and IPC 2008-92 gave higher yields in comparison ofJG 16. Reduction in grain proteincontent was also observed in some ofthe genotypes under soil P deficiencycondition, indicating that P deficiencyin soil not only decreased grain yieldbut also adversely influenced seedprotein content.

In view of the prevalent Pdeficiency in soils of pulse growingareas and limited application of ‘P’fertilizers in pulses, it would be moreadvantageous to develop varietieshaving potential to efficiently utilize soil‘P’ from both soil as well as externallyapplied phosphorus fertilizers.

Mohan Singh, S.K. Chaturvediand M.P. Singh

Dry Root Rot ofChickpea in Dharwad

During rabi 2014-15, chickpeacrop in different parts of Dharwaddistrict of Karnataka was found to beseverely infected with dry root rotdisease. The root system of diseasedplants shows extensive rotting withmost of the lateral roots completelydestroyed. Among various villages, dryroot rot incidence was maximum inNarendra village and minimum inHosayallapur. This variation in thedisease incidence was due to different

soil conditions, cultivars used andprevailing weather conditions. Dryweather and soil moisture stress areknown to influence the severity of thedry root rot as most of the chickpeawas grown under rainfed conditions.Dry root rot caused by Rhizoctoniabataticola in recent years is emergingas major threat to the production ofchickpea, therefore integrated diseasemanagement and development ofcultivars resistant to dry root rot areneeded to minimize the incidence ofdisease at farmers’ fields.

Revanappa, S.B., ShamaraoJahagirdar and Venkatesh, M.S.

IIPR-Regional Research Centre-cumOff-season Nursery, Dharwad

Chickpea crop severely infected withdry root disease in farmers’ fieldsVariability for Leaf Miner Incidence in Fieldpea

Liriomyza trifoliiadult

Larva & pupa of leafminer in fieldpea

Pea leaf miner (Chromatomyiahorticola) and Serpentine leaf miner(Liriomyza trifolii) are the pests ofeconomic importance limiting fieldpeaproductivity. Both leaf miners preferwarm temperature in tropics. During 8th

standard meteorological week (SMW)in February 2014, highest leaf miner(Liriomyza trifolii) incidence wasrecorded in pea. The maximum andminimum temperature recorded in thepreceding week was 20.2°C and 8.5°C,with morning and evening RH 76.7 and62.1, respectively and rainfall of 2.24

mm. Observations were recorded fromtwo set of station trials comprising of11 dwarf genotypes along with 3 checksvarieties and 11 tall genotypes alongwith 3 check varieties. Out of thesefourteen dwarf genotypes, only onegenotype IPFD 14-8 showed resistance(0 leafminer/25 leaf) reaction againstleaf miner. Similarly, out of fourteentall genotypes, IPF 5-19, VL- 42, IPF99-25, IPF 14-16 and IPF 14-17exhibited resistance against leaf miner.These results also revealed that theincidence of leaf miner was more indwarf type as compared to tall typefieldpea genotypes.

A.K. Parihar, G.P. Dixit,Sujayanand, G.K. and

S.K. Chaturvedi

Effect of phosphorus deficiency on grainand protein yield of chickpea genotypes

6 Indian Institute of Pulses Research

Effect of NutrientManagement Systemon Chickpea under

Rice-Fallow ConditionA field study was conducted

during 2011-14 to evaluate the nutrientmanagement strategies for chickpea(Cicer arietinum) under rice fallowcondition,. During the three years ofinvestigation with different nutrientmanagement systems (NPK+FYM,NPK and Farmers’ practice), it wasfound that application of FYMenhanced the plant growth parameter(plant height, plant biomass, etc.),

physiological parameters (chlorophyllcontent, leaf area) and yield attributessuch as pods/ plant, grain/pod and 100seed weight, which consequentlyresulted in higher (14.1%) yield ofchickpea under the combinedapplication of FYM and NPKcombination over farmers’ practice.

Narendra Kumar, S.S. Singh,C.S. Praharaj, Arti Yadav,

S.L. Yadav and Saumya Singh

Effect of Culture Technique on Infestation ofC. Arvensis under Rice Fallows

Direct seeded Unpuddled PuddledWeed population under different rice planting techniques

A study comprising of three riceculture techniques viz. , puddletransplanting, unpuddled transplantingand direct seeded was undertaken tosee their effect on weed population in

chickpea under rice fallows. The studyrevealed that chickpea crop wasinfested with diverse group of annualand perennial weeds with maximumweed density and weed dry biomassin direct seeded, followed by unpuddledtransplanting and least in puddled.Infestation of perennial weed hirankhuri

(Convolvulus arvensis) was higher indi rect seeded rice (46/m2) incomparison to unpuddled transplantedrice (17/m2) and almost negligible underpuddled transplanted rice. Thus,

change in rice transplanting techniquecan cause shifts in weed flora insucceeding chickpea crop.

Narendra Kumar, S.S. Singh,C.S. Praharaj, Arti Yadav, S.L. Yadav

and Saumya Singh

A number of lentil breeding lineshave been evaluated in wilt sick plotover 7 locations viz., Durgapura,Shillongani, Faizabad, Ranchi, Sehore,Pantnagar and Sagar under AICRP onMULLaRP programme. Genotype IPL321 derived from a cross K 75 × DPL62 has shown resistance to wilt over

three years (2012-2014). It alsoshowed res is tance to rus t andascochyta blight. The average rustincidence, measured on 1 (resistance)to 9 (susceptible) scale over thelocations, ranged from 3.4 to 4.0. Ithas also performed well in UP stateadaptive varietal trials over three yearsand is identified for cultivation as highyielding variety. Further, considering thedata of resistance reaction against 3diseases viz., wilt, rust and ascochytablight, this genotype can be used asresistance source of multiple diseasesin lentil.

Jitendra Kumar and Rohit Kant

Resistance Source for Multiple Diseasesin Lentil

Nutrient management under farmers’practices

Nutrient management throughNPK+FYM

Pulses Newsletter : October - December, 2014 7

Enhancing RUE in Soybean+Pulses SystemA research effort is made to

enhance the productivity and resourceuse efficiency (RUE) of soybean basedsystems in Central India at the IIPR-Regional Research Station, Phanda,Bhopal by involving integration ofvarious crop management modulessuch as land configuration (Broad bedfurrow and flat planting) and diverse(cereal/pulses/oilseed) intercrops viz.,maize, sorghum, urdbean, pigeonpeaand til with soybean. The majoremphasis is to raise the productivityand farm income per unit area and timein presence of instable c rop

performance or failure of soybean dueto various factors. With this view, anexperiment was conducted during

kharif 2014i n v o l v i n gabove cropcombinationsalong withl a n dconfigurationto ascertain

its suitability in soybean-lentil systemin central India. Based on the growth,biomass and seed yield, urdbean andmaize were better competitive, followed

by pigeonpea, jowar and til. Out of thesefive intercrops, pigeonpea (beingmedium duration) only grew up to mid-December (even after harvest ofsoybean) which might reduce theperformance of lentil being planted lateduring succeeding rabi season. Furtherstudy on the compatibility of crops onsystem mode i.e., soybean-lentil andits economics is being undertaken.

C.S.Praharaj, S.S. Singh,R.P. Singh, Ummed Singh and

N.P. Singh

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8 Indian Institute of Pulses Research

Published by Dr. N.P. Singh, Director, ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur-208 024Tel. : 0512-2570264; EPBAX Lines : 0512- 2572464, 2572465; Fax : 0512-2572582

E-mail : director@iipr.ernet.in ; npsingh.iipr@gmail.com; Website; http://www.iipr.res.in

Printed at Army Printing Press, 33, Nehru Road, Sadar Cantt., Lucknow-226 002. Tel. : 0522-2481164, 6565333

Director’s DeskDear Readers,

Gram pod borer, Helicoverpaarmigera is widespread, polyphagous,having wide range of hosts andtremendous ability to survive underextreme conditions under dormantphase. It is the most damaging pest ofpulse crops. Looking back to the pastseveral years, particularly in northernIndia, the cool season pulses wereheavily infested by this insect. Notablydur ing 2010, the crop loss wassubstantial due to this pest.

It is an interesting phenomenonto put on record that there is a declinein the status of H. armigera in thenorthern pulse growing areas of thecountry, whereas reports are availablefor sporadic incidence of pod borerattack in few pockets of central andSouth India. It is important to analyzethe behavioral changes of this pest inthe context of climate change.

Insect pests of crop plants are thereal candidates most affected by globalclimate change. Complex physiologicalef fects exer ted by increasingtemperature and CO2 may affectprofoundly, the interactions betweencrop plants and insect -pests.Temperature, humidity and photoperiodgreatly influence the egg laying,hatching and pupatization ofHelicoverpa along with changes in thefecundity and sex ratio. Temperaturehas a strong influence on the viabilityand incubation period of H. armigeraeggs. Egg incubation period can bepredicted based on the degree daysrequired for egg hatching. The eggincubat ion period decreases withincrease in temperature from 10 to270C. It means larva formation fromeggs is depended upon temperaturewhich falls in the range of 10-300C. Thelarval stage is most detrimental as theyattack on leaves, flowers and pods fortheir feed. In northern belt, temperatureextremities both low and high duringDecember-January (low temperature)and February-March (high temperature)

induce diapauses which are known ashibernation (<100C) or aestivat ion(>320C) under which pupa remainsinactive. The incidence of diapause inH. armigera during peak winter andlate-winter is governed by agroclimaticfactors.

The multi-year data on thepatterns of cool and hot diapausedevelopment and emergence correlated

with the field activity of adult mothemergence is important for betterunderstanding the role of localpopulation dynamics and ecology andgenetics of H. armigera. In northernIndia winter diapauses starts whentemperature goes down below 100Cand therefore threshold levels of mothdoes not build-up to affect the crop.Moreover such extreme lowtemperature (>50C) induces massiveflower drop and virtually pod formationceases, consequently, the lack ofpreferred feed (flowers and pods) doesnot favour to buid-up larval population.Similarly, delayed flowering and podsetting in northern India discouragesthreshold larval population build-up dueto lack of prefereed feed. Temperatureincrease dur ing February-March,although favours pod borer incidencebut this conditions does not last longeras temperature steeply increasesduring peak podding stage which forcesdiapausing of Helicoverpa which meansthey undergo inactive phase.Comparative studies showed that at

initial stages of growth and during peakreproductive growth, the conditions arenot favourable for this pest due toextreme temperature under northernplains. As a result, the pest migratesfor alternate host and conduciveenvironment of central and South India.

Reports are available whichindicate that egg laying occurs duringnight and during prevail ing lowtemperature of North India retards theegg-laying process. The insect pestdynamics in North India is mostimportant as climate model suggeststhat higher lat itudes under whichnorthern India is falling, is more proneto climate change as compared to lowlatitudes falling under South India. Thismeans that climatic conditions aremore stable in peninsular India than inthe northern plains which stands thatSouth Indian conditions support naturalhabitat for the insect, while insectpopulation and crops under North ispresently under dynamic transitionstage and remains unpredictable. Thismodel also suggests that minimumtemperature is more affected thanmaximum day temperature. The overallclimate trend suggest that, the C:N(carbon and nitrogen) ratio in the cropis changing as a result feeding patternof pests is also modified.

The changing pat tern ofHelicoverpa incidence is a matter ofinterest and worth investigating to makenew strategies to control this menancein the target specific locations. The roleof Bt -cot ton in minimizing theHelicoverpa menace can not be ruledout, as this crop is most preferred feedfor this pest. Studies on eco-dynamicsof pod borer and it s presentgeographical dist ribution in thechanging scenario of climate will throwlight on the behavior of this dreadedpest.

(N. P. Singh)