Volume 14 - Asser

Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law

Volume 14General Editor

Managing Editor

For further volumes:http://www.springer.com/series/8912

http://www.springer.com/series/8912

Michael N. SchmittGeneral Editor

Louise ArimatsuManaging Editor

Yearbook of InternationalHumanitarian LawVolume 14, 2011

123

General EditorMichael N. SchmittCNWS-ILDUnited States Naval War CollegeNewport, RIUSA

Managing EditorLouise ArimatsuChatham HouseThe Royal Institute of International AffairsLondonUK

ISBN 978-90-6704-854-5 ISBN 978-90-6704-855-2 (eBook)DOI 10.1007/978-90-6704-855-2

� T.M.C. ASSER PRESS, The Hague, The Netherlands, and the authors 2012This Volume is also available as a journal product through Cambridge University Press. In addition tothe electronic version published on www.springerlink, the Yearbook is also available online through theCambridge Journals Online service.Published by T.M.C. ASSER PRESS, The Hague, The Netherlands www.asserpress.nlProduced and distributed for T.M.C. ASSER PRESS by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or byany means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without writtenpermission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purposeof being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does notimply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevantprotective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

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Cover Photo: Arab Spring; photo ANP/AFP

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Board of Editors

Professor Michael N. Schmitt, United States Naval War College (General Editor)Dr Louise Arimatsu, The Royal Institute of International Affairs, London

(Managing Editor)Professor Eric David, Brussels Free UniversityProfessor John Dugard, University of LeidenProfessor Bill Fenrick, Dalhousie Law School

Professor Horst Fischer, University of Leiden and Ruhr-Universität BochumH.E. Judge Abdul Koroma, International Court of Justice, The HagueMs Jelena Pejic, International Committee of the Red Cross, Geneva

Professor Chris Maina Peter, University of Dar es SalaamProfessor Tim McCormack, University of Melbourne

H.E. Judge Theodore Meron, International Criminal Tribunal for the FormerYugoslavia, The Hague

Professor Djamchid Momtaz, Teheran UniversityBacre Waly Ndiaye, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights,

New YorkH.E. Judge Elizabeth Odio-Benito, International Criminal Court, The Hague

Mr W. Hays Parks, USAH.E. President Fausto Pocar, International Criminal Tribunal for the Former

Yugoslavia, The Hague

Board of Recommendation

Her Royal Highness Princess Margriet of the Netherlands, Vice-Chair,Netherlands Red Cross Society

Professor Emeritus George Aldrich, University of Leiden,Iran-US Claims Tribunal

Professor Emeritus Florentino P. Feliciano, Member Appelate Board, WTO;Senior Associate Justice, Supreme Court of the Philippines (retired)

Professor Emeritus Dr Frits Kalshoven, University of LeidenH.E. Judge C G. Weeramantry, International Court of Justice (retired)

Editors’ Note

In order to make the Correspondents’ Reports more timely and widely accessible,the Editors are pleased to announce that these Reports will henceforth be avail-able online at www.asser.nl/YIHL/correspondentsreports. This brings the addedbenefit of making them fully searchable, thereby more easily serving the needs ofscholars and practitioners.

The editors wish to extend a special thanks to Hemeeni Mistry for her assis-tance in the production of this volume.

http://www.asser.nl/YIHL/correspondentsreports

Contents

Part I Articles

1 Evaluating the Use of Force During the Arab Spring . . . . . . . . . . 3Annyssa Bellal and Louise Doswald-Beck

2 Beyond the Grave Breaches Regime: The Duty to InvestigateAlleged Violations of International Law GoverningArmed Conflicts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Amichai Cohen and Yuval Shany

3 Domestic Investigation of Suspected Law of Armed ConflictViolations: United States Procedures, Policies, and Practices . . . . 85Sean Watts

4 Splendid Isolation: International Humanitarian Law, LegalTheory and the International Legal Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107Aoife O’Donoghue

5 The Rules Governing the Conduct of Hostilities in AdditionalProtocol I to the Geneva Conventions of 1949: A Reviewof Relevant United States References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133George Cadwalader Jr.

Part II Current Developments

6 Year in Review 2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175Mohbuba Choudhury, Aleksandra Bojovic and Louise Arimatsu

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7 Operation Unified Protector and the Protectionof Civilians in Libya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213Chris De Cock

8 The ECtHR’s Al-Jedda Judgment: Implications for IHL . . . . . . . 237Jelena Pejic

9 The Killing of Osama Bin Laden and Anwar Al-Aulaqi:Uncharted Legal Territory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255Beth Van Schaack

10 Protecting the ‘Helpers’: Humanitarians and Health CareWorkers During Times of Armed Conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327Helen Durham and Phoebe Wynn-Pope

Part III Forum: Reflections on 9/11 and IHL

11 International Humanitarian Law a Decade After September 11:Developments and Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349Dieter Fleck

12 Perspective and the Importance of History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361W. Hays Parks

13 Can the Law of Armed Conflict Survive 9/11?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383Charles Garraway

14 ‘Terrorism’ as a Central Theme in the Evolution of MaritimeOperations Law Since 11 September 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391Rob McLaughlin

15 Temporality and Terrorism in InternationalHumanitarian Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411Matthew C. Waxman

16 Legacy of 9/11: Continuing the Humanizationof Humanitarian Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419Vijay M. Padmanabhan

17 The Mottled Legacy of 9/11: A Few Reflections on the Evolutionof the International Law of Armed Conflict. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431Charles J. Dunlap Jr.

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Part IV Documentation

18 Classification Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445

19 Bibliography 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451

Table of Cases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477

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Abbreviations

AALCO Asian-African Legal ConsultativeOrganization

Abl. AmtsblattAC Appeal CasesACTR Australian Capital Territory ReportsAD Annual Digest of Public International Law

CasesAdelaide LR Adelaide Law ReviewADF Australian Defence ForceAFDI Annuairefrançais de droit internationalAFRC Armed Forces Revolutionary Council

(Sierra Leone)African HRLJ African Human Rights Law JournalAfrican JI & CL African Journal of International and

Comparative LawAfrican YIHL African Yearbook on International

Humanitarian LawAir Force LR Air Force Law ReviewAir LR Air Law ReviewAirpower J Airpower JournalAir Univ. Rev. Air University ReviewAJCL American Journal of Comparative LawAJIL American Journal of International LawAJLP Australian Journal of Legal PhilosophyAlbany LR Albany Law ReviewAll ER All England Law ReportsALR Australian Law ReportsAmer. Crim. LR American Criminal Law ReviewAmer. Univ. JIL & Pol. American University Journal of

International Law and Policy

xiii

Amer. Univ. ILJ American University International LawJournal

Amer. Univ. ILR American University International LawReview

Amer. Univ. LR American University Law ReviewAMISOM African Union Mission to SomaliaANA Afghanistan National ArmyAP Additional ProtocolAP Associated PressAPL(s) Anti-personnel landmine(s)ARABSAT Arab Satellite Communications

OrganizationArizona JI & CL Arizona Journal of International and Com-

parative LawArmy Law. The Army LawyerASEAN Association of South East Asian NationsASF African Standby ForceASIL Proc. American Society of International Law

ProceedingsATCA Alien Tort Claims Act (USA)ATT Arms Trade TreatyAU African Union

AMIB African Union Mission in BurundiAMIS African Union Mission in SudanAMISOM African Union Mission in Somalia

Australian YIL Australian Yearbook of International LawAustrian JPIL Austrian Journal for Public International

LawAustrian Rev. Int. & Eur. L Austrian Revue of International and

European LawAVM Anti-vehicle landmine

Berkeley JIL Berkeley Journal of International LawB.O. Boletín Oficial de la República ArgentinaBGBl BundesgesetzblattBGH BundesgerichtshofBoston Univ. ILJ Boston University International Law

JournalBoston College Int. & Comp. LR Boston College International and Compar-

ative Law ReviewBrooklyn JIL Brooklyn Journal of International LawBTF Balkans Task ForceBverfGE BundesverfassungsgerichtBYIL British Yearbook of International Law

xiv Abbreviations

California LR California Law ReviewCalif. Western ILJ California Western International Law

JournalCan. JL & Jur. Canadian Journal of Law and

JurisprudenceCanadian YIL Canadian Yearbook of International LawCardozoLR Cardozo Law ReviewCase Western Reserve JIL Case Western Reserve Journal of

International LawCatholic Univ. LR Catholic University Law ReviewCCW Convention on Certain Conventional

WeaponsCD Conference on DisarmamentCDF Civil Defence Forces (Sierra Leone)CENTCOM Central CommandChicago JIL Chicago Journal of International LawChinese JIL Chinese Journal of International LawCHR (UN) Centre for Human RightsCIA Central Intelligence AgencyCICC Coalition for the International Criminal

CourtCICR Comité International de la Croix RougeCID Criminal Investigation DivisionCIS Commonwealth of Independent StatesCIVPOL Civilian PoliceCLA Chief Legal AdvisorCLJ Criminal Law JournalCLR Commonwealth Law ReportsCMAC Court Martial Appeal CourtCmnd. Command PaperColumbia HRLR Columbia Human Rights Law ReviewColumbia JTL Columbia Journal of Transnational LawColumbia LR Columbia Law ReviewConnecticut JIL Connecticut Journal of International LawCornell ILJ Cornell International Law JournalCr. App. R Criminal Appeals ReportsCRC Convention on the Rights of the ChildCriminal LF Criminal Law ForumCriminal LR Criminal Law ReviewCSP Conference of States PartiesCTBT Comprehensive Test Ban TreatyCTED Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive

DirectorateCTS Commonwealth Treaty SeriesCWC Chemical Weapons Convention

Abbreviations xv

DalhousieLJ Dalhousie Law JournalDenver JIL & Pol. Denver Journal of International Law and

PolicyDLR Dominion Law ReportsDMU Detainee Management UnitDoD Department of Defense (USA)Drake LR Drake Law ReviewDRC Democratic Republic of CongoDuke JCIL Duke Journal of Comparative and

International Law

ECCAS Economic Community of Central AfricanStates

ECCC Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts ofCambodia

ECHR Rep. European Convention on Human RightsReports

ECHR European Convention on Human RightsECOMOG ECOWAS Cease-Fire Monitoring GroupECOSOC United Nations Economic and Social

CouncilECOWAS Economic Community of West African

StatesECtHR European Court on Human RightsEECC Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims CommissionEHRR European Human Rights ReportsEmory ILR Emory International Law ReviewEJIL European Journal of International LawERW Explosive Remnants of WarEU European UnionEur. Ct. HR European Court of Human RightsEUFOR European Union ForceEur. Comm. HR European Commission of Human RightsEur. J Crime, Crim. L & Crim. Jus. European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law

and Criminal JusticeEx D Exchequer Digest

F FederalF Supp. Federal SupplementFARDC Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic

of the CongoFCJ Federal Court of Justice (Canada)FCR Federal Court ReportsFDC Force Detention CentreFDTL East Timorese Defence ForceFed. Reg. Federal Register (United States)

xvi Abbreviations

Fed. Rep. Federal ReporterFinnish YIL Finnish Yearbook of International LawFNI Front des Nationalistes et Intégrationistes

(Congo)Fordham ILJ Fordham International Law JournalFordham LR Fordham Law ReviewFPLC Forces Patriotiques pour la Libérationdu

CongoFRETILIN Frente Revolucionaria Timor Lest

IndependenceFRPI Force de Résistance Patriotique en Ituri

(Congo)FRY Federal Republic of YugoslaviaFYROM Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

GA General Assembly (United Nations)GAOR General Assembly Official RecordsGA Res. General Assembly Resolution (United

Nations)GC Geneva ConventionsGeorgetown Int. Environ. LR Georgetown International Environmental

Law ReviewGeorgetown JIL Georgetown Journal of International LawGeorgia JI & Comp. L Georgia Journal of International and

Comparative LawGerman LJ German Law JournalGR2P Global Responsibility to ProtectGWILR The George Washington International Law

ReviewGWJIL and Econ. The George Washington Journal of

International Law and EconomicsGU Gazzetta Ufficiale (Italian Official Gazette)GYIL German Yearbook of International Law

Hague YIL Hague Yearbook of International LawHarvard ILJ Harvard International Law JournalHarvard JHR Harvard Journal of Human RightsHarvard JL & Pub. Pol. Harvard Journal of Law & Public PolicyHarvard JOL Harvard Journal on LegislationHarvard LR Harvard Law ReviewHarvard NSJ Harvard National Security JournalHCJ High Court of JusticeHRLJ Human Rights Law JournalHRLR Human Rights Law ReviewHRQ Human Rights Quarterly

Abbreviations xvii

I/A Court HR Inter-American Court of Human RightsI/A Comm. HR Inter-American Commission on Human

RightsI/A YBHR Inter-American Yearbook on Human

RightsICA International Council on ArchivesICBL International Campaign to Ban LandminesICBS International Committee of the Blue ShieldICC International Criminal CourtICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Polit-

ical RightsICCROM International Centre for the Study of the

Preservation and Restoration of CulturalProperty

ICISS International Commission on Interventionand State Sovereignty

ICJ International Court of JusticeICJ Rep. International Court of Justice ReportsICLR International Criminal Law ReviewICLQ International and Comparative Law

QuarterlyICOM International Council of MuseumsICOMOS International Council on Monuments and

SitesICRC International Committee of the Red CrossICRtoP International Coalition for the Responsi-

bility to ProtectICTR International Criminal Tribunal for

RwandaICTY International Criminal Tribunal for the

former YugoslaviaIDR International Defense ReviewIFLA International Federation of Library Asso-

ciation and InstitutionsIFOR Implementation ForceIHL International Humanitarian LawIJLM International Journal of Legal MedicineIJRL International Journal of Refugee LawILASJI & Comp. L ILAS Journal of International and

Comparative LawILC International Law CommissionILC Yearbook Yearbook of the International Law

CommissionILM International Legal MaterialsILR International Law Reports

xviii Abbreviations

IMO International Maritime OrganizationIMT International Military Tribunal

(in Nuremberg)IMTFE International Military Tribunal for the Far

East (in Tokyo)Indian JIL Indian Journal of International LawIndiana I & Comp. LR Indiana International & Comparative Law

ReviewINTELSAT International Telecommunications Satel-

lite OrganizationInt. LF International Law ForumINTERFET International Force in East TimorIRA Irish Republican ArmyIran-US CTR Iran-United States Claims Tribunal

ReportsIRRC International Review of the Red CrossISAF International Security Assistance ForceIsrael LR Israel Law ReviewIsrael YB Israel YearbookIsrael YB HR Israel Yearbook on Human RightsIYIL Italian Yearbook of International Law

JAMA Journal of the American MedicalAssociation

J Armed Conflict L Journal of Armed Conflict LawJCSL Journal of Conflict and Security LawJICL Journal of International and Comparative

LawJIL & Prac. Journal of International Law and PracticeJ Int. Criminal Justice Journal of International Criminal JusticeJPI Judicial Police InspectorsJ Trans. L & Pol. Journal of Transnational Law & PolicyJ Trauma The Journal of Trauma

KFOR Kosovo ForceKLA Kosovo Liberation Army

LAS League of Arab StatesLeiden JIL Leiden Journal of International LawLNTS League of Nations Treaty SeriesLOAC Law of Armed ConflictLoy. LA I & CLJ Loyola of Los Angeles International and

Comparative Law JournalLoyola I & CLJ Loyola International and Comparative

Law JournalLQR Law Quarterly Review

Abbreviations xix

Maryland JIL & T Maryland Journal of International Law andTrade

MCC Military Criminal CodeMelbourne JIL Melbourne Journal of International LawMelbourne Univ. LR Melbourne University Law ReviewMichigan JIL Michigan Journal of International LawMichigan LR Michigan Law ReviewMil. LR Military Law ReviewMINURCAT United Nations Mission in the Central

African Republic and ChadMINURSO United Nations Mission for the

Referendum in Western SaharaMINUSTAH United Nations Stabilization Mission in

HaitiMLR Modern Law ReviewMNF Multinational ForceMonashLR Monash Law ReviewMoniteurBelge Belgian Official Parliamentary JournalMONUC United Nations Mission in the Democratic

Republic of CongoMoscow JIL Moscow Journal of International LawMPYBUNL Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations

LawMPYIL Max Planck Yearbook of International

LawMRT Militair Rechtelijk Tijdschrift

NATO North Atlantic Treaty OrganisationNaval LR Naval Law ReviewNCOs Non-Commissioned OfficersNebraska LR Nebraska Law ReviewNew England LR New England Law ReviewNGO Non-Governmental OrganisationNILR Netherlands International Law ReviewNJ Nederlandse JurisprudentieNLA Albanian National Liberation ArmyNLR Naval Law ReviewNordic JIL Nordic Journal of International LawNorth Carolina LR North Carolina Law ReviewNorthwestern JIHR Northwestern Journal of International

Human RightsNorthwestern Univ. LR Northwestern University Law ReviewNotre Dame JL Notre Dame Journal of LawNotre Dame LR Notre Dame Law ReviewNPC New Penal Code

xx Abbreviations

NQHR Netherlands Quarterly of Human RightsNYIL Netherlands Yearbook of International

LawNY Univ. JIL & Pol. New York University Journal of

International Law and PoliticsNY Univ. LR New York University Law ReviewNZLR New Zealand Law Review

ÖAD Österreichische AußenpolitischeDokumentation

OAS Organization of American StatesOECS Organization of Eastern Caribbean StatesOEF Operation Enduring Freedom

(Afghanistan)OIF Operation Iraqi FreedomONU Organisation des Nations UniesONUB United Nations Operation in BurundiONUC United Nations Operation in the CongoOPCW Organisation for the Prohibition of Chem-

ical WeaponsOSA Operational Support ArrangementOTP Office of the Prosecutor (of the ICTR and/

or ICTY)

Palestine YIL Palestine Yearbook of International LawPCIJ Permanent Court of JusticePD Probate Division, English Law ReportsPenn. State ILR Pennsylvania State International Law

ReviewPKF Peace Keeping ForcePMG Peace Monitoring GroupPOC Protection of CiviliansPOW Prisoner of WarProc. ASIL Proceedings of the American Society of

International Law

QB Queen’s Bench

RBDI Revue Belgededroit internationalRDI Rivista di dirittointernazionaleRDPC Revue de droit pénal et decriminologieRecueil des Cours Collected Courses of the Hague Academy

of International LawRGDIP Revue générale de droit international publicRIAA Reports of International Arbitral AwardsRICR Revue International de la Croix RougeRPF Rwandan Patriotic Front

Abbreviations xxi

RQDI Revue QuébécoisedeDroit InternationalRSC Rules of the Supreme CourtRSCDPC Revue de science criminelle et de droit

pénal comparéRSDIE Revue Suissededroit international et de

droit européenRSK Republic of Serbian KrajinaRUF Revolutionary United Front (Sierra Leone)Rutgers LR Rutgers Law ReviewR2P-RtoP Responsibility to ProtectSADC South African Development CommunitySan Diego LR San Diego Law ReviewSASC South African Security CouncilSaskatchewan LR Saskatchewan Law ReviewSC Security CouncilSC CTC Security Council’s Counter-Terrorism

CommitteeSCOR Security Council Official RecordsSC Res. Security Council ResolutionSCR Supreme Court ReportsS. Ct. Supreme Court Reporter (United States)SCU Serious Crimes UnitSFOR Stabilization ForceSFRY Socialist Federal Republic of YugoslaviaSG Secretary-GeneralSIPRI Stockholm International Peace Research

InstituteSOFA Status of Force AgreementSouth African YIL South African Yearbook of International

LawSouth Texas LR South Texas Law ReviewStanford JIL Stanford Journal of International LawStanford JIR Stanford Journal of International RelationsStanford LR Stanford Law ReviewSyracuse JIL & Com. Syracuse Journal of International Law &

CommerceSZIER Schweizerische Zeitschrift für internatio-

nales und europäisches Recht

Tel Aviv Univ. LR Tel Aviv University Law ReviewTemple LR Temple Law ReviewTennessee LR Tennessee Law ReviewTexas ILJ Texas International Law JournalTexas LR Texas Law Review

xxii Abbreviations

TFG Transitional Federal Government(Somalia)

TIAS Treaties and other International ActsSeries

Tilburg For. LR Tilburg Foreign Law ReviewTLPS Timorese Police ForceTransn. L & Contemp. Probs. Transnational Law and Contemporary

ProblemsTRC Report Truth and Reconciliation Commission

Report (South African)Tulane JI & Comp. L Tulane Journal of International &

Comparative LawTulsa J Comp. & IL Tulsa Journal of Comparative and Interna-

tional LawTVF Trust Fund for Victims

UCLALR University of California Los Angeles LawReview

UN United NationsUNAKRT United Nations Assistance to the Khmer

Rouge TrialUNAMA United Nations Assistance Mission in

AfghanistanUNAMET United Nations Mission in East TimorUNAMI United Nations Assistance Mission for IraqUNAMID United Nations/ African Union Hybrid

Operation in DarfurUNAMIR United Nations Assistance Mission for

RwandaUNAMSIL United Nations Mission in Sierra LeoneUNCHR United Nations Commission on Human

RightsUNCHS United Nations Centre for Human

SettlementsUNCIVPOL United Nations Civilian PoliceUNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and

DevelopmentUN Doc. United Nations Documents SeriesUNDOF United Nations Disengagement Observer

ForceUNDP United Nations Development ProgrammeUNEF United Nations Emergency Force (in the

Sinai)UNEP United Nations Environment Programme

Abbreviations xxiii

UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific andCultural Organisation

UNFICYP United Nations Force in CyprusUNGCI United Nations Guards Contingent in IraqUNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for

RefugeesUNHFOR United Nations Human Rights Field Office

in RwandaUNICEF United Nations (International) Children’s

(Emergency) FundUNIDIR United Nations Institute for Disarmament

ResearchUNIFEM United Nations Development Fund for

WomenUNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in LebanonUNIIMOG United Nations Iran/Iraq Military Observer

GroupUNIKOM United Nations Iraq/Kuwait Observer

MissionUNIPSIL United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding

Office in Sierra LeoneUNITAF United Nations Unified Task ForceUNITAF United Nations Task Force (in Somalia)UNMEE United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and

EritreaUNMIL United Nations Mission in LiberiaUNMIN United Nations Mission in NepalUNMIS United Nations Mission in SudanUNMIT United Nations Mission in Timor-LesteUNOCI United Nations Operations in Côte d’IvoireUNOMIG United Nations Observer Mission in

GeorgiaUNOMSIL United Nations Observer Mission in Sierra

LeoneUNOSOM United Nations Operation in SomaliaUNPF United Nations Peacekeeping ForceUNPOS United Nations Political Office for SomaliaUNPROFOR United Nations Protection Force (in Bosnia

and Herzegovina)UNTAC United Nations Transitional Authority in

CambodiaUNTAET United Nations Transitional Authority in

East TimorUNTS United Nations Treaty SeriesUNWCC United Nations War Crimes Commission

xxiv Abbreviations

Univ. Calif. Davis LR University of California Davis LawReview

Univ. Chicago LR University of Chicago Law ReviewUniv. Miami I & Comp. LR University of Miami International &

Comparative Law ReviewUniv. Pa. J Const. L University of Pennsylvania Journal of

Constitutional LawUniv. Pitt. LR University of Pittsburgh Law ReviewUniv. Richmond LR University of Richmond Law ReviewUSAFAJLS United States Air Force Academy Journal

of Legal Studies

Vanderbilt JTL Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational LawVCLT Vienna Convention on the Law of TreatiesVermont LR Vermont Law ReviewVirginia JIL Virginia Journal of International LawVirginia LR Virginia Law ReviewVWU Victims and Witness Unit of the Registry

(Congo)

Wake Forest LR Wake Forest Law ReviewWBR Wound Ballistics ReviewWCR War Crimes ReportsWHO World Health OrganisationWhittier LR Whittier Law ReviewWisconsin ILJ Wisconsin International Law JournalWLR Weekly Law Reports

Yale HR & Dev. LJ Yale Human Rights & Development LawJournal

Yale JIL Yale Journal of International LawYale LJ Yale Law JournalYbEur. Conv. HR Yearbook of the European Convention of

Human RightsYbILC Yearbook of the International Law

CommissionYIHL Yearbook of International Humanitarian

LawYug. Rev. IL Yugoslav Review of International Law

ZaöRV Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentlichesRecht und Völkerrecht

ZöR Zeitschrift für öffentliches Recht

Abbreviations xxv