RUSSIAVologda-Sibstream team

Mikhail KhazanovChief of workshop in Project Institute “Kurortproject”

Iliya LezhavaVice-rector of Moscow Architectural Institute

Mikhail ShubenkovAssociate Professor of Chair “Urbanism”

Rishat MullagildinKeio University

Ludmila MoldavskayaChief specialist of Project and Research Institute “Urbanism”

Edward SarnatskyMember of Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences

Mikhail PletsChief specialist of “Center of Guarding Wild Nature”

George DumentonChief specialist of Sociology Institute Russian Academy of Sciences

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Vologda-SibstreamSubject City

Vologda (400km North of Moscow)

Leader

Members

As the subject of our research we have selected relatively small town called

Vologda where live 300,000 people. The town is located 400 kilometres north of

Moscow. Vologda has almost thousand-year history and, therefore, is a typical Russian

town. Naturally, Vologda is an element in the country’s population system. In this

respect, we predict formation of a powerful communication frame in the country in the

21st century. This new structure will comprise seven communication channels of

population stretching from the north to the south and splitting Russia into eight large

areas. Such longitudinal urban structures will be crossing the main latitudinal channel

created on the basis of Trans-Siberian way, which is going to be made a powerful trace

of population conditionally called the Sibstream.

Sibstream will starts from St. Petersburg and stretch all the way to the Sea of

Japan. Sibstream is expected to take on the functions of a giant linear capital of Russia

with Moscow as its administrative center. The new capital will inherit features

characteristic of million-people towns in Russia in the 20th century. Besides, the

Channel’s fast-paced means of transport will move at about 500 kph, which means both

far better and safer ways of travelling for many more millions of people.

Vologda is located at the crossing of Sibstream and the channel spreading from

Astrakhan (on south) to Archangelsk (on north). Therefore, Vologda will become a

pivotal point and a city that can offer the widest range of service systems of the two

population channels.

Vologda is a center of a preserved natural region where climatic conditions make it

possible to produce most of the ecologically pure food in Russia, as well as linen and

timber. Both artificially grown and natural products may contribute to the economic

prosperity of the region.

Vologda could become a city of a high living standard as, thanks to its natural

environment, pedestrian areas and high density of cultural and social contacts, the town

favorably stands out of many other Russian yet bigger towns and cities.

Besides, the town is surrounded by unique Russian nature with a few famous

resorts near Kubenskoye lake. These advantages will definitely allow Vologda to be an

attractive place of residence for Russians during at least another few centuries.

Thus, if the population-channel system can contribute into strengthening the

Russian state in 21st and 22nd centuries, towns like Vologda will secure high standards

of living for the citizens will remain viable for a lifespan of even thousand years.

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Introduction

We face the task of describing a viable Russian town in 100 years. This means defining how the life

of the townspeople will change, how the town’s development will change and how transport as well as

power engineering, the economy and the system of a town government will change.

According to the forecasts of experts in Russia there will be enough material resources and energy

for full value development of the economy in the 21st century. At the same time, the well-being of the town

will to a greater degree than now depend on the economy of the district, region, country and world.

Probably at the end of the century the information sphere quickly developing now will give way to

ecology, genetics and medicine. In this case the basic priority of the society will be set on the town’s

ecological problems, on attention to the health of the townspeople, on perfection of human genetic stock,

on the survival of the human beings as a species, on the problems of birth rate, education and aging.

Urban life by the beginning of the 22nd century also will have changed, as well as the growth of

everybody’s well-being, the speeds and convenience of movement, character of information exchange,

and change of Russians’lives. However we do not believe in the Internetization of human life and giving

up the real world in favour of virtual dreams. In the foreseeable future people will also love, bring up

children, care about their relatives, sleep at night, have breakfast in the morning, like study, rest, have a

good time, admire nature and travel. They will live in houses consisting of many rooms, just as their

ancestors did a thousand years ago. They will grow flowers, prepare food, heat their dwellings when it is

cold and cool them when it is hot, grieve and rejoice. People will aspire to natural beauty, e.g., going to

parks, to lakes, rivers and sea beaches; and dream of long travels and flights to other planets. They will

eat natural products, drink water from springs, watch live performances, listen to live speech and music.

We are convinced that these vital elements will be the most desired and valued by Russians at the

beginning of the 22nd century.

Why Vologda?

As the subject of the research we have chosen a small (300 thousand inhabitants) town called

Vologda located 400 kilometres to the north of Moscow. Vologda has almost a thousand-year history.

The town was founded in the middle of the 12th century. Under Tsar Ivan the Terrible (at the end of the

16th century) with the establishment of Russian statehood it was planned to make Vologda the capital

instead of Moscow. Those intentions had to do with the favourable military, strategic and geographical

position of the town on the crossing of water and land trade ways.

There is information that the capital of the tribes that inhabited the European North of Russia in

prehistoric times was located in place of the modern city. That capital was kind of a spiritual center of

Ugra — a vast territory stretching from Scandinavia to the Urals. The legends about it are still alive. Later

on, in the Days of Our Lord, a group of monasteries was created near Vologda, to which pilgrims

gathered from the whole of Russia. Specific influence of Vologda was effective through the Soviet era.

The town of Vologda is famous for its food-processing industry, which produces the best foodstuffs

in Russia. The dairy products are especially appreciated. At the beginning of the 20th century, Vologda

butter was exported to Europe in great quantities. At that time, the profitability of this export surpassed

even the gold output of the rich Siberian mines. We believe that it is the food branch that will become a

cornerstone of the town’s viability at the beginning of the 22nd century.

According to its planning layout, Vologda is a typical ancient Russian settlement. In the centre, the

compact development area of town cottages with plots prevails with its ancient churches, and on the

periphery there are water meadows with monasteries. The town stands on the navigable Vologda River,

connected with the Volga River and the White Sea basin.

The last century has seen degradation of the central area of Vologda and the appearance of

numerous concrete panelled five-to nine-storey residential buildings with cheap small-sized flats. At the

end of the century, more comfortable multi-storey blocks of flats began to be built, which continue to be

erected to this day.

The town is governed by the council, with the elected mayor at the head. Some years ago, the town

council worked out and adopted general town-planning concept of developing Vologda for the next 25

years. The government of the Russian Federation has approved this plan. The construction will be

financed from the town budget together with the Russian Federation. We accept this plan without large

changes as the first stage of the town development in 2000-2025.

During 100 years of the development, naturally, there will be significant structural planning

transformations in the town. However the traditional look of the old town is not to be changed. The

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Dwg.1. Vologda. Winter view.

Dwg.2. Plan of Vologda town.

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There have always existed transport corridors. People settled along roads, riverbeds and the feet of

mountain ridges. In Russia, rivers used to be traditional routes for trade communications. Along rivers

were formed chains of towns. For example, the most developed historic towns and cities are placed

along the Volga river: Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Ulyanovsk, Samara, Saratov,

Volgograd and Astrakhan. Besides, practically all the big Russian rivers are naturally oriented in

longitudinal pattern: the Dnieper, Volga, Ob, Irtysh, Yenisei, Angara and Lena with Aldan and Kolyma.

Along these rivers, systems of population-distribution were formed like those along the Volga. At the end

of the 19th century, Russia constructed a great railway crossing these river systems and connecting,

actually, two oceans — the Atlantic and the Pacific; and two civilizations — European and Far

Eastern. It is impossible to imagine the development of Russia’s history of the last 20th century without

this gigantic Transsiberian Railway (Transsib). It is connected also with the industrialization of the country

in the 30s, terrible wars of the middle of the century and the industrial rise of the country during the last

50 years.

In this regard, our hypothesis of the development of the country s transport infrastructure in the 21st

century presupposes the emergence of a powerful communications network in Russia. This new

formation could consist of seven population-distribution channels running from the north to the south, the

main ones of which would be: 1. Murmansk - St. Petersburg - Moscow - Rostov - Novorossisk (M-N); 2.

Arkhangelsk - Vologda - Astrakhan (A-A); 3. Vorkuta - Tyumen - Omsk (V-O); 4. Norilsk - Yeniseisk -

Krasnoyarsk (N-K); 5. Hatanga - Bratsk - rkutsk (H-I); 6. Tiksi - Yakutsk - Skovorodino (T-S) and, at last,

7. along the Pacific Ocean - Anadyr - Magadan - Soviet Harbour - Vladivostok (A-V).

These north-south channels of population-distribution will cross the newly created (on a base of the

Transsib, Baikal-Amur Railway and the KVZhD running through China) powerful line of population-

distribution provisionally given the name Sibstream. This channel of population-distribution will run near

St.Petersburg, Vologda, Vyatka, Ekaterinburg, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Ulan-

Ude, Chita, Skovorodino, Khabarovsk and Soviet Harbour with a branch to Vladivostok and further to

South Korean ports.

When choosing a town for our research, we decided on Vologda not by chance. It is obvious that

the viability of the town will be determined by, among other causes, its location at the intersection of

Sibstream and the second channel going from Arkhangelsk up to Astrakhan.

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old town will be reconstructed systematically so that at the middle of the 21st century Vologda will look like

it used to at the beginning of the 20th century. For this purpose, many buildings constructed in the Soviet

period will be demolished and destroyed churches, monasteries and public buildings will be restored.

We have analysed the development of Vologda in the coming century, fixing its structure at intervals

of 25 years. Research shows that the city will change qualitatively rather than grow quantitatively (for

details, see Appendix 1).

Our research shows that any town in any country of the world (and especially in Russia) is not an

independent formation. The town is connected by hundreds of links with other towns, with the transport

and economic infrastructure of the country, with rhythms of energy consumption, with price policy and

with the system of the control and distribution of investments and subsidies. It concerns also Vologda, as

it is only an element in the population-distribution system of the country.

Vologda and population-distribution System of Russiain the future

Communications systems have always been very important for Russia. Taking into account the great

distances and northern climate (the cold lasts on the average seven months a year and the existing

highways cannot always be productively used in the winter period), the most popular and reliable types of

transport are railways and aircraft. Great state means and non-state means will be both gradually

directed in a centralized way to the perfection of the country’s communications system (at present there

are practically no private railways and highways in Russia). Most essential step, in this sense, will be the

creation of powerful linear-transport corridors or rather channels of population-distribution as we suggest

calling them. The idea of placing such transport corridors is actively being studied by Russian economists

and geographers. Are known proposals to create similar corridors in Europe and Asia (nine transport

corridors on Cyprus isle). In our opinion the application of transport transcontinental corridors in Russia

would be especially effective. The construction of population-distribution channels in combination with

finer “capillary” routes of transport communication will enable Russia to generate communications system

capable of more effective control over spaces and resources of the country.

Dwg.3. Vologda in the 19th century.

Dwg.4. Prognosis of the creation of the Russian Transport Channel at the base of the Transsib.Important role of the Arctic route.

The new formations will be created on channels

of population-distribution having lerge economic

and land potential.

Besides the sale of land, the system of

channels of population-distribution will bring

significant profit from the transit of cargo and

energy along them, as Sibstream will become a

base of international Europe-Asia transit. The

north-southern channels can also become

transit ones if they are extended through

Turkey, Iraq, Afghanistan and China to the ports

at the Indian Ocean.

Energy of a channel

Russian scientists think that electricity will remain the major source of power in the 21st

century. Thus it is predicted that the electrical power will be produced by hydro stations, hydrogen and

nuclear plants and the processing of gas, oil and coal, as the stocks of these minerals (already

discovered today) in Russia are rather significant. A certain share of energy can be given by both

strategically located wind stations and production of biogas from agricultural waste. Other kinds of

energy, such as solar energy and its derivative kinds, tidal energy, etc., can be rather useful in local

systems where there are temporary settlements, independent dwellings and small vehicles in regions

where sunny days prevail. It is natural that the Volga as well as any other inhabited place in the channel

zone, will receive the basic energy from the uniform nation-wide system. It will not be necessary in the

future to create a special system for town power supply.

Significant roles in the power provision of the country will be played, in our opinion, by the north-

south channels of population-distribution. On the northern territories along the coast of the Arctic Ocean,

where strong winds blow continuously, it is possible to build great fields of installations collecting wind

energy and tide stations. In river valleys along which these channels run local hydroelectric power

stations continuing in the tradition of the Russian water-power engineering can be created. In the

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Economy of a channel

State and private investors will spend immense resources on the creation of channels of population-

distribution. This expenditure will take place in the next 30-40 years. There is reason to believe that such

a system will revive the economy of Russia and the finance invested will have been paid back already by

the end of the 21st century, which is also due to international cargo transport.

Channels of population-distribution, first of all, are transport structures. Along them the basic flows of

cargo, energy and information move. It is in channels where the transport systems (highways, rail and

cable transport) are concentrated and pipelines of both oil and gas, electric systems and information

cables run. The construction of such all-Russian communication corridors will allow creating

relatively even conditions to use a wide range of resources on the whole of the country’s

territory. It should be noted that there is nothing essentially new in such an approach to the distribution

of resources and energy. In Russia, already by the middle of the last century, there was a uniform system

of the country power supply successfully regulating electrical energy consumption. However, our system

of transport channels will allow centralizing delivery not only of electricity, but also of all kinds of goods,

raw materials and energy, distributing them by means of an uniform all-Russian network.

These channels of population-distribution will have huge spatial resources. Sibstream, being ten-

kilometres wide, will receive a “land” potential of about 100,000 sq. kilometres.

As the channels keep well away from towns, construction of one or another structure, complex or

even town won’t require that existing urban structures be pulled down and use expensive urban lands.

Dwg.5. Scheme of population-distribution channels in Russia in the 21st century.

Dwg.6. Image of the channel of population-distribution.

Dwg.7. Examples of wind stations on the coast of the Arctic Oecan(the north end of the channel of population-distribution). Historical and modern.

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southern extremities of the longitudinal channels there will be nuclear and hydrogen power stations,

located in the dry, poorly populated areas of southern Russia. The arrangement of thermal power

stations will probably be determined by concrete economic calculations, raw materials available and the

ecological situation on the whole. Undoubtedly, the energy requirements of society will grow steadily in

the next 100 years, and at the same time the growth will be accompanied by a parallel process of

introduction of economical ways of consumption and transfer of energy to a distance (appendix No4).

Transport on a channel of population-distribution

Along the channels a continuous flow of

people, cargo and energy will move. The

movement of materials, minerals, energy and

water will be the most important. Channels will

include pipelines, various kinds of conveyors

and rail transport. From time to time there

appear reports in the press on rationality of

employing wide (up to two-meter) railway tracks

for creating substantial growth in transport

capacity at certain sites (for example, on

Transsib). We consider such a move quite

possible. Let us note that in the remote places

which are not connected directly with channels

of population-distribution, and also on lines with

extremely large streams of passengers, it is possible to develop dirigible balloons which are being

actively revived and can lift up to 500 tons of cargo and are capable of transporting them at speeds of

350-400 kph without overloading directly to destination point.

Moving of people, presumably, will require the use of different types of transport. First of all, heavy-

load air transport, which it is rational to use for distances over 2000 kilometres. In the near future local

aircraft and other vehicles will also get people to remote areas and zones between channels.

The main “channel” kind of passenger transport will probably be a high-speed train on the base of

the monorail (rail or magnetic). Its speed will reach about 500 kph. At this speed, it will take the

inhabitant of Vologda only a day to get to the coastal destinations on the Sea of Japan, that is,

nearly 10,000 kilometres. Now, as to the train, covering this distance takes it no less than one week.

However, a “rail” distance up to 2,000 kilometres is very likely to be the most popular.

Examining the communications system of Russia, it is necessary to note the role of water transport.

Till now, on all great navigable rivers, large weights of cargoes have been transported. The capital of

Yakutia — the town of Yakutsk (meridian channel T-S) — depends on a summer supply of goods by

theLena River from Osetrovo port, situated on the BAM (Baikal-Amur Railway: a duplicate of Transsib in

the east part) for 1,500 kilometres. The most prospective form of river transport, in our opinion, is the

hydrofoil ship, and, on wide rivers, hovercraft, which can also move across tundra both in summer and

winter. Vologda has a large river potential too. It is possible to connect the town with the Kubensky Lake

as well as with the White Lake, the Sheksna River and, further, with the basin of the Volga River using

the Vologda River, and with the White Sea (the basin of the Arctic Ocean) using the Sukhona River.

In this connections, there is a question about the northern seaway as an important Russian artery. In

Russian scientists’ opinion, as the global climate becomes warmer, which is expected in the 21st century to

affect thawing pack ice. It will make it possible to increase the navigation term on northern seas up to the

span of three to four months per year. The prospects of developing underwater transport (and in the north,

under-ice transport) working all the year round (underwater caravans) are quite real too. At the same time,

a change in the green cover of the tundra and thawing of permafrost are not expected. Thus, northern

ports, from which the meridian channels of population distribution begin, will be connected with one more

transport corridor uniting the Barents Strait (in the east) with the town of Murmansk (in the west).

Ecologies of population-distribution channels

Dwg.8. Fragment of a pivot of the channel of population distribution.

Dwg.9. Vologda region. Schema ofpopulation distribution today (left) and schema of polarisation ofpopulation distribution and naturalzone (appendix 3).

We have mentioned already that ecological problems become most important in the 21st century. Not

only will new construction will become a symbol of the future, but also the restoration of traditional

landscapes, catchments basement areas of Russian rivers and the Siberian taiga (the wood system, the

second-largest after the Brazilian jungle, giving oxygen to our planet) and also clearing rivers, lakes and

bogs (especially Baikal, polluted now by pulp and paper enterprises, in spite of the fact that stocks of

drinking water are concentrated in it). More than 12 percent of the world’s flora and fauna are

concentrated on the territory of Russia. The population-distribution channels can play a positive role in

the process of maintaining the ecological stability as their appearance will cause, in our opinion,

significant redistribution of population density in many regions of Russia. The dispersed, chaotic

population distribution seen in the country today can be replaced by the concentration of a considerable

mass of people directly in the zone of channel influence. At the same time, other territories will be freed

of their population, and they will be able to return to their original natural condition.

Processes of population concentration along transport arteries were already observed in Russia at

the beginning of the last century, when Transsib was constructed. The new railway line connecting

Europe with the Pacific Ocean began to draw human and economic resources to itself. The cities of

Ekaterinburg, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Chita, Blagoveshchensk, Khabarovsk and

Vladivostok grew up quickly. Many new towns and settlements were attached to the railway line, having

drawn population in. People left their homes, which were situated far from the line, and moved closer to

the railway. This model of organization of territorial management in Russia justified itself in the past under

the conditions of an unfavourable climate, large territories and deficiency of population and is the base

model for the future arrangement of the country. The process of the further consolidation of Russia, we

expect, will take place with the appearance of Sibstream. As growth of the Russian population in the 21st

century is not expected, the population “drawn” to the channels will free considerable territories, which

will be reoccupied by wild nature. The condensation of population along the channel will result in

changing the approach to land use.

The extensive use of land peculiar to the “Soviet” approach will be replaced by an intensive

approach. Along the channel, there will be forestry, hothouse zones, grain farming and cattle-breeding

facilities, etc. It is natural that the unique Russian black earth zones, zones of watermelons, beets and

sunflower cultures and also steppe, and forests will not be affected by this process. However, such zones

occupy no more than 10 percent of the territory of Russia.

Besides, with the appearance of population-distribution channels, the system of land use is

polarized. There appears a territory of artificially created landscapes, which is limited and has legally

fixed borders (mainly along channels) and, as its counterbalance, territories of natural landscapes

carefully preserved by legislation. We analyse this division with more detail on the example of the

Vologda area having extremely varied natural and agricultural lands (appendix 4).

Population-distribution channels and million-peoplecities

Everywhere, modern multimillion-people cities are experiencing a crisis, first of all, a transport crisis.

The idea that new forms of communications (telephones, videophones, faxes, the Internet, etc.) will result

in the disappearance of concentrations of people at offices and enterprises and, consequently, the

amount of automobile traffic in towns will decrease, was not justified at all. In Moscow, in the last 10

years, the number of cars increased tenfold. Having all modern kinds of communication, people still

prefer personal contacts all the same and, leaving cars near underground stations, continue to prefer

meetings. If, earlier, they went to factories or to offices and the time of their movement was strictly fixed,

now people actively move at any time of the

day.

Restaurants, clubs, unique museums,

theatres, concert halls, places of entertainment

of diversified kinds (hydro parks, Disneyland,

skating-rinks, dancing) — all of them are very

popular. The giant megalopolises concentrate in

themselves a great number of functions. New

places attracting people continue to appear.

They include sports centres, educational

centres, medical-preventive establishments,

fitness clubs, etc. According to forecasts of

sociologists, the quantity of free time of

townspeople will reach 50 hours a week in the

next 50 years and, consequently, “out-of-work”

forms of activity will increase even more. The

old towns are not adapted to this.

One of the reasons for the appearance of

towns is the possibility of organizing human

contacts in them. But, in the modern town, in

connection with transport problems, the speed of these contacts is beginning to fall. The million-people

cities remind one of big, braided, multi-layer springs concentrating human resources. These springs

conglomerate in an undifferentiated mass, sharply complicating the contacts that are desired so much. In

Moscow, there live more than 10,000,000 people. Each year, the time spent on contacts is increased.

Negative emotions are also increased at the same time. The multimillion people cities of Russia are

beginning to carry out poorly the functions for the sake of which they were created.

Linear systems of population distribution show us a way out of this situation. Increasing the speed of

movement on highways up to 500 kph and making the way of getting to a thoroughfare as easy as into a

modern metro system, we shall obtain an opportunity to form a new giant megalopolis on free

territories using to new technologies without duplicating the problems of the old towns. The “spring”

of the old town will straighten out into the population-distribution channel. Under the new

conditions, the “Channel” high-speed transport will enable passengers from Vologda to get to St.

Petersburg with its theatres, museums and monuments of architecture; two great Russian lakes —

Onega and Ladoga; centres of science, universities, casinos and restaurants, entertaining complexes,

Disneylands, sports attractions and great shows, situated at a distance of hundreds of kilometres, only in

an hour, while these days it takes a Muscovite the same time to cover a fifteen-kilometre distance

through the city.

Taking into account everything mentioned, the population-distribution channels (in our case it is

Sibstream) can take on the functions of the giant linear network capital of the Russian state

(preserving the main centres of the state government in Moscow). The new capital will replace those

functions that were fulfilled by the million-people cities of Russia in the 20th century.

Besides, it will be easier for tens of millions of people to reach the linear capital than the old towns.

With its appearance, the notion of “provinces” should disappear. As the town of Vologda directly

adjoins the future linear capital of Russia, it will also be its high-grade component, i. e. it will be

an element of the metropolitan region. This will certainly affect positively its viability and its

inhabitants’standard of living.

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Dwg.10. Image of the Sibstream-network capital of the Russian state

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The town of Vologda at the beginning of the 22nd

century

According to our estimates, by the 22nd century the town of Vologda will have four main planning

zones (more detail in appendix 2). One central historic zone, which was formed in the period of the

town’s flourishing in the 17th century. The old part formed in the early 20th century and is currently

consisting of mainly one-storey country-type buildings. This zone will be (as we have shown above)

retained and restored to look like it did just before the Communist revolution in 1917. Most of demolished

churches, schools, trading houses, monasteries and other public structures are meant to be restored.

The construction, reorganization and restoration of old residential buildings will be strictly regulated in

order to retain the looks of historically valuable buildings. The town centre will be separated from other

parts of the town by wide green boulevards and parks.

The next zone is the transformed area of

five-storey buildings adjoining the centre. After a

number of alterations it probably will be an

urban development of two-three storey

individual houses practically without plots. The

third zone is a zone of new country-estate

buildings with plots. It will develop on the

territories of existing factories, warehouses and

empty lands.

The fourth zone will be a newly created

development connecting Vologda with the

population-distribution channels. In the south,

there will be a club and entertainment zone. It

will connect the central part of Vologda with

Sibstream. In the east, there will be an

educational, research and production zone

which will connect the central part of the town with the channel Arkhangelsk - Astrakhan (A-A) channel.

At the centres of both the third and fourth zones there will be a two-kilometre-long covered street,

with parks, fountains, amphitheatres, places of relaxation resembling the 19th century trading arcades as

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Dwg.11. Plan of Vologda town in 18 century

Dwg.12. Views of a historic parts of Vologda at the end of the 21st century

Dwg.13. Image of a mini-metro in Vologda in 21st century

well as glass roofs of railway stations. Taking into account the seven-month cold period in the Vologda

region, this wide pedestrian street will serve as a core of social interaction. The sector of each:

entertainment, sports, free interaction (clubs), hotels, multi-storey blocks of flats and winter gardens will

adjoin the southern street. The educational institutions, laboratories, small workshops, scientific centres,

industrial exhibitions and also multi-storey blocks of flats will adjoin the east street.

The pedestrian system, equipped with travelators, escalators, electric cars and subterranean mini

metro will become the major means of public transport in Vologda. Such systems (including the metro)

work now at big airports, and equipping a small town with them will not cause any difficulties (the radius

of the central part and low-rise estate in Vologda is 2 kilometres). We think that, for movement inside the

town and the linkage its inhabitants with the channel, other systems will not be employed. But there will

be also other types of transport necessary for any settlement. Delivering heavy cargo and the passage of

special cars can be organised in a usual ground roads network. Road individual (one person) and family

(four to five persons) transport will be parked in a number of local parking places near residential

buildings and public buildings and along strictly delimited roads (underground, overpass or ground

roads).

We also predict there will be low-flying air transport able to leave the town limits, and fly from a town

flat to a dwelling in the country (dacha), to a place of work (if it is at an agricultural facility), to the

population-distribution channel or to remote “between channels” areas. Thus, the size of Vologda (about

11,000 sq. km) and quantity of the population (280,000 people) will ensure an effective way of travel for

people occupying a minimum territory inside the town and its vicinities.

The low speeds used inside towns such as Vologda will be supplemented with high speeds on the

population-distribution channels. Thus, a question arises as to whether towns will be necessary if there

are population-distribution channels well equipped with every engineering facility. In the 21st century,

ideas about human values will change. It is not technical progress that social attention will be focused

on. In the foreground, there will be the problem of human body and its connection Nature, which has

created him, his mental and physical health; his relations with children, friends, relatives; mutual relations

with other living beings; problems of philosophy, ethics, aesthetics and culture, etc. Such problems will

interest people more than chips, bits, pixels, auto-suspension brackets or horsepower’s in car motors. In

the 21st century, a new viable urban organism should be developed which would be suitable for

cultivation of an advanced person.

It is a tradition in Russia that the place where a person was born, grew up and finished

school represents considerable value to him, and it is with this that the notion of the “native land”

is connected. The person feels comfortable, if the spatial environment in which he has grown up and

met his friends is retained, even if only in its main features. In Vologda, there is an unchangeable

historical centre. Some generations perceive it as a place connected with their origin, the

beginning of their lives and as a certain stable point in the changeable flow of life. Gradually, both

the new areas of the town (including fragments of the development of the 20th century) and even the

covered streets of the newest centres of Vologda will get a historical status and, by the middle of the 22nd

century, will become monuments of culture, like in Suzdal, Rostov-the-Great or St.Petersburg. There will

not be active growth connected with demolition of the old, but preservation accompanied by perfection of

existing features. Thus, towns such as Vologda, upon reaching certain dimensions, will be preserved and

turns into architectural monuments. It is necessary to note that preservation and reconstruction of the lost

structures will emphasize the historical and cultural value of Vologda and will make it an even more

powerful tourist centre, which will affect its viability in the 21st century.

New towns on the Channel

If it is necessary to build a new town, the

population-distribution channel will be able

to provide free territories equipped with

resources for any new construction for a

whole of the century (up to the middle of the

22nd century, according to demographic

forecasts). These new towns will be already

absolutely different from Vologda. Probably they

will be wholly covered and provided with an

artificial climate. The constellations of new

towns will develop gradually the population

distribution channel, concentrating the

population of surrounding areas. The system of population distribution is seen in this case by us as a

giant tree, whose roots produce energy and resources, trunk distributes them to the whole population

distribution system, and puts Earth towns as fruit.

In this research, we are guided by an optimistic forecast of Russian economy development for the

next 100 years. In this case, towns will become richer, and, by the end of the century, the problem of the

economic survival so urgent today will cease to be the chief ones. Just as now, with the growth of the

well-being of the family, its members will think not about what to live on, but how to bring up children, how

to create a worthy life for their parents, how to make their relatives healthy and life interesting, so the

town authorities will aim not at enrichment, but at the creation of the best conditions for the townspeople’s

lives. Probably, in the course of this process, there will be work on people’s genetic codes and attention

to their health. Preventive measures against diseases, instead of their treatment, will become the main

state policy for public health services. And not only will the physical health of a person be important; the

psychological state of the towns inhabitants will become extremely important. It is necessary to

provide an opportunity for people to study, to communicate with people with similar interests, to try

themselves at various activities. For this purpose, a special spatial and organizational environment

should be created in the town. We think it will be something like a clubing centre where social interaction

where people can meet in groups according to their interests, consult, organize exhibitions, invite

experts, discuss, experiment and, naturally, have a good time. Associating with other people in such an

environment, a person can decide to change his profession or enrich it with a new type of employment

work. Similar centres of association skilfully directed by the town municipality working in each

town will become a public body ensuring a high level of public life for the townspeople (appendix

2).

The question may arise as to what similar centres of social interaction are necessary for? Will the

new century’s means of interaction not enable people to associate without personal contacts? We think

that personal contacts, similarly to natural food, natural entertainment, natural travels, natural

methods of teaching, etc., will be more effective and popular than technical ones (including virtual

reality). Even now, people have a lot of technological opportunities to exchange information, but they

continue to meet in cafes, pubs, and clubs, to visit other people and arrange live meetings and it is these

live forms of interaction that are the most valuable and desirable. After the appearance of book-

printing, the people did not cease to meet their friends. After the invention of the telephone, he did not

lose the taste for in-person conversation. After the appearance of the photograph, the concert halls did

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Dwg.14. Image of a new town near the Sibstream channelin the 22nd century

08

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2100

not disappear. After the appearance of the cinema and TV, the theatres, circuses and other live shows

did not disappear. Computer games have not replaced enthusiasm for sports.

So, we offer a system consisting of two main parts. The town (in this case Vologda) is the

centre of conservative, stable human values, such as the family, love, friendship, interaction,

physical and mental health, culture, history, memories, etc. The town is opposed to the channel

— the area of changes, technical achievement, eternal searching, competition and speed. These

are the two parts that the system of population-distribution of the early 22nd century offered by us

is based on. Without population-distribution channels, the development of technical progress is

impossible. Without small pedestrian towns, the reproduction of a healthy society of people is

impossible.

Vologda and a second dwelling (dacha)

The urban environment of Vologda is mainly of technical origin: the one-kilometre-long covered

streets, underground transport, covered laboratories, factories an scientific centres and technological

equipped dwellings. Large areas of the town will have an artificial climate. It is this that will determine

the comfort of life of the townspeople. But by the end of the 21st century it will be insufficient. For the last

100 years, up to 60 percent of Russian families have had their own houses in the country — dachas or

summer residences. Traditionally, they have plots measuring from 0.06 hectares up to 0.2 hectares and a

house with an attic 40-60 sq. meters in area. On these plots, people grow vegetables, fruit and flowers.

Families live there in summer, children are brought up there, and old people rest there. There are

reasons (both economic and social) to think that the tradition of summer residences will continue in the

next century.

Thus, people living in a town, on one hand, will live in mechanised urban dwellings (which is

especially important in the cold Russian climate). On the other hand, they will have an opportunity at any

time to set off to live under wild nature conditions. To the north of Vologda is large Kubensky Lake. Along

its shores, the majority of summer residences of the town dwellers are now located. It is the natural

recreational territory of Vologda. We believe that, in the future, this place will be used as an area for

summer residences of Vologda inhabitants.

Thus, each inhabitant of Vologda can receive high social security including not only

medicine, but also numerous kinds of club activities, an opportunity to study, have a good time,

go in for sports and live in technologically well-equipped dwellings. Simultaneously, they will be

able to spend time in a summer residence in the natural conditions, engaged in traditional

Russian activities: fishing, hunting, gathering mushrooms and berries, growing cereals, flowers,

fruit and berries and raising growing cattle and poultry.

The high standard of living in the town will

be complemented by the great opportunities of

the population distribution channels. This

includes travelling, visits to other towns (and

even countries), unique reserves, large centres

of culture, science, education. They will be able

to watch sports competitions live of a high level,

participate in shows and carnivals and visit the

best theatres and concert halls in the country.

He can do all this at a day’s travel from Vologda

(appendix No1).

Conclusions

As an example of a viable town of the early 22nd century, we offer the ancient Russian town of

Vologda in the north of the European part of Russia. The following factors are guarantors of the viability

of the chosen town.

In Vologda, the unique monuments of Russian culture and history are concentrated. All the

preconditions are in place for Vologda to remain a powerful tourist centre, and tourism will make up a

considerable part of the town’s budget income.

Vologda is the centre of a unique natural area. The agriculture of this area allows the purest food

products in Russia (especially dairy), flax, high-quality timber and raw materials for paper industry. The

popularity of natural products and materials will grow steadily in the 21st century, and will ensure the

economic prosperity of the region.

Vologda occupies a unique geographical situation, being situated at the intersection of two

population-distribution channels - “Sibstream” (West-East) and Arkhangelsk - Astrakhan (North-South).

Hence, Vologda will become a major railway junction and a town that can use the richest service systems

of the two population distribution channels.

Vologda will become a town of high standards of living. Its dimensions and high density of cultural

and social forms of interaction distinguish it favourably from million-people cities so popular in the 20th

century. Besides, the town is surrounded by unique Russian nature, with suburbs with summer

residences and landscapes in the area near the Kubensky Lake. These properties will allow Vologda to

be an attractive place for life of the Russians for the whole of another century.

Thus, if the system of population distribution-channels ensures the viability of the Russian

state in the 21st and 22nd centuries, such towns as Vologda will ensure a high standard of life of

people and will stay viable and prospective for more than a century.

031

Dwg.15. Shots of new types of dwellings: apartment (left) and country residence (right).

Dwg.16. A country residence has local energy equipment.

Appendix 1. Vologda today

The population of Vologda in 2000 was

300,000 people. The workforce accounted for

180,000 people, or 60 percent. Unemployed

accounted for no more than 0.9 percent of the

able-bodied population. During the last few

years, a decrease in the natural growth of the

population was observed because of the

decrease in the birth rate and increase in the

death rate. However, emigrants decreases the

population by no more than 1 percent a year.

According to forecasts, by 2020, the population

will have reached approximately 320,000 and

will stay at this level. Practically the whole

territory of the town has centralised electricity

supply, water supply, canalisation, gas supply

and water heating. However, this infrastructure

is very old and requires updating. Specially the

water supply (with water rectification), canalisation (with rectification) and the heating system.

The street network in the central part requires improvement, straightening of some streets,

construction of two bridges across the river and also the provision of this zone with parking. Industrial

enterprises, storage zones and auto parks occupy territories in an accidental configuration that creates

endless difficulties for transport and occupy the periphery of Vologda.

Besides the fact that these territories, with a total area of 3,402 hectares, are used very inefficiently,

accounting for 540 sq. Meter working person (the average norm in Russia for branches of the food-

processing industry being 25 sq. meter / person, light industry — 50 sq. meter / person, woodworking —

400 sq. meter / person and machine-building — 100 sq. meter / person.) Therefore, this means big

territorial reserves for the development of housing, services and park zones.

Housing in Vologda is extremely non-uniform: in the central (historic) part live about 80,000 people,

mainly in shabby one-storey houses with small plots. In the next zone, 100,000 people live in panel led

concrete standard buildings constructed in the ‘50s and ‘60s. They have from five to twelve storeys. These

buildings are in an almost breakdown condition and, probably, in the coming years they will be destroyed.

The other part of the population, 120,000 people, live in relatively new 16-storey buildings constructed out of

brick and concrete, and also in shabby two to three-storey buildings constructed in the ‘30-‘40s, located in

groups in industrial zones. On the whole, in Vologda in 2000, the area of housing was 5 million sq. Meter

that means that there were 17 sq. meter per an inhabitant. 70 percent of families have their own country

cottages built in the Soviet period. They are situated mainly in the area of the Kubensky Lake (see map).

In the town, the extreme deficiency of all service systems is felt. These are in trade and public

catering, sports and entertainment establishments. The situation with educational institutions, including

schools and higher educational institutions, and also with kindergartens and public health-services

establishments is relative good.

The climate in Vologda is continental, with a cold, long winter.

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Dwg.18. Old houses in the centre of Vologda

Dwg.17. A view of industrial zone in Vologda today

Dwg.19. Map of Vologda today

10

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Average temperatures in Vologda According to all parameters displayed the town of Vologda is typical of towns of a similar size formed

on the basis of the historic core in the Soviet period. Now, the detailed general plan of developing the

town over the nearest 25 years has been worked out and approved. Having taken the period of 25 years

as a bases we have created a model for Vologda’s development for the period until 2025, 2050, 2075

and 2100, having used for the first period the master plan approved by the town council and the

government of the Russian Federation.

Vologda till 2025.

By to 2025, the population of Vologda will be stabilized and will be about 320,000 people. At the

same time, some loss the population caused by contraction the birth rate and by the increase in the

death rate will be retained, but it will be exceeded by migration of people to Vologda. The percentage of

workplaces in the town will remain at the level of 60 percent. Gradually, the regeneration of the town

town’s industry will take place. A significant number of the storage and transport enterprises will

disappear and change their structures. Car assembly (bus) production will be developed. The

woodworking industry will use wasteless technologies. Selection-flax growing and the food processing

industry will continue to develop.

The town infrastructures: water supply system, sewerage system and central heating system, as well

as all kinds of purification works are modernized. Gasofication of the town will mount to 100 %. All kinds

of information service of the population will be transferred to a new technological level. Urban transport

networks will be improved everywhere. Besides two bridges across the Vologda River and a motorway

surrounding the town will be constructed, it will exclude transit flows. The town industrial zones will begin

actively to become stabilized structures. Their territories (1) will be sharply reduced (see the schemes of

033

Months

1

-8.7

-15.3

-11.6

31

0.8

11.2

36.56

1.1

10

-

3

29

85

-7.8

-15.4

-11.1

23

0.7

13.9

35.5

1.0

8

-

3

35

84

-1.9

-10.6

-6.1

28

0.9

12.8

35.2

1.3

8

-

3

35

79

6.6

-1.9

2.4

30

1.8

15.4

27.7

0.8

1

0.6

3

25

74

14.9

4.4

9.7

46

4.04

14.7

20.3

0.9

-

3

1

-

68

19.9

9.2

14.6

66

6.8

16.3

24.4

0.5

-

6

1

-

71

22.2

11.8

17.2

70

7.1

24.4

17.6

0.2

-

8

3

-

76

20.2

10.1

15.0

67

6.6

25.5

16.8

0.2

-

5

5

-

81

13.7

5.3

9.2

63

5.44

20.1

22.4

0.5

-

0.9

5

-

84

5.5

-0.1

2.6

46

2.9

13.0

29.8

0.9

0.5

-

4

-

86

-1.1

-6.0

-3.6

35

1.4

10.9

35.0

0.7

4

-

4

11

88

-6.4

-12.3

-9.1

35

1.04

10.6

36.2

1.2

7

-

3

21

88

6.4

-1.7

2.4

540

39.6

(10.8%)

15.7

29.06

8.6

(2.4%)

38

(10.4%)

23.5

(6.4%)

38

(10.4%)

80

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total

Dates

Air

temperature,

˚C, maximum

minimum

monthly

average

monthly

average of

rainfall, MM

Days with

rainfall

0.5MM

Calm days,

% (to 1 M/S)

Days of

wind to 6

M/sec, %

Days of

wind to 15

M/sec

Days of

snowstorm

Days of

storm

Days of fog

Snow layer

in sm.

Relative

humidity

Dwg.21. Schema of the general plan of Vologda, 2025(official ratification)

Vologda in 2000 and 2025); these zones will be occupied by multi-storey housing (2), cottage

development (3) and greenery. The historic zone of the centre (4) will be reconstructed. The destroyed

areas will be partially restored. The new service centres (5) will be created. The valleys of the town rivers

(6) will begin to be restored and planted with greenery, which will create the ecological skeleton of

Vologda. The cornerstones of the future university centre (7) and centre of entertainments (8) are laid.

By 2025 near the town of Vologda the automobile part of the Sibstream channel and the meridional

Arkhangelsk-Astrakhan channel will have begun to be laid.

Vologda in 2025-2050

The town population number will remain about 280,000 people. At the same time, the death rate will

decrease, the birth rate will be raised a little and the growth of the migrating population will decrease a

little in connection with the beginning of active construction of population-distribution channels. According

to forecasts, there will be no urban employment problem, as numerous workplaces in of the population-

distribution channels will become accessible to the inhabitants in 2040-2050.

Manufacture will begin to change. Woodworking and flax-growing will remain, but the number of

people working in them will decrease considerably. The car-assembly enterprises will disappear too, as

well as the construction industry and metalworking. Their functions will pass to more modern enterprises

of the same structure in the population distribution channels. The food-processing industry will be

developed considerably, due to the expansion of the agricultural zone in the area adjoining the

population-distribution channel. In the university zone, which will begin to develop on the town territory

connecting the Vologda centre with the meridian channel, there will begin to appear high-technology

experimental batch-producing enterprises and also “technical incubators” and “technical polices” (7). At

these new establishments, significant numbers of people will be employed, and this will allow supporting

the Vologda labour population balance at a stable level. At the end of the ‘40s, probably, there will be a

transition of Vologda transport to an essentially new form. The trolleybuses and buses will be replaced by

one or another kind of rail transport: by the monorail or, most likely, mini-metro, which will be most

effective in the historic zone of the town. At the same time there will be some perfection of all town

networks (water pipes, electricity, gas or “new” coal, sewerage and heating). The territories of the

industrial zones will continue to be reduced (1) and be replaced by greenery and new cottage

construction (3). The historic zone of the centre (4) will continue to be improved and, apparently, in the

‘30s, the churches, monasteries and public buildings destroyed in the 20th century will be restored. The

town will be freed from the transit railways: St.Petersburg- Transsib and Arkhangelsk - Astrakhan. They

will pass on to the latitudinal Sibstream channel and meridian Arkhangelsk - Astrakhan.

In the zones of these railways there will be new high-speed roads removing private transport from

the town to population distribution channels and to Vologda recreation areas (including zones of summer

residences on the Kubensky Lake). In the direction from the centre of Vologda to Sibstream a powerful

linear entertaining centre (8), will begin to be created, it will carry out also club functions.

Greenery will appear on the place of the enterprises, removed from there and the whose area is

diminished, and besides that the banks of numerous small rivers within the limits of the town will be freed

from buildings and will be planted with greenery. These green systems will continue to create a new

ecological skeleton of the town.

Vologda in 2050-2075

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Dwg.22. Schema of a future plan Vologda, 2050 Dgw.23. Schema of the future plan Vologda, 2075

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2100

The town population will not increase and will be within the former limit of 280,000 people. Some

increase of the population which, in connection with the forecast improvement of life of the population

and significant expected “family” state grants, will take place in the middle of the 21st century, will be

drawn to the channel. It will concern the active part of young people, who will have an opportunity to

show their abilities in the Sibstream metropolitan region.

The town transport network will be improved. The aboveground network of roads will be improved

considerably by transition to new kinds of road coverings actively reacting to the cold season. Some

covered roads will appear everywhere. The movement on these lines will be sharply limited; they will be

used only by technical types of transport (fire tracks, delivery of heavy goods, sanitary services, etc.).

Special lines and parking for private transport of townspeople will appear which will not coincide with the

main pedestrian flows. Probably, public light-air transport will appear.

Pedestrian systems will reach an all-Vologda scale and will be provided with accelerating systems

such as modern electric cars, travalators, escalators and mini-metro.

The multi-storey housing constructed in the 2020s will be cleared of gradually, giving way to dense

individual low-rise development. Mansions with small courtyards will become the main kind of buildings of

Vologda in the middle of the century.

Two giant covered streets connecting the historic centre with railway stations will appear in the

channels. To the south of Sibstream will be an entertainment centre, along which residential blocks,

hotels, entertainment centres, clubs, etc. (7). will begin to appear. To the east from the historic centre up

to the station in the meridian population-distribution channels, an educational, research and production

centre with a covered street as a planning pivot (7) will appear.

To the west from the town centre (10), a powerful modern research and industrial zone of perfecting

the food-processing industry, a centre of human genetics and a powerful medical and biological centre

will be created.

Power capacities will be taken from the nation-wide system of population-distribution channels. The

main sources of energy will be electricity and “ECOVUT” coal fuel, which will replace gas. Outside the

town, in summer residences and in agriculture, the local kinds of energy — peat, methane, wind energy,

etc. — will be used.

035

Vologda in 2075-2100

The population of the town will remain

at the level of 280,000 people. Four main

zones will ensure the employment of the

population. The southern club and

entertainment zone, which, according to

our forecasts, will have been formed finally

by the 2075 (7), will begin to be used not

only by inhabitants, but also by all people

connected to Sibstream. The same will

happen to the scientific and industrial

centre adjoining the meridian Arkhangelsk

- Astrakhan channel (it can be designated

as A-A). In it, a considerable part of

Vologda population will work, and it will be

used also by people using the A-A

channel. The third centre attracting the

town manpower will become the Western food-processing and medical-biological centre, which will serve

mainly Vologda. At last, the central urban nucleus with a wide spectrum of tourist services will become

the fourth place of employment. Simultaneously with these processes, the area adjacent to Vologda (the

intersection of the metropolitan channel of Sibstream and the meridian A-A channel) will reach ecological

perfection and become a powerful factor of health improvement for town dwellers and improvement of the

area, as well as a factor attracting tourists. Immense agricultural lands will supply the Vologda centre of

the food-processing industry with production.

Dwg. 26

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036

Changes in employment balance of population in Vologda

Forests will supply the Vologda wood industry with timber and the rest of the territory, including

summer residences on the Kubensky Lake will be used by Vologda inhabitants for rest and tourism.

Appendix 2. Way of Life

We forecast that there will be two distinctly opposite lifestyles in Russia in the beginning of the 22nd

century. The first one will follow mobile, active and technological approach to life aiming for the common

good. It will prevail among population of the Channel while the other will be represented as a quiet and

stable existence involving first of all biological reproduction of human beings and their developing into

harmoniously accomplished members of community, which will dominate social environment in a number

of towns including Vologda. We believe that it is the latter one that the future society will support most.

Certainly, reproduction of healthier generations is the issue of paramount importance for modern

Russia. Although Russia has enormous potential in the form of both territorial and natural resources, it

still suffers demographic consequences of the World War Two and communist regime, poverty, alcohol

abuse, etc. Consequently the quality of national genetic stock has been harmed badly. That is why the

idea of a new lifestyle in Russia should necessarily imply, as its main priority, exponential growth in the

birth rates of genetically healthy and harmonious people able to make use of their hereditary advantages

for the benefit of society as well as their own. Considerable public finances would need to be found and

directed towards that purpose. We base our project upon the most optimistic option for Russia to develop

in the 21st century. After carefully examining the matter we have come to the conclusion that the country’s

population is to stabilize first and then raise from 146,000,000 to 170,000,000 people. In the next years of

the 21st century, successfully decoding the human genome will allow us to diagnose and efficaciously

cope with hereditary diseases, as well as specify the most favorable scope for every individual.

Scientists say that they will be able to read a human’s destiny as a book. At the same time, last

century’s humanity reached a considerable success in developing examples of an ideal lifestyle which

No

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

Name of branch

Mechanical-engineering(% population)

Food industry(% population)

Wood industry(% population)

Textiles industry(% population)

Construction(% population)

Transport(% population)

Higher and middle education(% population)

Updringing and basic school(% population)

Science and research institutions(% population)

Asministrative offices(% population)

Small business(% population)

Trade, services, culture(% population)

Etcetra(% population)

In total(thousand employees)

% of population in Vologda

Population(thousands of people, %)

2000

3.3

3.8

6.6

3.3

5

8

1.5

3

4

5

2

13

1.5

180

60

300

(100%)

2025

4

4

7

4

6

8

3

4

3

2

2

14

1

220

62

320

(100%)

2050

10

4

5

7

6

5

4

4

5

2

2

15

1

170

60

280

(100%)

2075

5

3

4

5

7

4

5

4

6

2

2

16

1

165

59

280

(100%)

2100

0

2

3

4

5

3

5

4

7

2

2

17

1

155

55

280

(100%)

Dwg.23. Schema of the future plan Vologda, 2100

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2100

037

would allow us to benefit from our genetic features. In the proposed concept, we will base on the

common way of producing consummate personalities in basic interaction spheres, which consists of nine

parts.

Prenatal development. Attention to this stage has grown at the end of the 20th century and is sure

to grow further. The matter is that from the very fist weeks of its development a fetus is very sensitive to

physiological and emotional state of its mother and external impact. That is why, a woman should enjoy

most favorable conditions during gestation. This is all about mother’s psyche as well as her state of mind.

Therefore one of major government measures will be to secure such favorable circumstances and

conditions for women.

Communication between mother and newborn baby. Soon after birth a child will undergo genetic

fingerprinting and, if necessary, get genetic therapy and correction. As the child’s genome evolution

proceeds, the mother will carry out the basic function of forming his tactile, signal, acoustic and verbal

communication, receiving advice from municipal Parental Service specialists. At the same time, the

circumstances should be created for a woman that would allow her to bring up the child without difficulty

while carrying on her business (provided, that it will not be to the prejudice of her child), study or upgrade

her skills.

The following type of relationship experienced by the child

is kindred or proximity of blood. They actualize at the stage of

mother’s communication with the new-born, when the father and

other close relatives participate in child care. At this stage,

recognition and particular perception of relatives as a special

group are formed. The child learns such pivotal lines as incest

prevention, analysis, passing family traditions on, as well as

historical model of relations between the young and the old. All

the above factors play considerable regulatory role in human

behavior at later stages of development.

The next stage is communication with coevals and people

outside the range of relatives. It normally happens at pre-school,

primary and secondary school stage. At this time, special ethics

of relations among children and special behavioral models

reflecting the growing independence of thinking within children’s

community are formed. Friendship standards are also created

then, as well as the ethical elements of relations between the

male and female parts of the young people’s world. It is very

important to create favorable situation within classes at this

stage. Give up redundant testing and the atmosphere of severe

competition. The most important issue in this situation, however,

is to create small (10-12 students) classes with individual forms of

education, in both private and public schools. Orientation at EHV,

ethics and aesthetics should become determinant for the education of the youth, especially at the early

stage.

As far as professional education is concerned, it looks like the existing system of gradual selection

of students based on vocational guidance will persist. To the benefit of every individual and society at

large, it would be expedient, taking into account an individual’s genome parameters, to specialize,

wherever possible, the education of people apt at manual work carrying out standard jobs, and those apt

at making non-standard creative decisions, generation of new ideas etc., providing also their combination

within the scope of one person.

Communication during business activity. It seems natural that the ways of team communication

existing at factories, offices, scientific institutions, design offices etc. will persist in future. However the

principle “maximum communication, maximum privacy” will be promoted to increase productivity. along

with team work, where an individual makes key decisions and evaluates his/her own activity and the

activity of the colleagues, the role of individual labor will increase. Besides private rooms (both at

workplace and at home), this sphere will require a wide range of technical facilities to ensure

communications and data collection, most of which is already functioning. The scope of individual labor

will expand, inter alia, due to considerable reduction of technical assistants required for creation of model

equipment or design works. A most important sphere of human communication is communication in the

course of consumption. It may be split into three main fields. The first one is household consumption

concerned with eating and household functions, in the course of which the young people’s demand

patterns are formed in respect of certain food and household products, including those determined by

genetic peculiarities, as well as direct communication is actualized concerned with the education function.

The second sphere is public catering and service. It forms a wide range of outside contacts. Most often,

such relations actualize in the sphere of public catering, where a person undergoes a complex school of

consumer behavior inherent to this culture. Having millennial traditions in each country, this form of

communication should be promoted by municipal leaders, and thus, cultivate in a person certain culture

of communication and consumption.

Communication at leisure based on

habitudes and hobbies plays increasing role in

a person’s life. An individual’s activities at

leisure may be split into two fields.

Entertainment, where one acts as a passive

spectator: theaters, cinema, sports, concerts,

shows etc. During this time, such person

actively looks for communication with fraternity.

Various club systems always existed for such

purposes. Sports, professional, estate,

corporate, service clubs etc. Our forecast is that

a highly developed system of clubs will be

created in Vologda by the 30-s of our century.

Having an opportunity to communicate

within such system, every citizen will be able to

overcome the bounds of his/her profession, get

familiar with other fields, widen one’s outlook by

evaluating oneself and one’s activity, and finally choose a new profession, if desired. The most intensive

in-club communication will be actualized in the area, which will be formed by the end of XXI century

linking the city center to the railway station along Sibstream.

Replacement will naturally include sexual relations between men and women. This sphere of life

is the most Victorian and is unlikely to change within the period in question. With the priority of a healthy

child birth, however, the particulars of the partners’genetic passports may become rather important.

The educational role of older people who have already completed their demographic function have,

and will always remain quite considerable. During the period in question, the share of older people is

Dwg.27. Image of New Center ifVologda in 2100 year.

Dwg. 27.

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expected to reach 50%. In addition to active opportunities in many fields, they will accompany the

replacement process at all stages. Thus, taking into account the increased number of incomplete

families, they can partially take over the parental functions at the child birth stage. Besides, in most cases

they carry the cultural traditions of the family, city, region and nation. Their personal example and

importance in forming a harmonic person cannot be overestimated. Besides, this population layer can

actively participate in city administration, accomplishment and maintenance of the city life quality at large.

Appendix 3. Ecology

Ecological problems in Russia seem to be really turning into a worldwide crisis in the 21st century.

The taiga forests, bogs and tundra occupy a vast territory to the north of the “Sibstream” population area

and, with respect to their biomass they are currently the second Largest (after Amazonia) oxygen-

generating area on Earth. Nowadays, these areas are subject to intensive human-impact, i.e., the forests

are cut down, bogs are polluted and drained and the field cover in the tundra disturbed. The Vologda

Region and the city of Vologda, its administrative center, are adjacent to this “ecological enclave” to the

West. Furthermore, the native biocenosis of vast regions has been disturbed in Russia due to barbarous

disafforestation, creation of enormous reservoirs, pollution of rivers, etc. Fish are threatened, some

species of wild animals and birds are vanishing, dry winds appear and demolish thousands kilometers of

fertile soil. That is why rehabilitation of lost natural landscapes will become a key ecological issue in

Russia during the 19th and 20th centuries.

In solving the problem of the lost native landscapes in Russia, the “three-thirds rule” has been

adopted by ecologists.The point is that approximately one-third of a region in question should represent

reserve areas with naturally existing ecological systems on them that will perform environmental

038

functions along with conservation functions. The

second third should be occupied by territories

having mixed functions.

Passive extensive development is

allowed here, i.e., haymaking on native

meadows, pastures with moderate load,

selective cutting (not connected with industry),

traditional environmental areas and recreation.

The last third comprises areas for active and

intensive development, and fields (and other

areas that are the main source of agriculture,

i.e., high-load pastures, seed and meliorated

meadows, fish farms, mariculture, etc.), wood

plantations (the main commercial source of

timber), extraction of minerals, industrial,

transport and municipal sites and objects. According to modern views, the above combination of land

utilization allows for attaining enough stability in the ecological system at large. Formation of city chains

along population streams is expected to draw population from forest communities and some villages. The

current load on ecological systems would decrease in remote regions and increase in areas adjacent to

highways. Remote areas with still surviving fragments of biological variety would become the core of the

first natural zone, where the recovery of native natural complexes would start. In order to ensure

interaction of natural areas in the first zone, one should provide for ecological gaps (10-25 kilometers

wide).

The most natural of such gaps could be bottom lands of rivers subject to the first-zone water

protection rules, and they must bind large forests, headstreams, interstreams and, in particular, bogs with

a mandatory wide forest belt along their border.

The existing network of farmland and villages would become the basis for the second zone. But not

only that: the second-zone areas have much more variety. They comprise forests where forestry is

carried out without commercial felling, halyards without overseeding, moderate-load pastures, water

bodies accessible for fishing without fish farming, etc.

The third-zone areas would include intensive and active use of natural resources (in particular, areas

located within 10 kilometers along population streams). Such areas are characterized with additional

energy and substances contributed to the use of natural resources aimed at receiving maximum output

from unit surface area for the purpose of its industrial utilization. From the EP point of view, it looks like

such territories may, nevertheless, promote preservation of general biological variety, provided that

certain conditions are observed.

The city of Vologda is located in a relatively beneficial environment. It is surrounded by wide forestry,

rich bogs, vast lakes and a developed river net. Nowadays, however, the coniferous forests of the

Vologda Region are being cut down, lakes and bogs are polluted with unregulated discharge of industrial

refuse and the activity of people and rivers become polluted due to uncivilized transportation of timber

(floatage). Furthermore, there is a powerful industrial center of ferrous metallurgy, in the city of

Cherepovets, within 100 kilometers to the West of Vologda. The said industrial center is situated on the

shore of the Rybinskoye water reserve and is the main source of polluting the natural environment with

high-density metals (Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn) within 100 kilometers’range.

At present, the plants in Cherepovets, especially metallurgical ones, actively affect the natural

environment, which may soon tell on the region of Vologda. That is why the main task for the next

Dwg. 28. Schema changes of the territory of the Vologda region to 2100

Dwg. 29.

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decades is to decrease the harmful discharges produced by Cherepovets’industry and prevent future

degradation of the natural environment in Vologda. There is, therefore, a suggestion to arrange land

utilization taking into account three ecological zones, as suggested by Russian scientists.

The charts show four stages to change the land-utilization approach in the region adjacent to

Vologda. The first chart depicts the existing land-utilization and population scheme in the region. Special

attention should be paid to the dispersed location of small and large communities (red points), which

overlap each other in their influence on the environment. The chart shows that Vologda Region has

already lost its native natural complexes. The second chart depicts situation expected after 20-25 years,

when people will leave their homes in small communities and move to areas within population streams,

attracted by easy access to culture, jobs and higher level of domestic comfort and service. The third chart

shows legal distinction between stream-zones and a first-class natural-reserve zones adjacent to them

which will become the zone of natural environmental development in future.

The fourth chart describes the state of Vologda Region by the year 2100. The trade ecological

zoning structure should be completed by then. The chart shows population streams (Sibstream and

Astrakhan-Archangel) and adjacent cities toward, which population has shifted and, correspondingly,

where areas with active land utilization have formed. The next (light) layer represents the areas with

passive land utilization, and the vastest territories (green) have been allotted for natural environmental

complexes, within which natural reserves may be created on the most valuable and unique plots. Shifting

the territorial balance toward expanding such natural areas is connected with the peculiarity of Vologda

Region, where most valuable coniferous forests of European Russia are located.

Appendix 4. Energy

Currently in Russia around 94-95 percent of

energy comes from fossil types of carbon fuel

(oil, gas, coal, etc.), 4-5 percent from rivers, 1-2

percent nuclear power. Within the coming

decades, the energy balance in the Russian

power industry will probably not change

significantly, and this is due to the fact that,

according to the evaluation of Russian power

engineers, the stocks of coal in Russia

(considering the modern level of usage) will be

enough for no less than 250 years, the stocks of

known oil deposits for no less than 100 years

and the stocks of gas deposits enough for 100

years, according to an optimistic forecast and

for 30-40 years according to a pessimistic

forecast. Here it should be noted that only 16

percent of the international quota on the industrial emission of carbon into the atmosphere is currently

used by Russia. Thus one can conclude that, within the next 100 years, carbon fuel will still prevail in the

Russian power industry. We can not but mark that active usage of natural gas and its supplantation of

other “dirty” fuels (coal, oil, peat, species of trees, etc.), thanks to its relatively low costs, creates today an

illusion of energy well-being and thus strongly slows the search for new energy technologies.

Of the non-renewable types of energy in Russia nuclear power industry, is developing intensively.

Today, nuclear fuel covers up to 11 percent of

the demand for electric power and the share of

nuclear power in the energy balance of Russia

will increase. In the coming century, the nuclear-

power industry will play a significant part in the

energy balance of the country, provided that it

becomes cheaper, safer and more

environmentally friendly (the problem of waste

and pollution).

Russian scientists are developing an

ecologically clean fuel, “ECOWUT”, that may

become very viable, especially the pessimistic

forecast for gas use is true. “ECOWUT” is an

artificial complex fuel of a new generation based

on coal and water as a colloid disperse, fuel

system, where all the elements are active, free

of ballast components and, if necessary, can be

dematerialised. Such fuel is very environment friendly. Compared with the process of burning coal, the

usage of “ECOWUT” significantly reduces the formation and emission of micron solid particles (up to 80-

90 percent), oxides of sulphur (up to 75-80 percent) and oxides of azoth (up to 80-90 percent). Even

considering present prices, this fuel is competitive in comparison to all types of solid, liquid and gas

hydrocarbons. “ECOWUT” is most useful in the small power industry with a chamber burning and fusing

process in the boiling layer. The method of generating energy on the basis of using “ECOWUT” is very

viable for Vologda, due to the fact that Vologda is connected by railway with the Vorkutinsk coal field,

which is the largest in the country.

In spite of the large stocks of coal, oil and gas in Russia, by the end of the 21st century, it is the

renewable sources of energy that will take the greatest share. According to forecasts of scientists, this

will mean the usage of traditional hydroelectric stations at the large rivers, Volga, Ob, Enisey, Lena and

Angara, that will be connected with the meridian settlement beds. Furthermore, a significant part in the

Russian power industry of the 21st-22nd centuries will be taken up by wind stations generating energy,

especially by those located in zones of constant wind for instance at the coast of the Arctic Ocean. Such

stations will give electric power to the northern parts of the meridian beds of settling.

Another powerful renewable source of the energy of the future may be hydrogen. In spite of the

current expensiveness of this type of fuel, in the future, due to the development of the technologies of its

production, the hydrogen Power industry will be widely spread throughout Russia. This is accounted for

by the following facts: on the one hand, potential stocks of hydrogen on Earth are almost unlimited; on

the other hand, the wastes of hydrogen production are ecologically the cleanest. While burning, hydrogen

transforms into water (it regenerates) and returns to the natural circuit. It should be noted that its usage is

not connected with deposits of minerals, and hydrogen stations can be located in many places. It is also

important that the existing effective methods of obtaining cheap hydrogen from methane (including

gasification of coal from mines and sulphur hydrogen and also on the base of water decomposition with

the help of plasma membrane technology are clean. Thus, application of hydrogen fuel for the power

industry (large and small), different spheres of industry and all kinds of transport will be one of the most

viable alternatives to hydrocarbons by the beginning of the 22nd century.

The energy situation in Vologda for the year 2003 is as follows: It needs external sources of power.

The lack of electrical power (50 percent of Vologda’s demands) is made up for by five neighboring energy

Dwg. 30.

Dwg. 31.

systems Tver, Kostroma, Kirov, St.Petersburg and Yaroslavl. In the future, global energy networks will

develop structurally, uniting a large number of various energy sources and allowing concentration of

electric power, redistribution of it through different regions of Russia and ensure the reliability of energy

provision.

The heating systems of Vologda play an important role in the general balance of energy consuming,

because the cold climate demands a great deal of power for warming buildings. The heating systems are

based on imported and partially local sources. It is carried out nowadays in more than 1,562 boiler

houses, 242 of which use natural gas, 278 coal, 36 liquid fuel, 87 mixed fuel (coal, wood, peat) and 45

electric power. The largest producers of heating energy are the Vologda heat engine station and

Cherepovetsk hydroelectric station (100 kilometers west of Vologda) and also heat-engine stations and

boiler houses of joint-stock companies (up to 15 percent).

In 100 years, the power industry of Vologda will have a closer connection with the united energy

system of Russia. And the city does not really care what type of energy-generating stations will be in the

system. It is more important to ensure the reliability and safety of energy provision through current and

prospective lines for transporting energy to e areas that lack power. Together with electricity, the city will

be actively using natural gas and new types of fuel (“ecowut” and others), mostly meeting the

requirements for heat provision on its own. Technologies based on the optimisation of energy-consuming

equipment will have the most important significance in the future.

All the constructions of the city must be intelligent, that is they should have it management of all the

internal life-support systems, microclimate, cold and hot water supply, elevators, escalators, home and

office equipment: lighting, security systems and others. At the city level, these systems of

“intellectualisation” will cover not only separate buildings or complexes, but also regulation of transport,

information, energy, goods and other flows. Regulation and control will be united in a general automated

system of dispatching control and management based on wide-strip fibre optic network. This system will

proved full monitoring of the work of municipal and separate engineering life-support systems and also of

citizen’s needs, connections to the outside world, financial institutes, the Internet, job opportunities,

access to multimedia services and other useful information.

The large zone of summer cottages in Vologda, and also agricultural and other zones remote from

the city, can have autonomous systems of energy provision based on coal-transforming fuel like

“ECOWUT”, hydrogen, combined peat and wood fuel and, also, solid domestic waste. To obtain

hydrogen under local conditions, it is possible to use the secondary energy sources of industry

enterprises transformed with the help of heat pumps, the warmth of the Vologda River, the Suhona River,

the Rybinsk reservoir, sewage purification stations and solar and wind energy.

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Appendix 5. Comparative table showing changes inthe town of Vologda happened from 1985 until 2003and development prospects up to the year 2100.

040

1

1.

2.

2

Popilation ofVologda

Socialdevelopmentvector

3

300,000 People

Survival inPerestroika,integraleconomic andpolitical reforms,reinforcement tothe state and itspolicies as wellas regionalgovernments.Introduction ofmarketeconomy.Stratified societyappears.

4

320,000 People

Improvement of<<the old>>economy foundedon the free market,modernization ofexistingtechnologies andinvention of newprecise ones e.g. ina few industriessuch as optical,metal, chemical,etc. Development offarming, formationof agriculturalholdings (stockcattle breeding,linen). Advances inbiotechnology andworking up themethods to keep upthe ecologicalbalance. Furtherevolutionarychanges in humanenvironment. Woodutilization.Development oftouristicinfrastructure andcommunicationsystems.Foundation of atechnical universityand improvement ofcraftsmanshipbased on it.Adaptation toglobalizationprocesses.

5

280,000 People

Decentalizationand complicationof jobs causedby technologicalprogress.Clearing thetown of all heavyindustry.Introduction oftelecommuting.The return toboth effectivedemocratic wayof locallygoverning andcorporateproductionmanagement. Aflexible systemof alteringmanufacturetogether withtown-dwellers’professional adaptation.Mobility ofpopulation.Efficiency inenergyresourcesconsumptionand, particularlyadvancedtechnologies inmedicine.

6

280,000 people

Creatingconditions forpeople to freelyexpressthemselves.Intellectualization of the whole ofthe populationas a result of thetown’s newprofile.Representationof reliableprognosissystems againstnatural disastersand forcombatingenvironmentalemergencies.

7

280,000people

Running freecreativepersonalityas well asgroups ofpeople:societies,clubs, sports,tourism.Individualization of town-dwellers’working activity.Harmonizedrelationshipin town-settlement-inhabitant-the nature.Setting up asystem ofsocialguaranteesbased ondemocracy.Significantextension ofpeople’slifetime.

No Features 1985-2003 2003-2025 2025-2050 2050-2075 2075-2100

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3. Migration Misery andstratification ofurbanpopulation.Town-dwellersswitch to newprofessions andworkingactivities.Incomingmigrationprevails overbirth rates.Outgoing flowsof migrationbound for thecountrysidewhere newdwellers maketheir “second”homes.

Growth in bothurban and suburbanpopulation for themigrants fromneighboring regions,repatriates from CIScountries andMiddle Asia,pensioners from thenorth and the retiredmilitary. Theincreasing numberof birth in the townon the whole.

Local migrationwith the aim toreconstructbuildings aroundthe town andrestoreinfrastructure atthe centre.Commuting tothe Channel.

Populationmoving homesto the Channel.Clearing thetown of multystorey slums.Greening thetown.

Thedevelopmentof mobiledwelling (airmeans ofcivictransport).Increasedmobility of allthepopulation.

4. MedicineUrbanization

Decline in thequalified medicalcare. Thedevelopment ofalternativemedicine. Thelack of essentialdrugs andqualifiedpersonnel.

Building up ofmedical insurancesystem.Implantationsurgery. AIDS,cancer, cardiacdiseases are alldefeated. Holistictreatment andgenetic diagnosis.

Organization ofgenetichospitalsnetwork, offeringa range ofgeneticprocedures e.g.diagnosis,therapy,correction.Geneticfingerprinting.

Preventivemedicine.Geneticallyselectedmarriage togradually makefuturegenerationshealthier.Cultivation ofphysicalendurance,sport,wholesomelifestyle as toppriorities.

Actualextension ofpeople’slifetime.

5. Urbanization Chaotic andspontaneousconstruction allover the townlands.Businessmentake overdifferent townareas.Redistribution ofthe propertydifferentiatedinto councilestate and realestate. Refusalof standartizedhousing in thetown centre.Development ofsuburbs onaccount of harmto natural cycles.Faults in trafficsystems anddomesticsupplies.

Putting the designof 2000 intopractice. Findingsolutions to thetown’s majorproblems such as,ecological impact,planning errors,socialcontradictions. Thetown expands,historic part is beingrestored.Renovation of theinfrastructure. Thebuilding activity isconcentrated in thetown centre.Construction of highrise blocks. Thecivic centre andgreened areas areboth being formed.

Historic buildingstogether with thetowninfrastructurefixed up.Construction oflinear structureson the Channel.The types ofnodes in thelivingenvironmentreplaced. Slumsare graduallydisposed of.Givingpreference toprivat order anddefinite socialgroups’order.

Demolition ofhigh risehousing andarrangement ofgreen areas inthe town. Thenew quality ofresidential areasbest meets all oftown-dwellersrequirements.Continualtransformation ofindustrial landsinto green core.The new designplan of 2050highlightingfurther issues.

Mobilesettlements,historic andgreenneighborhoods,conservationof historicplaces andsights. Thenew designplan of 2070highlightingfurtherissues.

6. Transport Chaoticdevelopment ofthe town roadworks. Lack ofroad junctions,bridges, otherfacilities.Existingstructures are indisastrouscondition, badmaintenance ofthe streets.Exacerbation ofpublic transportfunctioning.Furtherdevelopment ofprivate transport.

Furtherdevelopment oftransport structuresin the town; waterrouts; airconnections.Removal of dangerspots on the streetsand roads. Buildingof a circle motorwayaround the town.Prioritization ofprivate transport.Private air vehicleemerges.Rehabilitation of100-500 toncapacity passengerand cargo balloons.

New types ofeco-friendlyengines runningon electricity orhydrogeninstead of thecombustionengine. South-North railwaymoved out of thetown limits; useof the latitudinalrailway as anundergroundlane.Development ofthe Channel’souter trafficinfrastructurewith the help ofcable railway. Airtraffic versus thetraditional one.

Development offunctionallybalanced shuttletraffic system inthe town andaround it.Tracing the mainroads in tunnelsor on platforms.Private airvehicle as anorm.

Subdtsntialbalancebetweentraditionaltraffic andnew air one.

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7. Agriculture,naturalenvironment

The collapse ofcollective landownership.Revival ofprivate farming.Little profit inagriculture.Disorderedexploitation ofnaturalresources(deforestation,forest fires,naturalreservoirsdrained off, etc.)Definition of bothintensive landuse regions andreserve areas.

Definition of bothintensive land useregions and reserveareas. Cottage-typedevelopments formulti child familiesin near suburbs.Initial migration andemploymentredistribution.Development offarming andagriculturalmanufacture on thebasis of cooperationbetween farmersand collectiveowners. Newtechnologies in foodmanufacture.Genetically modifiedfood.

Restoration ofnaturallandscapes.

Geneticengineering inagriculture.Recreation ofnaturallandscapes inthe region.Hiking tourism.

The naturegloballyregulated

8. Trade The arms trade,resources trade.Destruction ofthe statecommerce.Streetmerchants.

Resources tradeand industrial outputtrade. The internetshopping;retailcommerce;boutiques.Commercialadvertising.

Demand for hi-tech industryproduction and,in lower degree,for resources.Shopping fromhome. Exclusiveboutiques at thetown centre.Show businessand advertisingcampaigns.

Worldwide on-line shoppingnetwork. Themass consumerculture.

9. Industry Bankruptcy ofmajor statecompanies.Privatization ofthesecompanies.Development ofcontemporarycraftsmanship inparticular.

Revival andintellectualization oftraditionalmanufacturing onthe basis of hightechnologies: dairyfarming, linenmanufacture, opticalindustry, precisemechanicalengineering,institution of thetechnical university,and introduction oftechno-incubators inthe areas ofintensive land use.Ecologically harmfulindustries aretransferred out ofthe town to speciallyallocated clusterson the Channel.Regions of intenseland use.

Reduction of in-town industry;moving bothresource-consuming andlabour-consumingindustries off thetown. All theexisting industryis fitted into theoverallChannel’slayout.

The industry isstopped fromfurtherspreading andsplit into minorfactories as wellas sciencelaboratoriesoriented towardsproduction ofsmall series ofvarious wares.Development ofresearch sectorin industrialdomain. Shapingof both industrialand agriculturalworksintertwined in aprincipally newlivingenvironment.

Consummation of theChannel. Asearch for anew profile ofthe town.Thedevelopmentofbioindustry.

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10. Energyproduction

Uneven way ofdevelopments inpower industryownership;extremely poorcondition of themains andgeneratingequipment;numerousfailures inelectricitysupply; energyequipment haslost its safety;collapse ofpowerinfrastructure;hold-ups in fuelsupply; apparentlack of energyinput in Vologdaregion; deficit inelectricity.Renewal ofpowerinfrastructureunder marketeconomy.

Reform of powerindustry; housingreform. Setting upsustainable ties withelectricity providers.Arrangement oflocal independentpower stations.Working outeconomical ways ofenergyconsumption. Mainpower resourcesare gas, coal, oil,other fossils, utilizedwood waste.

Gas refineriesbegin to run outof their reserves.Application ofgaseous andliquid carboncompounds fromVorcuta coalbasin. Increasein the use ofrenewableenergy sourcessuch as solarpower, windturbines,potential energyof biomass,domesticwastes, etc.Introduction ofhydrogen as themain powersource.

Half of the townfeeds off remotethermonuclearpower stations.Improvement ofnuclear and heatstations basedon steam andgas cycles. Thetown’s powerindustry runs onlocal resources;the wide-spreaduse of hydrogenpower;harvestingrenewableenergy e.g. solarenergy, windpower,geothermalindustry.Abolition ofnuclear industry.

Transfer ofenergy-consumingindustries tothe nearspace. TheEarth-producedenergybecomesneedless.Globalmanagementof energybalance.Globalizationof powerindustry;thermonuclear synthesisandhydrogenpower areboth themain energyproducingelements.Prohibitionon fossilfuels. Thefinal productofconsumptionis the energyitself.

11. Communication

Introduction ofcell phones andthe internet.

Televised phonecalls. Furtherdevelopments in theinternet.

Use of artificialintelligence innearly everywalk of life.Etherealcommunication.

Biotechnologiesapplied incommunicationdomain.Combination ofnatural andsynthesizedperception.

Methods foralternativecommunication.Telepathy.

13. Conflicts Propertyredistribution,corruption.Economic,political andsocial conflicts;clashes onnational groundswhile strong lackof political powerand economicchaos both exist.Crime rates goup. Initial step inaccumulatingfinance; societyis economicallystratified.

Partial legalizationof criminal world-redistribution of theestate available;terrorism; religiouscontradictions;racial discrimination.Social conflictsrelated tostratification andcrime. State ofemergency in a lotof towns caused bydestruction ofsupplies network.

Spread of wrongbeliefs. Lots ofpeople affectedby misleadingcampaigns;subliminalmessages;ideologicalviruses.

Social conflictbetween theideologicallyinfected andindividuals.Education andupbringingprograms;control overpublic opinion.

Globalsystems ofpsychiatriccontrol andstudy.

14. Science Refusal ofadvancedcontemporarymodel for thefuture wherescience playingthe pivotal roleprovides thecountry withsustainablemarket, socialwelfare,economic safety,military defense.Switch to themodel based onexploitation ofraw materialsand naturalresources whichonly makes thebiggest world’sresourceprovider ofRussia and mayresult in the lossof politicalindependence.Extinction of thenext bestscientificintellectualpotential in theworld (after theUSA), thatRussia used tohave, by half.

Gradual restorationof the nationalscientific potentialon the strength ofthe state controlover integrationbetween scienceand industry, whichis based oninventions comingfrom the sciencedomain. Russianscience being bothintensivelyintegrated into theworld one andunited with homeeducational system.Plugging to theworldwide system ofscientificlaboratories all theway from whereinternational teamsof scientists operateautomaticmechanisms.

In Russia thereappear newbranches inscience ofcivilizedcountries’levellike in airnavigation,constructionmaterials,biology,medicine. Theebb ofintellectualresource abroadslows down to ahalt.Establishment ofinternationalscience centersin a few towns oftraditionallyscientific profile.Scientificrevolution on alarge scale.

Intensiveintegration ofRussianscientificinstitutions intoworld-widescientific system.Rapidly growingnumber ofscientists.

Bringing inscienificresults to thepoliticalpower.

12. Finance The end offormer monetarysystem.Introduction ofsome foreigncurrencies to thehome economy.Attempts of thegovernment tofix the domesticcurrency rate.

Strengthening ofhome monetarysystem; cardpayments.Development ofdomestic bankingsystem.

Home currencybecomesconvertible.Global changesin monetarysystem.

World electronicmoney.

Societyfounded onsocial andbusinesspartnership.

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14. Education The level ofeducationplunges sharply.Poor financialsupplies forschools,universities,researchcenters.

Foundation of atechnical university.Filling the problemgap betweentheoretical andpractical knowledgewith the help oftechno-incubators.The media as aboost for education.Regulated trainingof qualifiedpersonnel.

Interavtiveeducation.Secondprofessinaleducation iscompulsory.

Raising role ofself-education.Education underhypnosis.

Neweducationaltechniquesbased onbiotechnologies.

15. Religion,spirituality

Collapse ofatheisticideology.Revivedreputation oforthodoxChristianity.Initially religiousbuildings arereturned to thechurch.

Boost to orthodoxchurch. Vologdaand surroundingmonasteriesbecome a majororthodox center.

Decrease in theimportance ofreligion;attempts of thegovernment tohypnotizepeople. Newheresies; therole of religion isconfused; thesearch of newspiritualityconsidering theprocess ofglobalization.

Rationalism as areligion. Struggleagainsttransnationalheresies.

Ways toexplore thereality.Rationality.Creativity.

16. Culture Strong influenceof Americanculture (popularmusic, fashion,etc.)

The renaissance ofnative culture in theregion with thesuperior role ofvernacular choirsand dancing groups.Museums, theatres,festivals, interactivegames. Culture isstandardized.

Culturedevelopmentadapted toglobalizationprocesses.

Culturalstabilization.Objection toculturalstandards.

Art createdby interactivemeans.

17. Nutrition 80% of nutritionaccount forproducts fromindividualgardens. Thelack of vitamins,microelements,proteins.

70% of nutrition isacquired fromchains ofsupermarkets.Wide-spread use ofbiologically activeadditives,ecologically-friendlyand genetically-modified food.

Food productionmonopoly in themarket.Introduction ofcomplex ofbiologicallybalancednutritionprograms basedon geneticdiagnosis andthe localgastronomy.Gradual declinein consumptionof unhealthyfoods.

Ecologicallybalancedpersonal dietbased ongeneticdiagnosis.

Introductionof varioustechniques tosustain lifeactivities.