Vol. VII No.18 II P3DI September 2015

7/17/2019 Vol. VII No.18 II P3DI September 2015

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Abstrak

Setelah melalui perdebatan panjang dan memicu protes besar, rancangan undang-

undang untuk memperluas peran militer Jepang telah disetujui Majelis Tinggi. Peran

militer Jepang yang lebih luas akan mempengaruhi perimbangan kekuatan di kawasan.

Kekuatan-kekuatan utama di kawasan akan melakukan penyesuaian strategis untuk

merespons perkembangan ini. Indonesia juga harus mengantisipasi perubahan

perimbangan tersebut, dan mencari peluang untuk memperoleh keuntungan darinya.

Pendahuluan@*-I*-.*- (-6*-.F(-6*-. N*-.

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9/24

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10/24

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12/24

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),C*-0*-. C,91)+1A* /*K(+ *)*C ),3*:* +*4(-#$HG& /29K*- 7-8,/)1 >*3(9*- ',9-*C*)*-Q/(+ ;7>'Q= 61 @1*( :,-I*C*1 #GBE(:*+,9* >,3*+*- ),K*-N*/ ##BG$$ 29*-.&?*:K1 kBk#H 29*-. 6,-.*- )*+( 29*-. K*31+*:,-1-..*3& J*31:*-+*- M,-.*4 kB_kY 29*-.6*- J*31:*-+*- >,3*+*- kB_G$ 29*-.B J4()()61 @1*(& 0(:3*4 C,-6,91+* C-,(:2-1* ),K*-N*/#%$ 29*-.& *):* #%k 29*-.& 191+*)1 :*+* YEG29*-. 6*- 191+*)1 /(31+ %$< 29*-.B 5*3*: ),C,/*-),0*/ _ >,C+,:K,9 #$HG& 51-*) J,),4*+*-J2+* ',/*-K*9( :,-I*+*+ #B$$$ C,-6,91+*7>'Q ),41-..* :,-,+*C/*- )1+(*)1 1-1 ),K*.*1J,0*61*- d(*9 P1*)* ;JdP=B

P,96*)*9/*- 6*+* 61 *+*)& /,K*/*9*-4(+*- 6*- 3*4*- +16*/ K1)* 61C*-6*-. 9,:,4B792-1)-N*& :,)/1C(- :()1K*4 /,K*/*9*- 4(+*-6*- 3*4*- +,90*61 ),+1*C +*4(-& C,:,91-+*4:*)14 /,)(31+*- :,-.41-6*9/*- :*)N*9*/*+ 6*91

.*-..(*- /,),4*+*-B QC* N*-. :,-N,K*K/*-+,9/,-6*3*-N* C,-*-.*-*- 6*:C*/ K(9(/ /*K(+*)*C K*.1 /,),4*+*- :*)N*9*/*+m J,K10*/*- *C*N*-. 61*:K13 C,:,91-+*4 6*3*: :,-.,-6*31/*-6*:C*/ K(9(/ /*K(+ *)*C +,94*6*C /,),4*+*-:*)N*9*/*+m

Dampak Buruk Kabut Asap bagiKesehatan Masyarakat>**+ 1-1& C,:,91-+*4 :,-..(-*/*-

)+*-6*9 /(*31+*) (6*9* (-+(/ :,-,-+(/*-K,)*9 /,I13-N* C,-I,:*9*- (6*9* */1K*+ /*K(+*)*C 6,-.*- *I(*- 7>'LB 7>'L 61+,+*C/*-K,96*)*9/*- 31:* C,-I,:*9 (+*:*& N*1+(C*9+1/,3 4*3() K,9(/(9*- H$ :1/92.9*: ;'OH$=/, K*A*4& .*) )(38(9 612/)16* ;>n#=& /*9K2-:2-2/)16* ;Sn=& 2i2- ;n'L 6*C*+ 61314*+C*6* M*K,3 H K,91/(+ 1-1B

Tabel 1. Indeks Standar Pencemaran Udara

$(AB C,-7*'6) D,24,+ C7E7F,-,% G)%0,+,% A7%*,2,%,%

t Y$$ >*-.*+K,9K*4*N*

P,9K*4*N* K*.1 ),:(* 29*-. +,9(+*:*K*31+*& 1K( 4*:13& 29*-. +(*& 6*-C,-6,91+* .*-..(*- C,9-*C*)*-

),:(* 4*9() +1-..*3 61 9(:*4 6*- +(+(C C1-+( ),9+*0,-6,3*

),.,9* 613*/(/*- ,`*/(*)1 ),3,/+18 K*.1 29*-.K,91)1/2 /, +,:C*+ a 9(*-. K,K*) C,-I,:*9*- (6*9*

'Q a C-,(:2-1* K,9*+ 61 C()/,):*) 6*-9(:*4 )*/1+

aktiftas bagi penderita jantung dikurangi

H$HFH%% M16*/ ),4*+ 6*C*+ :,-1:K(3/*- .,0*3* 191+*)1C*6* )*3(9*- C,9-*C*)*-

K*.1 C,-6,91+* C,-N*/1+ 0*-+(-.&.,0*3*-N* */*- ),:*/1- K,9*+

:,-..(-*/*- :*)/,9 a C,-(+(C 416(-. K13*melakukan aktiftas di luar rumah

aktiftas fsik bagi penderita jantung harus dikurangi

GHFH$$ >,6*-. F F

u G$ P*1/ F F

>(:K,9W J,C(+()*- O,-+,91 J,),4*+*- D2:29 #E%aO,-/,)a>Ja777a#$$< +,-+*-. '92),6(9 ',-.,-6*31*- 5*:C*/',-I,:*9*- L6*9* Q/1K*+ J,K*/*9*- 4(+*- +,94*6*C J,),4*+*-B

O,-(9(+ 6*+* J,:,-/,)& 7-6,/) >+*-6*9',-I,:*9 L6*9* ;7>'L= C*6* Q.()+() 41-..*>,C+,:K,9 #$HG 61 J2+* '*3*-./*9*N* K,9/1)*9*-+*9* H$%FH#G& 61 J2+* ',/*-K*9( :,-I*C*1 H_#6*- 61 J2+* '*3,:K*-. :,-I*C*1 YH#B 5,-.*-*-./* 7>'L +,9),K(+& /(*31+*) (6*9* 61 +1.* /2+*+,9),K(+ +,9:*)(/ 6*3*: /*+,.291 +16*/ ),4*+B

J2-61)1 1-1 +,-+(-N* )*-.*+:,:C914*+1-/*-& :,-.1-.*+ 6*:C*/C,-I,:*9*- (6*9* N*-. )*-.*+ K,9K*4*N* K*.1:*-()1*& K*1/ 6*3*: 0*-./* C,-6,/ :*(C(-

0*-./* C*-0*-.B Q6*C(- 6*:C*/ :*)1-.F:*)1-.C,-I,:*9 (6*9* +,9),K(+ +,94*6*C /,),4*+*-+,9I*-+(: 6*3*: M*K,3 # 61 K*A*4 1-1B

Kebijakan Pengendalian Dampak BurukAsap terhadap Kesehatan

^Un +,3*4 :,-,9K1+/*- Health>'")-2"$-+ ?1* @0"+1)"7 A-.-#"1$ 9"*-@;-$#+ N*-. 616,)*1- (-+(/ :,-1-./*+/*-/,A*)C*6**- 6*- ),K*.*1 /,9*-./* /,90* K*.1C,:,91-+*4 6*3*: C,-N()(-*- 9,-I*-* */)1-*)12-*3B @,-I*-* */)1 4*9() 61(:(:/*-/,C*6* :*)N*9*/*+ ),K,3(: *6* *)*CB',:,91-+*4 K,9+(.*) :,-.,:K*-./*- C92),6(92C,9*)12-*3& :,:C,9)1*C/*- +,-*.* /,),4*+*-&

:,-N,61*/*- )*9*-*& C9*)*9*-*& 2K*+ 6*- *3*+/,),4*+*- ),9+* :,3*/(/*- C,-N(3(4*- K*.1:*)N*9*/*+ 6*- 3*1--N*B 5,-.*- 6,:1/1*-


13/24

! ## !

Tabel 2. Dampak Kesehatan Kandungan Kabut Asap

A,6,27-76 /,+H IH-H

JK*L129M D,24,+ C7E7F,-,%

'OH$ HG$ 6*C*+ :*)(/ /, )*3(9*- C,9-*C*)*- K*A*4 6*- :,-,:C,3 61 C*9(FC*9(

>n# Ja777a#$$< +,-+*-. '92),6(9 ',-.,-6*31*- 5*:C*/ ',-I,:*9*- L6*9* Q/1K*+ J,K*/*9*- 4(+*- +,94*6*C J,),4*+*-B

),3(9(4 /2:C2-,- )1)+,: /,),4*+*- 61.,9*//*-),I*9* 2C+1:*3 C*6* A*/+( C9*K,-I*-*& )**+K,-I*-* 6*- C*)I*K,-I*-*B D*:(- 6,:1/1*-&41-..* )**+ 1-1 K,3(: +,9314*+ *6*-N* 9,-I*-*

*/)1 N*-. +,.*) 6*3*: :,-*-..(3*-.1 6*:C*//,),4*+*- */1K*+ *)*CB',9*- C,:,91-+*4 C()*+ 6*- 6*,9*4

6*3*: :,-*-..(3*-.1 6*:C*/ /*K(+ *)*C+,94*6*C /,),4*+*- :*)N*9*/*+ +,9+,9* 6*3*:L-6*-.FL-6*-. D2:29 **+ 1-1& (C*N*

C,-*-..(3*-.*- C,-6,91+* C,-N*/1+ */1K*+/,K*/*9*- 4(+*- 6*- 3*4*- :*)14 K,93*-.)(-.),I*9* 9,*/+18B ',-*-..(3*-.*- ),C,9+1 1-1:,-I*/(C C,91-.*+*- *.*9 :*)N*9*/*++16*/ /,3(*9 9(:*4& ),3*3( :,:*/*1 :*)/,9&C,-1-./*+*- C,913*/( 416(C K,9)14 6*-),4*+& C,-1-./*+*- 8(-.)1 )*+.*) /,),4*+*-&C,:K(/**- C2)/2 /,),4*+*- 6,-.*- K1*N*C,-.2K*+*- .9*)+1)& 6*- C,-.*/+18*- C()/,):*)),3*:* #Y 0*: ),4*91 6*- _ 4*91 ),:1-..(B>,3*1- 1+(& 41:K*(*- J,:,-/,) *.*9 613*/(/*-

,`*/(*)1 *C*K13* 7>'L :,-I*C*1 /*+,.291 )*-.*+K,9K*4*N*& K,3(: 6*C*+ 613*/(/*- ),K*.*1:*-*C,-*-..(3*-.*- K,-I*-* 3*1--N* ),)(*1 6,-.*-L-6*-.FL-6*-. D2:29 #Y M*4(- #$$_ +,-+*-.

',-*-..(3*-.*- P,-I*-*B U*3 1-1 61/*9,-*/*-+1-6*/*- ,`*/(*)1 0()+9( */*- :,:C,9C*9*4/2-61)1 C,-6,91+* C,-N*/1+ )*3(9*- C,9-*C*)*-),41-..* 61C,93(/*- :,/*-1):, N*-. *:*-

6*3*: +1-6*/*- ,`*/(*)1B'*6*4*3 N*-. +,9C,-+1-. 6*3*: (C*N*C,-*-..(3*-.*- 1-1 *6*3*4 C,-..(-**- )1)+,:/,),4*+*- ),I*9* 2C+1:*3 *.*9 6*C*+ :,-.(9*-.1/,9(.1*-B '*6* )**+ ),K,3(: +,90*61-N*K,-I*-*& )1)+,: /,),4*+*- :,3*3(1 )(K)1)+,:)(9`,13*-) 6*C*+ 61.,9*//*- (-+(/ :,-,-+(/*-C23* C,-N,K*9*- C,-N*/1+ 7>'Q 6*- C,-N*/1+)*3(9*- C,9-*C*)*- 3*1--N*B 5,-.*- C23*),C,9+1 1-1& (C*N* C,-*-..(3*-.*- ),3*-0(+-N*6*C*+ 613*/(/*- ),I*9* +,C*+ )*)*9*- 6,-.*-:,:*6(/*- (C*N* C9,`,-+18 6*- C92:2+18C*6* )**+ ),K,3(: K,-I*-*B >,3*-0(+-N*& (C*N*C,-*-..(3*-.*- 6*:C*/ K(9(/ *)*C 6,-.*-:,-N,3,-..*9*/*- 8*)131+*) /,),4*+*- K*1/C()/,):*) :*(C(- 9(:*4 )*/1+ ),3*:* #Y 0*:0(.* 61C,93(/*- .(-* :,-.*+*)1 /,:(-./1-*-:,-1-./*+-N* 0(:3*4 C,-6,91+* 6*- 0(:3*4/*)() 9(0(/*-B ',:K(/**- C2)/2 /,),4*+*-:,-0*61 C1314*- /,6(* (-+(/ :,-6,/*+/*-C,3*N*-*- /,),4*+*- /,C*6* :*)N*9*/*+:,)/1C(- (C*N* 1-1 +,+*C 4*9() 61),)(*1/*-6,-.*- /,+,9),61**- 6*- /*C*)1+*) +,-*.*

/,),4*+*- 61 8*)131+*) /,),4*+*- N*-. +,3*4 *6*B>,3*1- 1+(& (C*N* C,-*-..(3*-.*-

3*1--N* *6*3*4 C92.9*: :1+1.*)1 6*- *6*C+*)1B>*N*-.-N*& C92.9*: +,9),K(+ K,3(: :,:*6*1:,)/1C(- J,:,-/,) +,3*4 :,:C(-N*1 )+9*+,.11-+,9`,-)1 /,),4*+*- K,9K*)1) 91)1/2B LC*N*:1+1.*)1 613*/(/*- K,9)*:* :*)N*9*/*+&C,9()*4**- :*(C(- C,-,.*/ 4(/(: (-+(/:,-I,.*4 /,K*/*9*- 4(+*- 6*- 3*4*-B

P,-I*-* *)*C +,90*61 4*:C19 ),+1*C +*4(-BD*:(- 6,:1/1*-& 9,*/)1 C,:,91-+*4 /4()()-N*

61 ),/+29 /,),4*+*- K*1/ C()*+ :*(C(- 6*,9*4K,3(: K,.1+( /(*+B Q/1K*+-N*& )1-,9.1 *-+*9F3,:K*.* 6*3*: :,-.4,-+1/*- /,K*/*9*-4(+*- 6*- 3*4*- C(- ),3*3( :,-0*61 C,9)2*3*-B


14/24

! #. !

LC*N* *6`2/*)1 6*C*+ 613*/(/*- 6,-.*- *3*)*-*)*C :,:K*4*N*/*- /,),4*+*- :*)N*9*/*+),9+* :,-.(9*-.1 C926(/+1`1+*) :*-()1* 6*-,/2-2:1 61 A13*N*4 +,96*:C*/B Q6*C(- (C*N**6*C+*)1 ),3*:* 1-1 ),C,9+1 :,31K(9/*- ),/23*46*- :,:K*.1/*- :*)/,9 C,93( 3,K14 C92.9,)186*- :*)18 613*/(/*-B O*)/,9 N*-. 61K*.1/*-

),K*1/-N* K(/*- :*)/,9 K,6*4 C*6* (:(:-N*-*:(- :*)/,9 D%G *+*( N*-. :,:131/1kemampuan fltrasi hingga 95 persen.

>,3*1- 1+(& 6*3*: :,9,)C2-) K,)*9-N*C,-1-./*+*- 0(:3*4 C,-6,91+* C,-N*/1+ 7>'Q*/1K*+ K,-I*-* /*K(+ *)*C 6*3*: )(*+( C,9126,+,9+,-+(& J,C*3* 5*,9*4 ?*:K1& J,C*3* 5*,9*4',/*-K*9( ),9+* 51-*) J,),4*+*- '*3*-./*9*N*:,-,+*C/*- )+*+() JdPB 7>'Q :,9(C*/*- )*3*4)*+( C,-N*/1+ :,-(3*9 :,3*3(1 :,61* )*102-#*+*( C*9+1/,3 /,I13 N*-. /,3(*9 )**+ C,-6,91+*K*+(/B ?1/* /1+* :,9(0(/ C*6* L-6*-.FL-6*-.D2:29 Y M*4(- H%EY +,-+*-. ^*K*4 ',-N*/1+O,-(3*9 /4()()-N* 6*3*: C,9*+(9*- +(9(-*-&N*1+( ',9*+(9*- O,-+,91 J,),4*+*- D2:29 HG$Ha:,-/,)a',9ava#$H$ +,-+*-. ?,-1) ',-N*/1+O,-(3*9 M,9+,-+( N*-. 5*C*+ O,-1:K(3/*-^*K*4 6*- LC*N* ',-*-..(3*-.*--N*&),:,)+1-N* C14*/ N*-. K,9A,-*-. :,-,+*C/*-JdP 61 6*,9*4 *6*3*4 /,C*3* 61-*) /,),4*+*-/*K(C*+,-a/2+* (-+(/ A13*N*4 /*K(C*+,-a/2+* 6*- /,C*3* 61-*) /,),4*+*- C92`1-)1(-+(/ 0*-./*(*- A13*N*4 JdP N*-. :,31C(+1

6(* /*K(C*+,-a/2+* *+*( 3,K14B J,-N*+**--N*&:*)14 K*-N*/ /,C*3* 6*,9*4 N*-. :,-,+*C/*-JdPB U*3 1-1 61/*9,-*/*- */*- 3,K14 :(6*46*3*: :,-./22961-*)1/*- 1-)+*-)1F1-)+*-)1+,/-1) 61 K*A*4 C,91-+*4 /,C*3* 6*,9*461K*-61-./*- 61 K*A*4 C,91-+*4 /,C*3* 61-*)Bn3,4 /*9,-* 1+(& 61C,93(/*- C,9*+(9*- N*-.0,3*) N*-. :,-.*+(9 C14*/ N*-. K,9A,-*-.:,-,+*C/*- )+*+() JdP .(-* :,:C,9I,C*+C,-*-.*-*- JdP C,-N*/1+B 5*3*: C,9*+(9*-+,9),K(+ +16*/ 61),K(+/*- *C*/*4 K*+*)*-

A*K*4 C,-N*/1+ :,-(3*9 0(.* K,93*/( (-+(/C,-N*/1+ :,-(3*9 N*-. 61),K*K/*- 23,4K,-I*-*B O,-.1-.*+ 6*3*: LL A*K*4 C,-N*/1+:,-(3*9 C,9*- ),/+29 /,),4*+*- )*-.*+ 62:1-*-6*3*: C,-,-+(*- 6*- C,-*-.*-*- JdPB U*33*1-& /22961-*)1 C,-*-.*-*- K,-I*-* *6* 61K*A*4 1-)+*-)1 3*1- 61 3(*9 ),/+29 /,),4*+*-&),41-..* 61-*) /,),4*+*- */*- :,-.*3*:1/,)(31+*- 6*3*: :,-..,9*/*- )(:K,9 6*N* N*-.61:131/1-N*B

Penutup5,-.*- /*-6(-.*- K,9K*.*1 i*+ /1:1*&6*3*: K*+*)*- +,9+,-+( *)*C K,96*:C*/ K(9(/K*.1 /,),4*+*- :*)N*9*/*+ ),41-..* :,-0*61

/,A*01K*- C,:,91-+*4 C()*+ 6*- 6*,9*4(-+(/ :,31-6(-.1 :*)N*9*/*+ 6*91 C*C*9*-*)*CB 5,-.*- 8(-.)1 3,.1)3*)1-N*& 5'@ 6*C*+:,3*/(/*- 9,`1)1 +,94*6*C L-6*-.FL-6*-.D2:29 Y M*4(- H%EY +,-+*-. ^*K*4 ',-N*/1+O,-(3*9B U*3 1-1 61/*9,-*/*- /,+1/* K,-I*-*/*K(+ *)*C +1K*& C,:,91-+*4 6*,9*4 /,9*C

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15/24

! #9 !

$%&' ()%*+,-! #$$%& '()*+ ',-./*01*-& ',-.23*4*- 5*+* 6*- 7-829:*)1 ;',/9,+*91*+ ?,-6,9*3 5'@ @7

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/2BI4 %383D253 %F8J34509:

Abstrak

Pemerintah telah meluncurkan program penyelamatan ekonomi tahap I. Saat ini 31

deregulasi peraturan dari total keseluruhan 134 daftar peraturan yang termasuk dalam

paket kebijakan ekonomi untuk memperbaiki kinerja perekonomian nasional telah selesai

dibahas. Kebijakan ini diharapkan menjadi salah satu solusi untuk meningkatkan daya

saing industri dan mendorong masuknya investasi sehingga lebih mampu menggerakkan

perekonomian. Sinyal positif membaiknya industri dalam negeri juga telah ditunjukkan

dengan meningkatnya impor bahan baku/penolong. Dengan dukungan belanja pemerintah,

baik belanja aparatur ataupun belanja modal yang biasanya meningkat di semester kedua,

deregulasi peraturan sebagai bagian penting program penyelamatan ini diharapkan menjadi

salah satu jalan keluar bagi penguatan industri dalam negeri yang saat ini tengah mengalami

tekanan berat.

Pendahuluan'*6* +*4(- #$HG 1-1& C,9,/2-2:1*-

7-62-,)1* :,-.4*6*C1 +,/*-*- N*-.)*-.*+ K,9*+& K*1/ 6*91 62:,)+1/ :*(C(-6*91 3(*9 -,.,91B 5*91 6*3*: -,.,91&+,90*61-N* C,93*:K*+*- 61 ),/+29 /2-)(:)1+(9(+ K,9C,-.*9(4 C*6* C,93*:K*+*-C,9+(:K(4*- ,/2-2:1B >,:,-+*9* 6*913(*9 -,.,91& /2-61)1 C,9,/2-2:1*- .32K*3N*-. :,-.*3*:1 /,+16*/C*)+1*-& *-+*9*3*1- :,3,:*4-N* 4*9.* /2:261+*) 6*-

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Vol. VII No.18 II P3DI September 2015