LITERATURE The body of written works of a language, period, or cultureDIVISIONS OF LITERATUREI. Poetry a rhythmic imaginative language arranged in lines with regular rhythm, meter and rhyme schemeCHARACTERISTICS OF POETRYA. Rhythm regular occurrence of stressed and unstressed, long and short, or high-pitched and low-pitched syllables creating a pattern in the lines of a poem.a. Meter (Organized Rhythm) measured pattern or grouping of syllables called metric foot, according to accent and length; sequence of footFour Basic Patterns: i. Iambic Foot consists of unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable (x/)ii. Anapestic Foot consists of two unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable (xx/)iii. Trochaic Foot consists of an accented syllable followed by an unaccented syllable (/x)iv. Dactylic Foot consists of an accented syllable followed by two unaccented syllables (/xx)b. Rhyme and Other Sound Devices - regular recurrence of similar sounds usually at the end of lines or also within one lineB. Imagery refers to expressions evocative of objects of sensuous appeal (five senses appeal)a. Figures of Speech - a word or phrase used in a non-literal sense to add rhetorical force to a spoken or written passage.i. Simile comparing two unlike things using like or asii. Metaphor an implied comparison between two unlike things that actually have something in commoniii. Alliteration repetition of beginning consonant soundsiv. Hyperbole major exaggeration or overstatementv. Onomatopoeia use of a word which imitates a soundvi. Personification giving human traits or characteristics to something that isnt human, such as animals, objects or non-living thingsvii. Apostrophe a direct address to a person or thingb. Symbols - images or concrete references that stand for something else in reality and suggest another level of meaningC. Sense or Meaning a poem must say something that it must enlighten, reveal a truth, open new vistas, give new perceptions, enable to understand the world around us more deeply, and see things beyond the physical sensesKINDS OF POETRY1. Lyric Poetry utterance of the human heart in poetic form, brief and subjective, marked by imagination, melody and emotion, and creating single unified expressiona. Simple Lyric includes those lyrical poems that do not properly belong under any of the other types of lyricsb. Song short lyric poem which has a particularly melodious quality and is intended primarily to be sung, or can be easily set to musicc. Sonnet a lyric of fourteen lines with a formal rhyme scheme or patternd. Elegy lamentation or an expression of mourning for the deade. Ode most majestic type of lyric poetry exalted in tone and expresses lofty praise for some person, event or idea f. Idyll a descriptive poem of rural or pastoral character which expresses poets feeling of his immediate landscape2. Narrative Poetry it tells a story following a chronology of eventsa. Ballad short simple narrative poem composed to be sung and altered as it was orally transmitted from generation until it was written down much laterb. Metrical Tale relates real, ordinary or imaginary events in simple straightforward languagec. Metrical Romance long rambling love story in verse rich in allegory revolving around the adventures of knights and lords and their highborn ladies during the age of chivalryd. Epic long majestic narrative poem which tells of the exploits of a traditional hero and the development of a nation3. Dramatic Poetry focuses on characters feelings rather than narrative and it is designed to be spoken or acted on stagea. Dramatic Monologue a long speech in a play or a story delivered by a single personb. Soliloquy message spoken by a speaker in a poem or by a character in play except that there is no one present to hear himc. Character Sketch poem in which writer is concerned less with matters of story, complete or implied, than he is with arousing sympathy, antagonism, or merely interest for an individuald. Comedy a dramatic play of light and humorous character with a cheerful or happy endinge. Tragedy portrays struggle of a strong-willed protagonist against fatef. Dramatic History a dramatic play dealing with past historical eventg. Farce a comic play marked by broadly satirical comedy and improbable ploth. Melodrama characterized by heavy use of suspense, sensational episodes, romantic sentiment and conventional happy endingi. Mosque a form of dramatic entertainment of the 16th and 17th century performed by masked actors

II. Prose the ordinary form of spoken or written language without metrical structureCHARACTERISTICS OF PROSEA. Narrative: writing which tells a story (can be fiction or non-fiction); usually told in chronological order; has characters; follows the basicplot-line- exposition, rising action, climax, falling actionB. Expository: gives basic information; used often in speeches and essays; does not tell a story or argueC. Descriptive: describes something in detail, again without telling a story or arguing a point; used most often in combination with another mode of writing, but alone is often found in scientific or medical reportsD. Persuasive: argues a point (or two sides of a question); gives evidence in favor or againstDIVISIONS OF PROSE1. Non-fiction - prose writing that is based on facts, real events, and real peoplea) Anecdote a short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or personb) Essay a short piece of writing on a particular subjectc) Memoir a historical account or biography written from personal knowledge or special sourcesd) Letter written message addressing a person or an organization e) Epistles literary composition in a form of a formal letterf) Journal a composition published periodically for an exclusive readershipg) Diary a daily account of what happened in someones lifeh) Article a piece of writing included with others in a newspaper, magazine, or other publicationi) Biography an account of someone's life written by someone else j) Autobiography - an account of a person's life written by that person2. Fiction prose writing that is based on imaginationa) Short Story a story with a fully developed theme but significantly shorter and less elaborate than a novelElements of Short Story Character a person, or sometimes even an animal, who takes part in the action of a short story or other literary workKinds of Characters Round Characters are convincing, true to life and they have many different and sometimes even contradictory personality traits. Dynamic Characters undergo some type of change or development in story, often because of something that happens to them Flat Characters are stereotyped, shallow, and often symbolic and they have only one or two personality traits Static Characters do not change in the course of the story Protagonist the main character Antagonist the character who opposes the protagonistMethods of Characterization Direct Characterization the author develops the personality of a character by direct statements Indirect Characterization revealing a characters personality through the characters thoughts, words, appearance and actions Setting the time and place in which it happens Plot a series of events and character actions that relate to the central conflictComponents of Plot Introduction the start of the story, the situation before the action starts Rising Action the series of conflicts and crisis in the story that lead to the climax Climax/Turning Point the most intense moment either mentally or in action the reader wonders what will happen next; will the conflict be resolved or not? Falling Action the events and complications begin to resolve themselves Resolution the conclusion, the untangling of events in the story

Conflict is the dramatic struggle between two forces in a storyTypes of Conflicta. Interpersonal Conflict Human vs. Human Human vs. Nature Human vs. Society b. Internal Conflict Human vs. Self Point of View - the angle or perspective from which the story is told First person POV told from the viewpoint of one of the characters, using the first person pronoun I Second person POV the main character in the story is referred to using the second person pronoun you Third Person POV the story is told using a narrator who is located outside of the action of the story and uses third person pronouns such as he, she, his, her, they etc.Types of Third Person POV Omniscient the narrator has the power to show the reader what is happening though a number of characters eyes Limited Omniscient third person, told from the viewpoint of a character in the story Objective third person, told as if from a camera that follows the characters. Only what is said and done is recorded Theme is the central idea or belief in a short story which is either stated directly or implied in the actions or eventsForms of Themes Irony opposite of the real meaning Verbal Irony: This is the contrast between what is said and what is meant. In other words: sarcasm Dramatic Irony: This is the contrast between what the character thinks to be true and what we (the reader) know to be true Situational Irony: This is the most common in literature which is about the contrast between what happens and what was expected (or what would seem appropriate) Symbolism - represents an idea, quality, or concept larger than itself Flashback - this is a writers technique in which the author interrupts the plot of the story to recreate an incident of an earlier time Foreshadowing - this is a writers technique in which the author provides clues or hints as to what is going to happen later in the storyb) Novel a fictitious prose narrative of considerable length, portraying characters, actions and scenes representative of real life in a more or less intricate plotc) Novelette shorten than a novel, longer than a short storyd) Tales of Adventure deals with stories involving danger and unknown risks or mans encounter with naturee) Fable stories about animalsf) Parable stories from the Bibleg) Myth deals with supernatural beings, gods and goddessesh) Legend deals with the origin of thingsi) Folktale is characteristically anonymous, timeless and placeless tales circulated orally among peoplej) Fairytale narrative of adventures involving fantastic forces and beingsk) Prose Romance prosenarrative depicting heroic or marvelous deeds, pageantry, and romantic exploits usually in a historical or imaginary settingl) Prose Allegory narrative prose from which abstract ideas are personified