Vocabulary Key to Tsay Do Greisghilde

8/22/2019 Vocabulary Key to Tsay Do Greisghilde

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VOCABULARY KEY TO TSAY DO GREISGHILDE

Tsay do Greisghilde is the Sambahsa translation and adaptation into a novel ofRetour Griseguilde, an excellent fan-made sequel by Voyageur Solitaire to thefamous gamebook the Talisman of Death by Jamie Thomson and Mark Smith.

Voyageur Solitaire has generously granted his authorization for the adaptation intoSambahsa.

Thanks to the Goldendict pop-up dictionary(http://sambahsa.pbworks.com/w/page/52788470/Sambahsa%20Dictionary%20for%20Windows%2C%20Mac%20and%20Linux ), many words can be instantlytranslated, or their meaning can be easily guessed by the reader. However, somederived words and compounds, though they may be entirely consistent with thegrammatical rules of Sambahsa, are difficult to decipher. The aim of this document isto translate and explain such words found in Tsay do Greisghilde. They are

indicated in blue in the novel, and you can use the search function to find them in thisWord format document. This way, we hope that vocabulary key will make you familiarwith word-formation in Sambahsa.

EUPHONIC VOCALISATION :

According to this rule (see the grammar), nouns and adjectives can bear optionalendings indicating gender, number and case.

Apos + a = apsa = joints

Citadios = citad + ios = city (genitive singular)

Ekwens = ekw + ens = horses (accusative)

Elsi = els + i = his/her (before several living beings)

Ira = ir + a = their (before nouns of things)

Irem = ir + em = their (before a singular noun of living being)

Iren = ir + en = of their (before a plural noun)

Irens = ir + ens = their (plural accusative before living beings)

Irios = ir + ios = of their (before a singular, masculine or neutral, noun)

Irs = ir + s = of their (before a singular noun)

Niesen = nies + en = of our (before a plural noun)

Nosters = noster + s = of our (before a singular noun)
http://sambahsa.pbworks.com/w/page/52788470/Sambahsa%20Dictionary%20for%20Windows%2C%20Mac%20and%20Linuxhttp://sambahsa.pbworks.com/w/page/52788470/Sambahsa%20Dictionary%20for%20Windows%2C%20Mac%20and%20Linuxhttp://sambahsa.pbworks.com/w/page/52788470/Sambahsa%20Dictionary%20for%20Windows%2C%20Mac%20and%20Linuxhttp://sambahsa.pbworks.com/w/page/52788470/Sambahsa%20Dictionary%20for%20Windows%2C%20Mac%20and%20Linux


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Verbal endings :

Before -s or -t, g & k turn to c-, and b to p.

Arct = ark + t = kept off, containedAttract + attrag + t = attractedDehlcs = dehlg + s = you (thou) mustProtect = proteg + t = protectedReg + t = rect = stretched outScrib + t = script = writtenTehrb + t = tehrptTract = trag + t = pulled, drawnUrg + t = urct = urges, is urging

nasal infix verbs :

Those verbs have an unstressed pronounced e as their last vowel, before or aftern/m. They undergo no ablaut.

For the present tense, the unstressed e disappears everywhere its possible :

Brinegh + o = bringho = I bringGlanez + end = glanzend = glancingSpernend-ye = speren + end + -ye = by spurringSpernte = speren + te = (you) spurSurprined + end = suprindend = surprisingYuneg + end = yungend = connecting

Likewise for the conditional :

Pregen + ie + t = (he/she/it) would imprint

Those both letters disappear for the past tense :

Ambhglanez > ambhglaz = looked around

Interposen > interpos = interpose = interposedPosen > pos = laid down; pos + it = posit = (he/she/it) laid downSperen > sper = spur > spurredSpraneg > sprag = burst (pres.) > burst (past.) (transitive)

As well as for the past participle :

Stuned > studen = knocked


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PAST TENSE :

Von Wahl rules :

According to those rules, the past tense of verbs is obtained through a modification of

their final letter(s)

D > s

Decid > decis + im = decisim = I decidedEdd > ess + am = we ateLand > lans + am = lansam = we landedVid > vis + im = I saw

Rg > rs

Emerg > emers = emergedMerg > mers ; + im = mersim = I divedPorg > pors = showed, gaveUrg > urs = urged

Ct > x

Plect > plex = shruggedReflect > reflex = thought about ; reflexim = I was thinking about

Tt > ss

Flott > floss + am = flossam = we floated

Ablaut :

Ablaut is phenomenon according to which the central vowels of some wordsundergo a mutation for the past tense.

ehC > ohC

Ambhspehc ( = ambh [around] + spehc [to look at]) > ambhspohc = looked aroundAmbikwehl > ambikwohl = bustled aroundAntwehrd > antwohrd = answeredDiaspehr > diaspohr = dispersedDisprehp > disprohp = disappearedMehld > mohld =indicatedPersehkw > persohkw + it = persohkwit = (he/she/it) pursuedPfwehng > pfwohng = dilatedSbehrst > sbohrst = broke upSchehnk > schohnk = poured, gaveSehrp > sohrp = wound

Stehlb > stohlb = protrudedStehmb > stohmb = stalked


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Trehc > trohc + im = trohcim = I displaced myself, I moved ; + it = trohcit = (he/she/it)displaced (him/her/it)self; + eer = trohceer = they were headingVehrs > vohrs = paid, poured

Ei > i

Besteigh > bestigh = climbed upEiskw > iskw + -eer = iskweer = (they) soughteiskw- un werd + dat = to ask someone a questionetileikw > etilikw + it = etilikwit = (he/she/it) remainedEnderkweit > enderkwit ; + -im = enderkwitim = I distinguishedLeit > lit + eer = liteer = (they) went (figurative meaning)Mantein > mantin = maintainedNeih > nih = guided, ledSteigh > stigh = went upTyeic > tyic = made, caused

Vergeih > vergih = avoided

Eu > u

Beleuc > beluc = lightenedDeusk > dusk = darkenedEngheulf > enghulf = rushedFeug > fug + it = fugit = (he/she/it) fledKyeus > kyus = pointed out, choseMleu > mlu = saidNeuk > nuk = nodded ; + it = (he/she) noddedNisteurd > nisturd = slid down ; + it = nisturdit = (he/she/it) slid downVeulbh > vulbh = wrapped

For verbs in a, the ablaut is optional, though often used :

Apterghang > apterghieng = followedAttrag > attrieg = attractedClangh > cliengh = rangCollabh > collieb = collapsed

Corbach > corbiech = used the crop onCrack > crieck = crackedDwighabel > dwighiebel = forkedEnfall > enfiell = came to mindInikas > inikies = reflectedJamb > jiemb = strode overKamyab > kamyieb + im = kamyiebim = I succeeded inKal > kiel = calledParat > pariet = made ready; is pariet-se = he made himself readyPlan > plien = plannedProtiedar = protiedier = tugged on

Rahat > rahiet = restedTaragh > tariegh = rocked


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Tarak > tariek = crackedUdclangh > udcliengh = resoundedUdkardkasch > udkarkiesch = drew (ones weapon)Uperfall > uperfiell = fell onUperghang > uperghieng = went beyond

Wals > wiels = stationedWassal > wassiel = found back each other

Likewise, au > ieu

Stau > stieu = was standing uprightAnd ay > iey

Baygh > bieygh + am = bieygham = we belonged to

The sigmatic aorist :

With some verbs, often of Romance origin, an s is suffixed to the verbal stem to getthe past tense, with the use of the conjugation endings.

Adduc > adduxeer = (they) led

Attrag > attraxit = (he/she/it) attracted

Collab > collapsser = (they) collapsed

Drah > drahsit = (he/she/it) ran

Ghyah > ghyahsit = it opened itself, was opened

Reg > rexit = (he/she/it) stretched out

Scrib > scripsit = (he/she/it) wrote

It can even be added to roots with ablaut, for reasons of euphony.

Kleu > (ablaut) klu. Klu + s + it = klusit = (he/she) listened to

Mleu > (ablaut) mlu. Mlu + s + it = mlusit = (he/she) saidStau > (ablaut) stieu. Stieu + s + it = (he/she/it) stood upright

Past tense endings :

Those endings are only compulsory for verbs whose stem doesnt undergo anymodification for the past tense

Accelereer-se = accelere + eer + se = (they) acceleratedControleer = control + eer = (they) controlledCrucim = cruce + im = I crossed

Defileit = defilee + it = (it) streamed (figuratively)Encouragim = encourage + im = I encouraged


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Entram = entre + am = we enteredEntreer = entre + eer = (they) enteredEntrim = entre + im = I enteredEntrit = entre + it = (he/she) enteredGhensim = ghens (past tense of ghend) + im = I took

Installim = installe + im = I installed ; installit = installe + it = (he/she/it) installedIntervenit = interven + it = (he/she/it) intervenedKatuit = katue + it = (he/she/it) foughtMurmurim = murmure + im = I mutteredPassim = passe + im = I passedPresente + im = presentim = I presented, introducedProtiokwit = protiokw + it = (he/she) stared atRealisim = realise + im = I realisedSalutit = salute + it = (he/she) greetedSehr = seh + r = (they) sowedServit = serve + it = (he/she/it) served

Stressit = stress + it = (he/she/it) stressedTentim = tente + im = I attemptedWakyit = wakye + it = (it) happened

Verbs ending in ie may replace the e with a c;

Crie + it = cricit = (he/she) shouted ; cricim = I shoutedExplie + it = explicit = (he/she) explained

FUTURE :

It can be expressed with the suffix sie-

Acceddsiet = accedd + sie + t = (he/she/it) will have access to.Antwehrdsiem = antwehrd + sie + m = I will answerDehlcsies = dehlg + sie + s = you will have toFeucsiet = feug + sie + t = (he/she/it) will fleeGhehdsiem = ghehd + sie + m = Ill be able toGhehdsiemos = ghehd + sie + mos = well be able to

Gwehmsiemos = gwehm + sie + mos = we will comeGwehmsient = gwehm + sie + nt = (they) will comeGwivsies = gwiv + sie + s = you will liveImdadhsiet = imdadh + sie + t = (he/she/it) will aidKhacsiet = khak + sie + t = (he/she/it) wont be able toMaghsiem = magh + sie + m = I mayMarchesiemos = marche + sie + mos = we will marchMehmsient = mehm + sie + nt = (they) will rememberPancsiemos = paneg (nasal infix verb) + sie + mos = we will settlePermittsient = permitt + sie + nt = (they) will permit ; permittsiet = (he/she/it) willpermit

Poittsiete = poitt + sie + te = youll have the right toRalliesient = rallie + sie + nt = (they) will rallie


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Reicsiemos = reik + sie + mos = we will returnRetrehfsiet = retrehv + sie + t = (he/she/it) will find backStambhsiet = stamebh (nasal infix verb) + sie + t = (he/she/it) will keep fromStehmsient = stehm + sie + nt = (they) will supportSwehpsiet = swehp + sie + t = (he/she/it) will sleep

Tehrpsiemos = tehrb + sie + mos = well need toTehrpsies = tehrb + sie + s = youll need toTehrpsiet = tehrb + sie + t = (he/she/it) will have toTolcsiemos = tolk + sie + mos = well talkWakhsient = wakh + sie + nt = (they) will watch

CONDITIONAL (would + verb) :

Sambahsa adds -ie- + present tense endings. If the verb ends with a mute e, thisone is dropped.

Darient = dar + ie + nt = (they) would hold on

Detegiet = deteg + iet = (he/she/it) would detect

Emiet = em + ie + t = (he/she/it) would take

Ghehdient = ghehd + ie + nt = (they) could

Kwehriems = kwehr + ie + ms = we would do

Revidiemos = re + vid + iemos = we would see back

Riskiems = risk + ie + ms = we would risk

Scrutient = scrute + ie + nt = (they) would peer into

Sehkwient = sehkw + ie + nt = (they) would follow

Solliems = soll + ie + ms = we should

Tehrbient = tehrb + ie + nt = (they) would have to

INFINITIVES :

Verbs with an ablaut in ei or eu, undergo such an ablaut, and add -es

Antreus > antruses = to rely on

Besteigh > bestighes = to climb up

Betreus > betruses = to confide


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Credeih > credihes = to believe

Dispareih > disparihes = to disappear

Enderkweit > enderkwites = to distinguish

Forleus > forluses = to shake off

Leur > lures = to set free

Mantein > mantines = to maintain

Meil > miles = to enjoy

Neih > nihes = to guide, to lead

Preim > primes = to receive

Teup > tupes = to hide oneself

Vergeih > vergihes = to avoid

Nasal infix verbs lose the unstressed e:

brinegh > bringhes = to bringcumebh > cumbhes = to lay down.Dwinegh > dwinghes = to compelErem > ermes = to rowKeren > kernes = to surroundKussen > kunes = to kissLambhen > lambhnes = to seizePaneg > panges = to settle, fixPosen > pones = to lay downSperen > spernes = to spur

Other verbs whose last syllable is stressed simply add an e (often unpronounced) :

Incurr > incurre = to run (a risk)Pand > pande = to betUperdeh > uperdehe = to transmitWhen a verbal stem already ends with an unstressed e, there is no change :

Installe = (to) install

The past infinitive and the active past participle use the same endings : -vs/-us

Installevs = installe + vs = having installed


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There is an old infinitive word sometimes used after adjectives or nouns, in tu

Baytu = bay + tu = to fearReuptu = reup + tu = (about) to be broken

PARTICIPLES :

Present active = (e)nd.

Ambikwehl + end = ambikwehlend = bustling aroundArk + end = arkend = moving awayKreus + end = kreusend = shiveringSpraneg + end = sprangend = breaking upTente + (e)nd = tentend = attemptingVank + end = vankend = flickering

Vibre + (e)nd = vibrend = vibrating

With the adverbal ending -ye, it makes a gerundive.

Abstaunend-ye = abstaun + end + -ye = being amazedGlanzend-ye = glanez + end + -ye = by glancingRegend-ye = reg + end + -ye = stretching outSpehnd-ye = speh + nd + -ye = by hoping

Past (passive) = -t /-(e)n

Clauster + (e)n = claustern = clusteredDishang + t = dishanct = undoneDu + n = dun = dressedDu + t = dut = dressedEm + en = emen = taken (figurative meaning)Emitt + en = emitten = emittedMaun + t + o = warnedSculp + t + o = sculpto = sculptedSeg + en = segen = cut

Tend + en = tenden = tensedUperdeh + n = uperdehn = transmittedUperdeh + t = uperdeht = transmitted

Verbs with an ablaut in eh, ei or eu undergo such an ablaut :

Adbehr > adbohrn = offered, consecratedBalstehm > balstohmt = damnedCovehr > covohrn + o = covohrno = covohrna = covered = covohrt = covohrnios (withthe singular, masculine or neutral, genitive ending)

Credeih > crediht = believedDehlg > dohlct = past participle of dehlg = must


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Diaspehr > diaspohrn = scatteredDreibh > dribhen = carried awayEndergwehm > endergwohmen / endergwohmt ; + ens = endergwohmtens = thosewho have taken refuge (accusative plural)Exmehn > exmohnt = invented, forged

Gostpreim > gostprimen = given hospitality toGrehv > grohft + o = grohfto = engravedGvehd > gvohden = prayedKehmb > kohmpt = bentKyehrsen > kyohrnen (kyohrsnen) = blackenedLeik > liken = playedLeizd > lizden / lizdt = borderedLeus > lust = lostMeizd > mizden = recompensedNeic > nicen = killedNeud > nudt = usedPerbehrg > perbohrct / perbohrgen = concealed

Persehkw > persohkwt / persohkwn = persuedPoleih > poliht = polishedPrispehc > prispohcen = attended, witnessedSellgwehm > sellgwohmt = welcomedSeut > suten = appeasedSwehng > swohnct = brandishedTreic > trict + a = tricta = plaided, braided (neutral plural)

Uperkeih > uperkiht = dominate > dominatedVeulbh > vulbhen = wrappedVeurn > vurnt / vurnen = wound > wounded

The Von Wahl rules apply for the -t participle of verbs without ablaut :

Compromitt + t = compromiss = compromisedMerg + t = mers = plungedPrecedd + t = precess = precededPrevid + t = previs = foreseen

Nasal infix verbs lose the unstressed e and n/m, and can undergo Von Wahlrules.

Dverwen > dverw + (e)n +o = dverwno = harnessedDwinegh > dwigh + en = dwighen = compelledErem > er + (e)n + o = erno = rowedEpterslahem > epterslah + (e)n = epterslahn = pulled up (a garment)Paneg > pag + en = settled, setPineg > pig + en = pigen = paintedTrehen > treh + (e)n = worn out = trehto = treh + t + oYuneg > yug + en = linked

When there is no ablaut, v after a consonant turns to w before t.

Salv > salwt = saved; compare the English words salvation & salute.


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COMPOUNDS :

In general, Sambahsa compounds follow the same order as English :

Adgumt = ad + gumt = at-coming, arrival

Aghyernluce = aghyern + luce = morning light

Aghyernsaat = aghyern + saat = morning hour

Aghyernwaurn = aghyern + waurn = morning sky

Aksterrudh = akster + rudh = bright-red

Angstgongu = lump (in ones throat) of anguish

Annemlwond = annem + lwo + nd = breath-taking

Aunbayga = aun + bayga = unfortunate

Aungwis = aun + gwis = forceless

Aunharm = aun + harm = harmless

Aydsmosklad = aydsmo + sklad = wood stock

Bittertplen = bittert + plen = full of bitterness

Bliutengarb = bliute + n + garb = shower of sparks

Blougreis = blou + greis = blue-grey

Bronzegwozso = bronze + gwozd + t (turns to s because of Von Wahls rule) =bronze-studded

Caudaula = caud + aula = backyard

Clarcuit = clar + cuit = (with a) clear skin

Clarteint = clar + teint = (with a) clear complexion

Cochersedd = cocher + sedd = coachmans seat

Cortsect = cort + seg + t = cut short

Cruorrudh = cruor + rudh = red of shed blood

Cuperlampe = cuper + lampe = copper lamp


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Daunosoration = daunos + oration = funeral oration

Diewogintou = diewo + gintou = overflooded with sunlight

Duilcovohrn = duil + covohrn (past participle of covehr) = covered with dust

Duilnebh = duil + nebh = dustcloud

Einsghesor = eins + ghresor = sword-wielding

Exiledwighen = exile + dwigh + en = forced to exile

Exterannem = exter + annem = out of breath

Feltercolpak = felter + colpak = felt cap

Fenstercortins = fenster + cortin + s = window curtains

Frontnauk = front + nauk = front craft

Furorskeumend = furor + skeum + end = boiling with rage

Ghomdrabs = ghom + drab + s = downstairs

Ghyorayg = ghyor + ayg = mountain goat

Ginterdreska = ginter + dresk + a (plural) = amber fragments

Glasdresken = glas + dresk + en (genitive plural) = of glas fragments

Goldwohrcto = gold + wohrct + o = gold-wrought

Greisblou = greis + blou = grey-blue

Gvrenstruden = gvrens + truden = overcome by the heat

Hainesflamboyant = haines + flamboyant = flamboyant with hatred

Horrorheul = horror + heul = howl of horror

Jenchikalding = jenchi + kalding = cold fountain of the warrior

Kabusjenchis = kabus + jenchi + s = ghost warrior

Kaylpotion = kayl + potion = healing potion

Kelimcovohrn = kelim + covohrn = covered with a carpet

Kerdbats = kerd + bat + s = heartbeats


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Keulreuyden = keul + reuyden = agricultural plant, farm

Kijieptors = kijie + ptor + s = pheasant feathers

Kweiterblou = kweiter + blou = light blue

Kwoidsask = kwoid + sask = wheat ear

Kyalbohndt = kyal + bohndt (past participle of behnd) = locked in a room =kyalbohnden

Kyonksleik = kyonk + s + leik = game of the shell

Lavandecolor = lavande + color = lavender colour

Leikenweik = gambling borough

Lietersaltamarka = lieter + saltamarka = leather doublet

Locbohndto = loc + bohnd + t = held prisoner in a certain place (loc), place-bound

Lughplen = lugh + plen = full of lies

Marmorstieupens = marmor + stieupen + s = marble steps

Metallgwozso = metall + gwozs (von Wahl rule of d + t) + o = metall-studded

Nedalg = ne + dalg = not far

Negnoht = ne + gnoh + t = unknown

Noctgumt = noct + gumt = nightfall

Noctwaurn = noct + waurn = nightsky

Nowstrehl = now + strehl = crossbow shot

Pennghesor = penn + ghesor = a penn in the hand

Petrabenk = petra + benk = stone bench

Piurnregwos = piurn + regwos = twilight of fire

Prigaloppeer = pri + galopp + eer = (they) rode by

Prigwehme = pri + gwehm + e = to come by

Priswehnde = pri + swehnd + e = to fade by


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Proaiwo = pro + aiwo = forever

Protiewaurgend = protie + waurg + end = pressing against

Purkerd = pur + kerd = pure-hearted

Pwolkeihnd = pwol + keih + nd = half lying

Pwolschiawkienen = pwol + schiawkien + en = half erased

Rehmenkwehster = rehmen + kwehster = whisper of relief

Seddelholks = seddel + holk + s = saddlebags

Sellnoct = sell + noct = good night

Sirmatricen = sirma + tricen (past participle of treic) = plaited with golden threads

Skumdewers = skum + dewer + s = whirls of foam

Solspruzen = sol + spruz + en = splashed with sunlight

Solweus = sol + weus = sunrise

Strehlgrandwn = strehl + grandwn = hail of shootings

Strehlstiftor = strehl + stiftor = shooter

Swordlaquen = sword + laque + -n = black lackered

Swordptor = sword + ptor = black-feathered

Tavanbalwngs = tavan + balwng + s = ceiling beams

Teniforces = teni + force + s = forces of darkness

Teniptergen = teni + pterg + en (genitive plural) = of wings of darkness

Teugbrem = teug + brem = (with a) thick foliage

Transbordam = trans + borde + am = we transshipped

Ubdrabs = ub + drab + s = upstairs

Uperghieng = uper + ghieng (past tense of ghang) = walked beyond

Uperpleukend = uper + pleuk + end = flying over

Uperpluk = uper + pluk = flew over


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Uperskadhen = uper + skadh + en = overshaded

Upersru = uper + sru (past tense of sreu) = overflooded

Urbwalls = urb + wall + s = city walls

Vegetationsecran = vegetation + s + ecran = undergrowth screen

Visionspetra = vision + s + petra = stone of seeing

Windbaub = wind + baub = roaring of the wind

Windkweistel = wind + kweistel = moaning of the wind

Windstrid = wind + strid = hissing of the wind

Woxsgill = wox + sgill = wax seal

Xentitegut = xenti + tegut = thicket of thorny bush

Xurnghalv = xurn (past participle of xeur) + ghalv = shaven-skulled, skinhead

Yusmee = yu + smee = you all (when refering to a certain group)

Sometimes, a genitival ending may be used :

Lient + s + noct = lientsnoct = summer(s) night

Compounds from Romance languages :

Loanwords from Romance languages and Latin may be entirely consistent with someSambahsa grammatical rules, like the Von Wahl rules :

Impulsion = in + pulg + (von Walr rule lg > ls ) + tionIncomprehension = in + comprehend + (von Wahl rule : d > s) + tion

Incredible = in + credi(h) + ble = incredible, unbelievableInexspecten = in + ex + specte + -n = inexspectet = unexpectedPerceptible = percep + t + ible = perceptible

The agent suffix is in -tor, a final unstressed e turns to a.

Blaspheme > blasphemator = to blaspheme > blasphemer

Compounds from Sinitic languages :

Bfu + gwaukan = bfugwaukan = undecided


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DERIVATION :

Adjectives from other adjectives :

-er is, as in English, the comparative

khaker = khak + er = worse

sud + er = suder = more to the south

A few adjectives or adverbs ending in a vowel use -ter.

Ex: diu > diuter = longer (in time)

sub + adjective of color = English ish.

Subgehlb = yellowish

Adjectives from nouns :

The suffix -eus corresponds to English ous

Mysterieus = mysterious

Ex: Sambahsa lik = English like/ly (as an adjective)

Aschlik = asch + lik = ash-like

The suffix -(e)n means made of

Dreu > dreun = wooden

Tegule > tegulen = made of tiles

The suffix -ic corresponds to English -ye

Glehdj > glehdjic = ice > icy

The suffix isk corresponds more or less to English -ish :

Goilisk = mocking

The suffix -went means endowed with, -ful :

Ptorwent = ptor + went = feathered

Skadhwent = skadh + went = shadowy


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The suffix worts corresponds to English wards :

Ghomworts = downwardsSudworts = southwards

Adverbs from nouns :

a- as a prefix can work as in English :

abord = a + bord = abord

acap = a + cap = ahead

atopp = a + topp = atop

ho- as a prefix means this with a temporal noun.

hovesper = ho + vesper = tonight, this evening

tos as a suffix means from

dextos = from the right.

tro as a suffix means direction to

dalgtro = dalg + tro = far (with a move), into the distance

intro = In + tro = into, inside

retro = re(gv) + tro = back(wards)

tetro = te(r) + tro = to there, thither

Nouns from adjectives :

Some adjectives can form the corresponding noun by undergoing an ablaut andadding e.

Chald > chielde = hot > heat

Chepran > chepriene = lively > liveliness

Hayran > hayriene = astounded > astonishment

Lughav > lughieve = perfidious > perfidiousness

Strak > strieke = tired > tiredness


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Warm > wierme =warm > warmth

Other suffixes exist, like tat (mostly after adjectives from Romance languages)

Febrile > febrilitat = febrile > febrilityPur > purtat = pure > purity

Nouns from other nouns :

in is the feminine suffix :

reiderinen = reid (to ride) + er (agent suffix) + in (feminine suffix) + en (genitive plural)= of female riders.

When the noun ends with -i, the i is dropped and replaced with nia

Jenchi = warrior; jenchnia + s =jenchnias = female warriors

ga (prefix) + -os (suffix) indicates a group of things with a negative meaning :

gastieupnos = ga + stieup(e)n (step) + os = (bad) stairs

Nouns from verbs :

A very easy verb to get action names from verbs (mostly of IE origin) is to add thesuffix en, just as we do in English with the suffix -ing.

Tweis > tweisen = sparkle > sparkling

As in English, adding -er to a verb makes a noun of agent.

Plunder = plunderers (note that the Sambahsa noun must always indicate predictablythe place of the stress).Swindel = swindler = swindler

Verbal compounds :

ab- :

= English off.

Abbohr = ab + bohr (past tense of behr) = carried awayAbcurs = ab + curr (past tense of curr) = ran away

Abgaloppam = ab + galopp + am = we rode awayAbgires = ab + gires (infinitive of geir) = to turn back


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Ablit = ab + lit (past tense of leit) = went offAbpieursk = ab + pieursk (past tense of paursk) = went off to fetchAbpluk = ab + pleuk (past tense of pleuk) = flew offAbrides = ab + rides (infinitive of reid) = to ride offAbwohgh = ab + wohgh (past tense of wehgh) = to drive off

-asc

= to become

maimourasco = maimour (encharged) + asc + o (1 pers. sing. present tense) = Itake careslabasct = slab + asc + t = is getting weak

bi- :

This prefix means to begin/start (doing)

Bi + curs (past tense of curr) = bicurs = began to runBi + despere + im = bidesperim = I began to despairBi + er (past tense of erem) + am = we began to rowBi + ghieng (past tense of ghang) = bighieng = began to walk; bighanct = begun towalkBi + gnoh + s (sigmatic aorist) + im = bignohsim = I began to know, I got acquaintedwithBi + gnur (past tense of gneur) = bignur = began to gurgleBi + hul (past tense of heul) = began to yellBi + hungher (past tense of heungher) = bihungher = began to be hungryBi + meje + nd + -ye = by beginning to eat (while I was beginning to eat...)Bi + rus = birus = began to crackleBi + schawngdan + end = beginning to discourageBi + sgwes (past tense of sgwesen) = bisgwes = began to go out (light)Bi + stigh (past tense of steigh) + am = we began to climbBi + stris (past tense of strid) = bistris = began to hissBi + styr + t = bistyrt = begun to steer

des- :

Indicates the contrary.

Desois = des + ois (past tense of oid) = deflated

dus- :

= English ill, badly

Duslites = dus + lites (infinitive of leit) = to be unwell.Duswohrt = dus + wohrt (past tense of wehrt) = to turn ill


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-eih :

X-eih = to make X

Arrestihes = infinitive of arresteih = to make arrestBoderiht = boder (deaf) + ih + t (past participle) = deafenedCeddihes = cedd + ihes (infinitive) = to make give inEndergwehmeihndo = endergwehme (to take refuge) + eih + nd + o = causing to takerefugeEntrih = entre + ih = made enterFeugeihnd = feug + eih + nd = making fleeJambihes = jamb + ihes (infinitive) = to make stride overJudcihes = infinitive of judceih = to make judgeKyalbehndiht = kyal + behnd + ih + t = made (someone) jailed into a room

Marloubihn = marloub + ih + n = defeatedMyehrsihes = infinitive of myehrseih = to make forgetOislidihsit = oi + slid + ih + s + it = (he/she/it) made slideVerbs with an ablaut ei turn it to i for reasons of euphony.Platih = plat + ih = made flat, flattenedPohihes = poh + ihes = to made drinkRundiht = rund + ih + -t (past participle = rounded, made roundSalgeihnd-ye = salg + eih + nd + -ye = by taking outSalgihes = infinitive of salgeih = to take out of (to make go out of)Salgih = took out ofSpasserihes = infinitive of spassereih = to take for a walk/ride outsideSreuihsit = sreu + ih + s + it = made flow

As factitives preserve the accusative of the original verb, they often work with doubleaccusatives.

en- :

Before a noun, means to put in.

Ex: endamier, past tense of endamar = en + damar bowstring = to nock (anarrow); past participle : endamart

Enkasrit = en + kasre (from kasra = rout) + it = (he/she/it) routed (transitive)

Enwede = en + wed + e = to put into water

For- :

If for- and the reflexive pronoun is added to a verb, it gives to this verb the meaningaway, astray.

Ex: for + leit (to go [figurative meaning]) = se forleit


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forleitend-se = going astrayforsafert = travelled astrayforsciss = for + sciss (past participle of scinesd) = with a plunging necklineforwandert = wandered astray

mis- :

= English mis-

mistreusend = mis + treus + end = mistrustful, mistrustingmistrust = mistrust(ed)

muta- :

Means change of

Mutaplacit = muta + place + it = (he/she/it) changed of place

na- :

continuative = to keep on (doing)

naghieng = na + ghieng = kept on walkingnalehge = na + lehg + e = to keep on tellingnamejim = na + meje + im = I kept on having my mealnapluk = na + pluk (past tense of pleuk) = kept on flyingnaspehcend = na + spehc + end = keeping on looking atnastohmbam = na + stohmb (past tense of stehmb) + am = we kept on stalkingnaswigh = na + swigh (past tense of sweigh) = remained silentnatrehce = na + trehc + e = to keep on moving oneselfnatieyc = na + tieyc (past tense of tayc) = remained silentnavibrit = na + vibre + it = kept on vibrating

ni- :

means down, often in a figurative meaning

nifiell = ni + fiell (past tense of fall) = fell down

re- :

= English re-, again, back.

Rebrighen = re + brigh + en = brought backRedahsim = re + dah + s + im = I gave backRemsim = r(e) + em + s + im = I took back

Reklohng = re + klohng = folded backRenfalle = r(e) + enfall + e = to come to mind


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Renkardkiesch = r(e) + en + kardkiesch (past tense of kardkasch) = put back in itssheath.Reskape = re + skap + e = to go off againRestahe = re + stah + e = to stand backRestahsit = re + stah + s + it = stood back

Restieusim = re + stieu + s + im = I stood back uprightRevide = re + vid + e = to see backRevidsiemos = re + vid + siemos = we will see back

The s-mobile :

This was an IE verbal prefix whose function is still unclear. In Sambahsa, it hasmerged with the prefix ois (roughly corresponding to English off) so much that anoi is often added to verbs beginning with s + consonant, for reasons of euphonics.

Oiskeirlisit = oi + skeir + lis + it = (he/she/it) skimmed through

Oismeihnd-ye = oi + smeih + nd + -ye = by smilingOisper = oi + sper = past tense of speren = to spurOispohc = oi + spohc = past tense of spehc = to lookOisroht = oi + sroht = past tense of sreht = to stir.Oistabht = oi + stabht (past participle of stamebh) = hinderedOistahnd-ye = oi + stah + nd + -ye = by standingOistahsit = oi + stah + s + it = (he/she/it) stoodOistehmend-ye = oi + stehm + end + -ye = by supportingOistigh = oi + stigh = past tense of steigh = to go upOistrohc = oi + strohc = past tense of strehc = to extend ; oistrohcit = (he/she/it)extendedOiswehbhe = oi + swehbh + e = to hoverOiswohrt = oi + swohrt (past participle of swehr) = sworn

(oi)s is otherwise the opposite to en- (see above) :

sdamarnd-ye = s + damar + nd + -ye = by shooting (an arrow)

sua- :

= English well

suabeluct = sua + beluct (past participle of beleuc) = well litsuadaken = sua + daken = well receivedsuadrughes = sua + drughes (infinitive of dreugh) = to betray wellsuaguardet = sua + guarde + t = well guardedsuahissaben = sua + hissab + en = well reckonedsuamodelen = sua + model + en = well-shapedsuanihes = sua + nihes, infinitive of neih = to guide wellsuaprimen = sua + primen (past participle of preim) = well receivedsuawoid = sua + woid = to know well


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vi- :

= finally, eventually

viarrivam = vi + arrivam = we finally arrived

viarrivit = vi + arrivit = (he/she/it) finally arrivedvicess = vi + cess (past tense of cedd) = finally gave wayviexstirpit = vi + exstirpe + it = (he/she/it) finally removedvilikw = vi + likw (past tense of linekw) = finallt leftvirup = vi + rup (past tense of rumep= finally broke

za- :

Indicates the end of an action.

Zaghyien = za + ghyien (past tense of ghyan) = closed again (stopped opening)

Zamejim = za + meje + im = I finished my meal

The iterative :

It works with some verbs of IE origin. The central vowel turns to o, and -ye issuffixed. It means that some action is kept on being performed after an interruption.(While re- implies that the action may be performed again from the very beginning).

Ex : kwehre mien itner = to make my way

Kwohrye mien itner = to keep on making my way (after a halt, an interruption)

Reid > roidye = to keep on riding (after an interruption)

The desiderative :

= to want to, to plan.

-skw is suffixed to the verb.

Aurskwo = aur + skw + o = I want to hearLeurskws = leur + skw + s = (you) want to set freeSielvskwim = sielv (past tense of salv) + skw + im = I wanted to save

The durative :

Expressed by the suffix neu added to the verb. It corresponds to the Englishpresent perfect used in conjunction with since, for.

Antslehnkneuvs = antslehnk + neu + vs (past infinitive) = to have developped.Schleivneun = schleiv + neu + n = polished


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Submittneut = submitt + neu + t = has submitted

The eventive :

not to stop doing, to keep on doing. This tense is obtained by duplicated the firstletter(s) of the verbal stem and inserting i or ei. Its past tense (imperfect =English progressive past) uses a prefix, the augment = ee(-)

gwah (to go) > eegwigwaht = ee + gwi (reduplication) + gwah + t = (he/she/it) was(always) going, kept on going. (in recent PIE : gwegwt)

gwigwahnden = gwi + gwah + nd + en = of (people) who were going to and fro.

OTHER WORDS :

Prepositions :

kye means towards, in the direction of. It often merges with th following pronounor article.

Kya = kye + ia = towards the(m)Kyalters = kye + alter + s = in the direction of the othersKyam = kye + iam = towards her, towards the (+ feminin noun)Kyun = kye + un = in the direction of a(n)

Special conjunction ghi :

It is an enclitic, which means that it is often suffixed to the first word of the clause. Iteither means indeed, then or for, because.

Edghi = ed + ghi = and for, and indeedIdghi = for the/itIoghi = io + ghi = for I, I indeedIsghi = is + ghi = for (t)he...

Mighi = mi + ghi =for to me...Oinghi = oin + ghi = for one...

yaschi :

Means also, too.

When used alone, -schi works like a clitic :

Betschi = bet + (ya)schi = but... tooEdschi = ed + (ya)schi = and... too


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New words :

Carpent = framework of a coach; Gaulish root, found in French charpente andbased on the same word as English car.

Bregna = (plural neutral) = freckles

Kaput = (!) bust, lost ; from German kaputt !

Chaste = chaste

Opportunist = opportunist

Progredd = to progress ; progreddent = they progress; progreddend = progressing

Pampas-grasa = pampas-grass (plural)

Diffus (past tense of diffuned) = diffuse

Sambahsa expressions :

(ses) con id atmen ei os = (to be) at the end of ones tether.Dank spollay = thank you very muchtib est oiscript = it is your doom = (your doom) to you is written.

Documents

Vocabulary Key to Tsay Do Greisghilde