VNR VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY ... · VNR VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY ... And Their Advantages. 3. What Are The Advantages Of

VNR VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering

II B.Tech. II Semester (EIE) 2016-17

ACADEMIC PLAN

1. Control Systems

2. Signals and Systems

3. Pulse and Digital Circuits

4. Electronic Circuit Analysis

5. Switching Theory and Logic Design

ACADEMIC PLAN

SUBJECT: Control Systems II B.TECH II SEMESTER (EIE) (R15 Regulations)

Subject code :(5EE08)

Faculty: M. Harikrishna & P V GopiKumar ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Unit I:

Introduction: Concepts of Control Systems. Open Loop and Closed Loop Systems and their

Differences. Different Examples of Control Systems. Classification of Control Systems. Feed-

Back Characteristics . Effects of Feedback.

Mathematical Models – Differential Equations. Impulse Response and Transfer Functions –

Translational and Rotational Mechanical Systems.

Learning Objectives:

After Completing Unit I the Student will be able to

Explain The Concepts of Control System.

Explain The Classification of Control System.

Make Comparison Between Open Loop and Closed Loop Control System With

Examples.

Explain Feedback Characteristics.

Explain The Reduction of Parameter Variations Like System Sensitivity ,Time Constant ,

Gain , Stability By Use of Feedback.

Solve Problems Related to Effects of Feedback

Identify The Use of Laplace Transform In Control System.

Determine The Transfer Function of Mechanical Translational System.

Solve Problems on Mechanical Translational System.

Derive Electrical Analogous of Mechanical Translational System.

Determine The Transfer Function of Mechanical Rotational System.

Solve Problems on Mechanical Rotational System.

Derive Electrical Analogous of Mechanical Rotational System.

Lecture Plan:

Lecture 1: Basics of Control Systems, Classification of Control System

Lecture 2: Open Loop and Closed Loop Systems with Examples and Differences Between Open

Loop and Closed Loop System

Lecture 3: Mechanical Translational Systems and Related Problems Solved

Lecture 4: Electrical Analogous of Mechanical Translational Systems, Force-Voltage and

Force-Current Analogy.

Lecture 5: Mechanical Rotational Systems and Related Problems Solved

Lecture 6: Electrical Analogous of Mechanical Rotational Systems, Torque Voltage &

Torque Current Analogy. Problems Solved

Lecture 7: Effects of Feed Back, Reduction of Parameter Variations By Use of Feed Back,

Sensitivity, Time Constant, Gain, Stability, and Disturbance

Lecture 8: Control Over System Dynamics- By Use of Feed Back, Problems Solved

Lecture 9: Problems of Unit I Solved From Question Papers

Assignment of Unit I:

1. Distinguish Between 1) Linear And Nonlinear System 2) Open Loop And Closed Loop

Control System 3) Regenerative And Degenerative Feedback Control Systems.

2. Define System And Explain About Various Types Of Control Systems With Examples

And Their Advantages.

3. What Are The Advantages Of Negative Feedback? Explain The Effect Of Negative

Feedback On Bandwidth And Sensitiveness To Parameter Variation In Closed Loop

Control System.

Tutorial of Unit 1

1. Explain about translational System

2. Explain about Rotational System

3. Derive the closed loop transfer function

Unit II:

Transfer Function Representation & Time Response Analysis:

Transfer Function Of DC Servomotor-AC Servomotor-Synchros Transmitter and Receiver,

Block Diagram Representation of Systems Considering Electrical Systems as Examples- Block

Diagram Algebra – Representation By Signal Flow Graph – Reduction Using Mason’s Gain

Formula.

Standard Test Signals- Time Response of First Order Systems, Characteristic Equation of

Feedback Control Systems, Transient Response of Second Order Systems, Time Domain

Specifications, Steady State Response, Steady State Errors and Error Constants, Effects of

Proportional Derivative, Proportional Integral Systems.


After Completing Unit II The Student will be able to

Derive Transfer Function of DC Servomotor – Armature Controlled And Field

Controlled

Derive Transfer Function of AC Servomotor.

Explain The Operation of Synchro Transmitter and Receiver.

Represent Electrical System as A Block Diagram and Solve Related Problems.

Explain Block Diagram Algebra.

Represent Control System Graphically Using Signal Flow Graph.

Reduce Block Diagram Using Mason’s Gain Formula.

Determine The Time Response of 1st Order System.

Time Response Of 2nd

Order System For Undamped, Underdamped, Critically Damped,

Over Damped.

Time Domain Specifications- Rise Time, Peak Time, Delay Time, Settling Time, Peak

Over Shoot- Expressions Derived.

Determine The Steady State Response.

Determine Steady State Errors And Error Constants.

Explain The Effects of Proportional Derivative, Proportional Integral and PID Systems.

Lecture Plan:

Lecture 1: Servomotor, Classification, Requirements. Difference Between 2 Phase Induction

Motor and Servomotor.

Lecture 2: Transfer Function of Armature and Field Controlled DC Motor.

Lecture 3: Transfer Function of AC Servomotor. Servomotor in Position Control.

Lecture 4: Synchros, Synchro Error Detector, Transfer Function of DC & AC Speedometers.

Lecture 5: Block Diagram Reduction Using Algebra. Problems Solved.

Lecture 6: Signal Flow Graph Method, Properties and Mason’s Gain Formula.

Lecture 7: Block Diagram Reduction Using Mason’s Gain Formula.

Lecture 8: Comparison of Block Dig and Signal Flow Graph Methods, Conversion of Block

Diagram to Signal Flow Graph

Lecture 9: Time Domain Specifications and their Derivations.

Lecture 10: Time Response of 1st Order System For Ramp I/P, Step I/P, Exponential I/P, Etc.

Lecture 11: Time Response of 2nd

Order System For Undamped and Underdamped Cases.

Lecture 12: Time Response of 2nd

Order System For Critically and Over Damped Cases.

Lecture 13: Steady State Error, Static Error Constants ess For Unit Step, Unit Ramp, And Unit

Parabolic For Type-0, 1, 2 & 3 Order Systems

Lecture 14: Generalized Error Coefficient Derivation.

Lecture 15: Response with P, PI, PD & PID Controllers

Lecture 16: Problems worked On Time Response

Assignment of Unit II:

1. Derive The Transfer Function of An A.C. Servomotor And Draw Its Characteristics.

2. Derive The Transfer Function for The Field Controlled D.C. Servomotor With Neat

Sketch.

3. Draw The Signal Flow Graph For The System Of Equations Given Below and Obtain

The Overall Transfer Function Using Mason’s Rule

X2 = X1 + X6; X3 = G1 X1 + H 2 X4 + H 3 X5;

X4 = G2 X3 + H4 G6; X5 = G5 X4; X6 = G4 X5;

4. In A Unity Feedback Control System The Open Loop Transfer Function G(S) = 10 / S

(S+1). Find The Time Response of The System

A) Find The Time Constant And % Overshoot for a Unit Step Input.

B) To reduce The % Overshoot By 50% It Is Proposed to add a Tachometer Feedback 100p.

Find The Tachometer Feedback Gain to Be Used.

5. Consider The Closed -Loop System Given by C(S) / R(S) = Wn2

/ S2

+ 2 Ξ Wn S + Wn2

Determine The Values Of Ξ And Wn So That The System Responds To a Step Input

with Approximately 5% Overshoot and With a Settling Time of 2 Sec. (Use 2%

Criterion).

Tutorial of Unit II

1. Write analogy between electrical system and mechanical system

2. Obtain the block diagram for the armature controlled dc motor

3. Draw the signal flow graph for the field controlled dc motor

Unit III:

Stability Analysis In S-Domain: The Concept of Stability – Routh Stability Criterion –

Qualitative Stability And Conditional Stability.

Root Locus Technique: The Root Locus Concept – Construction of Root Loci – Effects of

Adding Poles and Zeros to G(S) H(S) On The Root Loci.


After Completing Unit III The Student will be able to

Explain The Concepts of Stability

Solve Problems on Routh Hurwitz Stability Criterion

Solve Problems on Conditional Stability

Construct Root Locus

Solve Problems On Root Locus

Lecture Plan:

Lecture 1: Concepts of Stability – Definition, Location of Roots of Characteristic Equation

Lecture 2: Hurwitz Criterion, Routh Hurwitz Stability Criterion

Lecture 3: Problems on R H Criterion

Lecture 4: Relative Stability, Applications & Limitations of Routh’s Criteria.

Lecture 5: Root Locus Techniques- Introduction

Lecture 6: Angle Condition, Magnitude Condition, Problems Solved

Lecture 7: Graphical Method of Determining K, Problem Solved

Lecture 8: Rules For Construction of Root Locus, Examples Given

Lecture 9: Problems Solved on Root Locus Techniques

Lecture 10: Revision of Unit. Discussed Question Paper

Assignment of Unit III:

1) A) Explain The Concepts Of Stability Of A Control System And Explain A Method To

Determine The Stability Of Dynamical System.

B) A Unity Feed Back Control System Is Characterized By The Open Loop Transfer

Function G(S) = K (S+13) / S(S+3) (S+7)

i) Using The Routh’s Criterion Determine The Range Of Values Of K For The

System To Be Stable

Ii) Check For K=1 All The Roots Of The Characteristic Equation Of Above System

Have Damping Factor

Tutorial of Unit III

1. Explain about Routh stability criteria

2. Sketch the Root locus for G(S)H(s) = K/S(S2+4S+13)

Unit IV:

Frequency Response Analysis & Stability Analysis In Frequency Domain: Introduction, Frequency Domain Specifications- Bode Diagrams, Determination of Frequency

Domain Specifications and Transfer Function From The Bode Diagram- Phase Margin and Gain

Margin – Stability Analysis From Bode Plots.

Polar Plots, Nyquist Plots and Applications of Nyquist Criterion to Find The Stability – Effects

of Adding Poles And Zeros to G(S)H(S) On The Shape of The Nyquist Diagrams.


After Completing Unit IV The Student will be able to

Determine Frequency Response

Draw Bode Plot

Calculate Gain Margin , Phase Margin From Bode Plot

Determine Stability From Bode Plot.

Draw and Analyze Polar Plot.

Determine Gain Margin and Phase Margin.

Determine The Stability By Nyquist Criterion.

Solve Problems on Nyquist Criterion.

Lecture Plan:

Lecture 1: Frequency Response- Bode Plot.

Lecture 2: Gain Margin, Phase Margin

Lecture 3: Magnitude Plot, Phase Plot, Problems Worked Out

Lecture 4: Stability Analysis From Bode Plots, Problems Solved

Lecture 5: Problems Solved on Bode Plot.

Lecture 6: Problems Solved From Question Papers.

Lecture 7: Polar Plot, Gain Margin, Phase Margin.

Lecture 8: Examples Given on Polar Plot.

Lecture 9: Problems Solved on Polar Plot.

Lecture 10: Nyquist Plots.

Lecture 11: Nyquist Criterion To Find The Stability.

Lecture 12: Effects of Adding Poles & Zeros to G(S) H(S) on The Shape of The Nyquist Dia.

Lecture 13: Constant M & N Circles, Problems Solved

Assignment of Unit IV:

1) A) Explain A Frequency Domain Specifications.

B) Sketch The Bode Plot For The Transfer Function G(S) = Ke-0.5s

/ S (2+S) (1+0.3s),’K’

Stands For The Cross Over Frequency Wo To Be 5 Rad/Sec.

2) Sketch The Bode Plot For A Unity Feedback System Characterized By The Open Loop

Transfer Function G(S) = K (1+0.2s)(1+0.025s) / S2(1+0.001s)(1+0.005s). Show That The

System Is Conditionally Stable. Find The Range of K For Which The System is Stable.

3) A) Explain Nyquist Stability Criterion.

B) A Unity Feedback Control System Has an Open Loop Transfer Function Given By

G(S) H(S) = 100 / (S+5) (S+2). Draw The Nyquist Diagram and Determine Its Stability.

4) Draw The Nyquist Plot For The Open Loop System G(S) = K(S+3) / S(S+1) and Find Its

Stability. Also Find The Phase Margin and Gain Margin.

Tutorial of Unit IV

1. Write about frequency domain specifications

2. Sketch the BODE plot for the given TF is G(S) = KS2/(1+.2S)(1+.02S)

3. Sketch the Nyquist plot for the given TF is G(S)H(S) = K/S(S+1)(S+2)

Unit V:

Classical Control Design Techniques: Compensation Techniques – Lag, Lead, Lead-Lag Controllers Design In Frequency Domain, PD,

PI and PID Controllers.

State Space Analysis Of Continuous Systems: Concepts of State, State Variables and State

Model, Derivation of State Models From Block Diagrams, Diagonalization. Solving The Time

Invariant State Equations. State Transition Matrix and its Properties-concepts of controllability

and observability


After Completing Unit V The Student will be able to

Explain Compensation Techniques

Explain Lag Controllers Design in Frequency Domain.

Explain Lead Controllers Design in Frequency Domain.

Explain Lead – Lag Controllers Design in Frequency Domain.

Explain About PID Controllers.

Construct The State Variable Model For a System Characterized by Differential

Equation.

Obtain State Equation and Output Equation of an Electric Network.

Obtain State Space Model For a System.

Explain Properties and Significance of State Transition Matrix.

Lecture Plan:

Lecture 1: Introduction and Preliminary Design Considerations

Lecture 2: Lead Compensation & Lag Compensation

Lecture 3: Lead - Lag Compensation Based on Frequency Response Approach.

Lecture 4: Problems Related to The Topic Solved

Lecture 5: Concepts of State, State Variables & State Model. Model of a Given Electrical N/W

Lecture 6: State Diagram Representation, to Obtain State Model From a Given Transfer

Function. Problems Solved

Lecture 7: Diagonalisation, Solving The Time Invariant State Equations

Lecture 8: State Transition Matrix

Lecture 9: Revision Of Unit

Assignment of Unit V:

1) Write Short Notes On Lead, Lag, Lead-Lag Compensation Networks.

2) Explain Properties Of State Transition Matrix.

3) Consider The Transfer Function Y(S) / U(S) = (2s2+ S + 5) / (S

3 + 6s

2 + 11s + 4)

Obtain The State Equation By Direct Decomposition Method And Also Find State

Transition Matrix

Tutorial of Unit V

1. Obtain the poles and zeros of the lead compensator

2. Write the properties of Statr transition Matrix

3. Obtain state model for Y(S)/U(S) = 2S2+3S+1/S

3+5S

2+6S+7

Books Referred:

Control Systems Engineering: I.J.Nagrath & M.Gopal, Second Edition.

Control Systems: A.Naggorkani

Automatic Control System: B.C. Kuo, Seventh Edition.

Modern Control Engineering: Katsuhiko Ogata, Third Edition.

ACADEMIC PLAN

SUBJECT: SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

IIB.TECH II SEMESTER (EIE) (R15 Regulations)

Faculty: C. V. RAMBABU & CH. SURESH KUMAR

Unit – I

Representation of Signals:Continuous time and Discrete Time signals, Classification of Signals

– Periodic and aperiodic, even and odd, energy and power signals, deterministic and random

signals, complex exponential and sinusoidal signals. Concepts of Impulse function, Unit step

function, Signum function. Various operations on Signals.

Signal Transmission through Linear Systems: Classification of Continuous time and discrete

time Systems, impulse response, Response of a linear system, Transfer function of a LTI system.

Filter characteristics of linear systems. Distortion less transmission through a system, Signal

bandwidth, system bandwidth, Ideal LPF, HPF and BPF characteristics, Causality and Paley -

Wiener criterion for physical realization, relationship between bandwidth and rise time.

Learning Objectives

At the conclusion of this unit the student would be able to:

1) Define signal & system, describe types of signals & systems.

2) Define and Describe the linear systems, properties of linear systems. Classify the linear

systems.

3) Analyze the response of linear systems to different input signals. Describe LTI and LTV

systems. Derive the transfer function of LTI systems.

4) Describe Dominance condition, Partial fraction expansion. Represent a systemin frequency

domain.

5) Perform Laplace transform of unit impulse function, systems with initial conditions,Laplace

transform analysis of linear systems, impulse response of linear systems.

6) Describe Transient and steady state response of systems, response of a systemto causal

periodic, non sinusoidal signals.

7) Analyze the filter characteristics of linear systems, distortion less transmission througha

system. Do the problems.

8) Define and derive Signal bandwidth, system bandwidth, Ideal filters – LPF, HPF, BPF, and

BRF characteristics.

9) Describe the causality and physical realizability, Poly- wiener criterion, response of Linear

system to non- causal signals.

10) Define the relationship between bandwidth and rise time, relationship betweenbandwidth

and input pulse duration of LTI system. Describe Energy density spectrum.

11) Derive the Parse Val’s theorem. Describe Power density spectrum.

12) Solve the problems on power density.

Lesson Plan

Unit – I:18 periods

1) Introduction class, definition of signal, definition of system, Types of signals,

Types of systems.

2) Classification of signals – Periodic and aperiodic, even and odd, problems

3) Energy and power signals, deterministic and random signals, problems

4) Complex exponential functions and sinusoidal signals, problems

5) Basic elementary signals and problems

6) Basic operations on signals and problems

7) Problems

8) Introduction to linear systems, properties of linear systems, Classifications of

linear systems

9) Response of linear systems to different input signals, linear time Invariant system,

linear time variant system, transfer function of LTI systems.

10) Dominance condition, Partial fraction expansion, Representation of a system in

frequency domain

11) Laplace transform of unit impulse function, systems with initial conditions,

Laplace transform analysis of linear systems, impulse response of linear systems

12) Transient and steady state response of systems, response of a system to causal

periodic, non-sinusoidal signals

13) Filter characteristics of linear systems, distortion less transmission through a

system, problems

14) Signal bandwidth, system bandwidth, Ideal filters – LPF, HPF, BPF, BRF

characteristics,

15) Causality and physical realizability, Poly- wiener criterion, response of linear

system to non- causal signals

16) Relationship between bandwidth and rise time, relationship between bandwidth

and input pulse duration of LTI system, Energy density spectrum

17) Parse Val’s theorem, Power density spectrum,

18) Problems, Question papers discussion, Review.

Tutorial - I

1) Define mean square error and derive the expression for evaluating mean square error.

2) Determine whether the signal is periodic or not, if periodic, find out its fundamental period.

i) x(t) = 2 cos (10t+ 1) – sin(4t-1)

ii) x(t) = jej 10 t

Assignment - I

1) Obtain the conditions for the distortion less transmission through a system. What do you

understand by the term signal bandwidth?

2) If a signal g(f) is passed through an ideal LPF of bandwidth fc Hz , determine the energy

density of the o/p signal.

3) What do you mean by causality? What is the relationship between bandwidth and rise

time? What is the difference between signal and system bandwidth?

Unit –II

Signal Analysis: Analogy between vectors and signals, Orthogonal signal space, Signal

approximation using orthogonal functions, Closed or complete set of orthogonal functions.

Fourier Series Representation of Periodic Signals: Representation of Fourier series,

Continuous time periodic signals, Dirichlet’s conditions, Trigonometric Fourier series and

Exponential Fourier series, Complex Fourier spectrum, Gibb’s Phenomenon.

Learning Objectives


1) Describe the analogy between vectors and signals.

2) Define orthogonality condition, describe graphical evaluation of a component of one

function in the other and orthogonal vector space

3) Describe orthogonal signal space, approximation of function by a set of mutually

orthogonal functions, and evaluate mean square error.

4) Describe closed or complete set of orthogonal functions, orthogonality in complex

functions, exponential and sinusoidal signals, and concepts of Impulse function, unit step

function, signum function.

5) Describe the Fourier series.

6) Describe and analyze continuous time periodic signals.

7) Derive properties of Fourier series.

8) Do problems using properties.

9) Define and Derive Dirichlet’s conditions, Trigonometric Fourier series.

10) Do problems on Trigonometric Fourier series.

11) Describe and analyze exponential Fourier series.

12) Do problems on Exponential Fourier series.

13) Describe complex Fourier Spectrum, Problems.

Lesson Plan

Unit – II: 16 periods

1) Analogy between Vectors and signals, Error function,

2) Orthogonality condition, Graphical evaluation of a component of one function in the

other, orthogonal vector space

3) Orthogonal signal space, approximation of function by a set of mutually orthogonal

functions, Evaluation of mean square error.

4) Problems on MSE

5) Closed or complete set of orthogonal functions, Orthogonality in complex functions.

Exponential and Sinusoidal signals, Concepts of Impulse function, Unit step function,

Signum function.

6) Problems

7) Representation of Fourier series.

8) Continuous time periodic signals.

9) Properties of Fourier series.

10) Problems using properties.

11) Dirichlet’s conditions, Trigonometric Fourier series.

12) Problems on Trigonometric Fourier series.

13) Exponential Fourier series.

14) Problems on Exponential Fourier series.

15) Complex Fourier Spectrum, Problems.

16) Review, Question paper discussion.

Tutorial - II

1) Explain the concept of orthogonality of complex functions.

2) A pulse train shown below in fig is fed to an LTI system whose impulse response is e-2t

u

(t). Find the exponential F S of the output.

3) Write a short note on Dirichlet’s conditions.

Assignment - II

1) Derive relationship between the trigonometric F S and Exponential F S.

2) State and prove any three properties of F S.

Unit –III

Fourier Transforms: Deriving Fourier transform from Fourier series, Fourier transform of

arbitrary signals, Fourier transform of standard signals, Fourier transform of periodic signals,

properties of Fourier transforms.

Laplace Transforms: Concept of region of convergence (ROC) for Laplace transforms.

Properties of ROC. Relation between Laplace Transforms and Fourier transform of a signal.

Introduction to Hilbert Transform.

Learning Objectives


1) Derive Fourier transform from Fourier series and Fourier transform of arbitrary signal.

2) Derive the Fourier transform of standard signals.

3) Do the problems on Fourier transform.

4) Describe and derive Fourier transform of periodic signals.

5) State and derive the properties of Fourier transforms.

6) Analyze the Fourier transforms involving impulse function and Signum function.

7) Define and describe the Laplace Transforms.

8) Describe the Region of Convergence of Laplace Transforms, and constraints on ROC.

9) Derive the properties of Laplace Transforms, with examples.

10) Derive the Laplace Transform Theorems (Initial value theorem, Final value theorem)

11) Find the Laplace Transform of some useful functions.

12) Compare the Fourier and Laplace Transforms.

13) Do the Problems on Inverse Laplace transforms.

14) Describe the Waveform synthesis.

15) Define the Hilbert Transform.

Lesson Plan

Unit – III : 18 periods

1) Deriving Fourier transform from Fourier series, Fourier transform of arbitrary signal.

2) Fourier transform of standard signals.

3) Fourier transform of standard signals.

4) Problems.

5) Fourier transform of periodic signals.

6) Properties of Fourier transforms.

7) Properties of Fourier transforms

8) Fourier transforms involving impulse function and Signum function.

9) Problems.

10) Introduction to Hilbert Transform, Review, Question paper discussion.

11) Introduction, Generalization of frequency: the complex Fourier Transform (Bi Lateral

Laplace Transform), Existence of Complex Fourier Transform.

12) Non Uniqueness of Complex Fourier Transform, Causal functions & unilateral

Frequency Transforms, Existence of Laplace transform.

13) Interpretation of Uniqueness of Laplace transforms Poles and Zeros of Laplace

Transforms, Region of Convergence of Laplace Transforms, constraints on ROC.

14) Properties of Laplace Transforms, with examples.

15) Laplace Transform Theorems (Initial value theorem, Final value theorem etc.), Problems,

Correspondence between Time and Frequency domains, convolution integral, Problems.

16) Laplace Transform of some useful functions – Impulse, Exponential, Unit step, Sine and

Cosine functions, Hyperbolic functions etc. Damped sine function, Damped Hyperbolic

cosine & sine Functions.

17) Comparison of Fourier and Laplace Transforms and relation between them Causal

Periodic signal, Partial fraction expansion, Inverse Laplace Transform &Problems.

18) Laplace Transform of certain signals using Waveform synthesis, Review, question papers

discussion, problems.

Tutorial – III

1) Obtain the Fourier transform of the square wave of unit amplitude and periodic time 2T.

2) State and prove the following properties F T.

i) Multiplication in time domain ii) Convolution in time domain

3) State and prove initial and final value theorems of Laplace transform.

Assignment – III

1) Distinguish between Fourier series and Fourier transform.

2) State the conditions for the existence of FT of a signal.

3) Obtain the LT of the periodic rectified half sine wave. And explain time differentiation

and time integration properties of LT

4) State and prove convolution & differentiation properties of LT

Unit –IV

Convolution and Correlation of Signals: Concept of convolution in time domain and

frequency domain, Graphical representation of convolution, Properties of Convolution, Concepts

of correlation, properties of correlation. Relation between convolution and correlation, Detection

of periodic signals in the presence of noise by correlation.

Sampling Theorem: Representation of continuous time signals by its samples - Sampling

theorem – Reconstruction of a Signal from its samples, aliasing – discrete time processing of

continuous time signals, sampling of band pass signals.

Learning Objectives


1) Define and describe Correlation and Cross correlation.

2) Describe Autocorrelation of functions, Properties of autocorrelation of functions,

correlation and convolution.

3) Derive the properties of correlation functions, Autocorrelation of gate function, Energy

density spectrum of the function. Do the problems.

4) Describe the correlation functions for infinite energy signals, Non-infinite energy signals,

correlation function for periodic signals. Do the problems.

5) Analyze the relationship between autocorrelation and energy density spectrum, problems.

6) Describe detection of periodic signals in the presence of noise by correlation and

detection by Autocorrelation.

7) Describe detection by cross correlation. Do the problems.

8) State and derive the sampling Theorem-Graphical and analytical proof for Band limited

Signals.

9) Describe the impulse Sampling, Natural and Flat Top Sampling.

10) Describe the reconstruction of signal from its samples effect of under sampling- aliasing.

11) Define band pass sampling.

Lesson Plan

Unit – IV: 12 periods

1) Introduction, correlation as a tool for signal comparison, Cross correlation, working out

typical problems.

2) Autocorrelation of functions, Properties of autocorrelation of functions, Correlation and

convolution.

3) Properties of correlation functions, Autocorrelation of gate function, Energy density

spectrum of the function, problems

4) Correlation functions for infinite energy signals, Non-infinite energy signals, Correlation

function for periodic signals, problems.

5) Relationship between Autocorrelation and energy density spectrum, problems.

6) Detection of periodic signals in the presence of noise by correlation, detection by

Autocorrelation.

7) Detection by cross correlation, problems.

8) Sampling Theorem-Graphical and analytical proof for Band Limited Signals.

9) Impulse Sampling, Natural and Flat Top Sampling.

10) Reconstruction of signal from its samples effect of under sampling- Aliasing.

11) Introduction to Band pass sampling.

12) Question papers discussion, Review.

Tutorial - IV

1) State and prove low pass sampling theorem in time domain

2) What is the effect of the under sampling a signal.

3) Explain the signal recovery from its sampled signal.

Assignment – IV

1) Consider a signal g(t) given by

g(t) = A0 + A1 cos ( π2f1 t + θ ) + A2 cos (2 π f2 t + θ )

i) Determine the auto correlation function R( ) of this signal.

ii) What is the value of R(0).

2) What do you understand by the term autocorrelation function of a signal? What are its

applications? In what way PSD and ACF are related.

3) State and prove the properties of Auto correlation function.

4) Compare convolution and correlation

Unit – V

Z –Transforms: Basic principles of z-transform, region of convergence, properties of ROC,

Properties of z-transform, Poles and Zeros. Inverse z-transform using Contour integration,

Residue Theorem, Convolution Method and Partial fraction expansion.

Learning Objectives


1) Define the fundamental difference between Continuous & discrete time signals. Define

and sketch the various discrete signals.

2) Compare Continuous time exponential signal (ejot

) and Discrete time exponential (ejon

).

Describe the concept of Z- transform.

3) Define the Z – plane, and Region of Convergence of various sequences.

4) Derive the properties and define the constraints of ROC in Z – Transforms.

5) State and derive the theorems of Z – Transforms with examples, Compare the LT, FT and

Z – T with examples.

6) Describe the Inverse Z – Transform, Long division method, Partial fraction Expansion

method, Residue theorem method, Convolution method.

7) Do the problems on Inverse Z-Transform.

8) Understand the applications of Z – Transforms and Limitations of Z – Transforms.

Lesson Plan

Unit – V : 10 periods

1) Introduction, fundamental difference between Continuous & discrete time signals,

Discrete time complex, Exponential & Sinusoidal signals

2) general sinusoidal signals, general Complex Exponential signals, periodicity properties of

discrete time complex exponential signals

3) Comparison between continuous time exponential signal (ejot

) andDiscrete time

exponential (ejon

), concept of Z- transform of discrete Sequence, problems, Z-

Transform representation, Poles and Zeros in Z – plane.

4) Region of Convergence of various classes of signals.

5) Properties and constraints of ROC in Z - Transforms, problems, Properties of Z –

Transforms, with examples

6) Theorems of Z – Transforms with examples, Distinction between Laplace, Fourier, Z -

Transforms with examples

7) Inverse Z – Transform, Long division method, Partial fraction Expansion Method

8) Partial fraction Expansion Method, Residue theorem method.

9) Convolution method, problems on Inverse Z-Transform, Applications of Z – Transforms,

Discrete time transfer function limitations of Z – Transforms

10) Problems, Review, and Discussion of question papers.

Tutorial – V

1) Define Z-transform. State and prove the differentiation and convolution properties of Z-

transforms.

Assignment – V

1) Distinguish between one sided & two sided Z-transforms. What are the applications.

2) What are the methods by which inverse Z-transform can be found out?

ACADEMIC PLAN

SUBJECT: Pulse and Digital Circuits

II B.TECH II SEMESTER (EIE)

Faculty: A. Pavani Lakshmi &Dr. B. Poornaiah

UNIT- I

SYLLABUS

LINEAR WAVE SHAPING

High pass and low pass RC circuits and their response for sinusoidal, step, pulse, square wave

and ramp inputs, RC network as a differentiator and integrator, attenuators, and its applications

in CRO probe ,RL and RLC circuits and their response to step input , ringing circuit

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the conclusion of this unit student should be able to:

1. Understand the term linear wave shaping.

2. Understand the RC high pass and RC low pass circuits

3. Draw the responses for various inputs applied to the RC circuits.

4. Understand the attenuator circuit.

5. Know applications of RC low pass and RC high pass circuits

LECTURE SCHEDULE

(Lecture schedule: 16 Hours)

LECTURE 1: Introduction to linear wave shaping

LECTURE 2: High pass RC circuit and its response for sinusoidal input

LECTURE 3: High pass RC circuit and its response for step and pulse input

LECTURE 4: High pass RC circuit and its response for Square input

LECTURE 5: High pass RC circuit and its response for Ramp input

LECTURE 6: Low pass RC circuit and its response for sinusoidal input

LECTURE 7 Low pass RC circuit and its response for step and pulsel input.

LECTURE 8: Low pass RC circuit and its response for square input

LECTURE 9: Low pass RC circuit and its response for ramp input

LECTURE 10: RC network as a differentiator and integrator

LECTURE 11: attenuators, and its applications in CRO

LECTURE 12: ,RL and RLC circuits and their response to step input , ringing circuit

TUTORIAL-I

1 What is meant by linear wave shaping?

2 Define basic pulse waveforms (ramp, step, impulse)?

3 Draw the RC high pass circuit. Briefly explain the significance of the capacitor used.

Why a capacitor in RC high pass circuit is called blocking capacitor?

4 Draw the response of step sine wave, square wave, ramp and exponential wave form

to a RC high pass circuit for different conditions?

ASSIGNMENT -I

1 Why do we need wave shaping? What is meant by linear wave shaping?

2 Explain criterions for a good differentiator and for good integrator?

3 Describe the operation of ringing circuit by considering the oscillatory behavior of RLC

circuit ?

4 Explain the response of RC high pass network for the following inputs with neat

waveform

(i) Sinusoidal

(ii) Pulse

(iii) Step

(iv) Square wave

(v) Ramp

(vi) Exponential

UNIT – II

SYLLABUS

NON-LINEAR WAVE SHAPING Diode clippers, Transistor clippers, clipping at two independent levels, Transfer characteristics of

clippers, Emitter coupled clipper, Comparators, applications of voltage comparators, clamping

operation, clamping circuits using diode with different inputs, Clamping circuit theorem,

practical clamping circuits, effect of diode characteristics on clamping voltage.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the conclusion of this unit student should be able to:

1. List and describe Diode clippers, Transistor clippers

2. Know Comparators, applications of voltage comparators

3. Explain Clamping circuit theorem, practical clamping circuits

4. KnowTransfer characteristics of clippers, effect of diode characteristics

LECTURE SCHEDULE (Lecture schedule:15Hours)

LECTURE 1: Diode clippers

LECTURE 2: Diode clippers

LECTURE 3: Transistor clippers

LECTURE 4: Transfer characteristics of clippers, Emitter coupled clipper

LECTURE 5: Comparators, applications of voltage comparators

LECTURE 6: clamping operation, clamping circuits using diode with different inputs

LECTURE 7: effect of diode characteristics on clamping voltage

LECTURE 8: Problems

LECTURE 9: Problems

TUTORIAL-II

1 What is mean by clipping circuit? What are the other names of clipping circuits?

2 How ‘R’ is selected in a clipping circuit?

3 What is mean by comparator?

4 A metal semi conductor is know as_________________-

5 What are the differences between shunt diode clippers and series diode clippers?

6 What is a clamping circuit?

7 Give difference between positive clamper circuit and negative clamper circuit?

8 State clamping circuit theorem and give its expression?

9 Mention the applications of comparator

10 Give difference between positive clipper and Negative clipper

11 What are the types of Noise clippers

12 Draw the practical diode

13 Give the differences between series & shunt clipper

14 Clipper is also called as ___________________.

15 A two level clipper can convert sinusoidal signal into _______________.

16 What are the applications of clippers.

17 What are the examples for Non linearwaveshaping circuits

18 What is the output of zener diode clipper circuit

ASSIGNMENT-II

1. a) what is a comparator circuit? How does such a circuit differ from a clipping

circuit?

b) Explain how a transistor can be used a s a clipper?

2. a) Sketch the circuit of a double-ended clipper using ideal P-N diode, which limit

the output between +10 V and –10V?

b) Sketch the circuit of a double-ended clipper using avalanche diodes?

3. Write a short note on the switching times of a transistor?

4. Draw the clamping circuit with R=10K and C=1uF. Assume for the diode Rf=100

Ohms and Rr=infinity, Vbe=0.6 V. A symmetrical square wave of peak to peak

amplitude is10V with a frequency of 5 KHz is applied to the circuit. Draw the

output waveforms for the first three cycles and steady state output?

b) What is a slicer ? Explain with circuit diagram?

5. State and prove clamping theorem?

6. Write short notes on:

i. Diode Comparator

ii. Break down voltage considerations of a transistor

iii. Piece wise linear diode characteristics

7. Explain the reverse recovery of semiconductor diode. How does the recovery time

place a limitation on the diode speed?

UNIT – III

SYLLABUS

SWITCHING CHARACTERISTICS OF DEVICES Diode as a switch, piecewise linear

diode characteristics, Transistor as a switch, Break down voltage consideration of transistor,

saturation parameters of Transistor and their variation with temperature, transistor-switching

times.

MULTIVIBRATORS Design and Analysis of Bistable, Monostable,

AstableMultivibrators.Analysis of Schmitt trigger using transistors.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES


1. Understand Switching process

2. Show and describe the meaning of the Switching

3. Explain saturation parameters of Transistor and their variation with temperature

4. Describe the function of Multi vibrators

LECTURE SCHEDULE

(Lecture schedule:10 Hours)

LECTURE 1:Diode as a switch, piecewise linear diode characteristics

LECTURE 2: Transistor as a switch

LECTURE 3: Break down voltage consideration of transistor

LECTURE 4: Saturation parameters of Transistor and their variation with temperature

LECTURE 5 Transistor-switching times

LECTURE 6: Design and Analysis of Bistable

LECTURE 7: AstableMultivibrators.

LECTURE 8: Analysis of Schmitt trigger using transistors.

LECTURE 9: Problems

LECTURE 10 : Problems

TUTORIAL-III

1. (a) Explain the behavior of BJT as a switch in electronic circuits give an example

(b) Write short note on switching times of transistor

2. (a) Explain in detail the junction diode switching times

(b). Give a brief note on piece-wise linear diode characteristics

3. (a) Describe the switching times of BJT by considering the charge distribution across the

base region

(b) Define the following terms

(i) Storage time (ii) delay time

(iii) Rise time (iv) fall time

4. a) Explain the reverse recovery of a semiconductor diode. How do the recovery time

places a limitation on the diode speed?

ASSIGNMENT – QUESTIONS

1. Define rise time and fall time of transistor switch. Derive

expressions for these in terms of transistor parameters and

operating currents.

2 (a) Explain the phenomenon of latching in transistor switch

(b) A transistor has fT = 50 MHz, hfe = 40 cCb

'

=3 PF and operates with VCC =12V and RC =

d of the cut-in point. What base

3 Explain how transistor can be used as switch in the circuit, under what condition a

transistor is said to be OFF and ON respectively.

4 Calculate the output levels of following circuits for inputs of 0 and -6 Volts and verify

that the circuit as an inverter. What is the minimum value of hfe is required. Neglect

junction saturation voltages and assume an ideal diode

UNIT – IV

SYLLABUS

TIME BASE GENERATORS General features of a time base signal, methods of generating

time base waveform, Miller and Bootstrap time base generators – basic principles, Transistor

miller time base generator, Transistor Bootstrap time base generator, Current time base

generators.

SYNCHRONIZATION AND FREQUENCY DIVISION Principles of Synchronization, Pulse

synchronization of Relaxation devices, Frequency division in sweep circuits, astable relaxation

circuits, Synchronization of a sweep circuit with symmetrical signals.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the conclusion of this unit student should be able to :

1. Explain TIME BASE GENERATORS

2. Describe methods of generating time base waveform

3. Describe Transistor Bootstrap time base generator, Current time base generators

4. Know Principles of Synchronization, Pulse synchronization of Relaxation devices

5. describeSynchronization of a sweep circuit with symmetrical signals.

LECTURE SCHEDULE

(Lecture schedule:12 Hours)

LECTURE 1: General features of a time base signal

LECTURE 2 Miller and Bootstrap time base generators

LECTURE 3: Transistor miller time base generator

LECTURE 4: Transistor Bootstrap time base generator

LECTURE 5: Current time base generators

LECTURE 6: Principles of Synchronization, Pulse synchronization of Relaxation devices

LECTURE 7: Frequency division in sweep circuits

LECTURE 8: astable relaxation circuits

LECTURE 9: Synchronization of a sweep circuit with symmetrical signals

LECTURE 10 : Problems

LECTURE 11: Problems

TUTORIAL-IV

1 Define

a) Slope or sweep speed error eS

b) Displacement error

c) Transmission error

d) General sweep voltage wave form

e) Saw tooth voltage wave form

2 Draw the symbol of UJT equivalent circuit and structure of UJT?

3 Define intrinsic stand off ratio?

4 What do you mean by negative resistance region?

5 Give the expression for time period of output voltage of UJT relaxation oscillator?

ASSIGNMENT - IV

1. Draw the basic boot strap sweep circuit and find the sweep error if the input resistance is 100k

and the resistance through which the changing follows is 10k and the sweep voltage is 10v

2. Design a UJT sweep with sweep frequency 100 Hz and sweep amplitude 10v and n=0.6

3. Design a millers sweep with sweep amplitude 10v and sweep period 1 milli sec?

4. Write short notes on

(a) operation of chopper amplifier

(b) operation of simple transistor sweep circuit

6 Estimate the peak signal value of a bi-directional diode gate minimum control voltage

for keeping diodes off is 3v.if all the resistors have a value of 1k

7 Draw the circuit of astable blocking oscillator with the following parameters

Vcc=10v,Vbb=10v,n=2,R=1.5k,Rf=10,Vr=9 and L=1mH,C=100pf

Calculate the frequency of operation

8 Draw the circuit of a balanced chopper and explain its working

9 Draw the circuit of a triggered transistor monostable blocking oscillator with base

timing and explain its operation. Derive the expression for output pulse width

UNIT – V

SYLLABUS

SAMPLING GATES Basic operating principles of sampling gates, Unidirectional and Bi-directional sampling gates,

Reduction of pedestal in gate circuits, Applications of sampling gates.

LOGIC GATES Relaxation of logic gates Using Diodes and Transistors: AND, OR and NOT gates using Diodes

& Resistor, RTL and DTL Logic families.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES


1. Know Basic operating principles of sampling gates

2. Differentiate Unidirectional and Bi-directional sampling gates

3. Realize of logic gates Using Diodes and Transistors

LECTURE SCHEDULE

UNIT – V


LECTURE 1: Basic operating principles of sampling gates

LECTURE 2: Unidirectional and Bi-directional sampling gates

LECTURE 3: Reduction of pedestal in gate circuits

LECTURE 4: Applications of sampling gates

LECTURE 5:Relaxation of logic gates Using Diodes and Transistors

LECTURE6 :AND, OR and NOT gates using Diodes & Resistor

LECTURE 7: RTL and DTL Logic families

LECTURE 8: Problems

TUTORIAL-V

1. Why sampling gate also termed as linear gate

2. What are the advantages of “unidirectional sampling gate?”

3. What are the disadvantages” unidirectional sampling gate.

4. What is the problem in modified form of unidirectional sampling gate?

5. What are the advantages of diode sampling a gate over the transistor sampling gate?

ASSIGNMENT - V

1. (a) Differentiate a sampling a gate from logic gate with an example

(b) Discuss about sampling gates in detail

2. Sketch the circuit of FET series sampling gate. Show the voltage waveforms explain the

operation of the circuit and discuss the error sources.

3. Sketch the sample and hold circuits using two op amp and FET. Show all waveforms and

explain

4 (a) what is pedestal? How does it occur in gate circuit?

(b) How pedestal can be reduced in a gate circuit.

5. Explain the DTL operation? And discuss advantages and disadvantages

6. How the AND gate will perform logical multiplication and write the truth table of AND

gate

7. Explain the AND gate operation with Diodes and transistors

8. Explain the operation of 3-Input AND gate with positive logic and write-down its truth

table.

Academic Plan

Electronic Circuit Analysis

(13ECE004)

Faculty: S.Pranavanand, Anitha Kulkarni

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Course objectives:

To explain the operation, design and Analysis of multistage amplifiers using BJT and

MOSFET.

Design high frequency BJT amplifiers and analysis of MOS amplifiers.

Understand the concepts of feedback amplifiers and Oscillators

Design large signal and tuned amplifiers.

Course Outcomes

After going through this course the student will be able to

Apply the knowledge of BJTs and MOSFETs to design practical amplifier circuits.

Design electronic sub systems such as feedback amplifiers, oscillators.

Design various power amplifiers to meet the required specifications.

Apply the knowledge of Tuned amplifiers to design practical amplifier circuits.

UNIT I

SYLLABUS

Multistage Amplifiers

Introduction, Methods of inter-stage coupling, n-stage cascaded amplifier, Equivalent circuits,

Miller’s Theorem, Frequency effects, Amplifier analysis, High input resistance Transistor

Circuits, Darlington Pair, CE- CC amplifier, Cascode amplifier, Two-stage RC-coupled JFET

amplifier (in Common Source configuration), Difference Amplifier.

.


After completion of Unit 1 student able to

Explain the need for multi stage amplifiers

Explain different types of coupling methods used in multi stage amplifiers

Explain Miller’s Theorem and its significance in amplifier circuit analysis

Explain the procedure to make analysis of BJT multi stage amplifiers CC-CC,CE-CC and

two stage RC coupled amplifier.

Explain the procedure to make analysis of JFET multi stage amplifiers like two stage RC

coupled amplifier

Explain the procedure to make analysis of BJT difference amplifier

Lecture Plan

Lecture Plan:11hrs

Lecture 1: Necessity and importance of Multistage amplifiers

Lecture 2:Analysis of electronic circuits, analysis of singe stage

Lecture 3:Transistor amplifier Basic structure of Multi Stage Amplifier and need for Multi

Stage Amplifier

Lecture 4: Different types of coupling methods used in multi stage amplifiers.

Lecture 5:Miller’s Theorem and its significance in amplifier circuit analysis

Lecture 6& 7:Analysis of BJT multi stage amplifiers CC-CC, CE-CC and two stage RC coupled

amplifier.

Lecture 8 & 9:Frequency effects

Lecture 10:Two-stage RC-coupled JFET amplifier

Lecture 11:Difference Amplifier

Assignment-I

1. Explain the need for multi stage amplifiers.

2. Give the significance of Miller’s Theorem and Dual of Miller’s Theorem in the amplifier

circuit analysis.

3. Explain the procedure to find out the 3db band width of the multi stage amplifier.

4. Explain the procedure to find out the overall voltage gain, current gain, input and output

impedances of the multi stage amplifier.

5. Three identical non interacting amplifier stages in cascade have an overall gain of 1db

down at 30Hz compared to mid-band. Calculate the lower cut off frequency of the

individual stages.

Tutorial-I

1.Draw the circuit of two stage RC coupled JFET amplifier and explain its working.

2.Draw the circuit of single stage RC coupled BJT amplifier. Discuss the effect of

an emitter bypass capacitor on low frequency response

3. Derive the relation between f2 and f2n when such n-identical amplifier stages are

cascaded?

4. Discuss about different types of distortions that occur in amplifier circuits

UNIT–II

SYLLABUS

BJT Frequency Response of Amplifiers

Frequency response of BJT amplifier, Analysis at low and high frequencies, Effect of coupling

and bypass capacitors, Hybrid-π Common Emitter transistor model, CE short circuit gain, CE

current gain with resistive load, Single-stage CE transistor amplifier response, Gain-Bandwidth

Product, Emitter follower at higher frequencies.

MOS Amplifiers

Basic Concepts, MOS Small signal Model, Common source amplifier with Resistive load, Diode

connected load, and current source load, Source follower, Common Gate stage Cascode and

Folded Cascode Amplifier and their frequency response.


After completion of this unit student able to

Define high frequency and low frequency operation of amplifiers.

Draw the BJT CE high frequency hybrid-π model and explain about the model

parameters.

Explain the variation of hybrid-π parameters with Ic and Vce and Temperature.

Derive an equation for CE short circuit current gain and define fβ and fT

Derive equations for relation between hybrid-π parameters and h-parameters.

Derive an equation for CE current gain with load.

Lecture Plan

Lecture Plan:12hrs

Lecture 1: BJT high frequency hybrid 𝜋 model and its importance

Lecture 2:Relation between hybrid PI parameters and H parameters,CE amplifier high

frequency analysis using hybrid PI model

Lecture 3:Hybrid PI parameter variation with Ic and Vce and Temperature

Lecture 4:CE current gain with resistive load,

Lecture 5:Single-stage CE transistor amplifier response

Lecture 6:Derivations for Fβ and FT

Lecture 7:Gain-Bandwidth Product, Emitter follower at higher frequencies.

Lecture 8:MOS AmplifiersBasic Concepts, MOS Small signal Model

Lecture 9:Common source amplifier with Resistive load, Diode connected load, and current

source load

Lecture 10:Source follower, Common Gate stage Cascode

Lecture 11:Folded Cascode Amplifier

Lecture 12:Frequency responses

Assignment-II

1. Distinguish between the high frequency and the low frequency operation of BJT

amplifiers and give their analysis techniques.

2. Distinguish between the high frequency and the low frequency operation of FET

amplifiers and give their analysis techniques

3. Draw the high frequency equivalent model of JFET.

4. Explain how the hybrid parameter varies with temperature.

5. What is the order of magnitude of each resistance in the hybrid- model.

6. Explain why the 3db frequency for current gain is not same as fH for Voltage gain.

7. Draw the small signal equivalent circuit for an emitter follower at high frequencies

8. Explain how the parameters of hybrid-Π model vary with Ic, VcE and temperature

9. Draw the typical hybrid – Π model for a transistor in CE configuration. Derive the hybrid

Π

10. conductance in CE configuration.

Tutorial-II

11. Show that the hybrid- Π model is valid for frequencies upto approximately 3

Tf

12. The LF parameters of a transistor at Ic=20mA,VCE =10V,and at room temperature hie =

400 , hoe= 10-5

A/V, hfe = 150, hre = 10-4

. At the same operating point fT =60MHz

and Cob= 3PF.Compute the values of all the hydrid- Π parameters

13. Derive the expression for f T and f of CE amplifier using HF model.

14. Given the following transistor measurements made at Ic=5mA,VCE=10V and at room

temperature hfe=100, hie=600 , ieA=10 at 10 MHz, Ce=3PF, find f , f

T ,Ce,

rb1

e and rbb1

15. Derive the expression for the CE short circuit current gain Ai as a function of frequency

using hybrid- Π model.

16. Draw an approximate equivalent hybrid –Π circuit for the calculation of the short circuit

CE current gain and derive the same.

17. Derive the expression for the CE Voltage gain Avs using hybrid- Π model.

(i) Exact analysis (ii) Approximate analysis

UNIT–III

Syllabus

Feedback Amplifiers and Oscillators

Concept of feedback, Classification of feedback amplifiers, general characteristics of negative

feedback amplifiers, Effect of feedback on amplifier characteristics, voltage series, voltage

shunt, current series and current shunt feedback configurations, Illustrative problems.

Classification of oscillators, Conditions for oscillations, RC phase shift oscillator, Wien bridge

oscillator, Generalized analysis of LC oscillators – Hartley and Colpitts oscillators, Piezoelectric

crystal oscillator, Stability of oscillators.


After completion of this unit student able to

Define high frequency and low frequency operation of amplifiers.

Draw the BJT CE high frequency hybrid-π model and explain about the model

parameters.

Explain the variation of hybrid-π parameters with Ic and Vce and Temperature.

Derive an equation for CE short circuit current gain and define fβ and fT

Derive equations for relation between hybrid-π parameters and h-parameters.

Derive an equation for CE current gain with load.

Lecture Plan

Lecture Plan:15hrs

Lecture 1: Concept of feedback, Classification of feedback amplifiers

Lecture 2: general characteristics of negative feedback amplifiers

Lecture 3: Effect of feedback on amplifier character

Lecture 4: Voltage Series, Voltage Shunt Feedback

Lecture 5: Current Series, Current Shunt Feedback

Lecture 6: Classification of oscillators,

Lecture 7Conditions for oscillations

Lecture 8: RC phase shift oscillator

Lecture 9: Wien bridge oscillator

Lecture 10: Generalized analysis of LC oscillators

Lecture 11: Generalized analysis of LC oscillators

Lecture 12: Hartley and Colpitt’s oscillators

Lecture 13: Piezoelectric crystal oscillator

Lecture 14: Stability of oscillators

Assignment-III

1. Identify and detail the characteristics if any two different types of feedback amplifiers are

coupled.

2. Develop a Hybrid 𝜋 model for current feedback amplifiers and explain.

3. Develop a Hybrid 𝜋 model of Hartley Oscillator and tie the output relationship with

variation in capacitance in the circuit.

Tutorial-III

1. Write in detail about the parameters that affect the stability of general LC oscillators

2. Write in detail about the parameters that affect the stability of Piezoelectric crystal

oscillators

UNIT IV

Syllabus

Power Amplifiers

Classification of power amplifiers, Class A large-signal amplifiers, Series-fed and transformer-

coupled Class A audio power amplifier, Efficiency of Class A amplifier , Class B amplifier,

Transformer-coupled Class B push-pull amplifier, Complementary-symmetry Class B push-pull

amplifier, Efficiency of Class B amplifier, Distortion in power amplifiers, Thermal stability and

Heat sinks


After completion of this unit student should be able to

Define Power amplifier

Differentiate Power amplifier from ordinary amplifier.

Explain the various types of Power Amplifiers.

Derive equation for Efficiency of Class A, Class B, Class AB.

Derive equations for Power dissipation of all the amplifiers.

Discuss Distortions in Power amplifier.

Lecture Plan

Lecture Plan:10hrs

Lecture 1: Classification of power amplifiers

Lecture 2: Class A large-signal amplifiers

Lecture 3: Series-fed and transformer-coupled Class A audio power amplifier

Lecture 4: Efficiency of Class A amplifier

Lecture 5: Class B amplifier

Lecture 6: Transformer-coupled Class B push-pull amplifier

Lecture 7 Complementary-symmetry Class B push-pull amplifier

Lecture 8: Efficiency of Class B amplifier

Lecture 9: Distortion in power amplifiers

Lecture 10: Thermal stability and Heat sinks

Assignment-IV

1. Mention the difference between Voltage amplifiers and power amplifiers.

2. Give the different analysis techniques to make the analysis of power amplifier.

3. What do you mean by harmonic distortion. How this distortion can be minimized in

power amplifier.

4. Classify large signal amplifiers based on its operating point. Distinguish these amplifiers

in terms of conversion efficiency.

5. Draw the push-pull power amplifier circuit. Derive the expression for the output current

in push-pull amplifier with base current as ib = Ibm sinωt.

Tutorial-IV

1. Draw the circuit of two stage RC coupled JFET amplifier and explain its working.

2. Draw the circuit of single stage RC coupled BJT amplifier. Discuss the effect of an

emitter bypass capacitor on low frequency response.

3. What is the harmonic distortion in transistor amplifier circuits? Discuss second harmonic

distortion.

4. A single transistor is operating as an ideal class B amplifier with 500Ωload. A dc meter in

the collector circuit needs 10mA. How much signal power is delivered to the load?

5. Write short notes on requirement and types of heat sinks for power dissipation in large

signal amplifiers.

UNIT-V

Sysllabus

TUNED AMPLIFIERS

Introduction, Single-tuned amplifiers, Effect of cascading single-tuned amplifiers on bandwidth,

Double-tuned amplifiers, Stagger-tuned amplifiers, Class-C tuned amplifiers, Wide-band

amplifiers


After completion of unit 5 student able to

Explain the frequency response characteristics of Tuned amplifiers.

Explain the need for Tuned amplifiers.

Explain the need and operation of single and double tuned amplifiers.

Explain the applications of Tuned amplifiers.

Lecture Plan

Lecture Plan:8hrs

Lecture 1: Introduction and importance of tuned amplifiers

Lecture 2: Frequency response characteristics of Tuned amplifiers

Lecture 3: Analysis of double tuned amplifier

Lecture 4& 5: effects of cascading single and double tuned amplifier on bandwidth

Lecture 6 & 7: Analysis of stagger tuned amplifier

Assignment-V

1. Distinguish between the power amplifiers and the tuned amplifiers.

2. Distinguish between the single tuned and double tuned amplifiers.

3. What is the need for stagger tuning in amplifiers? Compare the frequency response

characteristics of the single tuned and double tuned amplifier with stagger tuned

amplifier.

Tutorial-V

1. How instability occurs in tuned amplifier and explain different methods to reduce this

2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of three terminal IC voltage regulators as

compare to conventional voltage regulator ICs.

3. Explain different types of power supplies.

TEXT BOOKS

1. Integrated Electronics - Jacob Millman and Christos C. Halkias, , Tata McGraw-Hill

Education, 2008.

2. Electronic Circuit Analysis - S. Salivahanan, N. Suresh Kumar, , Tata McGraw-Hill

Education, 2nd

edition, 2012.

3. Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits - Behzad Razavi, Tata McGraw-Hill

Education, 2008.

REFERENCES 1. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory - Robert L.Boysted, Louis Nashelisky, Pearson

Education , 9th

edition, 2008. (ISBN: 978-81-219-2450-4)

2. Introductory Electronic Devices and Circuits, Robert T. Paynter, Pearson Education,

7th

edition, 2010.

3. Micro Electronic Circuits – Sedra and Smith, Oxford University Press, 5th

edition,

2009.

ACADEMIC PLAN

SUBJECT: MICROPROCESSORS AND MICROCONTROLLERS

II B.TECH II SEMESTER (EIE) (R15 Regulations)

Faculty: D.Srilaxmi and S.Bhargav

Course Objectives :

Student will be able

1. To understand the concepts of number systems, codes and design of various

combinational and synchronous sequential circuits.

2. To learn various methods to minimize the Boolean expressions for reducing the number

of gates and cost.

3. To realize logic networks, digital computers using PROM, PLA, PAL devices.

4. To design state machines and ASM charts.

Course Outcomes:

After completion of the course the student is able to:

1. Understand various number systems for digital data representations

2. Design combinational circuits

3. Design sequential circuits

4. Design ASM charts for digital systems

UNIT – I

SYLLABUS

Number Systems and Codes:

Philosophy of number systems – complement representation of negative numbers-binary

arithmetic-binary codes-error detecting & error correcting codes –hamming codes.

Boolean Algebra:

Fundamental postulates of Boolean algebra - Basic theorems and properties - Boolean functions

and representations: SOP, POS, Truth table – Canonical and Standard forms - Algebraic

simplification digital logic gates, properties of XOR gates –universal gates-Multilevel

NAND/NOR realizations.


At the conclusion of this unit the student will be able to:

1. Convert decimal numbers into binary, octal, hexadecimal numbers.

2. Conversion from binary to decimal, octal & hexadecimal numbers.

3. Can add or subtract or divide or multiply binary numbers.

4. Able to convert binary code to gray code and vice-versa.

5. Able to write excess-3 code to any decimal digit.

6. Can be able to detect an error and correct the error.

7. Can simplify the given functions using known properties

8. Will be able to draw gate networks.

9. Will be able to prove the given expressions.

LECTURE SCHEDULE


Lecture 1 : Introduction to number representation.

Lecture 2 : Philosophy of number systems.

Lecture 3 : Complement representation of negative numbers.

Lecture 4 : Binary Arithmetic.

Lecture 5 : Binary Codes – Weighted codes, Nonweighted Codes.

Lecture 6 : Error detection codes.

Lecture 7 : Error correction codes – Hamming code.

Lecture 8 : Fundamental postulates of Boolean Algebra.

Lecture 9 : Basic properties and theorems.

Lecture 10 : Switching expressions.

Lecture 11 : De Morgan’s Theorem,SOP.POS.

Lecture 12 : Switching functions – Conical forms.

Lecture 13 : Logic gates (AND,OR,NOT).

Lecture 14 : Exclusive – OR gate (Introduction & properties).

Lecture 15 : NAND and NOR gates.

TUTORIAL-I

1.Discuss 1’s and 2’s complement methods of subtraction.

2.Write notes on Gray code.

3.What is Hamming code?How is Hamming code word tested and correctd.

4.What are the basic operations in Boolean Algebra.

5.State Demorgans theorem.

6Write the Boolean Algebraic Laws.

Assignment I :

1. Perform the subtraction with the following unsigned binary numbers by talking the 2’s

complement of the subtrahend.

a. 11010 - 10000

b. 11010 – 1101

c. 100 – 1010100

d. 1010100 – 1010100

2. i. Give the gray-code equivalent of the Hex number 3A7.

a. ii. Find the gray-code equivalent of the Octal number 527.

3. i. Express decimal digit s 0-9 in BCD code and 2-4-2-1 code.

a. ii. Convert the decimal number 96 into binary and convert it into gray code

b. number.

4. Determine canonical POS form for the function T(x, y, z) = x (y¯ + z).

5. Prove that Y=AB + BC + AC is a self dual function.

6. Convert the function f(x, y, z) = Π (0, 3, 6, 7) to the other canonical form.

7. What are Universal gates? Why they are so called. Give their truth tables.

8. Derive Boolean expression for a 2 input Ex-OR gate to realize with 2 input

9. NAND gates without using complemented variables and draw the circuit.

UNIT – II

SYLLABUS

Switching Functions:

Karnaugh Map method, Prime implicants, Don’t care combinations, Minimal SOP and POS

forms, Tabular Method, Prime –Implicant chart, simplification rules.



1. Can draw the Karnaugh maps for 3-variable, 4-variable, and 5-variable maps.

2. Can simplify the given functions.

3. Will be able to differentiate between Sum of Products and Products Of Sums.

4. They can also simplify the functions using Tabular Method.

5. Can draw gate networks for the obtained simplified functions.

LECTURE SCHEDULE


Lecture 1 : Karnaugh map representation (3-variable, 4-variable, and 5-variable maps).

Lecture 2 : Simplification of Logic expressions using K- Map

Lecture 3 : Don’t care combinations.

Lecture 4 : Prime Implicants

Lecture 5 : Tabular Method

Lecture 6 : Prime Implicants chart.

Lecture 7 : Simplification rules.

TUTORIAL-II

1.Reduce the expression f=AB+ A¯B + A¯ B¯ Using mapping.

2.Show the truth table for each of the following functions and find its simplest POS Form

a)f(X,Y,Z)=XY+XZ

3.Explain about Prime Implicants.

4.Minimize and implement the following multiple output function.

F1=∑m(1,2,3,6,8,12,14,15)

F2= =πM(0,4,9,10,11,14,15)

Assignment II :

1. Minimize the function using Karnaugh-Map and obtain minimal SOP function

1. F(A, B, C, D) = Π(1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14) + ∑d (7,15).

2. Using the Quine-Mc Cluskey method of tabular reduction, minimize the given

combinational single – output function

i. f(w, x, y, z) = ∑m (0, 1, 5, 7, 8, 10, 14, 15)

UNIT – III

SYLLABUS

Combinational Logic Design:

Design using conventional logic gates, Half adder,Full adder,ripple carry adder, carry look ahead

adder, BCD adder ,Half subtractor, Full subtractor, Binary adder/subtractor, Encoder, Decoder,

Multiplexer, De-Multiplexer, Modular design using IC chips, MUX Realization of switching

functions Parity bit generator, Code-converters, Hazards and hazard free realizations.

Learning Objectives: At the conclusion of this unit the student will be able to:

1. Explain the concept of combinational circuits

2. Designing of adder, subtractor, serial adder, parallel adder using logic gates.

3. Concept of encoded & decoder, Designing of encoded & decoder using NAND & NOR

gates

4. Explain the applications of Encoder & Decoder

5. Explain MUX & DEMUX

6. Design MUX & DEMUX using IC’S.

7. Explain the Realization of MUX switching functions

8. Design parity bit generator.

9. Design Code converters for BCD – Binary.

10. Explain Hazards & Hazards free Realizations.

LECTURE SCHEDULE


Lecture 1 : Designing using conventional logic gates.

Lecture 2 : Half adder, Full adder,

Lecture 3 : Ripple carry adder, carry look ahead adder, BCD adder

Lecture 4 : Half subtractor, Full subtractor, Binary adder/subtractor

Lecture 5 : Encoder, Decoder.

Lecture 6 : Multiplexer, De-Multiplexer.

Lecture 7 : Modular design using IC chips

Lecture 8 : MUX realization of switching functions

Lecture 9: Parity bit generator

Lecture 10 : Code-converters

Lecture 11 : Hazards and Hazard free Realizations

TUTORIAL-III

1.Draw the logic diagram of Half subtractor and full adder.

2.Implement a following function with a MUX.

F(a,b,c)=∑m(1,3,5,6)

3.Realize a look ahead carry adder.

4.Explain the working of a BCD Adder.

5.Distinguish between encoder and decoder.

6.Implement a full subtractor using a 3 line to 8 line decoder.

Assignment III:

1. Give the implementation of a 4-bit ripple-carry adder using half-adder(s) / full adder(s).

2. Explain with an example, the mux, demux can be used as data – selector and data-

distributor respectively.

3. Design a full adder with two half adders and basic gates.

4. Convert Excess-3 code to BCD code using Full adder circuits.

5. Give the NAND gate realization of full – adder.

6. Design a 64 line output demultiplexer using lower order demultiplexer. Such as 4 to 16

and 2 to 4 demultiplexers.

UNIT – IV

SYLLABUS

Sequential Circuits - I:

Classification of sequential circuits (Synchronous, Asynchronous, Pulse mode, Level mode with

examples)Basic flipflops-Triggering and Excitation tables. Steps in Synchronous sequential

circuit design. Design of Synchronous and Asynchronous Counters, Shift registers ,Serial binary

adder, Sequence detector.

Learning Objectives: At the conclusion of this unit the student will be able to:

1. Classify the different types of sequential circuits.

2. Explain Synchronous, Asynchronous, Pulse mode and Level mode with examples.

3. Explain various Flip-flops.

4. Explain Triggering and Excitation Tables.

5. Explain the various steps involved in synchronous sequential circuits design.

6. Design a modulo – N ring counter.

7. Design a modulo – N ring shift counter.

8. Design a binary serial adder.

9. Design a sequence detector..

LECTURE SCHEDULE


Lecture 1 : Classification of sequential circuits.

Lecture 2 : Synchronous, Asynchronous.

Lecture 3 : Pulse mode, Level mode.

Lecture 4 : Basic flip-flops.

Lecture 5 : Triggering and excitation tables.

Lecture 6 : Synchronous sequential circuit design.

Lecture 7 : Modulo-N Ring & Shift counters.

Lecture 8 : Serial binary adder.

Lecture 9 : Sequence detector

TUTORIAL-IV

1.Distinguish between Combinational and Sequential logic circuits.

2.Distinguish between Asynchronous and synchronous counters.

3.What is the problem of Lock out and how is it eliminated.

4.How many states do a 5 bit ring counter have.

5.how do u convert one type of flipflop to another.

6.What is meant by race around condition in JK F lipflop.

7.Explain about Sequence detector.

Assignment IV:

1. Define the following terms in connection with a Flip-Flop.

i. Set – up time.

ii. Hold time.

iii. Propagation delay – time.

2. Compare merits & demerits of ripple and synchronous counters.

3. Design a modulo – 12 up synchronous counter using T-Flip Flop and draw the circuit

diagram.

4. Define the following systems

i. Synchronous sequential system.

ii. Asynchronous sequential system.

iii. Combinational system.

5. Define a sequential system and how does it differ from a combinational

system.

6. Design a modulo 6 up/down Synchronous counter using T flip flop and draw the circuit

diagram.

7. Distinguish between combinational logic and sequential logic.

UNIT – V

SYLLABUS

Sequential Circuits - II:

Finite state machine-capabilities and limitations, Mealy and Moore models-minimization of

completely specified and incompletely specified sequential machines, Partition techniques and

Merger chart methods-concept of minimal cover table. Introduction to ASM charts, simple

examples, system design using data path and control subsystems, ASM Charts for Flip Flops

and Binary multiplier.



1.Explain the Finite State Machine Capabilities.

2.Explain the Finite State Machine limitations.

3.Design a Mealy machine.

4.Design a Moore machine.

5.Minimization of sequential machines.

6.Explain the concept of minimal cover table.

7.Explain the different types of Merger chart methods.

8.Explain about ASM Charts.

9.Explain about system design using data path and control subsystems

10.Design ASM Charts for flip flops

11.Design ASM Charts for Binary Multiplier.

LECTURE SCHEDULE


Lecture 1 : Finite state machine.

Lecture 2 : Capabilities and limitations of Finite state machine.

Lecture 3 : Mealy machine.

Lecture 4 : Moore machine.

Lecture 5 : Minimization of completely specified sequential machines.

Lecture 6 : Incompletely specified sequential machines.

Lecture 7 : Partition techniques.

Lecture 8 : Merger chart methods.

Lecture 9 : Concept of minimal cover table

Lecture 10 : Introduction to ASM charts.

Lecture 11 : ASM charts using simple examples,

Lecture 12 : System design using data path and control subsystems,

Lecture 13 : ASM CHARTS for Flip Flops

Lecture 14 : ASM CHARTS for Binary multiplier

TUTORIAL-V

1.What are the capabilities and limitations of Finite State Machines

2.Compare Moore and Mealy machines.

3.State ‘state equivalence theorem’.

4.What is a merger table and merger graph.

5.Explain the procedure of stste minimization using the partition technique.

6.Name the elements of ASM Chart and define each one of them.

7.Draw and explain the ASM Chart for binary multiplier.

Assignment V:

1. Distinguish between Mealy and Moore Machines.

2. convert the following Mealy machine into a corresponding Moore machine

PS X=0 X=1

A C,0 B,0

B A,1 D,0

C B,1 A,1

D D,1 C,0

0 1 0 1 0 1 1

0 1 1 0 1 0 1

1 0 0 1 0 1 0

1 0 1 0 0 0 1

1 1 0 1 1 1 0

1 1 1 0 1 1 1

4. Construct an ASM block that has 3 input variables (A, B, C), 4 outputs (W,

X, Y, Z) and 2 exit paths. For this block, output Z is always 1, and W is 1

if A & B are both 1. If C=1 & A=0, Y = 1 and exit path 1 is taken. If C=0

or A=1, X=1 and exit path 2 is taken. Realize the above using the one Flip

Flop state.

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