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v/;k;&f}rh; % LkkfgR; dk iqujoyksdu
(Review of literature)
25
LkkfgR; dk iqujoyksdu (Review of literature)
fdlh Hkh ‚kks/kdk;Z dh iw.kZrk rc rd ugha gksrh tc rd ge bldh i`’BHkwfe
dk v/;;u ugha djrsA fdlh Hkh ‚kks/kdk;Z dk izkjaHk djus ls iwoZ lkfgR; ,oa fo’k;
ls lacaf/kr leLr fcanqvksa dk v/;;u vko‛;d gksrk gSA ;g iwokZoyksdu u, ‚kks/k
dks ekxZn‛kZu iznku djrk gSA
bl ys[k esa izLrkfor ‚kks/kdk;Z ls lacaf/kr ‚kks/ki=ksa dk laf{kIr fooj.k fn;k
tk jgk gS] ftlesa bl fo’k; ij ns‛k&fons‛kksa esa laiUu ‚kks/kdk;ksZa dk o.kZu fd;k tk
jgk gSA
Richland, L.E., & Burchinal, M.R. (2013) Early Executive Function
predicts Reasoning Development. bl v/;;u esa 04 lky ds cPpksa dh lkspus
dh {kerk dk v/;;u fd;k x;k gS( tks fd cgqr mPp gksrh gSA izkIr vk¡dMs+a ;g
n‛kkZrs gSa fd cPpksa dk ekufld Lrj mPp gksrk gS mlds ‚kCn HkaMkj Hkh foLr̀r
gksrk gS rFkk os usr̀Ro {kerk j[krs gSa blds vfrfjDr vius vklikl ds okrkoj.k es
gksus okys cnyko ij lgh izfrfdz;k iznf‛kZr djrs gSaA v/;;uksa }kjk ;g crk;k x;k
gS fd vius fof‛k’V fdz;kdykiksa dks dqN ek/;eksa }kjk fodflr fd;k tk ldrk gS
tSls & O;k;ke] iwoZ ‚kkys; Kku rFkk laosxksa ij i;k ZIr fu;a=.kA
Medinaa, TN, Snedekerc, J, Trueswella, J, & Gleitmana, G.
(2011). How Word Can and Cannot Be Learned by Observation. bl
v/;;u ds }kjk ;g Kkr gqvk gS fd csfld ‚kCn dks ge izkjafHkd Lrj ij ns[kdj
le> ldrs gSa uk fd nksgjko djus esaA bl v/;;u esa ;g ik;k x;k fd cPpksa es
‚kCn dks‛k dh mRifRr vklikl ds okrkoj.k ds }kjk lh[k dj dh tkrh gS] uk fd
mldk nksgjko djdsA
White book. M. & Ryan, S. (2011). Degrees in Context: Asking
the Right Questions about Preparing Skilled and Effective Teachers of
Young Children. bl v/;;u esa 2011 dh uhfr es jk’Vªh; laLFkk ¼NIEER½ ds
varZxr v/;kidksa dh ;ksX;rk ij v/;;u fd;k x;k gS] bl v/;;u esa v/;kidkas
26
okLrfod v/;;u ds vfrfjDr muds dk;Z{ks= ds okrkoj.k rFkk mudh v/;kiu
vH;kl ls voxr djok;k tkrk gS A
V.S. Department of Health and Human Servieces, Administration
for Children and Families (2010). Head Start impact Study. bl v/;;u esa
Head Start Program dk ,d lky dh vof/k dk izHkko ns[kk x;kA cPpksa es bl
dk;Zdze ds ldkjkRed izHkko ns[ks x;sA dk;Zdze ds var esa cPpksa dk iqu% voyksdu
fd;k x;k ftlesa ;g ik;k x;k fd cPpksa dk fodkl dqN Lrjksa esa leku gksrk gSA
Sastry, Narayan, and A.R. Pebley (2010). Family and
Neighborhood Sources of Socioeconomic inequality in Children’s
Achievment. bl ‚kks/k es ckydksa ds v/;;u esa ifjokj rFkk vklikl ds vkfFkZd]
lkekftd Lrj dk izHkko crk;k x;k gSA blesa eq[; :i ls ifjokj dh vk; dk
izHkko cPpksa dh mifyC/krk ij n‛kkZ;k x;k gSA blds vfrfjDr ekrk dh f‛k{kk dk
izHkko Hkh cPpkas dh miyC/krk dks izHkkfor djrk gSA
Fuller, B, Gasko, J, Anguiano, R. (2010): Lifting Pre – k Quality: Caring
and Effective Teachers. bl v/;;u esa v/;kidksa }kjk fodflr dh xbZ v/;kiu
fof/k ds ckjs esa crk;k x;k gS tks fd izkjafHkd v/;;u v/;kiu ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gS A
Halle, T., Forry, N., Hair, E., Perper, K., Wandner, L., Wessel, J., &
Vick, J. (2009). bl v/;;u esa xjhc rFkk e/;e vk; oxZ ds cPpksa dks fy;k x;k
gS rFkk bl v/;;u e sa ifjokj dh vk; rFkk ekrk dh f‛k{kk dk cPpksa ds fodkl ij
izHkko crk;k x;k gSA ;g v/;;u izkjafHkd ;kstuk dks n‛kkZrk gS tks fd cPpksa ds
fy, gkbZLdwy rFkk LukrdksRrj dk;Zdze ls tqM+k gqvk gSA
The Albert Shanker Institute (2009). Pre-School Courriculum:
What’s in it for. bl v/;;u esa eq[; :i ls pkj {ks=ksa dk v/;;u fd;k x;k gS
ftlesa eq[; :i ls Hkk’kk fodkl] lk{kjrk] xf.kr rFkk foKku lfEefyr gaSA bl
27
v/;;u dh ;g izLrkouk gS fd iwoZ ‚kkys; dk;Zdze dks fdl rjg ls rS;kj fd;k
tk; rFkk blds ewY;kadu ds vk/kkj D;k j[ks tk,¡ A
W. Steven Barnett (2008). Pre school Education and its lasting
Effects: Research and policy implications. bl v/;;u esa ;g ik;k x;k fd
ftu cPpksa dks iwoZ ‚kkys; Kku izkIr gksrk gS mudk ‚kS{kf.kd] lkekftd rFkk
vkfFkZd Lrj mPp gksrk gSA
R. Asha & N. Dhanya (2007) us “Low cost play material for pre-
scooler innovation and evaluation.” fo’k; ij v/;;u fd;kA iwoZ ‚kkys;
ckyd ds fy;s de dher dh [ksy lkexzh dk v/;;u ,oa ewY;kadu djuk A 3&5
o‛kZ ds ckydksa esa iz‛ukoyh fof/k n~okjk v/;;u fd;k x;k ftlds ifj.kke Lo#i
;g ns[kk x;k fd cPpkas dks 5 rjg ds [ksy lkexzh iznku dh x;h vkSj ‚kks/kdrkZ ,oa
cPpkas fd ekrkvksa n~okjk muds fodkl dk ewY;kadu fd;k x;kA
Tilak. V. Rama (2006) us “Quality improvement strategies and
minimum educational equipment for language class 1.” fo’k; ij v/;;u
fd;kA class 1 ds cPpkas dks fl[kkus ds fy;s f‛k{kdksa dks v/;;u lkexzh ds ckjs esa
izf‛k{k.k nsukA bl v/;;u esa v{kjk fdV dk iz;ksx dj lak[;dh; fo/kh n~okjk
izfr‛kr fudkyk x;k] ftlds ifj.kke Lo#i ;g ns[kk x;k fd bl fdV ds iz;ksx
ls cPpkas dh mifLFkfr nj esa o`f) gqbZ vkSj ftlls muds fodkl ij mRre izHkko
ns[kk x;kA
Jacob Bill (1995-1998) us “Mathematical education policy.”
fo’k; ij v/;;u fd;kA blds vUrxZr bUgkasus xf.kr ds v/;;u ds fy;s uohu
vk/kkjf‛kyk rS;kj dhA blesa content analysis method dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k]
ftlds ifj.kke Lo#i ;g Kkr gqvk fd Modern school mathematics dk
record mPp Lrj dk gksrk gSA
28
Diefendorf, M. , & Goode, C. (1997) : The Long Term Economic
Benefits of High Quality Early Childhood intervention Programs. bl
v/;;u esa f‛k‛kq voLFkk] ckY;koLFkk ds fy, mPp xq.koDrk ds miyfC/k izkIr dh
xbZ gS rFkk blesa ifjokj ,d vkfFkZd miHkksDrk dk dk;Z djrk gSA bl v/;;u esa
;g Hkh ns[kk x;k gS fd yacs le; rd gksus okyh cpr ds lanHkZ esa crk;k x;k gSa
tSls & v/;;u ds dk;Z esa vkus okyh midj.kksa dh dher dks de djukA ljdkj
}kjk pyk;s tkus okyh ;kstukvksa dh nj esa deh ykukA cky vijk/kh U;k; dh nj
dks de djuk vkfnA blds vfrfjDr blesa fd‛kksjkoLFkk esa fn[kkbZ nsus okyh
v{kerk dks Hkh v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA tks fd eq[; :i ls xjhch rFkk okrkoj.kh;
dkjdksa ds dkj.k ns[kh tkrh gSA
Cunningham, A.E. & Stanovich, K.E. (1997) Early Reading
Acquisition and its Relation to Reading Experience and Ability 10 year
later. bl v/;;u esa izFke lewg dks v/;kiu dk dk;Z fn;k x;k tks fd iwoZ es
X;kjgoh lewg ds }kjk fd;k x;k Fkkk nl o’kZ iwoZ mUgs ‚kCndks‛k] lkekU; Kku rFkk
lkjak‛k v/;;u djok;k x;k vkSj mu X;kjg lewg esa ls izFke lewg dh v/;;u
{kerk vPNh Fkh vkSj bl v/;;u ls ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd v/;;u {kerk vPNh gksus
ls Hkk’kk fodkl esa rFkk i<+us dh {kerk esa fodkl djus esa lgk;d gksrk gSA bl
rjg ls lHkh cPpksa esa v/;;u {kerk fHkUu&fHkUu ns[kh x;hA
Bus. A.G., Van Ijzendoorn, M.H., & Pelleyrini A.D. (1995). Joint
Book Reading Makes for Success in Learning to Read: A Meta –
analysis on intergenerational transmission of literacy. ;g izkjafHkd Kku
vkSj iwoZ ‚kkys; voLFkk ls lacaf/kr ,d ek=kRed v/;;u gSA ftlds ifj.kke es
vfHkHkkod rFkk iwoZ ‚kkys; cPpksa dk laca/k Hkk’kk fodkl izkjafHkd lk{kjrk rFkk
fy[kus dh miyC/krk ikbZ xbZA
Hohnann Mary & Wetkrt. P. David (1995) us “Educating young
children, active learning practices for pre-school and child care
29
program.” fo’k; ij v/;;u fd;kA bl v/;;u es crk;k x;k fd v/;kiu rFkk
ys[ku lkexzh dks ge fofHkUUk rjhdksa ls mi;ksx dj ldrs gSA ftlds ifj.kke Lo:Ik
;g ns[kk x;k fd cPpksa ij vkgkj] lkekftd rFkk vkfFkZd dkjdkas dk xgjk izHkko
iM+rk gS rFkk blds vk/kkj ij mudk ‚kS{kf.kd Lrj rS;kj fd;k tkrk gS A
Vandele louve Devorah, Burchinal Margaret (1995) us “Do effect
of early child care extend to age 15 year result from the NICHD study
of early child care and youth development.” fo’k; ij v/;;u fd;kA
blds fy;s bUgksaus 1364 sample fy;sA blesa bUgkasus iwoZ ‚kkys; ckyd ds fodkl
dk v/;;u fd;k] ftlds ifj.kke Lo:Ik ;g ns[kk x;k fd cPpksa dk fodkl 15
o’kZ dh vk;q rd gksrs jgrk gSA
Vivicakraak, Pelletier. L. David (1994) us “The influence of
commercialism on the food purchasing behavior of children and teen
age youth.” fo’k; ij v/;;u fd;kA blesa bUgksaus 3&17 o’kZ ds cPpksa dk v/;;u
fd;kA bl v/;;u esa cPpksa rFkk ;qokvksa dh O;ogkj lacaf/kr vknrksa dk vk¡dyu
fd;kA ifj.kke Lo#i ;g ns[kk x;k fd cPpksa esa [kkn~; inkFkksZa dks [kjhnus lacaf/kr
fofHkUUkrk,¡ ns[kh tkrh gSA
Grover Sarla (1992) us “Awareness regarding population increase
among educated and uneducated parents of low income group.” fo’k;
ij v/;;u fd;kA de vkfFkZd Lrj okys f‛kf{kr o vf‛kf{kr vfHkHkkodksa esa
tula[;k o`f) ds izfr tkx#drk dk v/;;u djukA bl v/;;u esa lkaf[;dh;
fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS ftlds vUrxZr ek/;] ef/;dk] Hkwf’V;] izfr‛kr rFkk
Vh&VsLV lfEefyr gS A
30
2.1 Additional Articlas
Barnett, W.S. , Jung, K. , Youn , M.J. & Frede E.C. (2013) “Abbott
preschool program Longitudianl Effects Study: Fifth Grade Floow-up”
bl v/;;u esa ;g ik;k x;k gS fd cPpksa dks iwoZ ‚kkys; ls izkIr ykHk dks of.kZr
fd;k x;k gSA ijarq ;g v/;;u ;g n‛kkZrk gS fd tks ckyd nks o’kZ dk iwoZ ‚kkys;
dk;Zdze dks izkIr djrk gS mudk ckSf)d Lrj mPp jgrk gS A
Campbell, F.A., Pungello, E.P., Burchinal, M., Kainz, K., Pan, Y.,
Wasik, Barbarin, O.A., Sparling, J.J. and Ramey, C.J. (2012). us vius
v/;;u esa ;g ik;k x;k gS fd tks ckyd mPp xq.koRrk okys iwoZ ckY;koLFkk f‛k{kk
dk;Zdze 1970 esa lfEefyr gqvk Fkk mUgsa vkt Hkh cgqr ls ykHk fofHkUu ek/;eksa ls
izkIr gks jgs gSa] tSlk fd 30 o’kZ dh mez ds izf‛k{kk.kkFkhZ esa f‛k{kk dk Lrj mPp ik;k
x;k gS A
Dunst. C, Simkus. A, Hamby, D. (2012). “Children’s Story Retlling
as a literacy and Language Enhancement Strategy” bl v/;;u esa 687
‚kS‛kokoLFkk ,oa iwoZ ‚kkys; cPpksa dks fy;k x;k vkSj mudh Hkk’kk fodkl rFkk
lk{kjrk dk vk¡dyu fd;k x;k ifj.kkeksa ls ;g Kkr gqvk fd cPpksa es ‚kCnkdks‛k
rFkk muds vklikl ds okrkoj.k dk muds fodkl ij eq[; :i ls izHkko iM+rk gSA
bl v/;;u es eq[; :i ls vH;kl ij cy fn;k x;k gS vFkkZr vH;kl }kjk cPpkas
esa ldkjkRed izHkko ns[ks tk ldrs gS A
Dunst. carl. j. Simkus. Andrew : Hambey, Deborah W. (2012).
“Effects of Reading to infoonts and Toddlers on Their Early Language
Development” bl v/;;u esa 408 Hkkxhnkjh dk v/;;u fd;k x;k blesa cPpksa
dh Hkk’kk ds fodkl dk v/;;u fd;k x;k vkSj ;g ik;k x;k fd bl fodkl ds
fy, cgqr lh ;kstuk,¡ fdz;kfUor dh xbZ ftlesa mu ;kstukvksa dk yach vof/k rd
ykHk ns[kk x;kA bl v/;;u es vH;kl rFkk fdz;kfUor dk;Zdze ij cy fn;k x;kA
31
Dunst, Carl, Williams, A, Trivette. c, Simkus A, Hamby, D. (2012)
“Relationships between Inferential book Reading strategies and young
children’s language and Literacy Compltence” bl v/;;u es v/;kid rFkk
vfHkHkkodksa }kjk iz;ksx fd, x, fHkUu&fHkUu ek/;eksa dks crk;k x;k gS ftldk
izHkko cPPkksa ij ns[kk x;k vkSj ogh izHkko cPpksa ds fodkl dks izHkkfor djrk gSA
Gutnick, A.L., Robb, M., Takeuchi, L., & Kotler, J. Always
Connected (2012) Always Connected The New Digital Media Habits of
Young Children. bl ‚kks/k dks SESAME dk;Z‛kkyk }kjk vk;ksftr fd;k x;k FkkA
blesa ;qok cPpksa dh vknrksa ds ckjs esa o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA bl ‚kks/k esa cPpksa dh
vknrksa dk cnyrs le; ds vuqlkj fp=.k fd;k x;k gSA
Piasta, S.B., Justice, S.B, Jusice, L.M., Mc Ginty. A.S., &
Kaderavek, J.N. (2012). bl v/;;u es LVkj izkstsDV ¼cPpksa ds lkFk cSBks vkSj
i<kvkas Sit together and read½ ij iwoZ ‚kkys; cPpksa dk izHkko ns[kk x;k LVkj
izkstsDV esa v/;kid iqLrdksa dk iz;ksx djds cPpksa dks i<krs Fks rFkk cPpksa ds
vkd’kZ.k o #fp iSnk djus ds fy, jaxhu iqLrdksa dk iz;ksx djrs Fks A
Guernsey, L., Levine, M., Chiong, C. Stevens, M. (2012)
Pioneering Literacy in the Digital Wild West. Empowering Parents and
Educatiors. bl v/;;u es ik;k x;k fd fMftVy iz.kkyh dks fufeZr djus dk
eq[; mn~ns‛; cPpksa dks vPNh f‛k{kk ds lkFk&lkFk i<+us esa lqfo/kk miyC/k djokuk
FkkA ijarq vfHkHkkod rFkk f‛k{kd dks bldh i;kZIr tkudkjh ugh a gksrh gS bl ‚kks/k
ds }kjk fMftVy midj.kksa rFkk blls lacaf/kr dk;Zdze ds ckjs es crk;k x;k gSA
Jyothi R.A & Devi M.S. (2011). us xzkeh.k Jfed cPpksa dh O;fDRo laca/kh
v/;;u dk mn~ns‛; xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds 60 ckfydk vkSj 60 ckyd dk p;u fd;k
x;kA ifj.kke esa ;g ik;k x;k fd Jfed cPpksa dk fodkl vR;kf/kd U;wu gSA
‚kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld :i ls fiNM +s gSA ogk¡ ds cPpksa ds O;fDrRo usr`Ro lkekftd
Lrj ,oa fuMjrk ds lkFk&lkFk ‚kSf{kd ,oa izfr;ksxh dh Hkkouk iwoZ ls gh fiNM+k
32
gqvk gSA bls nwj djus ds fy, ckydkas dks ‚kkyk ds izfr #fp tkx`r dj lk{kjrk
cuk;s tkus ls dqN gn rd [kkfe;ksa dks nwj dh tk ldrh gSA
Mational Association of Elementary School Principals (2011)
Building and Supporting and Aligned System: A Vision for Transforming
Education Across the pre-k-Grade three years. bl fjiksZV esa ;g ik;k x;k
fd tks cPps fd.M xkVsZu esa v/;;u djrs gaS mudk f‛k{kk Lrj mPp gksrk gS bUgks aus
;g crk;k gS fd bl dk;Zdze dks fd.Mu xkMZu dks jk’Vªh; Lrj ij vk;ksftr
fd;k tkuk pkfg, rFkk izkjafHkd i woZ f‛k{kk esa lq/kkj gksuk vko‛;d gS ftlds fy,
;kstukdrkZ dks viuk lg;ksx nsuk pkfg,A
Milteer, R. and Ginsburg, K.(2011) Children in Poverty Need
Opportunities to Play. bl fjiksZV esa cPpksa ds [ksyus ds egRo ij izdk‛k Mkyk
x;k gSA blesa eq[; :i ls de vk; oxZ ds ifjokjksa ds cPpksa dks fy;k x;k gS
D;ksfd muds ikl [ksyus ds fy, cgqr lhfer lk/ku gksrs gS ftlds dkj.k os budk
ykHk Hkh ugh ys ikrsA
Joyner, S. and Theodore, K.(2011) Improving School Readiness
and Success for Children. bl vkfVZdy es dqN ,sls dkjd crk;s x;s gS tks fd
cPpksa dks fo|ky; esa izos‛k ls iwoZ lgk;d fl) gksxsa ¼1½ cPpksa dks fo|ky; ds izfr
ldkjkRed :i ls rS;kj djuk ¼2½ fo|ky; tks fd cPpksa dks lh[kus vkSj fodkl
ds gj lk/ku miyC/k djk;s ftlls cPpksa dh izxfr gks lds A ¼3½ ifjokj rFkk
leqnk; dk lg;ksx tks fd cPps dks fo|ky; tkus izksRlkfgr djrk gS A
Isaacs, J. and Magnuson, K. (2011) Income and Education as
Predictors of Children’s School Readiness. bl fjiksZV es ifjokj dh vk;
rFkk ekrk dh f‛k{kk dk cPpksa ij izHkko crk;k x;k gSA bles ;g Li’V crk;k x;k
gS fd nksuksa dkjdksa dk cPpksa dh lh[kus dh {kerk ij fHkUu&fHkUu izHkko iM+rk gSA
bles ifjokj dh vk; rFkk ekrk dh f‛k{kk esa lq/kkj djus ds fy, dqN dk;Zdzeksa dh
Hkh foLr̀r ppkZ dh xbZ gS A
33
Hull, Jim (2011) Starting Out Right : Prek and Kindergarten. bl
‚kks/k es iwoZ ‚kkys; rFkk fd.Vu xkMZu ds cPpksa dh v/;;u dkS‛ky ij izHkko ns[kk
x;k bu v/;;uksa ls ;g Li’V gqvk gS fd tks cPps fd.Vu xkMZu ;k iwoZ ‚kkys; esa
f‛k{kk xzg.k djrs gS mudh i<+us dh {kerk vf/kd gksrh gS bldk izHkko eq[; :i
ls Hispanic Children, Black Children rFkk fuEu vk; oxZ ds ifjokj ds cPpksa ij
ns[kh x;h A
Guernsey, L., and Ochshorn, S. (2011). Wathing Teachers Work:
Using Observation tools to Promote Effective Teaching in the Early
Years and Early Grades. bl v/;;u esa f‛k{kk ds {ks= esa vPNs v/;kid dh
igpku djuk eq[; vk/kkj gksrk gSA vPNh f‛k{kk bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrh gS fd
cPpksa rFkk f‛k{kd dk laidZ fdruk ?kfu’B gS bl fjiksVZ ds ek/;e ls izkjafHkd f‛k{kk
dks lq/kkj ds iz;kl fd;s x;s gS blesa cPpksa ds izkjafHkd f‛k{kk dks lq/kkj ds iz;kl
fd;s x;s gS blesa cPpksa ds izkjafHkd f‛k{kk es eq[; :i ls mudh laKkukRed f‛k{kk
ij rFkk lkekftd o HkkoukRed dkS‛ky dks fodflr fd;k tkrk gS ftlesa fd os
fo|ky; esa vklkuh ls lek;kstu dj lds A
Golden, O. (2011) Head Start and the Canging Demographics of
young Childrren. izkjafHkd dk;Zdzeksa ds ek/;e ls cPpksa rFkk muds ifjokj dks
mPp Lrj dh lqfo/kk izkIr gksrh gSA gekjs ns‛k ds cPpksa dh Nfc izfrfnu rsth ls
cnyrh tk jgh gSA 2010 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj cPpksa ds tkfr; laxBu esa cgqr
ifjorZu ns[kk x;k gSA eq[; :i ls fgliSful vkSj ,f‛k;u cPpksa esa ;g fHkUurk
fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA ,d vU; jk’Vªh; losZ esa ;g ns[kk x;k fd cPpksa ds vu qikr esa o`f)
gks jgh gS eq[; :i ls fd‛kksj cPpksa es ftuds vfHkHkkod vizoklh gksrs gaSA bl ‚kks/k
ds ek/;e ls ;g crk;k x;k gS fd fdl izdkj LFkkuh; dk;ZdrkZvksa }kjk cPpksa dh
rFkk muds ifjokj dh vko‛;drk dks iwjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Cole Micheal, Hakkarainen Pentti, bredikyte (2010) us “Culture &
early childhood learning.” fo’k; ij v/;;u fd;kA v/;;u ds ifj.kke Lo#i
34
;g ik;k x;k fd cPpksa ds fodkl ds fy;s ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k rFkk ekrk firk fd
izsj.kk vko‛;d gksrh gSA ;fn cPpksa ij muds ekrk&firk dk vPNk izHkko gks rks] os
lkekftd cqjkb;ksa ls cp ldrs gSaA
National Center for Family Literacy (2009) Development Early
Literacy: Report of the National Early Literacy Panel. bl v/;;u esa cPpksa
dh izkjafHkd lk{kjrk ds dkS‛ky dk v/;;u fd;k gS blesa ;g crk;k x;k gS fd
izkjafHkd lk{kjrk ;k dkS‛ky Hkfo’; dh miyC/krk dks n‛kkZrk gS A
Siraj Iran, Ford Blateh (2009) us “Improving Children attainment
through a better quality of family based Suppor for early learning.”
fo’k; ij v/;;u fd;kA bl v/;;u esa cPpksa ds f‛k{kk ds Lrj dks lq/kkjus ds fy;s
uohu lkekxzh miyC/k djkuk FkkA bl v/;;u ds ifj.kke Lo#i iwoZ ‚kkys; ;kstuk
ds ek/;e ls LFkkuh; jkstxkj miyC/k djkus esa o`f) dj ldrs gSaA
Bartik J. Tinatiy (2009) us “Distributional effect of early
childhood program and business incentives and their implication for
policy.” fo’k; ij v/;;u fd;kA bl v/;;u ds }kjk vk; forj.k esa o`f) rFkk
mldk cPpksa ij izHkko ns[kk x;k gSA bl v/;;u ds ifj.kke Lo#i ;g Kkr gqvk
fd iwoZ ‚kkys; cPpksa esa foKku ,oa xf.kr ds fo’k; esa #fp ns[kh x;h A
Preschool Curriculum Evaluation Research Consortium (2008)
Effects of Pre school Curriculum Programs on School Rediness. bl
v/;;u esa pkSng iwoZ ‘kkys; ckydksa dk v/;;u fd;k x;kA ftles ik¡p fo|kfFkZ;ks
ds Lrj ij ifj.kke Kkr fd;s x;sA ¼v/;;u] tkx:drk] Hkk’kk] xf.kr rFkk
O;ogkj½ blds vfrfjDr N% d{kk ds Lrj ij ifj.kke izkIr fd;s x;s] d{kk dh
xq.koDrk] v/;kid vkSj cPpksa ds chp laidZ rFkk mUgs fn;s x;s funsZ‛kuA
¼ik¡p Lrj ij fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk v/;;u ifj.kke Kkr fd;k x;k½
35
Johnson Paul & Kossykh Yulia (2008) us “Early year life chances
and equality.” fo’k; ij v/;;u fd;kA bl v/;;u ds }kjk izkjafHkd fodkl
rFkk nsj ls fodkl dk izHkko cPpksa dh f‛k{kk vkSj O;ogkj ij ns[kk x;kA ftlds
ifj.kke Lo#i ;g Kkr gqvk fd ldkjkRed lksp okys ifjokj esa cPpksa ij
ikjaifjd ifjokj ds cPpksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd /;ku fn;k tkrk gSA
Floyd Kris Kimvrly, Loralee Smith Camtersharon A. Judge (2008)
us “Assistive technology and emergent literacy for pre-schooler.” fo’k;
ij v/;;u fd;kA blds varxZr bUgksaus ;g crk;k fd cPpksa esas lk{kjrk fodflr
djusa ls mldk izHkko mlds O;fDrRo ij iM+rk gSA bl v/;;u ds ifj.kke Lo#i
;g Kkr gqvk fd cPpksa esa lekt ls tqM+h leL;kvksa dks gy djus fd {kerk gksrh
gSA
Barrett Angeling (2007) us “Initiative to improve the quality of
teaching and learning.” fo’k; ij v/;;u fd;kA blds varxZr 'kks/kdrkZ us
fo|kfFkZ;ksa fd vko‛;drk] f‛k{kk rFkk v/;kiu fof/k esa gq, ifjorZukas dk v/;;u
fd;k gSA bl v/;;u ds ifj.kke Lo#i ;g Kkr gqvk fd ‚kks/kdrkZ rFkk
v/;;udrkZ nksuksa us fodflr jk’Vªksa ds cPpksa ds udkjkRed izHkko dks ns[kk A
Coleman, M.R., Buysse, V. & Neitzel. J. (2006) Recognition and
Respones An Early Intervening System for Young Children at risk for
Learning Disabilityes. dqN ckydksa esa ;g ik;k x;k fd os fd.Mu xkMZu esa tkus
ds ckotwn Hkh muds lh[kus dh {kerk ugh gksrh bu cPpksa es eq[; :i ls leL;k,¡
ns[kh tkrh gS tSls fd Hkk’kk fodkl Phonological awareness laca/kh lh[kus dh
{kerk fLFkjrk dk vHkko ns[kk tkrk gSA bl v{kerk dk dkj.k eq[; :i ls ckyd
ds O;ogkj rFkk ‚kSf{kd miyC/krk gSA
36
Iitu Salim (2006) us “Significance of home environment as proxy
indicator for early childhood care and education. fo’k; ij v/;;u fd;kA
blesa bUgkasus 750 cPpksa dks uewus ds #i esa fy;kA ftlesa bUgkasus v/;kid dh f‛k{k.k
i)fr rFkk ml v/;;u dk cPpksa ij izHkko Kkr fd;k A
Heller et ali (2005). bUgkasus fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ,ytsczk esa miyfC/k rFkk GC ds var%
laca/k dh O;k[;k dhA bUgkasus 458 fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk v/;;u fd;k vkSj ;g ik;k fd
v/;;u ls mUgs Kkr gqvk fd dsYdqysVj rFkk GC(Gernal computer) ds iz;ksx
djus ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks vPNh miyfC/k izkIr gqbZA
Caspe, M. (2003) Family Literacy: A Review of Programs and
Critical Perspecives. fiNys 20 o’kZ esa f‛k{kk ij vk/kkfjr ;kstuk,¡ eq[; :i ls
ifjokj ds f‛k{kk Lrj dks fo|ky; rFkk fofHkUu lkeqnkf;d dsUnz esa vk;ksftr djok
jgh gs bl ‚kks/k es ‚kks/kdrkZ us ifjokj dh lk{kjrk nj] ifjokj ij ml dk;dze ds
izHkko] mlds mn~ns‛; rFkk mu mn~ns‛;ksa dks fdl izdkj ykxw fd;k tk, ;g crk;k
x;k gSA
Ellington¼2003½- bUgksaus 54 fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk ,d xq.kkRed v/;;u fd;k tks
fd 1983 vkSj 2002 esa izdkf‛kr gq, Fks bl ‚kks/k esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa es dsYdqysVj ds
iz;ksx ls izkIr miyfC/k;ksa dk vk¡dyu djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk Fkk A
Louden William, Susanhill (2002) us “A longitudinal study of
literacy development from the year prior to school to the 1st four year
of school.” fo’k; ij v/;;u fd;kA bUgksaus ?kj rFkk fo|ky; esa fn;s tkus okys
v/;;u dh rqyuk] cPpksa ds o`f/n Lrj vkfn ds ckjs es crk;k gSA blds ifj.kke
Lo#i ;g ns[kk x;k fd mUgas nh x;h f‛k{kk dk izHkko mudh vfHkO;fDr ij ns[kk
tk ldrk gSA
Barry A. Michael (2002) us “Healthy school environment and
enhanced educational performance.” fo’k; ij v/;;u fd;kA blds n~okjk
;g crk;k x;k fd okrkoj.k esa lq/kkj djds ge f‛k{kk ds Lrj dks lq/kkj ldrs gSA
37
blds ifj.kke Lo#i okrkoj.k dh xq.koRrk dks lq/kkjus ds lkFk&lkFk fo|ky; es
gks jgs f‛k{k.k dh miyfC/k dk vk¡dyu djuk gksrk gS A
Brenneman Kimberly, Boyd Stavenson Judi & Frede. C. Ellen
(2002) us “Maths & Science in Pre-school policies and practice .” fo’k;
ij v/;;u fd;kA blesa bUgksaus large scale longitudinal, mixed, quasi
experiment, randomized control trial method dk iz;ksx fd;kA bl v/;;u es
cPpkas rFkk ifjokj ds chp laca/k ds fo’k; esa mYys[k fd;kA