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Vitals and History Taking. Where are we going?. What are vital signs? How do you take them? So, what’s normal? SAMPLE History. What are the vitals. They provide information about the status of a patient Temperature Breathing (Respirations) Pulse Skin and Pupils Blood Pressure. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Vitals and History Taking
Where are we going?
What are vital signs?How do you take them?So, what’s normal?SAMPLE History
What are the vitals
They provide information about the status of a patientTemperatureBreathing (Respirations)PulseSkin and PupilsBlood Pressure
Temperature
One of the first assessments done.Normal Adult temp. 98.6ºF or 37ºCVariations range from 96.8ºF-100.4ºF 36.0ºC-38.0ºC
Changes within the body or exposure to the environment can cause variationsTime of day, allergic rxns, illness, stressExposure to heat/cold
Temperature Cont’d
When a temp. is above 100.4ºF (38.0ºC) you will document in the pt. chart, that the pt. is febrile.If a temp. is w/in normal range, you will use the term afebrile.
Temperature Cont’dTemperature Sites: Oral-within the mouth or under the tongue Axillary - in the armpit Tympanic - in the ear canal Rectal - through the anus, in the rectum
Types of Thermometers Glass (picture page 323)
Rounded tip- rectal Long tip - oral (more surface area) Security tip - can be used for both
Thermometer Handles: Red:rectal Blue: oral and axillary
Electronic
Pulse
A wave of blood flow created by a contraction of the heartHow to take a pulse (P) Palpate - feel by using 2 fingers Auscultate - listening using a stethoscope or
electronic vital signs machine
Provides information on how many pumps of the heart it takes to circulation all 5.2L of blood (in an adult)
Pulse
Determined by counting for 30 sec and multiplying by 2.Irregular pulse counted for 60 sec.Provides information about heart, blood volume and perfusion.Taken at a pulse pointDon’t use your thumb
Common Pulse Points
Central Pulses Carotid Femoral Apical
Peripheral Pulses Radial Brachial (children
under 1) Posterior Tibial,
Dorsalis Pedis Temporal Popliteal
Pulse Cont’d
Apical PulseStethoscope5-6 intercostal space, left of sternumMust be taken before giving certain meds
that may slow the HRDigitalis
Use table 9-1 as a reference pg. 326
Normal Pulse Rate (BPM, bpm)
AdultAdulthood 72-80Late adulthood 60-80
Child Newborn 120-1601 mo.-1 yr 80-1401-6 yrs 80-1206-adolescence 75-110
Pulse Rate
Tachycardia: Rapid pulse rate
Stress, medications Infection, pain, exercise Lack of oxygen Low BP
Bradycardia: Slow pulse rate
Heart meds, physically fit Severe low BP or oxygen levels
Pulse Quality
Strength: scale of 0-30 -absent, unable to detect1-thready, weak, diff. to palpate2-strong, normal3-bounding,
Regular/Irregular pulse rhythmArrhythmia or dysrhythmia
Bilateral Presence
Blood Pressure
Taken with manual or automatic BP cuffTaken by auscultation
Key Terms
Systolic (SBP) Pressure on arterial
walls when heart is pumping
Diastolic (DBP) Resting pressure on
arterial walls when heart relaxes between contractions
BP by Auscultation
Size using guides on cuffPosition on upper arm hoses pointing downInflate 30mmHg past pulse (no greater than 180mmHg)Position stethoscope over brachial arteryDeflate Note first sound and last soundRecord as systolic/diastolic (140/80)Pay attention to SAFETY on pg. 331…read and record in your notes NOW
Normal Blood Pressure
Male Systolic = 100+age
until 50 Diastolic =60-90
Female Systolic=90+age
until 50 Diastolic = 50-80
Respirations
The act of breathing, or the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide Includes: inhalation and exhalation
When you count respirations, you count one inhalation and one exhalation as one respiration or a complete breath
Counting Respirations
Methods to counting Respiration Rate (RR)Observe a client’s chest movement
upward and outward for a complete minuteChildren <7yrs: use abdominal breathing,
abnormal for adults (dyspnea)Auscultation with stethoscope
A hand on the stomach/chest may help
Normal Respirations
Adult 12-20/minChild 15-30/minInfant 25-50/min
Respiration Quality
NormalShallow (low tidal volume)Labored Use of accessory musclesFlaringTripod Breating
Noisy breathingVentilation: hyper and hypo
Skin
Color Pink (Normal) Pale Cyanotic (Oxygen
problems) Red (CO or heat
problems) Yellow (Jaundice)
Temperature Warm (Normal) Hot Cool Cold
Condition Dry (Normal) Moist
Practice
Get pulse and respirations from at least two peopleTry to get pulse from carotid, radial, and brachial pulse points
Assessing Skin
Color assessed using lips, nail beds, inside of mouth, membranes of the eyePull back glove to determine temp and conditionIn children under 6 capillary refill is useful for determining perfusionRefill should take less than 2 seconds
Pupils
SizeConstrictedDilatedEqual/Unequal
Reactivity to lightCan check with pen light or by shielding eyes from light
One last note on Vitals
First set of vitals is the baseline, you are interested in changesOn not sick patients, repeat every 15 minutesOn sick patients, repeat every 5 minutesTreat patient, not the vital signs or the equipment
Practice
Get BP from two people
History Taking
SAMPLE
Organized technique to obtain pertinent medical informaitonCan obtain information from patient, family or bystandersSAMPLE is an acronym
SAMPLE
Signs/SymptomsAllergiesMedicationsPast Pertinent Medical ConditionsLast Oral IntakeEvents Leading to Injury or Illness
Signs/Symptoms
Signs – things you can see or hearSymptoms – things the patient reports
Allergies
Environmental and Medical allergies are importantMedic Alert tags are also useful
Medications
Prescription and OTC Including vitamins, herbal remedies
Birth Control PillsIllicit DrugsAlways get a list of meds, or take them withHome O2 rate is also importantWhat did you take, when, how much?
Past Pertinent Medical History
Underlying medical problemsRecent visits to hospitals/doctorsRecent medical proceduresRecent accidents/falls/traumaMedic Alert tags may be usefulLook for signs of medical equipment in the house
Last Oral Intake
What, how much, whenImportant for trauma patients, diabetics
Events Leading to Call
Get as much information as you canWhat happened, what were you doingHas anything unusual happened?If this is a chronic problem, what’s different this time?
Final SAMPLE notes
Try to ask open ended questions (avoid yes/no questions)Wait for the patient to respond5-10 seconds is not out of line
Note pertinent negativesWrite everything down
Practice
Let’s go through a couple of scenarios