Visualizing riverine landscapesVisualizing riverine landscapes

Pool/rifflePool/riffle

LandscapeLandscape

MicrohabitatMicrohabitat

Continuous patterns and processesContinuous patterns and processes

River River continuum continuum conceptconcept (Vannote et al. (Vannote et al. 1980)1980)

Fish distribution along the longitudinal Fish distribution along the longitudinal stream profilestream profile

(Li et al. 1987)(Li et al. 1987)

Distance upstream

ColdwaterColdwater

CoolwaterCoolwater

WarmwaterWarmwater

Site-based Site-based approachapproach

(Rahel and (Rahel and Hubert. 1991)Hubert. 1991)

A more A more spatially spatially continuocontinuous us approachapproach……

Perception and pattern recognitionPerception and pattern recognition

(Watanabe 1985)(Watanabe 1985)

Wittgenstein’s duck-rabbitWittgenstein’s duck-rabbit

SeeingSeeing

ThinkingThinking

Pattern detection Pattern detection f f (grain, extent)(grain, extent)

(Wiens 1989) (Wiens 1989)

Grain, extent and pattern detectionGrain, extent and pattern detection

Spatial scopeSpatial scope (Schneider 1994)(Schneider 1994)

Scope Scope extentextentgraingrain

Landsat TMLandsat TM

3.8 x 103.8 x 1077

Human (20/20)Human (20/20)

9.7 x 109.7 x 1077

EagleEagle

1.7 x 101.7 x 1099

Grain (proportion of extent)

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Sco

pe (

log )

1

10

100

Extent (proportion of grain)

1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

Sco

pe (

log)

1

10

100 A

B

Changes in scope as a Changes in scope as a function function

of grain and extentof grain and extentIncreases in extent AND decreases ingrain size

Increases in extent ONLY

Scope of spatially continuous versus site-Scope of spatially continuous versus site-based sampling based sampling

The inferred The inferred component of a component of a survey is the survey is the magnification magnification factorfactor

11

nn / scope / scope

n = 22S = 22

n = 4

n = 4S = 16

Increasing the scope of stream research Increasing the scope of stream research

fishes

New approaches New approaches for sampling lotic for sampling lotic environmentsenvironments

Intensive samplingIntensive sampling

Backpack Backpack electrofishingelectrofishing

Boat Boat electrofishingelectrofishing

Backpack Backpack electrofishingelectrofishing

Underwater surveysUnderwater surveys

Extensive samplingExtensive sampling

Remote sensingRemote sensing

““a choice has to be made a choice has to be made between a traditional between a traditional measurement method, with measurement method, with known characteristics, and known characteristics, and a newer one with greater a newer one with greater capacity but less well capacity but less well known performance”known performance”

(Schneider 1994)(Schneider 1994)

ExtensiveExtensive samplingsampling

Underwater Underwater surveyssurveys

Patchiness in fish distributionPatchiness in fish distribution

Airborne remote sensingAirborne remote sensing

Thermal heterogeneityThermal heterogeneity

• Gather information to enableGather information to enable pattern pattern detectiondetection..

• Maintain Maintain flexibility across scalesflexibility across scales as as opposed to identifying the “appropriate” opposed to identifying the “appropriate” scale.scale.

• Incorporate Incorporate spatialspatial contextcontext into ecological into ecological models as additional information rather than models as additional information rather than noise.noise.

ConclusionsConclusions

1.1. View aquatic and terrestrial systems as View aquatic and terrestrial systems as landscapes in and of themselves—as landscapes in and of themselves—as riverscapes, seascapes, thermal riverscapes, seascapes, thermal landscapes, etclandscapes, etc..

RecommendationsRecommendations

Thermal landscapes in forestsThermal landscapes in forests(Lutz et al. 2012)(Lutz et al. 2012)

2.2. Integrate site-based studies and spatially Integrate site-based studies and spatially continuous sampling to place continuous sampling to place distributional surveys within a distributional surveys within a temporal temporal contextcontext..

Recommendations Recommendations (continued)(continued)

Spatiotemporal tradeoffs of site-based vs. Spatiotemporal tradeoffs of site-based vs. spatially continuous samplingspatially continuous sampling

Role of fish movement?Role of fish movement?

Temporal patterns Temporal patterns (Baxter 2002)(Baxter 2002)

??

??

??

• Thermal mappingThermal mapping• SpatiallySpatially continuous continuous• Multiple scalesMultiple scales

• Site-based monitoringSite-based monitoring• TemporallyTemporally continuous continuous• Seasonal trendsSeasonal trends

An integrated approachAn integrated approach

10

15

20

25

30

6/23 7/3 7/13 8/2 8/12 8/22 9/1 9/11 9/217/23Day

Maxim

um w

ater

tem

pera

ture

(°C

)

6/23 7/13 8/2 8/22 9/11

Day

Wat

er te

mpe

ratu

re (

°C)

3.3. Incorporate Incorporate pattern detectionpattern detection explicitly explicitly as a part of the scientific process.as a part of the scientific process.

Recommendations Recommendations (continued)(continued)

Scope and scientific Scope and scientific discoverydiscovery

Geller, M. J., and J. P. Huchra. 1989. Mapping the Geller, M. J., and J. P. Huchra. 1989. Mapping the universe. Science 246:897-903.universe. Science 246:897-903.

Mapping galaxies using Mapping galaxies using a less precise, but a less precise, but higher-scope, methodhigher-scope, method..

The search for patterns in ecologyThe search for patterns in ecology

ExperimentationExperimentation

Pattern detectionPattern detection

Mathematical Mathematical modelsmodels

PredictionPrediction

(Lawton 1996)(Lawton 1996)

““Now, Now, herehere, you see, it takes all the running you can , you see, it takes all the running you can do to, to keep in the same place. If you want to get do to, to keep in the same place. If you want to get somewhere else, you must run at least twice as fast somewhere else, you must run at least twice as fast as that!”as that!”

L. Carroll, L. Carroll, Through the Looking-GlassThrough the Looking-Glass

Rahel, F. J., and W. A. Hubert. 1991. Fish assemblages and habitat gradients in a Rocky Mountain-Great Plains stream: Biotic zonation and additive patterns of community change. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 120:319-332.

Schneider, D. C. 2001. The rise of the concept of scale in ecology. BioScience 51:545-553.

Schneider, D. C. 2009. Quantitative ecology: Measurement, models, and scaling. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Baxter, C. V. 2002. Fish movement and assemblage dynamics in a Pacific Northwest riverscape. Ph.D. dissertation. Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.

Torgersen, C. E. 2002. A geographical framework for assessing longitudinal patterns in stream habitat and fish distribution. Ph.D. dissertation. Oregon State University, Corvallis.

Lutz, J. A., K. A. Martin, and J. D. Lundquist. 2012. Using fiber-pptic distributed temperature sensing to measure ground surface temperature in thinned and unthinned forests. Northwest Science 86:108-121.

Watanabe, S. 1985. Pattern recognition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.Vannote, R. L., G. W. Minshall, K. W. Cummins, J. R. Sedell, and C. E. Cushing. 1980.

The river continuum concept. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 37:130-137.

Li, H. W., C. B. Schreck, C. E. Bond, and E. R. Rextad. 1987. Factors influencing changes in fish assemblages of Pacific Northwest streams. Pages 192-202 in W. J. Matthews and D. C. Heins, editors. Community and evolutionary ecology of North American stream fishes. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma.

Schneider, D. C. 1994. Quantitative ecology: Spatial and temporal scaling. Academic Press, San Diego, California.

Lawton, J. H. 1999. Are there general laws in ecology? Oikos 84:177-192.