Visualizing Internet Routing Changes - IT

8/6/2019 Visualizing Internet Routing Changes - IT

1/16

www.~tkjfoxswktchs.dckgs~kx.oki

www.~tkjfoxswktchs.dckgs~kx.oki ~tk|mhfs acc ~tkjfoxs lkt Acc _xvhf`xs

\msvacmzm`g M`xft`fx Tkvxm`g Oba`gfs

"@fxwkte sfovtmx} , ^tkxkokcs-

Adsxtaox

Xkha}s M`xft`fx ~tk|mhfs a gckdac

haxa hfcm|ft} sft|mof xk imccmk`s kl f`h vsfts

a`h tkvxm`g ~tkxkokcs ~ca} a otmxmoac tkcf m`

xbms sft|mof. Mx ms mi~ktxa`x xk df adcf xk

mhf xml} a`h hmag`ksf a`} ~tkdcfis

koovttm`g m` M`xft`fx tkvxm`g. Bkwf|ft# xbfM xft`fxs sbfft smzf iaefs xbms xase

hmllmovcx. K`f oa``kx fasmc} frxtaox kvx xbfiksx mi~ktxa`x kt tfcf|a`x tkvxm`g

m`lktiaxmk` ltki xbf catgf aikv`xs kl haxa

okccfoxfh ltki ivcxm~cf tkvxfts. Xk xaoecf

xbms ~tkdcfi# wf ba|f hf|fck~fh Cm e)

Taè# a xkkc xk |msvacmzf M`xft`fx tkvxm`g

oba`gfs ax xbf gckdac soacf. Cm e)Taè

wfmgbs cmès m` a xk~kckgmoac gta~b d} xbf

`vidft kl tkvxfs oattmfh k|ft faob cmè a`h

|msvacc} oa~xvtfs oba`gfs m` cmè wfmgbxs m`

xbf lkti kl a xk~kckgmoac gta~b wmxbahjvsxadcf smzf. Vsm`g Cmè)Taè# `fxwkte

k~ftaxkts oa` fasmc} kdsft|f mi~ktxa`x

tkvxm g oba`gfs ltki iassm|f aikv xs kl

tkvxm g haxa# hmsok|ft kxbftwmsf v``kxmofh

tkvxm`g ~tkdcfis# v`hftsxa`h xbf mi~aox kl

xk~kckgmoac f|f`xs# a`h m`lft tkkx oavsfs kl

kdsft|fh tkvxm`g oba`gfs.

M`hfr Xftis @fxwkte |msvacmzaxmk`#m`lktiaxmk` |msvacmzaxmk`# M`xft fx tkvxm g#

m`xftaoxm|f gta~bmos# haxa aàc}sms# |msvac

im`m`g.

1 M@XTKHVOXMK@XKHA]_ M`xft`fx ~tk|mhfs a

gckdac haxa hfcm|ft} sft|mof xk imccmk`s

kl f`h vsfts. @fxwkte tkvxm`g ~tkxkokcs

~ca} a otmxmoac tkcf m` xbms hfcm|ft}

sft|mof d} sxfftm g haxa xtallmo xkwath

xbfmt hfsxm axmk`s. Fllfoxm|f hmag`ksms

xkkcs atf mi~ftaxm|f xk fàdcf `fxwktek~ftaxkts xk mhf`xml} tkvxm`g ~tkdcfis m`

xbms gckdac s}sxfi. _f|ftac hmag`ksms

xkkcs# svob as xtaoftkvxf a`h DG^ca} atfa|amcadcf lkt aàc}zm`g tkvxm`g oba`gfs

tfgathm`g a sm`gcf hfsxmàxmk`. Bkwf|ft#

a lmdft ovx ia} oba`gf xbf tkvxfs xk acatgf `vidft kl hfsxmàxmk`s# tfsvcxm`g m`

smg`mlmoa`x `fxwkte xtallmo ik|fif`x

wbmob ia}# m` xvt # xtmggft tkvxm`gh}àimos m` kxbft atfas. Xbvs# mx ms

fssf`xmac xk df adcf xk kdsft|f `fxwkte

tkvxm`g oba`gfs ax xbf M`xft`fx soacf xk

v`hftsxa`h xbf k|ftacc mi~aox kl a sm`gcfxk~kckgmoac f|f`x.

Xk xbms f`h# wf ba|f hf|fck~fh

Cmè)Taè# a xkkc xk |msvacmzf tkvxm g

oba`gfs m` xbf gckdac M`xft`fx. @kx k`c}oa` a ~moxvtf oa~xvtf xbf ifa`m`g kl

xbkvsa`hs kl wkths# dvx mx oa` acskcfah xk m`sxa`x oki~tfbf`smk`. Bkwf|ft#

a lv`haif`xac obaccf`gf laom`g xbf Cmè)

Taè hfsmg` ms bkw xk oa~xvtf tkvxm`g

oba`gfs m` a oki~tfbf`sm|f |msvac ~moxvtf# gm|f` xbf sbfft smzf# xbf

xk~kckgmoac oki~cfrmx}# a`h xbf bmgbc}

h}àimo àxvtf kl xbf M`xft`fx tkvxm`gs}sxfi. Imccmk`s kl tkvxm`g v~haxfs atf

gf`ftaxfh hamc} a`h xbftf ms `k fas} wa}xk frxtaox m`lktiaxmk` adkvx iksxmi~ktxa x kt iksx tfcf|a`x tkvxm`g

oba`gfs. Acc xbf frmsxm`g sm`gcf

hfsxmàxmk` hmag`ksms xkkcs vxmcmzf a

^cfasf sf`h }kvt lffhdaoe xk ~tkjfoxswktchNcm|f.oki a`h sf`h iktf~tkjfoxs xk vs a`h wf v~ckah mx xk www.~tkjfoxswktchs.dckgs~kx.okia`h }kv oa` sbatf xbf ~tkjfoxs a`h bfc~ kxbft xk ~atxmom~axf.
http://www.projectsworlds.blogspot.com/http://www.projectsworlds.blogspot.com/mailto:[email protected]://www.projectsworlds.blogspot.com/mailto:[email protected]://www.projectsworlds.blogspot.com/http://www.projectsworlds.blogspot.com/http://www.projectsworlds.blogspot.com/


2/16



s~fomlmo sxatxm g ~km x a`h a gm|f`

hfsxmàxmk` xk xtaof xbf tkvxm`g ~axb kt

xbf ~axb oba`gfs. Xk fraim`f tkvxm`goba`gfs ax catgf# bkwf|ft# k`f hkfs `kx

ba|f a ocfat sxatxm`g kt f`hm`g ~km`x xklkovs k`.

M`sxfah# k`f ms laom`g a xk~kckg}wmxb k|ft 4>#>>> `fxwktes "M`xft`fx

Avxk`kikvs _}sxfis- a`h 12>#>>>

hfsxmàxmk` f xtmfs. Wf `ffh a `fwokòf~xvac ikhfc xbax oa` oa~xvtf xbf

`fxwkte dfba|mkt kl aggtfgaxf tkvxm g

oba`gfs.Cm e)Taè frxtaoxs xbf xkxac

`vidft kl tkvxfs oattmfh k|ft m`hm|mhvac

cmès m` xbf M`xft`fx xk~kckg}# oaccfh cmèwfmgbx# a`h ifasvtfs xbf oba`gfs m` xbf

`vidft kl tkvxfs k` faob cmè as a wa}

xk oa~xvtf aggtfgaxf tkvxm`g oba`gfs. Xk

tfhvof xbf haxa smzf xk a oki~tfbf`smdcfcf|fc# Cmè)Taè vsfs a` m`~vx)lmcxft xk

frxtaox xbf iksx mi~ktxa`x kt tfcf|a x

tkvxm`g oba`gfs ltki xbf catgf aikv`xkl tkvxm`g haxa. Xk fàdcf `fxwkte

k~ftaxkts xk qvmoec} s~kx ~kxf`xmacc}

~tkdcfiaxmo xmif ~ftmkhs lkt lvtxbft

m`|fsxmgaxmk`# Cmè)Taè ~tk|mhfs aàoxm|mx} ~ckx xbax sviiatmzfs tkvxm g

oba`gfs ack`g xbf xmif hmif`smk`. Cmè)

Taè acsk kllfts xbf vsft a` kvx~vx lmcxftxk ahjvsx xbf hms~ca} hf`smx} m`

|msvacmzm`g tkvxm`g h}àimos. Vsm`g oasf

sxvhmfs# wf sbkw bkw xbf adk|f lfaxvtfs ~tk|mhfh d} Cmè)Taè oa` bfc~

`fxwkte k~ftaxkts im`f a`h v`hftsxa`h

m xftfsxm`g tkvxm`g oba`gfs ltkigmgad}xfs kl tkvxm`g haxa.

4 DAOEGTKV@H KL M@XFT)@FX TKVXM@G A@H DKTHFT

GAXFWA] ^TKXKOKCXbf M`xft`fx ok`smsxs kl a catgf

`vidft kl `fxwktes oaccfh avxk`kikvs

s}sxfis "A_-. Faob A_ ms assmg`fh a`

A_

Lmg. 1. M`xft`fx tkvxm`g a`h DG^

ik`mxktm`g.

`vidft a`h ok`xam s k`f kt ivcxm~cf

hfsxm axmk` `fxwktes. Faob hfsxmàxmk`

`fxwkte ms tf~tfsf`xfh d} a` M^ ahhtfss ~tflmr. Lkt frai~cf# xbf ~tflmr

1?1.17=.=+48 tf~tfsf`xs a `fxwkte ax

VOCA a`h ms ~atx kl A_ 64 "VOCAsA_ `vidft-. As kl Iatob 4>>#>>>

avxk`kikvs s}sxfis a`h iktf xba`

12>#>>> ~tflmrfs.

A tkvxm`g ~tkxkokc ~tk~agaxfs xbfm`lktiaxmk` adkvx bkw xk tfaob acc xbf

hfsxmàxmk`s xbtkvgbkvx xbf `fxwkte. A ~axb |foxkt ~tkxkokc oaccfh Dkthft

Gaxfwa} ^tkxkokc "DG^- ms xbf hf laoxk

tkvxm`g ~tkxkokc vsfh dfxwffàvxk`kikvs s}sxfis m` xbf M xft`fx

xkha}. Tkvxm`g m`lktiaxmk` m` DG^ ms

~tk~agaxfh d} xbf froba`gf kl DG^

v~haxf ifssagfs. A DG^ v~haxfifssagf ok`xam`s m`lktiaxmk` adkvx xbf

hfsxm axmk` ~tflmr a`h xbf A_ ~axb vsfhxk tfaob xbax ~tflmr. Wf tf~tfsf`x a DG^v~haxf m` xbf lkti u"~tflmr-: A_)~axb-y.

Lmg. 1 sbkws bkw DG^ v~haxfs

~tk~agaxf tkvxm`g m lktiaxmk` m` xbf



3/16



M`xft`fx. M` xbms lmgvtf# A_ 44 kw`s a

~tflmr ^1 a`h sf`hs a DG^ v~haxf

ifssagf u^1:44y xk mxs `fmgbdkt A_ ??.A_ 44 ms samh xk df xbf ktmgm` A_ lkt

~tflmr ^1. K` tfofm|m`g xbms v~haxf# A_?? `kw ~tf~f`hs mxs kw` A_ `vidft xk

xbf tfofm|fh ~axb a`h sf`hs xbf DG^v~haxf u^1:??#44y xk mxs `fmgbdkts# A_

88 a`h A_ 66. A_ 66# m` xvt`# sf`hs xbf

DG^ v~haxf u^1:66#??#44y xk mxs`fmgbdkt A_ 88. @kxf# A_ 88 tfofm|fs

xwk ~axbs xk tfaob ^1. Wbf` a` A_

tfofm|fs iktf xba` k`f ~axb xk tfaob a ~tflmr# mx obkksfs k`f kl xbfi as xbf

~tmiat} ~axb. M` Lmg. 1# wf assvif A_

88 ~moes xbf ~axb u^1:??#44y dfoavsf mxms sbktxft. Gf`ftacc} s~faem g# xbms

hfomsmk` k` wbmob ~axb xk ~moe ms dasfh

k` xbf tkvxm`g ~kcmo} kl faob m`hm|mhvac

A_. A` A_s tkvxm`g ~kcmo} acskhfxftim`fs wbfxbft xk sf`h a ~atxmovcat

~axb xk a `fmgbdkt. Dfsmhfs m`mxmac tkvxf

~tk~agaxmk`# ~b}smoac f|f`xs cmef cmèlamcvtfs oa` acsk xtmggft DG^ v~haxfs.

Lkt frai~cf# assvif xbf cm e "88#??-

gkfs hkw`. As as tfsvcx# A_ 88 swmxobfs

xk a daoev~ ~axb u66#??#44y xbax mx bahcfat`fh fatcmft a`h sf`hs xbf DG^ v~haxf

u^1:66#??#44y xk mxs `fmgbdkts.

Xk ok`xtkc xbf `vidft kl DG^v~haxfs a`h xbvs tfhvof ~tkofssm`g k`

tkvxfts# mx ms tfokiif`hfh xbax DG^

tkvxfts sfx a DG^ xmift# oaccfh xbfIm`TkvxfAh|ft xmift# xk a |acvf kl ?>

sfok`hs. Xbms xmift sfxs xbf im mivi

xmif a tkvxft `ffhs xk wamx dflktfsf`hm`g DG^ v~haxfs xk mxs `fmgbdkt lkt

xbf saif hfsxmàxmk`. M` kxbft wkths# m`xbf oasf adk|f# wbf` A_ ?? sf`hs xbfDG^ v~haxf l^1 : ??5 44g xk mxs

`fmgbdkts# mx wkvch ba|f xk wamx ax cfasx

?> sfok`hs dflktf sf`hm`g a`kxbft

v~haxf lkt xbf saif ~tflmr ^1.

_m of DG^ v~haxfs ~tk~agaxftkvxm`g m lktiaxmk` m` xbf M`xft`fx#

oa~xvtm`g xbf DG^ v~haxfs ax |atmkvs~atxs kl xbf M`xft`fx oa` gm|f vs vsflvc

m`smgbx m`xk xbf sxaxf kl xbf M`xft`fx a`hxbf aikv`x kl tkvxm`g oba`gfs gkm`g k`

m` xbf M xft fx. M` Lmg. 1# A_ 88 ms

ok``foxfh xk a tkvxm g v~haxf okccfoxmk`dkr xbax tfofm|fs DG^ v~haxfs ltki A_

88. Xbms okccfoxmk` dkr tf~tfsf`xs xbf

haxa okccfoxkts kl DG^ ik`mxktm g~tkjfoxs svob as Tkvxf\mfws a`h TM^F .

Wf oacc a` A_ ok``foxm g xk svob a

okccfoxmk` dkr a` kdsft|axmk` ~km x.Xbfsf ik`mxktm g ~tkjfoxs okccfox DG^

v~haxfs ltki |atmkvs kdsft|axmk` ~km`xs

"k~ftaxmkàc tkvxfts m` avxk`kikvs

s}sxfis- atkv`h xbf gckdf a`h iaef xbfhaxa a|amcadcf xk xbf ~vdcmo. Xbms haxa

oa` xbf` df vsfh d} `fxwkte k~ftaxkts

a`h tfsfatobfts lkt |atmkvs xases svob astkvxm`g ~tkdcfi mhf`xmlmoaxmk` a`h

hmag`ksxmos. Bkwf|ft# hvf xk xbf catgf

smzf kl xbf M`xft`fx xk~kckg}# imccmk`s kl

DG^ v~haxfs atf gf`ftaxfh f|ft}ha}#ok`xtmdvxm g xk xbf catgf |kcvif kl

v~haxfs okccfoxfh d} Tkvxf \mfws a`h

TM^F. M` xbf tfiam`hft kl xbms ~a~ft# wfsbkw bkw wf oa` |msvacmzf xbf tkvxm`g

oba`gfs ok`|f}fh d} xbfsf imccmk`s kl

DG^ v~haxfs.

? \M_VACMZAXMK@ HF_MG@Xbf lv`haif`xac kdjfoxm|f kl

Cm e)Taè ms xk |msvacmzf tkvxm`g

oba`gfs. A iajkt obaccf`gf wf laofh m`xbms tfgath ms soacf# m.f.# iktf xba`12>#>>> hfsxmàxmk`s a`h 4>#>>> A_

`khfs. M` ahhmxmk`# k`f bas xk hfac wmxb



4/16



xbf catgf `vidft kl DG^ v~haxfs. Lkt

frai~cf# k` 1 A~tmc 4>>#>>> v~haxfs ltki a sm`gcfkdsft|axmk` ~km`x# A_ 7>12. Xk hfac

wmxb xbms mssvf kl soacf# m` Cmè)Taè wfxaef xbf a~~tkaob kl wfmgbm`g cmès d}

tkvxfs oattmfh# tfgathcfss kl wbftf xbfhfsxmàxmk`s kl xbfsf tkvxfs atf. D}

assmg`m`g xbfsf wfmgbxs# wf atf adcf xk

|msvacc} tf~tfsf`x bfa|mc} vsfh cmès m`xbf lkti kl Cmè)Taè gta~bs as wfcc as

oa~xvtf oba`gfs m` xbfsf wfmgbxs m` xbf

lkti kl Taè oba`gf gta~bs hfsotmdfh m`_foxmk` ?.1.

Cmè)Taè vsfs a` m`~vx lmcxft xk

ok`xtkc gf`ftaxmk` kl Taè)oba`gfgta~bs. M`~vx lmcxfts hfsotmdfh m` _foxmk`

?.4 oa` df xbtfsbkch)dasfh cmef

ok`sxtvox Taè)oba`gf wbf` wfmgbx kl

a cm e oba`gfs d} iktf xba` 6> ktsbkw oba`gfs kl tkvxfs k`c} xk s~fomlmo

sfx kl ~tflmrfs. Xk ~tk|mhf a sviiat}

kl xbf aikv`x kl tkvxm`g oba`gfs# m`_foxmk` ?.?# wf m`xtkhvof aoxm|mx} ~ckxs

xbax sviiatmzf tkvxm`g aoxm|mx} k|ft

xmif. Aoxm|mx} ~ckxs atf |ft} vsflvc

sxatxm g ~km xs xk mhf xml} xbf xmif ~ftmkhs kl bmgb tkvxm`g h}àimos.

Lm acc}# k`f ia} wa x xk ok`xtkc xbf

cf|fc kl xmif gta`vcatmx} xk kdsft|f tkvxfoba`gfs xbax casx ck`gft xba` a oftxam`

aikv`x kl xmif. _vob gta`vcatmx} ok`xtkc

oa` df aobmf|fh d} vsm`g xmif wm`hkwsa`h htmcc hkw` lfaxvtfs fr~cam fh m`

_foxmk` ?.8.

?.1 Taè)Oba`gf Gta~b

Xbf Cm e)Taè gta~b ltki a`kdsft|axmk` ~km`x wfmgbs a cmè d} xbf`vidft kl tkvxfs vsm`g xbax cmè. Xbms

`kxmk` kl taèm`g a cmè wmxb `vidft kl

tkvxfs xta`scaxfs xk xbf àif

"a- "d-

Lmg. 4. Xbf `kxmk` kl cmè wfmgbx.

"a- Cmè wfmgbx sff` d} 88."d- Cmè wfmgbx sff` d} 88 alxft 66

wmxbhtaws tkvxf xk ^?.

Cmè)Taè. M` xbf M`xft`fx# a sm`gcf A_

oa``kx sff xbf oki~cfxf M`xft`fxxk~kckg} `kt oa` mx e`kw xbf tkvxfsxaef` d} acc xbf kxbft A_fs. Xbvs# xbf

wfmgbx asskomaxfh wmxb xbf fhgf m` a

Cm e)Taè gta~b ms tfcaxm|f xk xbfkdsft|axmk` ~km`x a`h hkfs `kx xfcc vs

bkw ia`} xkxac tkvxfs m` xbf f`xmtf

M`xft`fx vsf xbms cm e. Xk fr~cam xbms

okòf~x# wf vsf a smi~cf frai~cf sbkw`m` Lmg. 4. Xbms lmgvtf hf~moxs xbf tkvxm`g

xadcf sff` d} a tkvxft m` A_ 88 m` Lmg. 1

m` xbf lkti kl a gta~b. Bftf# wf assvifxbf frmsxfòf kl xwk iktf ~tflmrfs# ^4

a`h ^?# a``kvòfh d} A_ ?? a`h A_ 66#

tfs~foxm|fc}. M` Lmg. 4"a- cmè "88#??- basa wfmgbx kl 4# smòf xbax cmè a~~fats

xwmof m` xbf tkvxm`g xadcf ax A_ 88. Wf

hf`kxf xbf cm e wfmgbx d} wx""cmè-#"kdsft|axmk`)~km`x-# f.g.# wx""88#??--#88- 9 4. Wf hflm f Cm e)Taè gta~b

ltki a `khf as a gta~b sbkwm`g acc xbfcmès ack`g wmxb wfmgbxs vsfh d} xbax

`khf# cmef Lmg. 4"a-. @kxf xbax xbfhmtfoxmk` kl xbf cmè ms mi~ktxa`x m` aCm e)Taè gta~b. Ml DG^ v~haxfs

tfofm|fh ax A_ 88 oba`gf xbf tkvxm`g

xadcf ax A_ 88# xbf Cmè)Taè gta~b wmcc



5/16



acsk oba`gf. M` Lmg. 4"d-# A_ 66

wmxbhtaws mxs tkvxf xk ^? a`h# as a tfsvcx

kl xbms wmxbhtaw ifssagf# A_ 88 sbmlxsxk a` acxftàxf ~axb xk tfaob ^?. Xbf

wfmgbx kl cmè "88#??- bas `kw mòtfasfhltki 4 xk ?. M` tfacmx}# a Cm e)Taè

gta~b ltki a DG^ tkvxft oa` ba|f ocksfxk 4>#>>> cmès a`h# bfòf# f`xmtf Cmè)

Taè gta~bs atf hmllmovcx xk |msvacmzf.

Xk v`hftsxa`h DG^ h}àimos#wf `ffh xk v`hftsxa`h bkw ia`} cmès

oba`gf wfmgbxs as a tfsvcx kl xbf DG^

v~haxfs. As a lmtsx sxf~# wf ckkefh axDG^ v~haxfs k|ft a ~ftmkh kl k`f wffe

a`h iatefh xbf cmès oba`gm`g taè alxft

faob DG^ v~haxf. Wf lkv`h xbax xbfoba`gfs vsvacc} oaif m` dvtsxs. As a

tfsvcx# m`sxfah kl ckkem`g ax xbf Cmè)

Taè gta~b alxft faob DG^ v~haxf# wf

okvch aàc}zf jvsx xwk Cm e)Taèsà~sbkxs# xbf k`f dflktf xbf dvtsx kl

v~haxfs a`h xbf k`f alxft xbf dvtsx kl

v~haxfs. Wf acsk lkv`h xbf dvtsx klv~haxfs xk allfox xbf wfmgbxs kl a ivob

siaccft sfx kl cmès m` iksx oasfs. Taè)

oba`gf gta~bs oa~xvtf xbfsf cmès wbksf

wfmgbxs ba|f oba`gfh. A Taè)oba`gfgta~b xaefs xbf hmllftfòf dfxwff` xwk

Cm e)Taè gta~bs a`h vsfs tfh "kt

hasbfh- fhgfs xk iate xbf cm es xbaxba|f cksx tkvxfs a`h gtff` "kt skcmh-

fhgfs xk iate cm es xbax ba|f gam fh

tkvxfs. _mi~c} sxaxfh# gm|f` xwk Cmè)Taè gta~bs ltki G1 a`h G4 ax

hmllftf`x xmifs x1 a`h x4# tfs~foxm|fc}# a

Taè)oba`gf gta~b ~ckxs acc cmès "a# d-wbftf xbf wfmgbx k` xbfsf cmès wx""a#

d-#G1- wx""a#d-#G4- >. Lmg. ?"a-sbkws xbf Taè)oba`gf gta~b lkt xbftkvxm`g oba`gf m` Lmg. 4. Ltki xbms

lmgvtf# k`f oa` ocfatc} sff xbax cmè "88#

66- cksx k`f tkvxf# wbmcf xbf cmè "88#??-

a`h "??#66- gam fh a tkvxf. @kxf# xbf

Taè)oba`gf gta~b hkfs `kx sbkw cmès

xbax ba|f `kx gam`fh kt cksx tkvxfs# f.g.#cmè "??# 44-. A Taè)oba`gf gta~b oa`

fmxbft sbkw k`c} cm e wfmgbxs# k`c}wfmgbx oba`gfs kt dkxb. Lkt frai~cf#

Lmg. ?a sbkws jvsx xbf wfmgbx oba`gfs#wbmcf Lmg. ?"d- sbkws xbf ovttf`x cmè

"a- "d-

Lmg. ?. Taè)oba`gf gta~b lkt oba`gf m`Lmg. 4. "a- Taè oba`gfs k`c}.

"d- Cmè taè a`h taè oba`gf.

Wfmgbx lkcckwfh d} xbf wfmgbx oba`gfm` ~atf`xbfsms.

?.1.1 @khfs# Fhgfs# a`h Okckt Okhm`g

Wf `kw hmsovss skif hfxamcs kl

|msvacmzaxmk` m` Taè)oba`gf gta~bs.

Lmg. 8 sbkws a` aoxvac Taè)oba`gfgta~b ltki DG^ haxa. @kxf# xbf M`xft`fx

bas iktf xba` 4>#>>> avxk`kikvs

s}sxfis a`h# ovttf`xc}# k c} a lfwbv`htfh kdsft|axmk` ~km`xs atf

ok``foxfh xk ~vdcmo haxa okccfoxkts.

Kdsft|axmk` ~km`xs ltki wbftf k`f oa`kdsft|f tkvxm`g oba`gfs atf sbkw` as

omtovcat `khfs xk hmllftf`xmaxf xbfi ltki

tfoxa`gvcat `khfs xbax atf `kx

kdsft|axmk` ~km`xs. \msvacc} sf~ataxm`g

xbf kdsft|axmk` ~km xs ltki xbf kxbft`khfs ocfatc} bmgbcmgbxs kxbft ~kssmdcf

|mfw~km xs xbax oa` df vsfh xk dfxxftv`hftsxa`h xbf saif xmif m`xft|ac. Xbf

kdsft|axmk` ~km x kl xbf Taè)oba`gf



6/16



gta~b "A_


7/16



wfmgbx# as wfcc as xbf oba`gf m` wfmgbx#

ms v~haxfh lkt acc cmès allfoxfh d} faob

DG^ v~haxf ifssagf. A Taè)oba`gfgta~b ms gf`ftaxfh wbf` xbf wfmgbx kl

a`} cmè oba`gfs d} iktf xba` a ~tfsfxxbtfsbkch "hflavcx ms 6>-.

Vsm g xbf xbtfsbkch lmcxft wmxbDG^ v~haxfs# a sm`gcf tkvxm`g f|f`x ia}

df dtkef` m`xk ivcxm~cf Taè)oba`gf

gta~bs. Lkt frai~cf# assvif a cm e"A#D- lamcs a`h 6#>>> tkvxfs vsm`g xbax

cmè atf allfoxfh. Xbms wmcc tfsvcx m` a

dvtsx kl 6#>>> DG^ v~haxfs ocksfc}s~aofh m` xmif# faob kl wbmob tfhvofs

xbf taè kl xbf cmè "A#D- d} 1. Xbvs xbf

f`xmtf v~haxf dvtsx wkvch tfhvof xbftaè kl "A#D- d} 6#>>>. Ml xbf xbtfsbkch

lmcxft gf`ftaxfs a Taè)oba`gf gta~b

faob xmif xbf cmè wfmgbx oba`gfs d} 6>#

xbftf wkvch df as ia`} as 1>> Taè)oba`gf gta~bs# faob wmxb a oba`gf kl 6>

tkvxfs k` cm e "A#D-. Wf fi~ck}fh a

xmim g ifoba msi xk tfhvof xbf `vidftkl Taè)oba`gf gta~bs hvf xk xbf saif

f|f`x. Wf kdsft|fh xbax# d} hfca}m`g xbf

ok`sxtvoxmk` kl xbf Taè)oba`gf gta~b

d} a sbktx xmif# wf okvchsvi kl acc gam`f9%4>>

svi kl acc ckssfs9)1>>

Lmg. sfok`hs.

Hvtm`g xbf f|f x xmift# ml tkvxm`goba`gfs ahh wfmgbx r xk a cm e a`h

miifhmaxfc} oba`gf daoe xk tfhvof xbf

wfmgbx k` xbax cmè d} r# xbf `fx wfmgbx

oba`gf wkvch df > "xftifhoki~f`saxm`g oba`gf- a`h# bfòf# `k

Taè)oba`gf gta~b wmcc df gf`ftaxfh"sm of xbf wfmgbx oba`gf ms dfckw

xbtfsbkch kl 6>-. Kvt obkmof kl ?>sfok`hs lkt xbf f|f`x xmift was

ikxm|axfh d} xbf DG^ xmift oaccfh xbf

Im TkvxfAh|ft xmift# fr~cam fh m`_foxmk` 4. Wmxb xbf Im TkvxfAh|ft

xmift sfx xk xbf tfokiif`hfh xmif kl ?>

sfok`hs# oki~f saxm`g oba`gfs oa``kxba~~f` ax a ltfqvfò} cfss xba` ?>

sfok`hs. Xbkvgb `kx acc tkvxfts m` xbf

M`xft`fx atf e`kw` xk vsf xbf ITAMxmift# wf lkv`h xbf f|f`x xmift |acvf kl

?> sfok`hs xk df ahfqvaxf.

Xbf gta~b gf`ftaxkt oki~k`f`x

kvx~vxs xbf Taèoba`gf gta~b dasfh k`xbf v~haxfs lfh xk mx d} xbf m`~vx lmcxft.

Xbf kvx~vx lmcxft oa` ok xtkc xbf cmès

a`h `khfs m` xbf Taè)oba`gf gta~b lktdtf|mx}. Lmcxft tvcfs lkt xbf kvx~vx okvch

df smi~cf wfmgbx)dasfh tvcfs# svob as

tfik|f acc cmès dfckw a oba`gf kl 1>#

kt iktf oki~cfr# svob as sbkw gta~bswmxb ax cfasx k`f kl xbf `khfs ??2# 66

A@H cmès 88 ??. Xbf kvx~vx lmcxft

ms ~atx kl xbf |msvacmzaxmk` xkkc# a`h# dasfh k` gta~b oki~cfrmx}# k`f oa`

h}àimoacc} vsf lmcxft tvcfs xk smi~cml}

xbf gta~bs. _viiatmzm`g# xbf m`~vx lmcxft ~tf~atfs xbf haxa lkt Taè)oba`gf

gta~bs a`h xbf kvx~vx lmcxft oa` df vsfh

xk ~tv`f xbf Taè)oba`gf gta~b lvtxbft.

?.? Aoxm|mx} ^ckxs: _viiatmzm`g

Wfmgbx Oba`gfs

Aoxm|mx} ~ckxs sviiatmzf tkvxm`g

oba`gfs tf~tfsf`xfh d} Taè)oba`gf

gta~bs ack`g xbf xmif hmif`smk`. Aàoxm|mx} ~ckx ms a sftmfs kl tfh a`h gtff`



8/16



dats k` acxftàxf smhfs kl a bktmzk`xac

arms kl xmif. Wmxb a` aoxm|mx} ~ckx# a vsft

oa` mhf`xml} xmif ~ftmkhs kl bmgb tkvxm`gaoxm|mx} a`h xbf` m`|fsxmgaxf xbksf

s~fomlmo ~ftmkhs m` iktf hfxamc. Wf lmtsxfr~cam bkw a sm gcf aoxm|mx} dat ms

~ckxxfh. Lmg. < sbkws a Taè)oba`gfgta~b smimcat xk Lmg. 4. Gm|f` a Taè)

oba`gf gta~b# wf lmtsx lm`h xbf xkxac gam`

a`h xkxac ckss d} ahhm g xbf wfmgbxoba`gfs kl xbf gtff` a`h tfh cm es#

tfs~foxm|fc}. M` xbms oasf# xbf xkxac taè

gam` ms 4>> "1>> faob k` cmès "88#??-a`h "??#66-- a`h xbf xkxac taè ckss ms

1>>. Wf ~ckx tfh a`h gtff` dats

~tk~ktxmkàc xk xbf xkxac ckss a`h gam`#tfs~foxm|fc}# as sbkw` m` Lmg.


9/16



?.8 Xmif Wm`hkws a`h Htmccm`g Hkw`

Xbf xmif wm`hkw ok`xtkc m`

Cmè)Taè acckws vsfts xk aggtfgaxfTaè)oba`gf gta~bs m` a xmif m`xft|ac.

Hvf xk xbf ~tfsfòf kl sckwok`|ftgfòf# skif sbktx)cm|fh m`|acmh

~axbs okvch a~~fat as gf`vm`f tkvxfoba`gfs. Wmxb xbf xmif)wm`hkw ok`xtkc#

k`f oa` mòtfasf kt hfotfasf xbf

ck`gf|mx} kl wfmgbx oba`gfs xbax k`fwa`xs xk |msvacmzf. Lmg. 7"a- sbkws xbtff

aoxm|mx} dats okttfs~k`hm`g

Lmg. 2. Htmccm`g hkw` xk mòtfasf xbf

cf|fc kl hfxamc m` aoxm|mx}.

Xk xbtff Taè)oba`gf gta~bs sbkw`

dfckw. M` Lmg. 7d# wf sbkw xbf xmifwm`hkw d} tfoxa`gvcat dkrfs k` xbf

aoxm|mx} ~ckx. Xbms xmif wm`hkw oa` scmhf

ack`g xbf aoxm|mx} gta~b vsm`g H\H

~ca}daoe)cmef ok`xtkcs. M` Lmg. 7d# wfsbkw bkw xbf Taèoba`gf gta~b ckkes

m` xbtff oasfs# xwk m`|kc|m`g xbf saif

xmif wm`hkw smzf dvx hmllftf`x ~ksmxmk`s#a`h k`f m`|kc|m`g a` f|f` wmhft xmif

wm`hkw smzf. Ax faob ~ksmxmk` kl xbf

xmif wm`hkw# xbf Taè)oba`gf gta~bslaccm`g m` xbax wm`hkw atf okidm`fh m`xk

k`f d} xaem`g xbf v`mk` kl acc xbf Taè)

oba`gf gta~bs. Fqvm|acf`xc}# xbf Taè)

oba`gf gta~b lkt a s~fomlmo ~ksmxmk` kl

xbf xmif wm`hkw oa` acsk df ok`sxtvoxfh

as a hmllftfòf gta~b dfxwff` xbf Cmè)Taè gta~bs ax xbf sxatx a`h f`h kl xbf

xmif wm`hkw. @kxf xbax# wmxbm` xbf lmtsxxmif wm`hkw x1# xbf Taè)oba`gf gta~bs

ba|f skif oaòfccaxmk` fllfox kl tkvxfoba`gfs# m.f.# xbf `fx wfmgbx oba`gf kl

"88#66- ms ) 1>> % 6> 9 ) 6>. M` ok`xtasx#

wmxbm` xbf sfok`h xmif wm`hkw x4# xbfTaè)oba`gf gta~bs ba|f a` ahhmxm|f

fllfox# m.f.# xbf wfmgbx oba`gf kl "88# 66-

ms 6> % 6> 9 1>>. Ml xbf xmif wm`hkw msmòtfasfh xk mòcvhf acc xbtff aoxm|mx}

dats as m` x?# xbf` acc xbf oba`gfs wmcc df

oaòfcfh a`h xbf `fx Taè)oba`gf gta~bwmcc df fi~x}.

A`kxbft xmif ok`xtkc# oaccfh xbf

htmcc)hkw` lfaxvtf# acckws k`f xk ok`xtkc

xbf xmif gta`vcatmx} kl xbf f`xmtf aoxm|mx}~ckx. D} htmccm`g hkw`# k`f oa` fr~a`h

xbf aoxm|mx} m`smhf xbf ovttf`x xmif)

wm`hkw xk a catgft xmif)s~a` m` a `fwwm`hkw. Xbf lmtsx ~atx kl Lmg. 2 sbkws

a` aoxm|mx} ~ckx s~a``m`g k|ft fmgbx ha}s

a`h xmif wm`hkw kl 1< bkvts. Xk dfxxft

v`hftsxa`h xbf aoxm|mx} m`smhf xbf xmifwm`hkw# wf htmcc hkw` xk fr~a`h xbf 1#>>> `khfs.Bkwf|ft# xbf smzf kl xbf Taè)oba`gf

gta~b hf~f`hs k` xbf `vidft kl cmèswbksf wfmgbxs ba|f oba`gfh a`h xbf

iag`mxvhf kl oba`gfs. Bfòf# m` skif

oasfs wbftf a siacc `vidft kl cm esba|f wfmgbx oba`gfs# xbf Taè)oba`gf

gta~bs ia} ok`xam` k`c} a siacc `vidft

kl `khfs a`h cmès. M` kxbft oasfs wmxb ackx kl oba`gfs# xbf Taè)oba`gf gta~b

Lmg. =. Assfidcm g |mfws ltki A_

112 a`h A_ ?6 tkvxfts dfck`gm`g xk hmllftf`x

avxk`kikvs s}sxfis. M` kthft xkv`hftsxa`h bkw `fxwkte k~ftaxkts

hmag`ksf ~tkdcfis# wf m`xftaoxfh wmxb

`fxwkte ahim`msxtaxkts xbtkvgb fiamca`h ~ftskàc m`xft|mfws ax |atmkvs @ktxb

Aiftmoa` @fxwkte K~ftaxkt Gtkv~

iffxm`gs. Kvt ~kkc kl m xft|mfwffs

ok`smsxfh kl adkvx 8> k~ftaxkts ltkidkxb siacc a`h dmg M_^s# wmxb iksx kl

xbfi ba|m`g iktf xba` lm|f }fats kl

fr~ftmfòf m` `fxwkte k~ftaxmk`s. M` xbftfsx kl xbms sfoxmk`# wf vsf xbf

e`kwcfhgf gam`fh ltki xbms m`xftaoxmk`

xk aàc}zf xbtff oasf sxvhmfs ltki xbf~fts~foxm|f kl a` k~ftaxkt vsm`g Cmè)

Taè.

Wf vsfh xbtff wa}s xk sfcfoxkdsft|axmk` ~km`xs a`h xmif ~ftmkhs lkt

oasf sxvhmfs. Lmtsx# wf ckkefh ax aoxm|mx}~ckxs ltki acc kdsft|axmk` ~km xs k` awffec} dasms a`h mhf`xmlmfh xbf ~ftmkhs

wmxb hf`sf aoxm|mx} kt s~mefs. Oasf M ms

a` frai~cf kl xbms# wbftf wf saw bfa|}



11/16



aoxm|mx} ltki a ~atxmovcat kdsft|axmk`

~km x. _fok`h# wf ckkefh ax aoxm|mx}

~ckxs xk lm h aoxm|mx} s~mefs aotkssivcxm~cf kdsft|axmk` ~km xs hvtm`g xbf

saif xmif ~ftmkh. Oasf MM ms a` frai~cfwbftf aoxm|mx} ~ckxs ltki ivcxm~cf

kdsft|axmk` ~km`xs sbkw s~mefs ax atkv`hxbf saif xmif. Oasfs M a`h MM sbkw xbax

aoxm|mx} ~ckxs oa` sft|f as sviiatmfs lkt

`fxwkte k~ftaxkts vsm`g Cmè)Taè.Lmàcc}# wf ~moefh oasf sxvhmfs m`

tfs~k`sf xk tf~ktxs kl tkvxm`g kt xtallmo

~tkdcfis ltki frxftàc skvtofs svob as@ktxb Aiftmoa` @fxwkte K~ftaxkts

Gtkv~ "@A@KG- iamcm`g cmsxs. Oasf MMM

ms tf~tfsf`xaxm|f kl xbms oaxfgkt}# wbftfxbftf wftf tf~ktxs kl xtallmo ~tkdcfis

ltki a lfw M_^s. M` faob kl xbfsf oasfs#

Lmg. 1>. Aoxm|mx} ~ckxs ltki 2 Iatob4>>6 xk 18 Iatob 4>>6.

wf vsfh xbf Taè)oba`gf gta~bs hvtm`g

xbf sfcfoxfh xmif ~ftmkhs a`h# m` k`f

oasf# assfidcfh ivcxm~cf |mfws xkgfxbft#xk v`hftsxa`h xbf tkvxm`g aoxm|mx}.

8.4 Oasf M: Oa~xvtm`g Cmè

M`sxadmcmxmfs

Atkv`h Iatob 4>>6# A_ 7>12

sbkwfh a ckx kl bfa|} aoxm|mx}# as sbkw`m` xbf sfok`h aoxm|mx} ~ckx "tkvxft M^14.>.1.


12/16



]fx# xbf} klxf` gk v``kxmofh. M` xbms

oasf# xbf dfba|mkt ok`xm`vfh lkt aciksx

xbtff wffes m` Iatob 4>>6# ok`xtmdvxm`gbv`htfhs kl xbkvsa`hs kl DG^ v~haxfs

sff` ax xbf kdsft|axmk` ~km`x. A `fxwktek~ftaxkt vsm g Cmè)Taè ax A_ 7>12

wkvch df`flmx ltki xbf qvmoemhf`xmlmoaxmk` kl svob ksomccaxmk`s a`h

dtm`g sxadmcmx} xk tkvxfs as wfcc as tfhvof

xbf `vidft kl DG^ v~haxfs m` xbfM`xft`fx htasxmoacc}. M` kvt fraimàxmk`

k|ft kxbft xmif ~ftmkhs# wf lkv`h qvmxf a

lfw m`sxaòfs kl cmè m`sxadmcmxmfs smimcatxk xbms oasf adk|f.

_viiat}: Hf sfc} ocvsxftfh dats m`

aoxm|mx} ~ckxs# fs~fomacc} wbftf xbf} ba|f`fat ok`sxa x bfmgbx# atf a sxtk`g

m`hmoaxmk` kl cmè m`sxadmcmxmfs. Aoxm|mx}

~ckxs atf vsflvc m` s~kxxm`g svob oasfs.

K`f oa` xbf` fraim`f xbfsf xmif ~ftmkhsm` hfxamc xk lmgvtf kvx xbf aoxvac oavsfs kl

xbf ta~mh tkvxf oba`gfs.

8.? Oasf MM: Tkkx)Oavsf Mhf`xmlmoaxmk`

Tkkx oavsf mhf`xmlmoaxmk`

m`|kc|fs m lfttm`g xbf oavsf kl a`kdsft|fh sfx kl tkvxm`g v~haxfs. Lkt

Oasf MM# wf ~moefh a oasf wbftf aoxm|mx}~ckxs kl ia`} kdsft|axmk` ~km`xs sbkwfh

s~mefs atkv`h xbf saif xmif. Lmg. 1?sbkws xbf aoxm|mx} ~ckx kl a lfw

kdsft|axmk` ~km`xs ltki 12 Koxkdft

4>>6 xk 48 Koxkdft 4>>6. K`f oa` fasmc}s~kx s~mefs a`h hf`sf aoxm|mx} m` xbfsf

~ckxs ltki ivcxm~cf kdsft|axmk` ~km`xs

"atkv`h 41 Koxkdft 4>>6-. Xkv`hftsxa`h xbf oavsfs# wf ckkefh ax xbf

tkvxm`g aoxm|mx} ltki A_ >:44:16 GIX 4>>6 xk Xvfsha} 16 Iatob >>:44:86 GIX 4>>6. "o-

Ltki Xvfsha} 16 Iatob >>:4?:16 GIX 4>>6 xk Xvfsha} 16 Iatob >>:4?:86 GIX 4>>6.sbkws xbms Taè)oba`gf gta~b atkv`h

> GIX k` 41 Koxkdft 4>>6 ltki

A_ #>>>-. Ax xbf saif



13/16



xmif# skif kxbft cm`es cmef "1-

a`h ">. Dasfh k`

kdsft|axmk`# xbf ~kssmdcf oavsf ms fmxbftA_


14/16



oki~cam xs# as sbkw` m` Lmg. 1>6 a`h htmccfh hkw` xk xbf

xmif dfxwff` 2:?> a`h 1>:?> VXO. Lmg.17 sbkws xbf Ta`e)oba`gf gta~b ltki

A_


15/16



a okiik` ktmgm` A_ as ms vsvacc} xbf

oasf. K` fraim`m`g xbf tkvxm`g xadcf# wf

saw xbkvsa`hs kl ~tflmrfs ba|m`g tkvxfswmxb A_ =141 as xbf ktmgm` A_. Dflktf

xbms f|f`x# xbfsf ~tflmrfs bah |atmkvshmllftf`x ktmgm` A_s. _k# ocfatc}# wbmcf

xbf tkvxfs sxmcc frmsxfh xk tfaob xbfhfsxm axmk` ~tflmrfs# xbf tkvxfs wftf

m`|acmh a`h# bfòf# xbf xtallmo gkx dcaoe)

bkcfh ax A_ =141. A` f|f`x kl xbms x}~f#wbftf a` A_ wtk`gc} ah|ftxmsfs ~tflmrfs

mx hkfs `kx kw`# ms tflfttfh xk as a ~tflmr

bmjaoe a`h ms ok`smhftfh a sftmkvssfovtmx} xbtfax xk xbf M`xft`fx.

Lkcckwm`g ifssagfs ltki

xbf@A@KGhmsovssmk` lktvis# a`h alxftok`svcxm`g wmxb |atmkvs `fxwkte

k~ftaxkts# wf ok`lmtifh xbax A_ =141

ktmgmàxfh aciksx acc xbf ~tflmrfs m` xbf

M`xft`fx# xbvs iaem`g a tkvxf xbtkvgb A_=141 iktf cvotaxm|f xba` skif kl xbf

ck`gft dvx gf`vm`f tkvxfs. Wf saw

smimcat mi~aoxs k` kxbft kdsft|axmk` ~km xs# wmxb xbf fllfox kl xbms bmjaoe

|at}m g dasfh k` tkvxm`g ~kcmomfs kl

kdsft|axmk` ~km`xs a`h bkw lat xbf}

wftf ltki A_ =141. Wbmcf mx ia} sffixbax svob f|f xs oa` df avxkiaxmoacc}

hfxfoxfh# xbf ef} ~vt~ksf sft|fh d}

|msvacmzaxmk` bftf ms xk bmgbcmgbx xbfskvtof a`h frxf`x kl xbms bmjaoe axxaoe xk

xbf k~ftaxkt.

_viiat}: |msvac obataoxftmsxmo kl catgfsoacf ~tflmr bmjaoe f|f`xs ms xbf caoe kl

tfh "cksx taès- a`h gtff` "gam`fh taès-

fhgfs ok`|ftgm`g k` xbf smè `khfs. A`}Cmè)Taè gta~b sbkwm`g svob

obataoxftmsxmos sbkvch df a oavsf lktacati. M` xbms sfoxmk`# wf ~tfsf`xfh xbtffoasf sxvhmfs. M` faob kl xbfsf oasfs# wf

sbkw bkw Cm e)Taè oa` df vsfh xk

hmsok|ft xbf ~tkdcfi as wfcc as xk

mhf`xml} xbf oavsf kl xbf ~tkdcfi.

6 Okòcvsmk`

K` xbf |msvacmzaxmk` ltk`x# wf atf

fr~cktm`g wa}s kl mi~tk|m`g xbf `khfca}kvx m` xbf Taè)oba`gf gta~b. _kif

vsfts fr~tfssfh xbf hfsmtf xk assmg`~ksmxmk` ok`sxtam`xs xk sfcfoxfh `khfs m`

xbf Taè)oba`gf gta~bs. Wf acsk

kdsft|fh xbax vsfts klxf` tf~ksmxmk`fh`khfs xk sf~ataxf xbf gtff` ~axbs ltki

xbf tfh ~axbs. Mòkt~ktaxm`g ~ksmxmk`

ok`sxtam`xs a`h okckt kl fhgfs as m`~vx xkxbf ca}kvx acgktmxbi atf m`xftfsxm`g

hmtfoxmk`s lkt lvxvtf wkte. A`kxbft

hmtfoxmk` xk hfac wmxb hf`sft gta~bs ms xk df adcf xk dtm`g a svdgta~b xk xbf

lktfltk`x. M` ~atxmovcat# wf atf fr~cktm`g

xbf mhfa kl sfcfoxm`g a` A_ a`h dtm`gm`g

mxs ok``foxfh oki~k`f`xs xk xbflktfltk x. ]fx a`kxbft cm f kl wkte

m`|kc|fs dfxxft hmsxmòxmk` kl

ok`xtmdvxmk`s ltki faob kdsft|axmk` ~km`x. Ovttf xc}# Cmè)Taè tfcmfs k`

okckts# fs~fomacc} wbf` assfidcm g

|mfws ltki ivcxm~cf kdsft|axmk` ~km`xs

m`xk a sm`gcf gta~b. Vsfts wmxb hmllmovcx}m` hmllftf`xmaxm`g okckts wkvch df`flmx

ltki kxbft wa}s xk tf~tfsf`x hmllftf`x

|mfws m` xbf saif gta~b. M` aoxm|mx}~ckxs# hvf xk xbf ])soacf ahjvsxfh dasfh

k` oba`gfs wmxbm xbf xmif kl xbf

aoxm|mx} ~ckx# mx ms hmllmovcx xk fasmc}oki~atf aoxm|mx} ~ckxs ltki hmllftf`x

kdsft|axmk` ~km`xs wmxb faob kxbft. Wf

atf fr~cktm`g wa}s xk fàdcf fasmftoki~atmsk` dfxwff` aoxm|mx} ~ckxs ltki

ivcxm~cf kdsft|axmk` ~km xs. Dfsmhfs|msvacmzaxmk`# wf lffc Cmè)Taè oaàcsk df`flmx ltki dvmcx)m` f|f`x

tfokg mzft a`h ocassmlmfts. Wf sbkwfh

bkw Taè)oba`gf gta~bs oa` df vsfh xk



16/16



mhf`xml} hmllftf`x em`hs kl f|f`xs cmef

cm e ~tkdcfis# A_ f|f`xs# a`h ~tflmr

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Visualizing Internet Routing Changes - IT