Visual Illusions - Book

7/31/2019 Visual Illusions - Book

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The copy of the following book in pdf format is available at :

http://ia700502.us.archive.org/4/items/visualillusions00luckgoog/visualillusions00luckgoog.pdf

VISUAL ILLUSIONSTHEIR CAUSES, CHARACTERISTICS

AND APPLICATIONS

BY

M. LUCKIESH

DIRECTOR OF APPLIED SCIENCE, NELA RESEARCH LABORATORIES,NATIONAL LAMP WORKS OF GENERAL ELECTRIC CO.

AUTHOR OF COLOR AND ITS APPLICATIONS, LIGHT AND SHADE

AND THEIR APPLICATIONS, THE LIGHTING ART, THE

LANGUAGE OF COLOR, ARTIFICIAL LIGHTITS

INFLUENCE UPON CIVILIZATION,

LIGHTING THE HOME, ETC.

100 ILLUSTRATIONS

NEW YORK

D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY

EIGHT WARREN STREET1922

COPYRIGHT, 1922, BYD. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY
http://ia700502.us.archive.org/4/items/visualillusions00luckgoog/visualillusions00luckgoog.pdfhttp://ia700502.us.archive.org/4/items/visualillusions00luckgoog/visualillusions00luckgoog.pdf


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CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE

I.Introduction 1II.The eye 13

III.Vision 29IV.Some types of geometrical illusions 44

V.Equivocal figures 64

VI.The influence of angles 76VII.Illusions of depth and of distance 102

VIII.Irradiation and brightness-contrast 114

IX.Color 124X.Lighting 144

XI.Nature 164

XII.Painting and decoration 179XIII.Architecture 195

XIV.Mirror Magic 205

XV.Camouflage 210

[Pg vi]

[Pg vii]

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE PAGE

1.Principal parts of the eye 142.Stereoscopic pictures for combining by

converging or diverging the optical axes 41

3.Stereoscopic pictures 414.The vertical line appears longer than the equal

horizontal line in each case 46

5.The vertical dimension is equal to the horizontal

one, but the former appears greater 476.The divided or filled space on the left appears

longer than the equal space on the right 49

7.The three lines are of equal length 508.The distance between the two circles on the left is

equal to the distance between the outside edges of

the two circles on the right 509.Three squares of equal dimensions which appear

different in area and dimension 51
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10.The vertical distance between the upper circle and

the left-hand one of the group is equal to the

overall length of the group of three circles 52

11.Two equal semi-circles 5312.Arcs of the same circle 53

13.Three incomplete but equal squares 53

14.Middle sections of the two lines are equal 5415.An effect of contrasting areas (Baldwins figure) 54

16.An illusion of contrast 55

17.Equal circles which appear unequal due tocontrast (Ebbinghaus figure) 56

18.Equal circles appearing unequal owing to

contrasting concentric circles 5619.Circles influenced by position within an angle 57

20.Contrasting angles 57

21.Owing to perspective the right angles appear

oblique and vice versa 5822.Two equal diagonals which appear unequal 58

23.Apparent variations in the distance between two

parallel lines 5924.A striking illusion of perspective 60

25.Distortion of a square due to superposed lines 61

26.Distortion of a circle due to superposed lines 6227.Illustrating fluctuation of attention 65

28.The grouping of the circles fluctuates 66

29.Crossed lines which may be interpreted in two

ways 6730Reversible cubes 68

31.The reversible open book (after Mach) 69

32.A reversible tetrahedron 6933.Reversible perspective of a group of rings or of a

tube 70

34.Schrders reversible staircase 7035.Thirys figure 71

36.Illustrating certain influences upon the apparent

direction of vision.

By covering all but the eyes the latter appear to be

drawn alike in both sketches 73

37.Zllners illusion of direction 77

38.Parallel lines which do not appear so 7939.Wundts illusion of direction 79

40.Herings illusion of direction 80

41.Simple effect of angles 8142.The effect of two angles in tilting the horizontal

lines 83

43.The effect of crossed lines upon their respectiveapparent directions 83

44.Another step toward the Zllner illusion 84

45.The two diagonals would meet on the left vertical 85
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line

46.Poggendorffs illusion. Which oblique line on the

right is the prolongation of the oblique line on the

left? 8547.A straight line appears to sag 86

48.Distortions of contour due to contact with other

contours 8749.An illusion of direction 88

50.Twisted-cord illusion. These are straight cords 89

51.Twisted-cord illusion. These are concentriccircles 89

52.A spiral when rotated appears to expand or

contract, depending upon direction of rotation 9053.Angles affect the apparent length of lines 91

54.The horizontal line appears to tilt downward

toward the ends 92

55.The horizontal line appears to sag in the middle 9256.The Mller-Lyer illusion 93

57.Combined influence of angles and contrasting

lengths 9558.Two equal oblique lines appear unequal because

of their different positions 95

59.An illusion of area 9660.Five equal areas showing the influence of contour

upon judgment of area 97

61.Showing the effect of directing the attention 98

62.Simple apparatus for demonstrating theremarkable effects of contrasts in brightness and

color 115

63.Illustrating brightness-contrast 11764.An effect of brightness-contrast. Note the

darkening of the intersections of the white strips 118

65.The phenomenon of irradiation 12166.An excellent pattern for demonstrating color-

contrast 126

67.By rotating this Mason (black and white) diskcolor-sensations are produced 133

68For demonstrating retiring and advancing colors 137

69.By combining these stereoscopically the effect of

metallic lustre (similar to graphite in this case) isobtained 141

70.A bas-relief lighted from above 146

71.An intaglio lighted from above 14772.A bas-relief lighted from the left 148

73.An intaglio lighted from the left 149

74a.A disk (above) and a sphere (below) lighted fromoverhead 145

b.A disk and a sphere lighted by perfectly diffused

light 145
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75.A concave hemispherical cup on the left and a

convex hemisphere on the right lighted by a light-

source of large angle such as a window 150

76.The same as Fig. 75, but lighted by a very smalllight-source 151

77.Apparent ending of a searchlight beam 161

78.An accurate tracing from a photograph (continualexposure) of the moon rising 171

79.Accurate tracings from a photograph (short

exposures at intervals) of the sun setting 17280.Explanation offered by Smith of the apparent

enlargement of heavenly bodies near the horizon 174

81.Explanation of a common mirage 17682.Illustrating the apparent distortion of a picture

frame in which the grain of the wood is visible 190

83.Another example similar to Fig. 82 191

84.From actual photographs of the end-grain of aboard 192

85.Exaggerated illusions in architecture 198

86.Illustrating the influence of visual angle uponapparent vertical height 199

87.Irradiation in architecture 200

88.Some simple geometrical-optical illusions inarchitecture 201

89.By decreasing the exposed length of shingles

toward the top a greater apparent expanse is

obtained 20290.An example of a mirror illusion 207

91.Another example of mirror magic 208

92.A primary stage in the evolution of the use ofgeometrical-optical illusions on ships 226

93 and 94.Attempts at distortion of outline which preceded

the adoption of geometrical-optical illusions 22895 and 96.Illustrating the use of models by the Navy

Department in developing the geometrical-optical

illusion for ships 22997 and 98.Examples of the geometrical-optical illusion as

finally applied 231

99.Representative earth backgrounds for an airplane

(uncamouflaged) as viewed from above 235100.Illustrating the study of pattern for airplanes. The

photograph was taken from an altitude of 10,000

feet. The insert shows the relative lengths (verticalscale) of an airplane of 50-foot spread at various

distances below the observer 239
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Visual Illusions - Book