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Visu 1Tech
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Technologies for Rice basedEco-industrial Clustering in
Thailand
Prof. C. Visvanathan
Environmental Engineering and Management,Asian Institute of Technology,
Bangkok, Thailand
Web: http://www.faculty.ait.ac.th/visu/
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Sphere of this study
Rural Urban Fringe Areas
Rural Urban
Fringe Areas
Agro Industries
Eco-Industrial Networking
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Bangkok
Chachoengsao
Bangkok
Rural Urban Fringe Areas
Province area - 5,300 km2 Population is 650,000 Approximately 2,200 km2 of agricultural lands
(70% of the population are farmers) GPP =160,500 million Baht (9th rank of country
by max.=605,000 and min.=16,350) Average population income =250,000 Baht/yr
(3rd of region and 8th of country, Avg.=86,000) Mix of Rural and Urban areas
Profile of Chachoengsao
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Japan’s contribution to Industrial Development in Thailand
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
– Alleviate Regional Disparity between the Bangkok Metropolitan Area and the Northeastern Region in Thailand
– Construction and maintenance of local roads and bridges in rural regions
– Development of agriculture and forestry
– Public health projects Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC)
– Provide ODA for infrastructure development projects in Thailand
– International transport infrastructure :Bangkok International Airport
– Large-scale regional development program :Eastern Seaboard Development Program
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES)
– Focus on sustainable development
– Eco-Industrial Clusters
– 3R initiatives
Note: Monetary value of investments /ODA will be added to this info
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Bangkok & 5 Study Districts - 1990
Bangkok & 5 Study Districts - 2003
Bangkok & 5 Study Districts – 1990 - 2003
Urban Land Use Change
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Agricultural Landuse Change – 5 Study Districts
Agricultural Landuse - 1990Agricultural Landuse - 2003
• Industries - 2003
Agricultural Landuse 1990 - 2003
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Social Issue
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
2001 2002 2003 2004
Mueang Chachoengsao Bangkhla Bang Nam Priao Bang Pakong Ban Pho Phanom Sarakham Ratchasan Sanam Chai Khet Plaeng YaoTha Takiap Khlong Khuean
Reason :Migration to urban areas and other parts of the province in search of employment and livelihood opportunities
Negative population growth in 4 of the 5 study districts !
Population Growth Rate in Chachoengsao Province
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Environmental Status Province
Odor Noise Dust/ Smoke
Wastewater
Solidwaste
Hazardous waste
Other Total
ChonburiRayongChachoengsaoPhrachinburiChantaburiTratSakaeo
12993000
4222000
6651100
41132100
1001000
1015000
0011000
28282115200
Solid Waste– About 120 tons/day of MSW in 5 study districts– Collection efficiency:85-100%; 45-55% organic – Pig farms and Poultries: Solid Waste and Excreta– Agricultural Residue: Rice husk, Straw
Wastewater– 250,000 pigs in 800 farms – A farm with 200-2,000 pigs generate wastewater at the rate of about
12.5 L/pig/day – Average BOD of about 1,412 mg/L and maximum BOD of 4,638 mg/L
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Rice Based Industries
Piggery
Poultry
Biom
ass
& Bio
gas
Power G
ener
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Case Study Cluters
200 million tons of paddy
100 rice husk mills 22 rice noodle
industries
200 million tons of paddy
100 rice husk mills 22 rice noodle
industries
250,000 pigs in 800 pig farms
300 tons of piggery waste
250,000 pigs in 800 pig farms
300 tons of piggery waste
5 million chicken in 332 farms
700,000 ducks in 100 farms
5 million chicken in 332 farms
700,000 ducks in 100 farms
10 MW Rice husk Biomass power
Potential for biogas power
10 MW Rice husk Biomass power
Potential for biogas power
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Agro Products
Rice MillsPaddy
Paddy Husk
Rice
Rice IndustryRice Products
Agri. Residues Wastewater
Piggery
Wastewater
Solid Waste - Excreta
Poultry
High Calorific Value
Potential as biomass
Organic Fertilizer
High Organic
Potential for Biogas
Organic Fertilizer
Note: This conceptual is being reworked to present more field information
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Value Chain Framework
Value IncreaseRice
PolishingPaddy
Processing
Harvesting
Energy consumption
Noise / odor / dust
Wastewater
Environmental
degradation
GHG Emission
CO, CO2, NOx
Solid wasteLost of nutrient
Soil contamination
Pollution Increase
Intensive
Cultivation
Note: This conceptual is being reworked to present more information
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Industrial Network in Chachoengsao
Agriculture
LivestockSmall Power
Producers
Rice Industries
Biogas power
Organic Fertilizer
Biomass power
Compost
Cattle feed
Agro Products
Existing
Existing but weak
Possible, but does not exist
Note: This conceptual is being reworked to present more field information
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SWOP Analysis
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Strengths No Cluster
– Conservative use of resources – agricultural production only to meet local demands
– Traditional farming practices retain the fertility of the soil
– Self sufficient and self-dependent rural economies Present Situation
– Raw material and waste sharing between agriculture and livestock
– Access to Bangkok Urban areas leads to a broad spectrum of markets for agricultural and livestock products
– Rapidly improving infrastructure facilities such as roads, water supply and electricity in the Province attracts new investments
– Cleaner Production potential at individual firm level, SMI level (e.g. Rice Noodle Industry)
Ideal Cluster
– Creation of new business that depend on disposed resources as raw materials– rice husk/biomass power generation; piggery waste biogas
– Increase competitiveness of business by reducing production costs; cost reduction in waste disposal + income generation through resource recovery from waste
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Weakness No Cluster
– Disposal of agricultural residues and excreta from livestock farms
– Loss of valuable resources in the form of waste (Piggery & Poultry)
– Pollution of local water sources from high organic livestock wastes
– Excessive Migration of population towards urban Bangkok
Present Situation
– Use of intermediate technology in farming, harvesting and rice processing
– Unscientific methods in livestock farming
– Lack of awareness on technologies and possibilities in resource recovery from agricultural and livestock wastes
Ideal Cluster
– Increase in inward population migration from additional employment – pressure on local resources
– Creation of more businesses may exert pressure on natural resources for raw materials
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Opportunities Present Situation
– Increase employment rate by way of creating new business (e.g. small & medium scale power generation) using biomass/biogas
– Increase the local income of the Province leading to improved living standards
Ideal Cluster
– Create additional jobs in agro and livestock industries, through new businesses, services and products in Chachoengsao Province
– Prevent outward population migration, a prevailing social issue in Chachoengsao Province, and sustain rural growth
– Chachoengsao Province is classified under Zone 2 and hence attract new investments thus increasing the share of the region in the national economy
– Cluster formations in Chachoengsao Province, will make the economy of scale more attractive
– Enhance pollution control through biogas systems in piggery
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Potentials No Cluster
– Loss of bio-diversity and habitat (e.g. freshwater ecosystems damaged due to indiscriminate disposal of livestock waste)
– Pollution of water sources due to agricultural runoff
Present Situation
– Biomass power generation from agricultural residues
– Biogas generation from piggery waste
– Community level or decentralized power generation
– Organic farming practices - poultry Litter as organic fertilizer
Ideal Cluster
– Community participation in local industrial and rural development
– Develop resource conscious agriculture, pig and poultry farming
– Environmentally friendly business practices in agriculture and livestock waste management
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Impact Analysis for Cluster Development
Note: Analysis of policy and technology impacts on the eco-industrial cluster is presented in this section
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Policy Impacts - 9th NESDB Plan
Create a strong social
foundation
Strengthen networks (social
and business) linking rural and
urban areas
Management Restructuring for sustainable rural
and urban development
Establish linkages between rural and urban
development
Strengthen grassroots economies to provide
sustainable incomes for rural people
Develop cluster based economy consistent with
regional economic potentials, preferences, and functions
Establish economic clusters linking rural
and urban areas
NESDB – National Economic and Social Development Board
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9th NESDB Plan Strategies
Restructure economy for balanced and sustainable
development
Develop local economies, small and medium scale enterprises, and
cooperative systems
Distribute economic growth and
development benefits
Decentralize growth, in/to regional areas
Emphasize development of production networks,
supply chains and services
Develop networks (cluster creation) linking public, private, and civil
sectors
Market and distribute products from local to regional, national and international markets
NESDB – National Economic and Social Development Board
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Investment Benefits
Chachoengsao is classified under Investment Zone 2
– 100% waiver of import duty on machinery for industries in estates
– 50% waiver for industries outside the estate
– Corporate income tax exemption – 7 years within industrial estate and 3 years outside
– Exemption on import duty for raw material for 1 year in both cases
Relocating industries from Zone 1 (Bangkok and surrounding provinces) to Zone 2 also attract benefits
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
Zone 4
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Incentives for Agro Industries Board of Investment, Thailand identified and classified 30 agro
industries for special incentives
– Livestock, Slaughtering, meat and food processing, animal feed, agriculture products and waste re-processing – identified as priority activities
– Special reference to Agro processing zones
– Machinery import duty exemption
– Corporate income tax exemption for a period of 8 years regardless of zone with no limits
– Other rights and benefits according to BoI announcement
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Power Purchase Policy Small Power Producers
– Co-generators or facilities using renewable energy fuels,
– Sell power to EGAT of not more than 90 MW for each project.
– Minimum purchase guarantee – not less than 80%
– Allows direct sale to industrial estates near the power plants
Very Small Power Producers (less than 1 MW)
– agricultural waste or residues, or residues from agricultural or industrial production processes
– products converted from agricultural waste or residues, or residues from agricultural or industrial production processes
– municipal waste
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Technology Impacts Paddy Processing
Agricultural Residues; High calorific value
Pig farms
Piggery waste; High organic matter
Poultry
Poultry Litter; High organic matter
Small-scale biomass power
Decentralized power generation systems
Efficient use of resources
Small-scale biogas generation systems
Biogas as fuel for cooking or industrial heat and power generation
Prevents environmental degradation
One Small-scale biomass power generation of 10 MW from rice husk
Major portion of agricultural residues is unscientifically disposed without realizing its potentials
Poultry and Piggery waste disposed in local water-bodies and barren land - potential to generate biogas is not utilized
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dAgriculture and
Livestock
Biogas
Rice Products
Piggery
Poultry
Biomass power
Consumption & Markets
Trade and Business
Export of agri & Livestock Products
Economic Development & Self-sustaining
Livelihoods
Value-added Agricultural
Products
Rural AreaRural Area
Urban AreaUrban Area
Biomass Power Generation
Decentralized Renewable Energy
Generation
Value Addition to discarded resources
Processed Agri & Livestock Products
Existing
Cluster
Eco- cluster
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Conclusions Micro level material flows clearly reveal the presence of inter-
firm networks as well as potentials for further strengthening;
Lack of appropriate technologies prevents full resource recovery and complete reuse between the existing network;
Current national policies are conducive – Environmental, Agricultural, Investment promotion, Power Generation
Special emphasis on rural-urban linkages in the NESDB plan.
Agro industries in rural-urban fringe areas have gained prominence in the NESDB plan with an emphasis on Eco- clusters.
Strategies clearly foresee development of eco-friendly industries in urban-fringe areas and rural communities as a means of sustainable local development
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Recommendations Technology Transfer
– Material flows indicate more opportunities for eco-industrial networking.
– Cost-effective technologies for Small & Medium -scale, decentralized biomass power and biogas generation is required
Inter-firm networks– Networks in simple nature exist; but are often weak and
underutilized.– Several other possible linkages yet to be strengthened and
fully exploited.
Technology Transfer will further accelerate the transformation of the region into a model
cluster with a brilliant inter-firm network
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Visu 42Tech
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Noodle Estate in Bangnampreo
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