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September 9 2013
The layout of the visual system the retina and the lateral geniculate nucleus
1
Basic Wiring of the Visual System
2
The world seen by the two eyes
rabbit human
Seen by both eyes
Seen by left eye Seen by right eye
Seen by both eyes
Seen by left eye Seen by right eye
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare
3
Primates
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
Please refer to lecture video or Figure 3 from Schiller Peter H and Edward J Tehovnik Visual prosthesis Perception 37 no 10 (2008) 1529
5
Basics of Retinal Connections
and Retinal Ganglion Cells
6
near
far
Ciliaryprocess
Retrolental space
Optic axis
Canal ofCloquet
Retina
ScleraChoroid
Lamina cribrosa
Horizontal section of the right human eye
Nerve amp sheath
Macula lutea
Fovea
Vitreous humor
Visual axis
Ora serrataCiliary epithelium
Zonule fibers
Ciliary muscleCanal of Schlemm
ConjunctivaIris
Cornea
Rectustendon
Lens
Anterior Chamber
Posterior chamberLimbal zone
Ciliary
body
Disc
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare
7
Foveal cone density 200000sqmm5 degrees out 20000sqmm
10 degrees out 10000sqmm
Fovea
Optic nerve
Human RetinaFoveal cone density 200000sqmm
5 degrees out 20000sqmm10 degrees out 10000sqmm
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare8
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
9
Please refer to lecture video or to Polyak Stephen Lucian The Vertebrate Visual SystemIts Origin Structure and Function and its Manifestations in Disease with an Analysis of itsRole in the Life of Animal and in the Origin of Man Edited by Heinrich Kluver Universityof Chicago Press 1957
Retinal ganglion cells cross section Golgi label
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
by Polyak10
Please refer to lecture video or Figure 4 from Schiller Peter H Parallel information processingchannels created in the retina Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 no 40 (2010) 17087-17094
Physiology of retinal ganglion cells
11
Whole mount cat retina Nissl stain
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
Please see lecture video or Figure 1 from Wassle H W R Levick and B G Cleland The distribution of the alpha type of ganglion cells in the cats retina Journal of Comparative
Neurology 159 no 3 (1975) 419-437
14
Three populations of fibers
Rapid Slower Very slow
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare
15
Conduction velocity in optic nerve fibers
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
Please see lecture video or Figures 2 and 3 from Watanabe M and RW Rodieck Parasol and midget
ganglion cells of the primate retina Journal of Comparative Neurology 289 no 3 (1989) 434-454
16
Photoreceptors
18
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
19
Please refer to lecture video or Figure 1 from Schiller Peter H and Edward J Tehovnik Visual prosthesis Perception 37 no 10 (2008) 1529
Rods and cones in periphery
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
Please see lecture video or Figure 1 from Winkler Kenneth C and Pasko Rakic Distribution of photoreceptor subtypes in the retina of diurnal and noctournal primates
The Journal of Neuroscience 10 no 10 (1990) 3390-3401
In human retina there are about 120 million rods and about 5 million cones20
Num
ber o
f rod
s or c
ones
in a
n ar
ea 0
006
9 sq
mm
2400
2000
1600
1200
800
400
080 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80
12
10
08
06
04
02
0
Rel
ativ
e vi
sual
acu
ity
Degrees from the foveaFovea
Distribution of rods and cones along a horizontal meridian Parallel vertical lines represent the blindspot Visual acuity for a high luminance as a function of retinal location is included for comparison
Rods (number)Cones (number)Relative visualacuity in degreesfrom the fovea
Blin
d sp
ot
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare
21
Distribution of rods and cones on the retina
Some basic facts about the receptor array
1 degree = 200u on retina
Intercone distance in fovea = 24u (07 min)
200000 cones per sqmm in fovea
20000 cones per sqmm 5 degrees out
Thumbnail at arms length = 1 degree
The 12 font letter I activates about 80 cones at 23 cm
Each rod has 1000 disks each with 10000 molecules
Only 1 of 8 cones is blue Red and green are equal 23
Bipolar cells
25
Cat bipolar cells
Kolb Helga Ralph Nelson and Andrew Mariani Amacrine cells bipolar cells and ganglion cells of the cat retina a Golgi studyVision Research 21 no 7 (1981) 1081-1114 Courtesy of Elsevier Inc httpwwwsciencedirectcom Used with permission
Horizontal cells
27
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
28
Please refer to lecture video or to Polyak Stephen Lucian The Vertebrate Visual SystemIts Origin Structure and Function and its Manifestations in Disease with an Analysis of itsRole in the Life of Animal and in the Origin of Man Edited by Heinrich Kluver Universityof Chicago Press 1957
A Horizontal cell with regularly arranged dendrites thatis connected to 15 cones in a cone density region of 20
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare29
Amacrine cells
30
Labeled and injected cholinergic amacrine cell
Images removed due to copyright restrictions
31
Please see lecture video or Figure 2 of Masland Richard H The functional architecture of the retina Scientific American 255 no 6 (1986) 102-11
cholinergic cell
All cell
dopaminergic cell
All
Cholinergic
Dopaminergic
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare 32
Electrical responses in the retina
33
all hyperpolarize to light
all hyperpolarize to light
some hyperpolarize and some depolarize
some hyperpolarize some depolarize and some give action potentials
all give action potentials
Bipolar Cells
Receptors
Horizontal Cells
Amacrine Cell
Ganglion Cells
mudpuppy retina
(Necturus maculosus)
0
-50
oscilloscope
DC recording
epsp
copy American Physiological Association All rights reserved This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license For more information seehttpocwmiteduhelpfaq-fair-use Source Figure 2 and 3 from Werblin Frank S and John E Dowling Organization of the Retina of the MudpuppyNecturus macubsus II Intracellular Recording J Neurophysiol 32 (1969) 339 5 (2009) 1231-1246
Photoreceptor basics
1 All photoreceptors hyperpolarize to light
2 Depolarization of the photoreceptor releases glutamate
3 Photon absorption by the photopigment results in isomerization of the chromophore from 11-cis to all-trans This causes hyperpolarization thereby reducing neurotransmitter release
4 Two classes of bipolars are the ON and the OFF The synaptic junction of OFF bipolars is sign conserving that of the ON bipolar is sign inverting
5 The ON bipolar receptor is mGluR6 Its activation leads to closing of channels causing hyperpolarization
36
MIT OpenCourseWarehttpocwmitedu
904 Sensory Systems Fall 2013
For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use visit httpocwmiteduterms
Basic Wiring of the Visual System
2
The world seen by the two eyes
rabbit human
Seen by both eyes
Seen by left eye Seen by right eye
Seen by both eyes
Seen by left eye Seen by right eye
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare
3
Primates
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
Please refer to lecture video or Figure 3 from Schiller Peter H and Edward J Tehovnik Visual prosthesis Perception 37 no 10 (2008) 1529
5
Basics of Retinal Connections
and Retinal Ganglion Cells
6
near
far
Ciliaryprocess
Retrolental space
Optic axis
Canal ofCloquet
Retina
ScleraChoroid
Lamina cribrosa
Horizontal section of the right human eye
Nerve amp sheath
Macula lutea
Fovea
Vitreous humor
Visual axis
Ora serrataCiliary epithelium
Zonule fibers
Ciliary muscleCanal of Schlemm
ConjunctivaIris
Cornea
Rectustendon
Lens
Anterior Chamber
Posterior chamberLimbal zone
Ciliary
body
Disc
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare
7
Foveal cone density 200000sqmm5 degrees out 20000sqmm
10 degrees out 10000sqmm
Fovea
Optic nerve
Human RetinaFoveal cone density 200000sqmm
5 degrees out 20000sqmm10 degrees out 10000sqmm
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare8
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
9
Please refer to lecture video or to Polyak Stephen Lucian The Vertebrate Visual SystemIts Origin Structure and Function and its Manifestations in Disease with an Analysis of itsRole in the Life of Animal and in the Origin of Man Edited by Heinrich Kluver Universityof Chicago Press 1957
Retinal ganglion cells cross section Golgi label
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
by Polyak10
Please refer to lecture video or Figure 4 from Schiller Peter H Parallel information processingchannels created in the retina Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 no 40 (2010) 17087-17094
Physiology of retinal ganglion cells
11
Whole mount cat retina Nissl stain
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
Please see lecture video or Figure 1 from Wassle H W R Levick and B G Cleland The distribution of the alpha type of ganglion cells in the cats retina Journal of Comparative
Neurology 159 no 3 (1975) 419-437
14
Three populations of fibers
Rapid Slower Very slow
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare
15
Conduction velocity in optic nerve fibers
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
Please see lecture video or Figures 2 and 3 from Watanabe M and RW Rodieck Parasol and midget
ganglion cells of the primate retina Journal of Comparative Neurology 289 no 3 (1989) 434-454
16
Photoreceptors
18
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
19
Please refer to lecture video or Figure 1 from Schiller Peter H and Edward J Tehovnik Visual prosthesis Perception 37 no 10 (2008) 1529
Rods and cones in periphery
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
Please see lecture video or Figure 1 from Winkler Kenneth C and Pasko Rakic Distribution of photoreceptor subtypes in the retina of diurnal and noctournal primates
The Journal of Neuroscience 10 no 10 (1990) 3390-3401
In human retina there are about 120 million rods and about 5 million cones20
Num
ber o
f rod
s or c
ones
in a
n ar
ea 0
006
9 sq
mm
2400
2000
1600
1200
800
400
080 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80
12
10
08
06
04
02
0
Rel
ativ
e vi
sual
acu
ity
Degrees from the foveaFovea
Distribution of rods and cones along a horizontal meridian Parallel vertical lines represent the blindspot Visual acuity for a high luminance as a function of retinal location is included for comparison
Rods (number)Cones (number)Relative visualacuity in degreesfrom the fovea
Blin
d sp
ot
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare
21
Distribution of rods and cones on the retina
Some basic facts about the receptor array
1 degree = 200u on retina
Intercone distance in fovea = 24u (07 min)
200000 cones per sqmm in fovea
20000 cones per sqmm 5 degrees out
Thumbnail at arms length = 1 degree
The 12 font letter I activates about 80 cones at 23 cm
Each rod has 1000 disks each with 10000 molecules
Only 1 of 8 cones is blue Red and green are equal 23
Bipolar cells
25
Cat bipolar cells
Kolb Helga Ralph Nelson and Andrew Mariani Amacrine cells bipolar cells and ganglion cells of the cat retina a Golgi studyVision Research 21 no 7 (1981) 1081-1114 Courtesy of Elsevier Inc httpwwwsciencedirectcom Used with permission
Horizontal cells
27
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
28
Please refer to lecture video or to Polyak Stephen Lucian The Vertebrate Visual SystemIts Origin Structure and Function and its Manifestations in Disease with an Analysis of itsRole in the Life of Animal and in the Origin of Man Edited by Heinrich Kluver Universityof Chicago Press 1957
A Horizontal cell with regularly arranged dendrites thatis connected to 15 cones in a cone density region of 20
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare29
Amacrine cells
30
Labeled and injected cholinergic amacrine cell
Images removed due to copyright restrictions
31
Please see lecture video or Figure 2 of Masland Richard H The functional architecture of the retina Scientific American 255 no 6 (1986) 102-11
cholinergic cell
All cell
dopaminergic cell
All
Cholinergic
Dopaminergic
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare 32
Electrical responses in the retina
33
all hyperpolarize to light
all hyperpolarize to light
some hyperpolarize and some depolarize
some hyperpolarize some depolarize and some give action potentials
all give action potentials
Bipolar Cells
Receptors
Horizontal Cells
Amacrine Cell
Ganglion Cells
mudpuppy retina
(Necturus maculosus)
0
-50
oscilloscope
DC recording
epsp
copy American Physiological Association All rights reserved This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license For more information seehttpocwmiteduhelpfaq-fair-use Source Figure 2 and 3 from Werblin Frank S and John E Dowling Organization of the Retina of the MudpuppyNecturus macubsus II Intracellular Recording J Neurophysiol 32 (1969) 339 5 (2009) 1231-1246
Photoreceptor basics
1 All photoreceptors hyperpolarize to light
2 Depolarization of the photoreceptor releases glutamate
3 Photon absorption by the photopigment results in isomerization of the chromophore from 11-cis to all-trans This causes hyperpolarization thereby reducing neurotransmitter release
4 Two classes of bipolars are the ON and the OFF The synaptic junction of OFF bipolars is sign conserving that of the ON bipolar is sign inverting
5 The ON bipolar receptor is mGluR6 Its activation leads to closing of channels causing hyperpolarization
36
MIT OpenCourseWarehttpocwmitedu
904 Sensory Systems Fall 2013
For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use visit httpocwmiteduterms
The world seen by the two eyes
rabbit human
Seen by both eyes
Seen by left eye Seen by right eye
Seen by both eyes
Seen by left eye Seen by right eye
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare
3
Primates
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
Please refer to lecture video or Figure 3 from Schiller Peter H and Edward J Tehovnik Visual prosthesis Perception 37 no 10 (2008) 1529
5
Basics of Retinal Connections
and Retinal Ganglion Cells
6
near
far
Ciliaryprocess
Retrolental space
Optic axis
Canal ofCloquet
Retina
ScleraChoroid
Lamina cribrosa
Horizontal section of the right human eye
Nerve amp sheath
Macula lutea
Fovea
Vitreous humor
Visual axis
Ora serrataCiliary epithelium
Zonule fibers
Ciliary muscleCanal of Schlemm
ConjunctivaIris
Cornea
Rectustendon
Lens
Anterior Chamber
Posterior chamberLimbal zone
Ciliary
body
Disc
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare
7
Foveal cone density 200000sqmm5 degrees out 20000sqmm
10 degrees out 10000sqmm
Fovea
Optic nerve
Human RetinaFoveal cone density 200000sqmm
5 degrees out 20000sqmm10 degrees out 10000sqmm
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare8
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
9
Please refer to lecture video or to Polyak Stephen Lucian The Vertebrate Visual SystemIts Origin Structure and Function and its Manifestations in Disease with an Analysis of itsRole in the Life of Animal and in the Origin of Man Edited by Heinrich Kluver Universityof Chicago Press 1957
Retinal ganglion cells cross section Golgi label
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
by Polyak10
Please refer to lecture video or Figure 4 from Schiller Peter H Parallel information processingchannels created in the retina Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 no 40 (2010) 17087-17094
Physiology of retinal ganglion cells
11
Whole mount cat retina Nissl stain
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
Please see lecture video or Figure 1 from Wassle H W R Levick and B G Cleland The distribution of the alpha type of ganglion cells in the cats retina Journal of Comparative
Neurology 159 no 3 (1975) 419-437
14
Three populations of fibers
Rapid Slower Very slow
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare
15
Conduction velocity in optic nerve fibers
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
Please see lecture video or Figures 2 and 3 from Watanabe M and RW Rodieck Parasol and midget
ganglion cells of the primate retina Journal of Comparative Neurology 289 no 3 (1989) 434-454
16
Photoreceptors
18
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
19
Please refer to lecture video or Figure 1 from Schiller Peter H and Edward J Tehovnik Visual prosthesis Perception 37 no 10 (2008) 1529
Rods and cones in periphery
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
Please see lecture video or Figure 1 from Winkler Kenneth C and Pasko Rakic Distribution of photoreceptor subtypes in the retina of diurnal and noctournal primates
The Journal of Neuroscience 10 no 10 (1990) 3390-3401
In human retina there are about 120 million rods and about 5 million cones20
Num
ber o
f rod
s or c
ones
in a
n ar
ea 0
006
9 sq
mm
2400
2000
1600
1200
800
400
080 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80
12
10
08
06
04
02
0
Rel
ativ
e vi
sual
acu
ity
Degrees from the foveaFovea
Distribution of rods and cones along a horizontal meridian Parallel vertical lines represent the blindspot Visual acuity for a high luminance as a function of retinal location is included for comparison
Rods (number)Cones (number)Relative visualacuity in degreesfrom the fovea
Blin
d sp
ot
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare
21
Distribution of rods and cones on the retina
Some basic facts about the receptor array
1 degree = 200u on retina
Intercone distance in fovea = 24u (07 min)
200000 cones per sqmm in fovea
20000 cones per sqmm 5 degrees out
Thumbnail at arms length = 1 degree
The 12 font letter I activates about 80 cones at 23 cm
Each rod has 1000 disks each with 10000 molecules
Only 1 of 8 cones is blue Red and green are equal 23
Bipolar cells
25
Cat bipolar cells
Kolb Helga Ralph Nelson and Andrew Mariani Amacrine cells bipolar cells and ganglion cells of the cat retina a Golgi studyVision Research 21 no 7 (1981) 1081-1114 Courtesy of Elsevier Inc httpwwwsciencedirectcom Used with permission
Horizontal cells
27
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
28
Please refer to lecture video or to Polyak Stephen Lucian The Vertebrate Visual SystemIts Origin Structure and Function and its Manifestations in Disease with an Analysis of itsRole in the Life of Animal and in the Origin of Man Edited by Heinrich Kluver Universityof Chicago Press 1957
A Horizontal cell with regularly arranged dendrites thatis connected to 15 cones in a cone density region of 20
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare29
Amacrine cells
30
Labeled and injected cholinergic amacrine cell
Images removed due to copyright restrictions
31
Please see lecture video or Figure 2 of Masland Richard H The functional architecture of the retina Scientific American 255 no 6 (1986) 102-11
cholinergic cell
All cell
dopaminergic cell
All
Cholinergic
Dopaminergic
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare 32
Electrical responses in the retina
33
all hyperpolarize to light
all hyperpolarize to light
some hyperpolarize and some depolarize
some hyperpolarize some depolarize and some give action potentials
all give action potentials
Bipolar Cells
Receptors
Horizontal Cells
Amacrine Cell
Ganglion Cells
mudpuppy retina
(Necturus maculosus)
0
-50
oscilloscope
DC recording
epsp
copy American Physiological Association All rights reserved This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license For more information seehttpocwmiteduhelpfaq-fair-use Source Figure 2 and 3 from Werblin Frank S and John E Dowling Organization of the Retina of the MudpuppyNecturus macubsus II Intracellular Recording J Neurophysiol 32 (1969) 339 5 (2009) 1231-1246
Photoreceptor basics
1 All photoreceptors hyperpolarize to light
2 Depolarization of the photoreceptor releases glutamate
3 Photon absorption by the photopigment results in isomerization of the chromophore from 11-cis to all-trans This causes hyperpolarization thereby reducing neurotransmitter release
4 Two classes of bipolars are the ON and the OFF The synaptic junction of OFF bipolars is sign conserving that of the ON bipolar is sign inverting
5 The ON bipolar receptor is mGluR6 Its activation leads to closing of channels causing hyperpolarization
36
MIT OpenCourseWarehttpocwmitedu
904 Sensory Systems Fall 2013
For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use visit httpocwmiteduterms
Primates
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
Please refer to lecture video or Figure 3 from Schiller Peter H and Edward J Tehovnik Visual prosthesis Perception 37 no 10 (2008) 1529
5
Basics of Retinal Connections
and Retinal Ganglion Cells
6
near
far
Ciliaryprocess
Retrolental space
Optic axis
Canal ofCloquet
Retina
ScleraChoroid
Lamina cribrosa
Horizontal section of the right human eye
Nerve amp sheath
Macula lutea
Fovea
Vitreous humor
Visual axis
Ora serrataCiliary epithelium
Zonule fibers
Ciliary muscleCanal of Schlemm
ConjunctivaIris
Cornea
Rectustendon
Lens
Anterior Chamber
Posterior chamberLimbal zone
Ciliary
body
Disc
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare
7
Foveal cone density 200000sqmm5 degrees out 20000sqmm
10 degrees out 10000sqmm
Fovea
Optic nerve
Human RetinaFoveal cone density 200000sqmm
5 degrees out 20000sqmm10 degrees out 10000sqmm
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare8
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
9
Please refer to lecture video or to Polyak Stephen Lucian The Vertebrate Visual SystemIts Origin Structure and Function and its Manifestations in Disease with an Analysis of itsRole in the Life of Animal and in the Origin of Man Edited by Heinrich Kluver Universityof Chicago Press 1957
Retinal ganglion cells cross section Golgi label
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
by Polyak10
Please refer to lecture video or Figure 4 from Schiller Peter H Parallel information processingchannels created in the retina Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 no 40 (2010) 17087-17094
Physiology of retinal ganglion cells
11
Whole mount cat retina Nissl stain
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
Please see lecture video or Figure 1 from Wassle H W R Levick and B G Cleland The distribution of the alpha type of ganglion cells in the cats retina Journal of Comparative
Neurology 159 no 3 (1975) 419-437
14
Three populations of fibers
Rapid Slower Very slow
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare
15
Conduction velocity in optic nerve fibers
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
Please see lecture video or Figures 2 and 3 from Watanabe M and RW Rodieck Parasol and midget
ganglion cells of the primate retina Journal of Comparative Neurology 289 no 3 (1989) 434-454
16
Photoreceptors
18
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
19
Please refer to lecture video or Figure 1 from Schiller Peter H and Edward J Tehovnik Visual prosthesis Perception 37 no 10 (2008) 1529
Rods and cones in periphery
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
Please see lecture video or Figure 1 from Winkler Kenneth C and Pasko Rakic Distribution of photoreceptor subtypes in the retina of diurnal and noctournal primates
The Journal of Neuroscience 10 no 10 (1990) 3390-3401
In human retina there are about 120 million rods and about 5 million cones20
Num
ber o
f rod
s or c
ones
in a
n ar
ea 0
006
9 sq
mm
2400
2000
1600
1200
800
400
080 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80
12
10
08
06
04
02
0
Rel
ativ
e vi
sual
acu
ity
Degrees from the foveaFovea
Distribution of rods and cones along a horizontal meridian Parallel vertical lines represent the blindspot Visual acuity for a high luminance as a function of retinal location is included for comparison
Rods (number)Cones (number)Relative visualacuity in degreesfrom the fovea
Blin
d sp
ot
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare
21
Distribution of rods and cones on the retina
Some basic facts about the receptor array
1 degree = 200u on retina
Intercone distance in fovea = 24u (07 min)
200000 cones per sqmm in fovea
20000 cones per sqmm 5 degrees out
Thumbnail at arms length = 1 degree
The 12 font letter I activates about 80 cones at 23 cm
Each rod has 1000 disks each with 10000 molecules
Only 1 of 8 cones is blue Red and green are equal 23
Bipolar cells
25
Cat bipolar cells
Kolb Helga Ralph Nelson and Andrew Mariani Amacrine cells bipolar cells and ganglion cells of the cat retina a Golgi studyVision Research 21 no 7 (1981) 1081-1114 Courtesy of Elsevier Inc httpwwwsciencedirectcom Used with permission
Horizontal cells
27
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
28
Please refer to lecture video or to Polyak Stephen Lucian The Vertebrate Visual SystemIts Origin Structure and Function and its Manifestations in Disease with an Analysis of itsRole in the Life of Animal and in the Origin of Man Edited by Heinrich Kluver Universityof Chicago Press 1957
A Horizontal cell with regularly arranged dendrites thatis connected to 15 cones in a cone density region of 20
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare29
Amacrine cells
30
Labeled and injected cholinergic amacrine cell
Images removed due to copyright restrictions
31
Please see lecture video or Figure 2 of Masland Richard H The functional architecture of the retina Scientific American 255 no 6 (1986) 102-11
cholinergic cell
All cell
dopaminergic cell
All
Cholinergic
Dopaminergic
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare 32
Electrical responses in the retina
33
all hyperpolarize to light
all hyperpolarize to light
some hyperpolarize and some depolarize
some hyperpolarize some depolarize and some give action potentials
all give action potentials
Bipolar Cells
Receptors
Horizontal Cells
Amacrine Cell
Ganglion Cells
mudpuppy retina
(Necturus maculosus)
0
-50
oscilloscope
DC recording
epsp
copy American Physiological Association All rights reserved This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license For more information seehttpocwmiteduhelpfaq-fair-use Source Figure 2 and 3 from Werblin Frank S and John E Dowling Organization of the Retina of the MudpuppyNecturus macubsus II Intracellular Recording J Neurophysiol 32 (1969) 339 5 (2009) 1231-1246
Photoreceptor basics
1 All photoreceptors hyperpolarize to light
2 Depolarization of the photoreceptor releases glutamate
3 Photon absorption by the photopigment results in isomerization of the chromophore from 11-cis to all-trans This causes hyperpolarization thereby reducing neurotransmitter release
4 Two classes of bipolars are the ON and the OFF The synaptic junction of OFF bipolars is sign conserving that of the ON bipolar is sign inverting
5 The ON bipolar receptor is mGluR6 Its activation leads to closing of channels causing hyperpolarization
36
MIT OpenCourseWarehttpocwmitedu
904 Sensory Systems Fall 2013
For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use visit httpocwmiteduterms
Basics of Retinal Connections
and Retinal Ganglion Cells
6
near
far
Ciliaryprocess
Retrolental space
Optic axis
Canal ofCloquet
Retina
ScleraChoroid
Lamina cribrosa
Horizontal section of the right human eye
Nerve amp sheath
Macula lutea
Fovea
Vitreous humor
Visual axis
Ora serrataCiliary epithelium
Zonule fibers
Ciliary muscleCanal of Schlemm
ConjunctivaIris
Cornea
Rectustendon
Lens
Anterior Chamber
Posterior chamberLimbal zone
Ciliary
body
Disc
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare
7
Foveal cone density 200000sqmm5 degrees out 20000sqmm
10 degrees out 10000sqmm
Fovea
Optic nerve
Human RetinaFoveal cone density 200000sqmm
5 degrees out 20000sqmm10 degrees out 10000sqmm
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare8
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
9
Please refer to lecture video or to Polyak Stephen Lucian The Vertebrate Visual SystemIts Origin Structure and Function and its Manifestations in Disease with an Analysis of itsRole in the Life of Animal and in the Origin of Man Edited by Heinrich Kluver Universityof Chicago Press 1957
Retinal ganglion cells cross section Golgi label
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
by Polyak10
Please refer to lecture video or Figure 4 from Schiller Peter H Parallel information processingchannels created in the retina Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 no 40 (2010) 17087-17094
Physiology of retinal ganglion cells
11
Whole mount cat retina Nissl stain
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
Please see lecture video or Figure 1 from Wassle H W R Levick and B G Cleland The distribution of the alpha type of ganglion cells in the cats retina Journal of Comparative
Neurology 159 no 3 (1975) 419-437
14
Three populations of fibers
Rapid Slower Very slow
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare
15
Conduction velocity in optic nerve fibers
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
Please see lecture video or Figures 2 and 3 from Watanabe M and RW Rodieck Parasol and midget
ganglion cells of the primate retina Journal of Comparative Neurology 289 no 3 (1989) 434-454
16
Photoreceptors
18
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
19
Please refer to lecture video or Figure 1 from Schiller Peter H and Edward J Tehovnik Visual prosthesis Perception 37 no 10 (2008) 1529
Rods and cones in periphery
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
Please see lecture video or Figure 1 from Winkler Kenneth C and Pasko Rakic Distribution of photoreceptor subtypes in the retina of diurnal and noctournal primates
The Journal of Neuroscience 10 no 10 (1990) 3390-3401
In human retina there are about 120 million rods and about 5 million cones20
Num
ber o
f rod
s or c
ones
in a
n ar
ea 0
006
9 sq
mm
2400
2000
1600
1200
800
400
080 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80
12
10
08
06
04
02
0
Rel
ativ
e vi
sual
acu
ity
Degrees from the foveaFovea
Distribution of rods and cones along a horizontal meridian Parallel vertical lines represent the blindspot Visual acuity for a high luminance as a function of retinal location is included for comparison
Rods (number)Cones (number)Relative visualacuity in degreesfrom the fovea
Blin
d sp
ot
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare
21
Distribution of rods and cones on the retina
Some basic facts about the receptor array
1 degree = 200u on retina
Intercone distance in fovea = 24u (07 min)
200000 cones per sqmm in fovea
20000 cones per sqmm 5 degrees out
Thumbnail at arms length = 1 degree
The 12 font letter I activates about 80 cones at 23 cm
Each rod has 1000 disks each with 10000 molecules
Only 1 of 8 cones is blue Red and green are equal 23
Bipolar cells
25
Cat bipolar cells
Kolb Helga Ralph Nelson and Andrew Mariani Amacrine cells bipolar cells and ganglion cells of the cat retina a Golgi studyVision Research 21 no 7 (1981) 1081-1114 Courtesy of Elsevier Inc httpwwwsciencedirectcom Used with permission
Horizontal cells
27
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
28
Please refer to lecture video or to Polyak Stephen Lucian The Vertebrate Visual SystemIts Origin Structure and Function and its Manifestations in Disease with an Analysis of itsRole in the Life of Animal and in the Origin of Man Edited by Heinrich Kluver Universityof Chicago Press 1957
A Horizontal cell with regularly arranged dendrites thatis connected to 15 cones in a cone density region of 20
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare29
Amacrine cells
30
Labeled and injected cholinergic amacrine cell
Images removed due to copyright restrictions
31
Please see lecture video or Figure 2 of Masland Richard H The functional architecture of the retina Scientific American 255 no 6 (1986) 102-11
cholinergic cell
All cell
dopaminergic cell
All
Cholinergic
Dopaminergic
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare 32
Electrical responses in the retina
33
all hyperpolarize to light
all hyperpolarize to light
some hyperpolarize and some depolarize
some hyperpolarize some depolarize and some give action potentials
all give action potentials
Bipolar Cells
Receptors
Horizontal Cells
Amacrine Cell
Ganglion Cells
mudpuppy retina
(Necturus maculosus)
0
-50
oscilloscope
DC recording
epsp
copy American Physiological Association All rights reserved This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license For more information seehttpocwmiteduhelpfaq-fair-use Source Figure 2 and 3 from Werblin Frank S and John E Dowling Organization of the Retina of the MudpuppyNecturus macubsus II Intracellular Recording J Neurophysiol 32 (1969) 339 5 (2009) 1231-1246
Photoreceptor basics
1 All photoreceptors hyperpolarize to light
2 Depolarization of the photoreceptor releases glutamate
3 Photon absorption by the photopigment results in isomerization of the chromophore from 11-cis to all-trans This causes hyperpolarization thereby reducing neurotransmitter release
4 Two classes of bipolars are the ON and the OFF The synaptic junction of OFF bipolars is sign conserving that of the ON bipolar is sign inverting
5 The ON bipolar receptor is mGluR6 Its activation leads to closing of channels causing hyperpolarization
36
MIT OpenCourseWarehttpocwmitedu
904 Sensory Systems Fall 2013
For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use visit httpocwmiteduterms
near
far
Ciliaryprocess
Retrolental space
Optic axis
Canal ofCloquet
Retina
ScleraChoroid
Lamina cribrosa
Horizontal section of the right human eye
Nerve amp sheath
Macula lutea
Fovea
Vitreous humor
Visual axis
Ora serrataCiliary epithelium
Zonule fibers
Ciliary muscleCanal of Schlemm
ConjunctivaIris
Cornea
Rectustendon
Lens
Anterior Chamber
Posterior chamberLimbal zone
Ciliary
body
Disc
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare
7
Foveal cone density 200000sqmm5 degrees out 20000sqmm
10 degrees out 10000sqmm
Fovea
Optic nerve
Human RetinaFoveal cone density 200000sqmm
5 degrees out 20000sqmm10 degrees out 10000sqmm
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare8
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
9
Please refer to lecture video or to Polyak Stephen Lucian The Vertebrate Visual SystemIts Origin Structure and Function and its Manifestations in Disease with an Analysis of itsRole in the Life of Animal and in the Origin of Man Edited by Heinrich Kluver Universityof Chicago Press 1957
Retinal ganglion cells cross section Golgi label
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
by Polyak10
Please refer to lecture video or Figure 4 from Schiller Peter H Parallel information processingchannels created in the retina Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 no 40 (2010) 17087-17094
Physiology of retinal ganglion cells
11
Whole mount cat retina Nissl stain
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
Please see lecture video or Figure 1 from Wassle H W R Levick and B G Cleland The distribution of the alpha type of ganglion cells in the cats retina Journal of Comparative
Neurology 159 no 3 (1975) 419-437
14
Three populations of fibers
Rapid Slower Very slow
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare
15
Conduction velocity in optic nerve fibers
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
Please see lecture video or Figures 2 and 3 from Watanabe M and RW Rodieck Parasol and midget
ganglion cells of the primate retina Journal of Comparative Neurology 289 no 3 (1989) 434-454
16
Photoreceptors
18
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
19
Please refer to lecture video or Figure 1 from Schiller Peter H and Edward J Tehovnik Visual prosthesis Perception 37 no 10 (2008) 1529
Rods and cones in periphery
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
Please see lecture video or Figure 1 from Winkler Kenneth C and Pasko Rakic Distribution of photoreceptor subtypes in the retina of diurnal and noctournal primates
The Journal of Neuroscience 10 no 10 (1990) 3390-3401
In human retina there are about 120 million rods and about 5 million cones20
Num
ber o
f rod
s or c
ones
in a
n ar
ea 0
006
9 sq
mm
2400
2000
1600
1200
800
400
080 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80
12
10
08
06
04
02
0
Rel
ativ
e vi
sual
acu
ity
Degrees from the foveaFovea
Distribution of rods and cones along a horizontal meridian Parallel vertical lines represent the blindspot Visual acuity for a high luminance as a function of retinal location is included for comparison
Rods (number)Cones (number)Relative visualacuity in degreesfrom the fovea
Blin
d sp
ot
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare
21
Distribution of rods and cones on the retina
Some basic facts about the receptor array
1 degree = 200u on retina
Intercone distance in fovea = 24u (07 min)
200000 cones per sqmm in fovea
20000 cones per sqmm 5 degrees out
Thumbnail at arms length = 1 degree
The 12 font letter I activates about 80 cones at 23 cm
Each rod has 1000 disks each with 10000 molecules
Only 1 of 8 cones is blue Red and green are equal 23
Bipolar cells
25
Cat bipolar cells
Kolb Helga Ralph Nelson and Andrew Mariani Amacrine cells bipolar cells and ganglion cells of the cat retina a Golgi studyVision Research 21 no 7 (1981) 1081-1114 Courtesy of Elsevier Inc httpwwwsciencedirectcom Used with permission
Horizontal cells
27
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
28
Please refer to lecture video or to Polyak Stephen Lucian The Vertebrate Visual SystemIts Origin Structure and Function and its Manifestations in Disease with an Analysis of itsRole in the Life of Animal and in the Origin of Man Edited by Heinrich Kluver Universityof Chicago Press 1957
A Horizontal cell with regularly arranged dendrites thatis connected to 15 cones in a cone density region of 20
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare29
Amacrine cells
30
Labeled and injected cholinergic amacrine cell
Images removed due to copyright restrictions
31
Please see lecture video or Figure 2 of Masland Richard H The functional architecture of the retina Scientific American 255 no 6 (1986) 102-11
cholinergic cell
All cell
dopaminergic cell
All
Cholinergic
Dopaminergic
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare 32
Electrical responses in the retina
33
all hyperpolarize to light
all hyperpolarize to light
some hyperpolarize and some depolarize
some hyperpolarize some depolarize and some give action potentials
all give action potentials
Bipolar Cells
Receptors
Horizontal Cells
Amacrine Cell
Ganglion Cells
mudpuppy retina
(Necturus maculosus)
0
-50
oscilloscope
DC recording
epsp
copy American Physiological Association All rights reserved This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license For more information seehttpocwmiteduhelpfaq-fair-use Source Figure 2 and 3 from Werblin Frank S and John E Dowling Organization of the Retina of the MudpuppyNecturus macubsus II Intracellular Recording J Neurophysiol 32 (1969) 339 5 (2009) 1231-1246
Photoreceptor basics
1 All photoreceptors hyperpolarize to light
2 Depolarization of the photoreceptor releases glutamate
3 Photon absorption by the photopigment results in isomerization of the chromophore from 11-cis to all-trans This causes hyperpolarization thereby reducing neurotransmitter release
4 Two classes of bipolars are the ON and the OFF The synaptic junction of OFF bipolars is sign conserving that of the ON bipolar is sign inverting
5 The ON bipolar receptor is mGluR6 Its activation leads to closing of channels causing hyperpolarization
36
MIT OpenCourseWarehttpocwmitedu
904 Sensory Systems Fall 2013
For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use visit httpocwmiteduterms
Foveal cone density 200000sqmm5 degrees out 20000sqmm
10 degrees out 10000sqmm
Fovea
Optic nerve
Human RetinaFoveal cone density 200000sqmm
5 degrees out 20000sqmm10 degrees out 10000sqmm
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare8
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
9
Please refer to lecture video or to Polyak Stephen Lucian The Vertebrate Visual SystemIts Origin Structure and Function and its Manifestations in Disease with an Analysis of itsRole in the Life of Animal and in the Origin of Man Edited by Heinrich Kluver Universityof Chicago Press 1957
Retinal ganglion cells cross section Golgi label
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
by Polyak10
Please refer to lecture video or Figure 4 from Schiller Peter H Parallel information processingchannels created in the retina Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 no 40 (2010) 17087-17094
Physiology of retinal ganglion cells
11
Whole mount cat retina Nissl stain
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
Please see lecture video or Figure 1 from Wassle H W R Levick and B G Cleland The distribution of the alpha type of ganglion cells in the cats retina Journal of Comparative
Neurology 159 no 3 (1975) 419-437
14
Three populations of fibers
Rapid Slower Very slow
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare
15
Conduction velocity in optic nerve fibers
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
Please see lecture video or Figures 2 and 3 from Watanabe M and RW Rodieck Parasol and midget
ganglion cells of the primate retina Journal of Comparative Neurology 289 no 3 (1989) 434-454
16
Photoreceptors
18
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
19
Please refer to lecture video or Figure 1 from Schiller Peter H and Edward J Tehovnik Visual prosthesis Perception 37 no 10 (2008) 1529
Rods and cones in periphery
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
Please see lecture video or Figure 1 from Winkler Kenneth C and Pasko Rakic Distribution of photoreceptor subtypes in the retina of diurnal and noctournal primates
The Journal of Neuroscience 10 no 10 (1990) 3390-3401
In human retina there are about 120 million rods and about 5 million cones20
Num
ber o
f rod
s or c
ones
in a
n ar
ea 0
006
9 sq
mm
2400
2000
1600
1200
800
400
080 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80
12
10
08
06
04
02
0
Rel
ativ
e vi
sual
acu
ity
Degrees from the foveaFovea
Distribution of rods and cones along a horizontal meridian Parallel vertical lines represent the blindspot Visual acuity for a high luminance as a function of retinal location is included for comparison
Rods (number)Cones (number)Relative visualacuity in degreesfrom the fovea
Blin
d sp
ot
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare
21
Distribution of rods and cones on the retina
Some basic facts about the receptor array
1 degree = 200u on retina
Intercone distance in fovea = 24u (07 min)
200000 cones per sqmm in fovea
20000 cones per sqmm 5 degrees out
Thumbnail at arms length = 1 degree
The 12 font letter I activates about 80 cones at 23 cm
Each rod has 1000 disks each with 10000 molecules
Only 1 of 8 cones is blue Red and green are equal 23
Bipolar cells
25
Cat bipolar cells
Kolb Helga Ralph Nelson and Andrew Mariani Amacrine cells bipolar cells and ganglion cells of the cat retina a Golgi studyVision Research 21 no 7 (1981) 1081-1114 Courtesy of Elsevier Inc httpwwwsciencedirectcom Used with permission
Horizontal cells
27
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
28
Please refer to lecture video or to Polyak Stephen Lucian The Vertebrate Visual SystemIts Origin Structure and Function and its Manifestations in Disease with an Analysis of itsRole in the Life of Animal and in the Origin of Man Edited by Heinrich Kluver Universityof Chicago Press 1957
A Horizontal cell with regularly arranged dendrites thatis connected to 15 cones in a cone density region of 20
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare29
Amacrine cells
30
Labeled and injected cholinergic amacrine cell
Images removed due to copyright restrictions
31
Please see lecture video or Figure 2 of Masland Richard H The functional architecture of the retina Scientific American 255 no 6 (1986) 102-11
cholinergic cell
All cell
dopaminergic cell
All
Cholinergic
Dopaminergic
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare 32
Electrical responses in the retina
33
all hyperpolarize to light
all hyperpolarize to light
some hyperpolarize and some depolarize
some hyperpolarize some depolarize and some give action potentials
all give action potentials
Bipolar Cells
Receptors
Horizontal Cells
Amacrine Cell
Ganglion Cells
mudpuppy retina
(Necturus maculosus)
0
-50
oscilloscope
DC recording
epsp
copy American Physiological Association All rights reserved This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license For more information seehttpocwmiteduhelpfaq-fair-use Source Figure 2 and 3 from Werblin Frank S and John E Dowling Organization of the Retina of the MudpuppyNecturus macubsus II Intracellular Recording J Neurophysiol 32 (1969) 339 5 (2009) 1231-1246
Photoreceptor basics
1 All photoreceptors hyperpolarize to light
2 Depolarization of the photoreceptor releases glutamate
3 Photon absorption by the photopigment results in isomerization of the chromophore from 11-cis to all-trans This causes hyperpolarization thereby reducing neurotransmitter release
4 Two classes of bipolars are the ON and the OFF The synaptic junction of OFF bipolars is sign conserving that of the ON bipolar is sign inverting
5 The ON bipolar receptor is mGluR6 Its activation leads to closing of channels causing hyperpolarization
36
MIT OpenCourseWarehttpocwmitedu
904 Sensory Systems Fall 2013
For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use visit httpocwmiteduterms
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
9
Please refer to lecture video or to Polyak Stephen Lucian The Vertebrate Visual SystemIts Origin Structure and Function and its Manifestations in Disease with an Analysis of itsRole in the Life of Animal and in the Origin of Man Edited by Heinrich Kluver Universityof Chicago Press 1957
Retinal ganglion cells cross section Golgi label
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
by Polyak10
Please refer to lecture video or Figure 4 from Schiller Peter H Parallel information processingchannels created in the retina Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 no 40 (2010) 17087-17094
Physiology of retinal ganglion cells
11
Whole mount cat retina Nissl stain
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
Please see lecture video or Figure 1 from Wassle H W R Levick and B G Cleland The distribution of the alpha type of ganglion cells in the cats retina Journal of Comparative
Neurology 159 no 3 (1975) 419-437
14
Three populations of fibers
Rapid Slower Very slow
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare
15
Conduction velocity in optic nerve fibers
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
Please see lecture video or Figures 2 and 3 from Watanabe M and RW Rodieck Parasol and midget
ganglion cells of the primate retina Journal of Comparative Neurology 289 no 3 (1989) 434-454
16
Photoreceptors
18
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
19
Please refer to lecture video or Figure 1 from Schiller Peter H and Edward J Tehovnik Visual prosthesis Perception 37 no 10 (2008) 1529
Rods and cones in periphery
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
Please see lecture video or Figure 1 from Winkler Kenneth C and Pasko Rakic Distribution of photoreceptor subtypes in the retina of diurnal and noctournal primates
The Journal of Neuroscience 10 no 10 (1990) 3390-3401
In human retina there are about 120 million rods and about 5 million cones20
Num
ber o
f rod
s or c
ones
in a
n ar
ea 0
006
9 sq
mm
2400
2000
1600
1200
800
400
080 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80
12
10
08
06
04
02
0
Rel
ativ
e vi
sual
acu
ity
Degrees from the foveaFovea
Distribution of rods and cones along a horizontal meridian Parallel vertical lines represent the blindspot Visual acuity for a high luminance as a function of retinal location is included for comparison
Rods (number)Cones (number)Relative visualacuity in degreesfrom the fovea
Blin
d sp
ot
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare
21
Distribution of rods and cones on the retina
Some basic facts about the receptor array
1 degree = 200u on retina
Intercone distance in fovea = 24u (07 min)
200000 cones per sqmm in fovea
20000 cones per sqmm 5 degrees out
Thumbnail at arms length = 1 degree
The 12 font letter I activates about 80 cones at 23 cm
Each rod has 1000 disks each with 10000 molecules
Only 1 of 8 cones is blue Red and green are equal 23
Bipolar cells
25
Cat bipolar cells
Kolb Helga Ralph Nelson and Andrew Mariani Amacrine cells bipolar cells and ganglion cells of the cat retina a Golgi studyVision Research 21 no 7 (1981) 1081-1114 Courtesy of Elsevier Inc httpwwwsciencedirectcom Used with permission
Horizontal cells
27
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
28
Please refer to lecture video or to Polyak Stephen Lucian The Vertebrate Visual SystemIts Origin Structure and Function and its Manifestations in Disease with an Analysis of itsRole in the Life of Animal and in the Origin of Man Edited by Heinrich Kluver Universityof Chicago Press 1957
A Horizontal cell with regularly arranged dendrites thatis connected to 15 cones in a cone density region of 20
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare29
Amacrine cells
30
Labeled and injected cholinergic amacrine cell
Images removed due to copyright restrictions
31
Please see lecture video or Figure 2 of Masland Richard H The functional architecture of the retina Scientific American 255 no 6 (1986) 102-11
cholinergic cell
All cell
dopaminergic cell
All
Cholinergic
Dopaminergic
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare 32
Electrical responses in the retina
33
all hyperpolarize to light
all hyperpolarize to light
some hyperpolarize and some depolarize
some hyperpolarize some depolarize and some give action potentials
all give action potentials
Bipolar Cells
Receptors
Horizontal Cells
Amacrine Cell
Ganglion Cells
mudpuppy retina
(Necturus maculosus)
0
-50
oscilloscope
DC recording
epsp
copy American Physiological Association All rights reserved This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license For more information seehttpocwmiteduhelpfaq-fair-use Source Figure 2 and 3 from Werblin Frank S and John E Dowling Organization of the Retina of the MudpuppyNecturus macubsus II Intracellular Recording J Neurophysiol 32 (1969) 339 5 (2009) 1231-1246
Photoreceptor basics
1 All photoreceptors hyperpolarize to light
2 Depolarization of the photoreceptor releases glutamate
3 Photon absorption by the photopigment results in isomerization of the chromophore from 11-cis to all-trans This causes hyperpolarization thereby reducing neurotransmitter release
4 Two classes of bipolars are the ON and the OFF The synaptic junction of OFF bipolars is sign conserving that of the ON bipolar is sign inverting
5 The ON bipolar receptor is mGluR6 Its activation leads to closing of channels causing hyperpolarization
36
MIT OpenCourseWarehttpocwmitedu
904 Sensory Systems Fall 2013
For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use visit httpocwmiteduterms
Retinal ganglion cells cross section Golgi label
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
by Polyak10
Please refer to lecture video or Figure 4 from Schiller Peter H Parallel information processingchannels created in the retina Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 no 40 (2010) 17087-17094
Physiology of retinal ganglion cells
11
Whole mount cat retina Nissl stain
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
Please see lecture video or Figure 1 from Wassle H W R Levick and B G Cleland The distribution of the alpha type of ganglion cells in the cats retina Journal of Comparative
Neurology 159 no 3 (1975) 419-437
14
Three populations of fibers
Rapid Slower Very slow
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare
15
Conduction velocity in optic nerve fibers
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
Please see lecture video or Figures 2 and 3 from Watanabe M and RW Rodieck Parasol and midget
ganglion cells of the primate retina Journal of Comparative Neurology 289 no 3 (1989) 434-454
16
Photoreceptors
18
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
19
Please refer to lecture video or Figure 1 from Schiller Peter H and Edward J Tehovnik Visual prosthesis Perception 37 no 10 (2008) 1529
Rods and cones in periphery
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
Please see lecture video or Figure 1 from Winkler Kenneth C and Pasko Rakic Distribution of photoreceptor subtypes in the retina of diurnal and noctournal primates
The Journal of Neuroscience 10 no 10 (1990) 3390-3401
In human retina there are about 120 million rods and about 5 million cones20
Num
ber o
f rod
s or c
ones
in a
n ar
ea 0
006
9 sq
mm
2400
2000
1600
1200
800
400
080 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80
12
10
08
06
04
02
0
Rel
ativ
e vi
sual
acu
ity
Degrees from the foveaFovea
Distribution of rods and cones along a horizontal meridian Parallel vertical lines represent the blindspot Visual acuity for a high luminance as a function of retinal location is included for comparison
Rods (number)Cones (number)Relative visualacuity in degreesfrom the fovea
Blin
d sp
ot
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare
21
Distribution of rods and cones on the retina
Some basic facts about the receptor array
1 degree = 200u on retina
Intercone distance in fovea = 24u (07 min)
200000 cones per sqmm in fovea
20000 cones per sqmm 5 degrees out
Thumbnail at arms length = 1 degree
The 12 font letter I activates about 80 cones at 23 cm
Each rod has 1000 disks each with 10000 molecules
Only 1 of 8 cones is blue Red and green are equal 23
Bipolar cells
25
Cat bipolar cells
Kolb Helga Ralph Nelson and Andrew Mariani Amacrine cells bipolar cells and ganglion cells of the cat retina a Golgi studyVision Research 21 no 7 (1981) 1081-1114 Courtesy of Elsevier Inc httpwwwsciencedirectcom Used with permission
Horizontal cells
27
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
28
Please refer to lecture video or to Polyak Stephen Lucian The Vertebrate Visual SystemIts Origin Structure and Function and its Manifestations in Disease with an Analysis of itsRole in the Life of Animal and in the Origin of Man Edited by Heinrich Kluver Universityof Chicago Press 1957
A Horizontal cell with regularly arranged dendrites thatis connected to 15 cones in a cone density region of 20
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare29
Amacrine cells
30
Labeled and injected cholinergic amacrine cell
Images removed due to copyright restrictions
31
Please see lecture video or Figure 2 of Masland Richard H The functional architecture of the retina Scientific American 255 no 6 (1986) 102-11
cholinergic cell
All cell
dopaminergic cell
All
Cholinergic
Dopaminergic
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare 32
Electrical responses in the retina
33
all hyperpolarize to light
all hyperpolarize to light
some hyperpolarize and some depolarize
some hyperpolarize some depolarize and some give action potentials
all give action potentials
Bipolar Cells
Receptors
Horizontal Cells
Amacrine Cell
Ganglion Cells
mudpuppy retina
(Necturus maculosus)
0
-50
oscilloscope
DC recording
epsp
copy American Physiological Association All rights reserved This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license For more information seehttpocwmiteduhelpfaq-fair-use Source Figure 2 and 3 from Werblin Frank S and John E Dowling Organization of the Retina of the MudpuppyNecturus macubsus II Intracellular Recording J Neurophysiol 32 (1969) 339 5 (2009) 1231-1246
Photoreceptor basics
1 All photoreceptors hyperpolarize to light
2 Depolarization of the photoreceptor releases glutamate
3 Photon absorption by the photopigment results in isomerization of the chromophore from 11-cis to all-trans This causes hyperpolarization thereby reducing neurotransmitter release
4 Two classes of bipolars are the ON and the OFF The synaptic junction of OFF bipolars is sign conserving that of the ON bipolar is sign inverting
5 The ON bipolar receptor is mGluR6 Its activation leads to closing of channels causing hyperpolarization
36
MIT OpenCourseWarehttpocwmitedu
904 Sensory Systems Fall 2013
For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use visit httpocwmiteduterms
Physiology of retinal ganglion cells
11
Whole mount cat retina Nissl stain
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
Please see lecture video or Figure 1 from Wassle H W R Levick and B G Cleland The distribution of the alpha type of ganglion cells in the cats retina Journal of Comparative
Neurology 159 no 3 (1975) 419-437
14
Three populations of fibers
Rapid Slower Very slow
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare
15
Conduction velocity in optic nerve fibers
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
Please see lecture video or Figures 2 and 3 from Watanabe M and RW Rodieck Parasol and midget
ganglion cells of the primate retina Journal of Comparative Neurology 289 no 3 (1989) 434-454
16
Photoreceptors
18
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
19
Please refer to lecture video or Figure 1 from Schiller Peter H and Edward J Tehovnik Visual prosthesis Perception 37 no 10 (2008) 1529
Rods and cones in periphery
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
Please see lecture video or Figure 1 from Winkler Kenneth C and Pasko Rakic Distribution of photoreceptor subtypes in the retina of diurnal and noctournal primates
The Journal of Neuroscience 10 no 10 (1990) 3390-3401
In human retina there are about 120 million rods and about 5 million cones20
Num
ber o
f rod
s or c
ones
in a
n ar
ea 0
006
9 sq
mm
2400
2000
1600
1200
800
400
080 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80
12
10
08
06
04
02
0
Rel
ativ
e vi
sual
acu
ity
Degrees from the foveaFovea
Distribution of rods and cones along a horizontal meridian Parallel vertical lines represent the blindspot Visual acuity for a high luminance as a function of retinal location is included for comparison
Rods (number)Cones (number)Relative visualacuity in degreesfrom the fovea
Blin
d sp
ot
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare
21
Distribution of rods and cones on the retina
Some basic facts about the receptor array
1 degree = 200u on retina
Intercone distance in fovea = 24u (07 min)
200000 cones per sqmm in fovea
20000 cones per sqmm 5 degrees out
Thumbnail at arms length = 1 degree
The 12 font letter I activates about 80 cones at 23 cm
Each rod has 1000 disks each with 10000 molecules
Only 1 of 8 cones is blue Red and green are equal 23
Bipolar cells
25
Cat bipolar cells
Kolb Helga Ralph Nelson and Andrew Mariani Amacrine cells bipolar cells and ganglion cells of the cat retina a Golgi studyVision Research 21 no 7 (1981) 1081-1114 Courtesy of Elsevier Inc httpwwwsciencedirectcom Used with permission
Horizontal cells
27
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
28
Please refer to lecture video or to Polyak Stephen Lucian The Vertebrate Visual SystemIts Origin Structure and Function and its Manifestations in Disease with an Analysis of itsRole in the Life of Animal and in the Origin of Man Edited by Heinrich Kluver Universityof Chicago Press 1957
A Horizontal cell with regularly arranged dendrites thatis connected to 15 cones in a cone density region of 20
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare29
Amacrine cells
30
Labeled and injected cholinergic amacrine cell
Images removed due to copyright restrictions
31
Please see lecture video or Figure 2 of Masland Richard H The functional architecture of the retina Scientific American 255 no 6 (1986) 102-11
cholinergic cell
All cell
dopaminergic cell
All
Cholinergic
Dopaminergic
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare 32
Electrical responses in the retina
33
all hyperpolarize to light
all hyperpolarize to light
some hyperpolarize and some depolarize
some hyperpolarize some depolarize and some give action potentials
all give action potentials
Bipolar Cells
Receptors
Horizontal Cells
Amacrine Cell
Ganglion Cells
mudpuppy retina
(Necturus maculosus)
0
-50
oscilloscope
DC recording
epsp
copy American Physiological Association All rights reserved This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license For more information seehttpocwmiteduhelpfaq-fair-use Source Figure 2 and 3 from Werblin Frank S and John E Dowling Organization of the Retina of the MudpuppyNecturus macubsus II Intracellular Recording J Neurophysiol 32 (1969) 339 5 (2009) 1231-1246
Photoreceptor basics
1 All photoreceptors hyperpolarize to light
2 Depolarization of the photoreceptor releases glutamate
3 Photon absorption by the photopigment results in isomerization of the chromophore from 11-cis to all-trans This causes hyperpolarization thereby reducing neurotransmitter release
4 Two classes of bipolars are the ON and the OFF The synaptic junction of OFF bipolars is sign conserving that of the ON bipolar is sign inverting
5 The ON bipolar receptor is mGluR6 Its activation leads to closing of channels causing hyperpolarization
36
MIT OpenCourseWarehttpocwmitedu
904 Sensory Systems Fall 2013
For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use visit httpocwmiteduterms
Whole mount cat retina Nissl stain
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
Please see lecture video or Figure 1 from Wassle H W R Levick and B G Cleland The distribution of the alpha type of ganglion cells in the cats retina Journal of Comparative
Neurology 159 no 3 (1975) 419-437
14
Three populations of fibers
Rapid Slower Very slow
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare
15
Conduction velocity in optic nerve fibers
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
Please see lecture video or Figures 2 and 3 from Watanabe M and RW Rodieck Parasol and midget
ganglion cells of the primate retina Journal of Comparative Neurology 289 no 3 (1989) 434-454
16
Photoreceptors
18
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
19
Please refer to lecture video or Figure 1 from Schiller Peter H and Edward J Tehovnik Visual prosthesis Perception 37 no 10 (2008) 1529
Rods and cones in periphery
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
Please see lecture video or Figure 1 from Winkler Kenneth C and Pasko Rakic Distribution of photoreceptor subtypes in the retina of diurnal and noctournal primates
The Journal of Neuroscience 10 no 10 (1990) 3390-3401
In human retina there are about 120 million rods and about 5 million cones20
Num
ber o
f rod
s or c
ones
in a
n ar
ea 0
006
9 sq
mm
2400
2000
1600
1200
800
400
080 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80
12
10
08
06
04
02
0
Rel
ativ
e vi
sual
acu
ity
Degrees from the foveaFovea
Distribution of rods and cones along a horizontal meridian Parallel vertical lines represent the blindspot Visual acuity for a high luminance as a function of retinal location is included for comparison
Rods (number)Cones (number)Relative visualacuity in degreesfrom the fovea
Blin
d sp
ot
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare
21
Distribution of rods and cones on the retina
Some basic facts about the receptor array
1 degree = 200u on retina
Intercone distance in fovea = 24u (07 min)
200000 cones per sqmm in fovea
20000 cones per sqmm 5 degrees out
Thumbnail at arms length = 1 degree
The 12 font letter I activates about 80 cones at 23 cm
Each rod has 1000 disks each with 10000 molecules
Only 1 of 8 cones is blue Red and green are equal 23
Bipolar cells
25
Cat bipolar cells
Kolb Helga Ralph Nelson and Andrew Mariani Amacrine cells bipolar cells and ganglion cells of the cat retina a Golgi studyVision Research 21 no 7 (1981) 1081-1114 Courtesy of Elsevier Inc httpwwwsciencedirectcom Used with permission
Horizontal cells
27
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
28
Please refer to lecture video or to Polyak Stephen Lucian The Vertebrate Visual SystemIts Origin Structure and Function and its Manifestations in Disease with an Analysis of itsRole in the Life of Animal and in the Origin of Man Edited by Heinrich Kluver Universityof Chicago Press 1957
A Horizontal cell with regularly arranged dendrites thatis connected to 15 cones in a cone density region of 20
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare29
Amacrine cells
30
Labeled and injected cholinergic amacrine cell
Images removed due to copyright restrictions
31
Please see lecture video or Figure 2 of Masland Richard H The functional architecture of the retina Scientific American 255 no 6 (1986) 102-11
cholinergic cell
All cell
dopaminergic cell
All
Cholinergic
Dopaminergic
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare 32
Electrical responses in the retina
33
all hyperpolarize to light
all hyperpolarize to light
some hyperpolarize and some depolarize
some hyperpolarize some depolarize and some give action potentials
all give action potentials
Bipolar Cells
Receptors
Horizontal Cells
Amacrine Cell
Ganglion Cells
mudpuppy retina
(Necturus maculosus)
0
-50
oscilloscope
DC recording
epsp
copy American Physiological Association All rights reserved This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license For more information seehttpocwmiteduhelpfaq-fair-use Source Figure 2 and 3 from Werblin Frank S and John E Dowling Organization of the Retina of the MudpuppyNecturus macubsus II Intracellular Recording J Neurophysiol 32 (1969) 339 5 (2009) 1231-1246
Photoreceptor basics
1 All photoreceptors hyperpolarize to light
2 Depolarization of the photoreceptor releases glutamate
3 Photon absorption by the photopigment results in isomerization of the chromophore from 11-cis to all-trans This causes hyperpolarization thereby reducing neurotransmitter release
4 Two classes of bipolars are the ON and the OFF The synaptic junction of OFF bipolars is sign conserving that of the ON bipolar is sign inverting
5 The ON bipolar receptor is mGluR6 Its activation leads to closing of channels causing hyperpolarization
36
MIT OpenCourseWarehttpocwmitedu
904 Sensory Systems Fall 2013
For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use visit httpocwmiteduterms
Three populations of fibers
Rapid Slower Very slow
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare
15
Conduction velocity in optic nerve fibers
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
Please see lecture video or Figures 2 and 3 from Watanabe M and RW Rodieck Parasol and midget
ganglion cells of the primate retina Journal of Comparative Neurology 289 no 3 (1989) 434-454
16
Photoreceptors
18
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
19
Please refer to lecture video or Figure 1 from Schiller Peter H and Edward J Tehovnik Visual prosthesis Perception 37 no 10 (2008) 1529
Rods and cones in periphery
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
Please see lecture video or Figure 1 from Winkler Kenneth C and Pasko Rakic Distribution of photoreceptor subtypes in the retina of diurnal and noctournal primates
The Journal of Neuroscience 10 no 10 (1990) 3390-3401
In human retina there are about 120 million rods and about 5 million cones20
Num
ber o
f rod
s or c
ones
in a
n ar
ea 0
006
9 sq
mm
2400
2000
1600
1200
800
400
080 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80
12
10
08
06
04
02
0
Rel
ativ
e vi
sual
acu
ity
Degrees from the foveaFovea
Distribution of rods and cones along a horizontal meridian Parallel vertical lines represent the blindspot Visual acuity for a high luminance as a function of retinal location is included for comparison
Rods (number)Cones (number)Relative visualacuity in degreesfrom the fovea
Blin
d sp
ot
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare
21
Distribution of rods and cones on the retina
Some basic facts about the receptor array
1 degree = 200u on retina
Intercone distance in fovea = 24u (07 min)
200000 cones per sqmm in fovea
20000 cones per sqmm 5 degrees out
Thumbnail at arms length = 1 degree
The 12 font letter I activates about 80 cones at 23 cm
Each rod has 1000 disks each with 10000 molecules
Only 1 of 8 cones is blue Red and green are equal 23
Bipolar cells
25
Cat bipolar cells
Kolb Helga Ralph Nelson and Andrew Mariani Amacrine cells bipolar cells and ganglion cells of the cat retina a Golgi studyVision Research 21 no 7 (1981) 1081-1114 Courtesy of Elsevier Inc httpwwwsciencedirectcom Used with permission
Horizontal cells
27
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
28
Please refer to lecture video or to Polyak Stephen Lucian The Vertebrate Visual SystemIts Origin Structure and Function and its Manifestations in Disease with an Analysis of itsRole in the Life of Animal and in the Origin of Man Edited by Heinrich Kluver Universityof Chicago Press 1957
A Horizontal cell with regularly arranged dendrites thatis connected to 15 cones in a cone density region of 20
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare29
Amacrine cells
30
Labeled and injected cholinergic amacrine cell
Images removed due to copyright restrictions
31
Please see lecture video or Figure 2 of Masland Richard H The functional architecture of the retina Scientific American 255 no 6 (1986) 102-11
cholinergic cell
All cell
dopaminergic cell
All
Cholinergic
Dopaminergic
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare 32
Electrical responses in the retina
33
all hyperpolarize to light
all hyperpolarize to light
some hyperpolarize and some depolarize
some hyperpolarize some depolarize and some give action potentials
all give action potentials
Bipolar Cells
Receptors
Horizontal Cells
Amacrine Cell
Ganglion Cells
mudpuppy retina
(Necturus maculosus)
0
-50
oscilloscope
DC recording
epsp
copy American Physiological Association All rights reserved This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license For more information seehttpocwmiteduhelpfaq-fair-use Source Figure 2 and 3 from Werblin Frank S and John E Dowling Organization of the Retina of the MudpuppyNecturus macubsus II Intracellular Recording J Neurophysiol 32 (1969) 339 5 (2009) 1231-1246
Photoreceptor basics
1 All photoreceptors hyperpolarize to light
2 Depolarization of the photoreceptor releases glutamate
3 Photon absorption by the photopigment results in isomerization of the chromophore from 11-cis to all-trans This causes hyperpolarization thereby reducing neurotransmitter release
4 Two classes of bipolars are the ON and the OFF The synaptic junction of OFF bipolars is sign conserving that of the ON bipolar is sign inverting
5 The ON bipolar receptor is mGluR6 Its activation leads to closing of channels causing hyperpolarization
36
MIT OpenCourseWarehttpocwmitedu
904 Sensory Systems Fall 2013
For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use visit httpocwmiteduterms
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
Please see lecture video or Figures 2 and 3 from Watanabe M and RW Rodieck Parasol and midget
ganglion cells of the primate retina Journal of Comparative Neurology 289 no 3 (1989) 434-454
16
Photoreceptors
18
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
19
Please refer to lecture video or Figure 1 from Schiller Peter H and Edward J Tehovnik Visual prosthesis Perception 37 no 10 (2008) 1529
Rods and cones in periphery
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
Please see lecture video or Figure 1 from Winkler Kenneth C and Pasko Rakic Distribution of photoreceptor subtypes in the retina of diurnal and noctournal primates
The Journal of Neuroscience 10 no 10 (1990) 3390-3401
In human retina there are about 120 million rods and about 5 million cones20
Num
ber o
f rod
s or c
ones
in a
n ar
ea 0
006
9 sq
mm
2400
2000
1600
1200
800
400
080 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80
12
10
08
06
04
02
0
Rel
ativ
e vi
sual
acu
ity
Degrees from the foveaFovea
Distribution of rods and cones along a horizontal meridian Parallel vertical lines represent the blindspot Visual acuity for a high luminance as a function of retinal location is included for comparison
Rods (number)Cones (number)Relative visualacuity in degreesfrom the fovea
Blin
d sp
ot
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare
21
Distribution of rods and cones on the retina
Some basic facts about the receptor array
1 degree = 200u on retina
Intercone distance in fovea = 24u (07 min)
200000 cones per sqmm in fovea
20000 cones per sqmm 5 degrees out
Thumbnail at arms length = 1 degree
The 12 font letter I activates about 80 cones at 23 cm
Each rod has 1000 disks each with 10000 molecules
Only 1 of 8 cones is blue Red and green are equal 23
Bipolar cells
25
Cat bipolar cells
Kolb Helga Ralph Nelson and Andrew Mariani Amacrine cells bipolar cells and ganglion cells of the cat retina a Golgi studyVision Research 21 no 7 (1981) 1081-1114 Courtesy of Elsevier Inc httpwwwsciencedirectcom Used with permission
Horizontal cells
27
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
28
Please refer to lecture video or to Polyak Stephen Lucian The Vertebrate Visual SystemIts Origin Structure and Function and its Manifestations in Disease with an Analysis of itsRole in the Life of Animal and in the Origin of Man Edited by Heinrich Kluver Universityof Chicago Press 1957
A Horizontal cell with regularly arranged dendrites thatis connected to 15 cones in a cone density region of 20
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare29
Amacrine cells
30
Labeled and injected cholinergic amacrine cell
Images removed due to copyright restrictions
31
Please see lecture video or Figure 2 of Masland Richard H The functional architecture of the retina Scientific American 255 no 6 (1986) 102-11
cholinergic cell
All cell
dopaminergic cell
All
Cholinergic
Dopaminergic
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare 32
Electrical responses in the retina
33
all hyperpolarize to light
all hyperpolarize to light
some hyperpolarize and some depolarize
some hyperpolarize some depolarize and some give action potentials
all give action potentials
Bipolar Cells
Receptors
Horizontal Cells
Amacrine Cell
Ganglion Cells
mudpuppy retina
(Necturus maculosus)
0
-50
oscilloscope
DC recording
epsp
copy American Physiological Association All rights reserved This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license For more information seehttpocwmiteduhelpfaq-fair-use Source Figure 2 and 3 from Werblin Frank S and John E Dowling Organization of the Retina of the MudpuppyNecturus macubsus II Intracellular Recording J Neurophysiol 32 (1969) 339 5 (2009) 1231-1246
Photoreceptor basics
1 All photoreceptors hyperpolarize to light
2 Depolarization of the photoreceptor releases glutamate
3 Photon absorption by the photopigment results in isomerization of the chromophore from 11-cis to all-trans This causes hyperpolarization thereby reducing neurotransmitter release
4 Two classes of bipolars are the ON and the OFF The synaptic junction of OFF bipolars is sign conserving that of the ON bipolar is sign inverting
5 The ON bipolar receptor is mGluR6 Its activation leads to closing of channels causing hyperpolarization
36
MIT OpenCourseWarehttpocwmitedu
904 Sensory Systems Fall 2013
For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use visit httpocwmiteduterms
Photoreceptors
18
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
19
Please refer to lecture video or Figure 1 from Schiller Peter H and Edward J Tehovnik Visual prosthesis Perception 37 no 10 (2008) 1529
Rods and cones in periphery
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
Please see lecture video or Figure 1 from Winkler Kenneth C and Pasko Rakic Distribution of photoreceptor subtypes in the retina of diurnal and noctournal primates
The Journal of Neuroscience 10 no 10 (1990) 3390-3401
In human retina there are about 120 million rods and about 5 million cones20
Num
ber o
f rod
s or c
ones
in a
n ar
ea 0
006
9 sq
mm
2400
2000
1600
1200
800
400
080 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80
12
10
08
06
04
02
0
Rel
ativ
e vi
sual
acu
ity
Degrees from the foveaFovea
Distribution of rods and cones along a horizontal meridian Parallel vertical lines represent the blindspot Visual acuity for a high luminance as a function of retinal location is included for comparison
Rods (number)Cones (number)Relative visualacuity in degreesfrom the fovea
Blin
d sp
ot
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare
21
Distribution of rods and cones on the retina
Some basic facts about the receptor array
1 degree = 200u on retina
Intercone distance in fovea = 24u (07 min)
200000 cones per sqmm in fovea
20000 cones per sqmm 5 degrees out
Thumbnail at arms length = 1 degree
The 12 font letter I activates about 80 cones at 23 cm
Each rod has 1000 disks each with 10000 molecules
Only 1 of 8 cones is blue Red and green are equal 23
Bipolar cells
25
Cat bipolar cells
Kolb Helga Ralph Nelson and Andrew Mariani Amacrine cells bipolar cells and ganglion cells of the cat retina a Golgi studyVision Research 21 no 7 (1981) 1081-1114 Courtesy of Elsevier Inc httpwwwsciencedirectcom Used with permission
Horizontal cells
27
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
28
Please refer to lecture video or to Polyak Stephen Lucian The Vertebrate Visual SystemIts Origin Structure and Function and its Manifestations in Disease with an Analysis of itsRole in the Life of Animal and in the Origin of Man Edited by Heinrich Kluver Universityof Chicago Press 1957
A Horizontal cell with regularly arranged dendrites thatis connected to 15 cones in a cone density region of 20
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare29
Amacrine cells
30
Labeled and injected cholinergic amacrine cell
Images removed due to copyright restrictions
31
Please see lecture video or Figure 2 of Masland Richard H The functional architecture of the retina Scientific American 255 no 6 (1986) 102-11
cholinergic cell
All cell
dopaminergic cell
All
Cholinergic
Dopaminergic
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare 32
Electrical responses in the retina
33
all hyperpolarize to light
all hyperpolarize to light
some hyperpolarize and some depolarize
some hyperpolarize some depolarize and some give action potentials
all give action potentials
Bipolar Cells
Receptors
Horizontal Cells
Amacrine Cell
Ganglion Cells
mudpuppy retina
(Necturus maculosus)
0
-50
oscilloscope
DC recording
epsp
copy American Physiological Association All rights reserved This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license For more information seehttpocwmiteduhelpfaq-fair-use Source Figure 2 and 3 from Werblin Frank S and John E Dowling Organization of the Retina of the MudpuppyNecturus macubsus II Intracellular Recording J Neurophysiol 32 (1969) 339 5 (2009) 1231-1246
Photoreceptor basics
1 All photoreceptors hyperpolarize to light
2 Depolarization of the photoreceptor releases glutamate
3 Photon absorption by the photopigment results in isomerization of the chromophore from 11-cis to all-trans This causes hyperpolarization thereby reducing neurotransmitter release
4 Two classes of bipolars are the ON and the OFF The synaptic junction of OFF bipolars is sign conserving that of the ON bipolar is sign inverting
5 The ON bipolar receptor is mGluR6 Its activation leads to closing of channels causing hyperpolarization
36
MIT OpenCourseWarehttpocwmitedu
904 Sensory Systems Fall 2013
For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use visit httpocwmiteduterms
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
19
Please refer to lecture video or Figure 1 from Schiller Peter H and Edward J Tehovnik Visual prosthesis Perception 37 no 10 (2008) 1529
Rods and cones in periphery
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
Please see lecture video or Figure 1 from Winkler Kenneth C and Pasko Rakic Distribution of photoreceptor subtypes in the retina of diurnal and noctournal primates
The Journal of Neuroscience 10 no 10 (1990) 3390-3401
In human retina there are about 120 million rods and about 5 million cones20
Num
ber o
f rod
s or c
ones
in a
n ar
ea 0
006
9 sq
mm
2400
2000
1600
1200
800
400
080 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80
12
10
08
06
04
02
0
Rel
ativ
e vi
sual
acu
ity
Degrees from the foveaFovea
Distribution of rods and cones along a horizontal meridian Parallel vertical lines represent the blindspot Visual acuity for a high luminance as a function of retinal location is included for comparison
Rods (number)Cones (number)Relative visualacuity in degreesfrom the fovea
Blin
d sp
ot
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare
21
Distribution of rods and cones on the retina
Some basic facts about the receptor array
1 degree = 200u on retina
Intercone distance in fovea = 24u (07 min)
200000 cones per sqmm in fovea
20000 cones per sqmm 5 degrees out
Thumbnail at arms length = 1 degree
The 12 font letter I activates about 80 cones at 23 cm
Each rod has 1000 disks each with 10000 molecules
Only 1 of 8 cones is blue Red and green are equal 23
Bipolar cells
25
Cat bipolar cells
Kolb Helga Ralph Nelson and Andrew Mariani Amacrine cells bipolar cells and ganglion cells of the cat retina a Golgi studyVision Research 21 no 7 (1981) 1081-1114 Courtesy of Elsevier Inc httpwwwsciencedirectcom Used with permission
Horizontal cells
27
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
28
Please refer to lecture video or to Polyak Stephen Lucian The Vertebrate Visual SystemIts Origin Structure and Function and its Manifestations in Disease with an Analysis of itsRole in the Life of Animal and in the Origin of Man Edited by Heinrich Kluver Universityof Chicago Press 1957
A Horizontal cell with regularly arranged dendrites thatis connected to 15 cones in a cone density region of 20
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare29
Amacrine cells
30
Labeled and injected cholinergic amacrine cell
Images removed due to copyright restrictions
31
Please see lecture video or Figure 2 of Masland Richard H The functional architecture of the retina Scientific American 255 no 6 (1986) 102-11
cholinergic cell
All cell
dopaminergic cell
All
Cholinergic
Dopaminergic
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare 32
Electrical responses in the retina
33
all hyperpolarize to light
all hyperpolarize to light
some hyperpolarize and some depolarize
some hyperpolarize some depolarize and some give action potentials
all give action potentials
Bipolar Cells
Receptors
Horizontal Cells
Amacrine Cell
Ganglion Cells
mudpuppy retina
(Necturus maculosus)
0
-50
oscilloscope
DC recording
epsp
copy American Physiological Association All rights reserved This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license For more information seehttpocwmiteduhelpfaq-fair-use Source Figure 2 and 3 from Werblin Frank S and John E Dowling Organization of the Retina of the MudpuppyNecturus macubsus II Intracellular Recording J Neurophysiol 32 (1969) 339 5 (2009) 1231-1246
Photoreceptor basics
1 All photoreceptors hyperpolarize to light
2 Depolarization of the photoreceptor releases glutamate
3 Photon absorption by the photopigment results in isomerization of the chromophore from 11-cis to all-trans This causes hyperpolarization thereby reducing neurotransmitter release
4 Two classes of bipolars are the ON and the OFF The synaptic junction of OFF bipolars is sign conserving that of the ON bipolar is sign inverting
5 The ON bipolar receptor is mGluR6 Its activation leads to closing of channels causing hyperpolarization
36
MIT OpenCourseWarehttpocwmitedu
904 Sensory Systems Fall 2013
For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use visit httpocwmiteduterms
Rods and cones in periphery
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
Please see lecture video or Figure 1 from Winkler Kenneth C and Pasko Rakic Distribution of photoreceptor subtypes in the retina of diurnal and noctournal primates
The Journal of Neuroscience 10 no 10 (1990) 3390-3401
In human retina there are about 120 million rods and about 5 million cones20
Num
ber o
f rod
s or c
ones
in a
n ar
ea 0
006
9 sq
mm
2400
2000
1600
1200
800
400
080 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80
12
10
08
06
04
02
0
Rel
ativ
e vi
sual
acu
ity
Degrees from the foveaFovea
Distribution of rods and cones along a horizontal meridian Parallel vertical lines represent the blindspot Visual acuity for a high luminance as a function of retinal location is included for comparison
Rods (number)Cones (number)Relative visualacuity in degreesfrom the fovea
Blin
d sp
ot
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare
21
Distribution of rods and cones on the retina
Some basic facts about the receptor array
1 degree = 200u on retina
Intercone distance in fovea = 24u (07 min)
200000 cones per sqmm in fovea
20000 cones per sqmm 5 degrees out
Thumbnail at arms length = 1 degree
The 12 font letter I activates about 80 cones at 23 cm
Each rod has 1000 disks each with 10000 molecules
Only 1 of 8 cones is blue Red and green are equal 23
Bipolar cells
25
Cat bipolar cells
Kolb Helga Ralph Nelson and Andrew Mariani Amacrine cells bipolar cells and ganglion cells of the cat retina a Golgi studyVision Research 21 no 7 (1981) 1081-1114 Courtesy of Elsevier Inc httpwwwsciencedirectcom Used with permission
Horizontal cells
27
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
28
Please refer to lecture video or to Polyak Stephen Lucian The Vertebrate Visual SystemIts Origin Structure and Function and its Manifestations in Disease with an Analysis of itsRole in the Life of Animal and in the Origin of Man Edited by Heinrich Kluver Universityof Chicago Press 1957
A Horizontal cell with regularly arranged dendrites thatis connected to 15 cones in a cone density region of 20
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare29
Amacrine cells
30
Labeled and injected cholinergic amacrine cell
Images removed due to copyright restrictions
31
Please see lecture video or Figure 2 of Masland Richard H The functional architecture of the retina Scientific American 255 no 6 (1986) 102-11
cholinergic cell
All cell
dopaminergic cell
All
Cholinergic
Dopaminergic
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare 32
Electrical responses in the retina
33
all hyperpolarize to light
all hyperpolarize to light
some hyperpolarize and some depolarize
some hyperpolarize some depolarize and some give action potentials
all give action potentials
Bipolar Cells
Receptors
Horizontal Cells
Amacrine Cell
Ganglion Cells
mudpuppy retina
(Necturus maculosus)
0
-50
oscilloscope
DC recording
epsp
copy American Physiological Association All rights reserved This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license For more information seehttpocwmiteduhelpfaq-fair-use Source Figure 2 and 3 from Werblin Frank S and John E Dowling Organization of the Retina of the MudpuppyNecturus macubsus II Intracellular Recording J Neurophysiol 32 (1969) 339 5 (2009) 1231-1246
Photoreceptor basics
1 All photoreceptors hyperpolarize to light
2 Depolarization of the photoreceptor releases glutamate
3 Photon absorption by the photopigment results in isomerization of the chromophore from 11-cis to all-trans This causes hyperpolarization thereby reducing neurotransmitter release
4 Two classes of bipolars are the ON and the OFF The synaptic junction of OFF bipolars is sign conserving that of the ON bipolar is sign inverting
5 The ON bipolar receptor is mGluR6 Its activation leads to closing of channels causing hyperpolarization
36
MIT OpenCourseWarehttpocwmitedu
904 Sensory Systems Fall 2013
For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use visit httpocwmiteduterms
Num
ber o
f rod
s or c
ones
in a
n ar
ea 0
006
9 sq
mm
2400
2000
1600
1200
800
400
080 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80
12
10
08
06
04
02
0
Rel
ativ
e vi
sual
acu
ity
Degrees from the foveaFovea
Distribution of rods and cones along a horizontal meridian Parallel vertical lines represent the blindspot Visual acuity for a high luminance as a function of retinal location is included for comparison
Rods (number)Cones (number)Relative visualacuity in degreesfrom the fovea
Blin
d sp
ot
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare
21
Distribution of rods and cones on the retina
Some basic facts about the receptor array
1 degree = 200u on retina
Intercone distance in fovea = 24u (07 min)
200000 cones per sqmm in fovea
20000 cones per sqmm 5 degrees out
Thumbnail at arms length = 1 degree
The 12 font letter I activates about 80 cones at 23 cm
Each rod has 1000 disks each with 10000 molecules
Only 1 of 8 cones is blue Red and green are equal 23
Bipolar cells
25
Cat bipolar cells
Kolb Helga Ralph Nelson and Andrew Mariani Amacrine cells bipolar cells and ganglion cells of the cat retina a Golgi studyVision Research 21 no 7 (1981) 1081-1114 Courtesy of Elsevier Inc httpwwwsciencedirectcom Used with permission
Horizontal cells
27
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
28
Please refer to lecture video or to Polyak Stephen Lucian The Vertebrate Visual SystemIts Origin Structure and Function and its Manifestations in Disease with an Analysis of itsRole in the Life of Animal and in the Origin of Man Edited by Heinrich Kluver Universityof Chicago Press 1957
A Horizontal cell with regularly arranged dendrites thatis connected to 15 cones in a cone density region of 20
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare29
Amacrine cells
30
Labeled and injected cholinergic amacrine cell
Images removed due to copyright restrictions
31
Please see lecture video or Figure 2 of Masland Richard H The functional architecture of the retina Scientific American 255 no 6 (1986) 102-11
cholinergic cell
All cell
dopaminergic cell
All
Cholinergic
Dopaminergic
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare 32
Electrical responses in the retina
33
all hyperpolarize to light
all hyperpolarize to light
some hyperpolarize and some depolarize
some hyperpolarize some depolarize and some give action potentials
all give action potentials
Bipolar Cells
Receptors
Horizontal Cells
Amacrine Cell
Ganglion Cells
mudpuppy retina
(Necturus maculosus)
0
-50
oscilloscope
DC recording
epsp
copy American Physiological Association All rights reserved This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license For more information seehttpocwmiteduhelpfaq-fair-use Source Figure 2 and 3 from Werblin Frank S and John E Dowling Organization of the Retina of the MudpuppyNecturus macubsus II Intracellular Recording J Neurophysiol 32 (1969) 339 5 (2009) 1231-1246
Photoreceptor basics
1 All photoreceptors hyperpolarize to light
2 Depolarization of the photoreceptor releases glutamate
3 Photon absorption by the photopigment results in isomerization of the chromophore from 11-cis to all-trans This causes hyperpolarization thereby reducing neurotransmitter release
4 Two classes of bipolars are the ON and the OFF The synaptic junction of OFF bipolars is sign conserving that of the ON bipolar is sign inverting
5 The ON bipolar receptor is mGluR6 Its activation leads to closing of channels causing hyperpolarization
36
MIT OpenCourseWarehttpocwmitedu
904 Sensory Systems Fall 2013
For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use visit httpocwmiteduterms
Some basic facts about the receptor array
1 degree = 200u on retina
Intercone distance in fovea = 24u (07 min)
200000 cones per sqmm in fovea
20000 cones per sqmm 5 degrees out
Thumbnail at arms length = 1 degree
The 12 font letter I activates about 80 cones at 23 cm
Each rod has 1000 disks each with 10000 molecules
Only 1 of 8 cones is blue Red and green are equal 23
Bipolar cells
25
Cat bipolar cells
Kolb Helga Ralph Nelson and Andrew Mariani Amacrine cells bipolar cells and ganglion cells of the cat retina a Golgi studyVision Research 21 no 7 (1981) 1081-1114 Courtesy of Elsevier Inc httpwwwsciencedirectcom Used with permission
Horizontal cells
27
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
28
Please refer to lecture video or to Polyak Stephen Lucian The Vertebrate Visual SystemIts Origin Structure and Function and its Manifestations in Disease with an Analysis of itsRole in the Life of Animal and in the Origin of Man Edited by Heinrich Kluver Universityof Chicago Press 1957
A Horizontal cell with regularly arranged dendrites thatis connected to 15 cones in a cone density region of 20
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare29
Amacrine cells
30
Labeled and injected cholinergic amacrine cell
Images removed due to copyright restrictions
31
Please see lecture video or Figure 2 of Masland Richard H The functional architecture of the retina Scientific American 255 no 6 (1986) 102-11
cholinergic cell
All cell
dopaminergic cell
All
Cholinergic
Dopaminergic
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare 32
Electrical responses in the retina
33
all hyperpolarize to light
all hyperpolarize to light
some hyperpolarize and some depolarize
some hyperpolarize some depolarize and some give action potentials
all give action potentials
Bipolar Cells
Receptors
Horizontal Cells
Amacrine Cell
Ganglion Cells
mudpuppy retina
(Necturus maculosus)
0
-50
oscilloscope
DC recording
epsp
copy American Physiological Association All rights reserved This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license For more information seehttpocwmiteduhelpfaq-fair-use Source Figure 2 and 3 from Werblin Frank S and John E Dowling Organization of the Retina of the MudpuppyNecturus macubsus II Intracellular Recording J Neurophysiol 32 (1969) 339 5 (2009) 1231-1246
Photoreceptor basics
1 All photoreceptors hyperpolarize to light
2 Depolarization of the photoreceptor releases glutamate
3 Photon absorption by the photopigment results in isomerization of the chromophore from 11-cis to all-trans This causes hyperpolarization thereby reducing neurotransmitter release
4 Two classes of bipolars are the ON and the OFF The synaptic junction of OFF bipolars is sign conserving that of the ON bipolar is sign inverting
5 The ON bipolar receptor is mGluR6 Its activation leads to closing of channels causing hyperpolarization
36
MIT OpenCourseWarehttpocwmitedu
904 Sensory Systems Fall 2013
For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use visit httpocwmiteduterms
Bipolar cells
25
Cat bipolar cells
Kolb Helga Ralph Nelson and Andrew Mariani Amacrine cells bipolar cells and ganglion cells of the cat retina a Golgi studyVision Research 21 no 7 (1981) 1081-1114 Courtesy of Elsevier Inc httpwwwsciencedirectcom Used with permission
Horizontal cells
27
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
28
Please refer to lecture video or to Polyak Stephen Lucian The Vertebrate Visual SystemIts Origin Structure and Function and its Manifestations in Disease with an Analysis of itsRole in the Life of Animal and in the Origin of Man Edited by Heinrich Kluver Universityof Chicago Press 1957
A Horizontal cell with regularly arranged dendrites thatis connected to 15 cones in a cone density region of 20
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare29
Amacrine cells
30
Labeled and injected cholinergic amacrine cell
Images removed due to copyright restrictions
31
Please see lecture video or Figure 2 of Masland Richard H The functional architecture of the retina Scientific American 255 no 6 (1986) 102-11
cholinergic cell
All cell
dopaminergic cell
All
Cholinergic
Dopaminergic
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare 32
Electrical responses in the retina
33
all hyperpolarize to light
all hyperpolarize to light
some hyperpolarize and some depolarize
some hyperpolarize some depolarize and some give action potentials
all give action potentials
Bipolar Cells
Receptors
Horizontal Cells
Amacrine Cell
Ganglion Cells
mudpuppy retina
(Necturus maculosus)
0
-50
oscilloscope
DC recording
epsp
copy American Physiological Association All rights reserved This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license For more information seehttpocwmiteduhelpfaq-fair-use Source Figure 2 and 3 from Werblin Frank S and John E Dowling Organization of the Retina of the MudpuppyNecturus macubsus II Intracellular Recording J Neurophysiol 32 (1969) 339 5 (2009) 1231-1246
Photoreceptor basics
1 All photoreceptors hyperpolarize to light
2 Depolarization of the photoreceptor releases glutamate
3 Photon absorption by the photopigment results in isomerization of the chromophore from 11-cis to all-trans This causes hyperpolarization thereby reducing neurotransmitter release
4 Two classes of bipolars are the ON and the OFF The synaptic junction of OFF bipolars is sign conserving that of the ON bipolar is sign inverting
5 The ON bipolar receptor is mGluR6 Its activation leads to closing of channels causing hyperpolarization
36
MIT OpenCourseWarehttpocwmitedu
904 Sensory Systems Fall 2013
For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use visit httpocwmiteduterms
Cat bipolar cells
Kolb Helga Ralph Nelson and Andrew Mariani Amacrine cells bipolar cells and ganglion cells of the cat retina a Golgi studyVision Research 21 no 7 (1981) 1081-1114 Courtesy of Elsevier Inc httpwwwsciencedirectcom Used with permission
Horizontal cells
27
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
28
Please refer to lecture video or to Polyak Stephen Lucian The Vertebrate Visual SystemIts Origin Structure and Function and its Manifestations in Disease with an Analysis of itsRole in the Life of Animal and in the Origin of Man Edited by Heinrich Kluver Universityof Chicago Press 1957
A Horizontal cell with regularly arranged dendrites thatis connected to 15 cones in a cone density region of 20
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare29
Amacrine cells
30
Labeled and injected cholinergic amacrine cell
Images removed due to copyright restrictions
31
Please see lecture video or Figure 2 of Masland Richard H The functional architecture of the retina Scientific American 255 no 6 (1986) 102-11
cholinergic cell
All cell
dopaminergic cell
All
Cholinergic
Dopaminergic
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare 32
Electrical responses in the retina
33
all hyperpolarize to light
all hyperpolarize to light
some hyperpolarize and some depolarize
some hyperpolarize some depolarize and some give action potentials
all give action potentials
Bipolar Cells
Receptors
Horizontal Cells
Amacrine Cell
Ganglion Cells
mudpuppy retina
(Necturus maculosus)
0
-50
oscilloscope
DC recording
epsp
copy American Physiological Association All rights reserved This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license For more information seehttpocwmiteduhelpfaq-fair-use Source Figure 2 and 3 from Werblin Frank S and John E Dowling Organization of the Retina of the MudpuppyNecturus macubsus II Intracellular Recording J Neurophysiol 32 (1969) 339 5 (2009) 1231-1246
Photoreceptor basics
1 All photoreceptors hyperpolarize to light
2 Depolarization of the photoreceptor releases glutamate
3 Photon absorption by the photopigment results in isomerization of the chromophore from 11-cis to all-trans This causes hyperpolarization thereby reducing neurotransmitter release
4 Two classes of bipolars are the ON and the OFF The synaptic junction of OFF bipolars is sign conserving that of the ON bipolar is sign inverting
5 The ON bipolar receptor is mGluR6 Its activation leads to closing of channels causing hyperpolarization
36
MIT OpenCourseWarehttpocwmitedu
904 Sensory Systems Fall 2013
For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use visit httpocwmiteduterms
Horizontal cells
27
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
28
Please refer to lecture video or to Polyak Stephen Lucian The Vertebrate Visual SystemIts Origin Structure and Function and its Manifestations in Disease with an Analysis of itsRole in the Life of Animal and in the Origin of Man Edited by Heinrich Kluver Universityof Chicago Press 1957
A Horizontal cell with regularly arranged dendrites thatis connected to 15 cones in a cone density region of 20
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare29
Amacrine cells
30
Labeled and injected cholinergic amacrine cell
Images removed due to copyright restrictions
31
Please see lecture video or Figure 2 of Masland Richard H The functional architecture of the retina Scientific American 255 no 6 (1986) 102-11
cholinergic cell
All cell
dopaminergic cell
All
Cholinergic
Dopaminergic
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare 32
Electrical responses in the retina
33
all hyperpolarize to light
all hyperpolarize to light
some hyperpolarize and some depolarize
some hyperpolarize some depolarize and some give action potentials
all give action potentials
Bipolar Cells
Receptors
Horizontal Cells
Amacrine Cell
Ganglion Cells
mudpuppy retina
(Necturus maculosus)
0
-50
oscilloscope
DC recording
epsp
copy American Physiological Association All rights reserved This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license For more information seehttpocwmiteduhelpfaq-fair-use Source Figure 2 and 3 from Werblin Frank S and John E Dowling Organization of the Retina of the MudpuppyNecturus macubsus II Intracellular Recording J Neurophysiol 32 (1969) 339 5 (2009) 1231-1246
Photoreceptor basics
1 All photoreceptors hyperpolarize to light
2 Depolarization of the photoreceptor releases glutamate
3 Photon absorption by the photopigment results in isomerization of the chromophore from 11-cis to all-trans This causes hyperpolarization thereby reducing neurotransmitter release
4 Two classes of bipolars are the ON and the OFF The synaptic junction of OFF bipolars is sign conserving that of the ON bipolar is sign inverting
5 The ON bipolar receptor is mGluR6 Its activation leads to closing of channels causing hyperpolarization
36
MIT OpenCourseWarehttpocwmitedu
904 Sensory Systems Fall 2013
For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use visit httpocwmiteduterms
Image removed due to copyright restrictions
28
Please refer to lecture video or to Polyak Stephen Lucian The Vertebrate Visual SystemIts Origin Structure and Function and its Manifestations in Disease with an Analysis of itsRole in the Life of Animal and in the Origin of Man Edited by Heinrich Kluver Universityof Chicago Press 1957
A Horizontal cell with regularly arranged dendrites thatis connected to 15 cones in a cone density region of 20
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare29
Amacrine cells
30
Labeled and injected cholinergic amacrine cell
Images removed due to copyright restrictions
31
Please see lecture video or Figure 2 of Masland Richard H The functional architecture of the retina Scientific American 255 no 6 (1986) 102-11
cholinergic cell
All cell
dopaminergic cell
All
Cholinergic
Dopaminergic
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare 32
Electrical responses in the retina
33
all hyperpolarize to light
all hyperpolarize to light
some hyperpolarize and some depolarize
some hyperpolarize some depolarize and some give action potentials
all give action potentials
Bipolar Cells
Receptors
Horizontal Cells
Amacrine Cell
Ganglion Cells
mudpuppy retina
(Necturus maculosus)
0
-50
oscilloscope
DC recording
epsp
copy American Physiological Association All rights reserved This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license For more information seehttpocwmiteduhelpfaq-fair-use Source Figure 2 and 3 from Werblin Frank S and John E Dowling Organization of the Retina of the MudpuppyNecturus macubsus II Intracellular Recording J Neurophysiol 32 (1969) 339 5 (2009) 1231-1246
Photoreceptor basics
1 All photoreceptors hyperpolarize to light
2 Depolarization of the photoreceptor releases glutamate
3 Photon absorption by the photopigment results in isomerization of the chromophore from 11-cis to all-trans This causes hyperpolarization thereby reducing neurotransmitter release
4 Two classes of bipolars are the ON and the OFF The synaptic junction of OFF bipolars is sign conserving that of the ON bipolar is sign inverting
5 The ON bipolar receptor is mGluR6 Its activation leads to closing of channels causing hyperpolarization
36
MIT OpenCourseWarehttpocwmitedu
904 Sensory Systems Fall 2013
For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use visit httpocwmiteduterms
A Horizontal cell with regularly arranged dendrites thatis connected to 15 cones in a cone density region of 20
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare29
Amacrine cells
30
Labeled and injected cholinergic amacrine cell
Images removed due to copyright restrictions
31
Please see lecture video or Figure 2 of Masland Richard H The functional architecture of the retina Scientific American 255 no 6 (1986) 102-11
cholinergic cell
All cell
dopaminergic cell
All
Cholinergic
Dopaminergic
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare 32
Electrical responses in the retina
33
all hyperpolarize to light
all hyperpolarize to light
some hyperpolarize and some depolarize
some hyperpolarize some depolarize and some give action potentials
all give action potentials
Bipolar Cells
Receptors
Horizontal Cells
Amacrine Cell
Ganglion Cells
mudpuppy retina
(Necturus maculosus)
0
-50
oscilloscope
DC recording
epsp
copy American Physiological Association All rights reserved This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license For more information seehttpocwmiteduhelpfaq-fair-use Source Figure 2 and 3 from Werblin Frank S and John E Dowling Organization of the Retina of the MudpuppyNecturus macubsus II Intracellular Recording J Neurophysiol 32 (1969) 339 5 (2009) 1231-1246
Photoreceptor basics
1 All photoreceptors hyperpolarize to light
2 Depolarization of the photoreceptor releases glutamate
3 Photon absorption by the photopigment results in isomerization of the chromophore from 11-cis to all-trans This causes hyperpolarization thereby reducing neurotransmitter release
4 Two classes of bipolars are the ON and the OFF The synaptic junction of OFF bipolars is sign conserving that of the ON bipolar is sign inverting
5 The ON bipolar receptor is mGluR6 Its activation leads to closing of channels causing hyperpolarization
36
MIT OpenCourseWarehttpocwmitedu
904 Sensory Systems Fall 2013
For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use visit httpocwmiteduterms
Amacrine cells
30
Labeled and injected cholinergic amacrine cell
Images removed due to copyright restrictions
31
Please see lecture video or Figure 2 of Masland Richard H The functional architecture of the retina Scientific American 255 no 6 (1986) 102-11
cholinergic cell
All cell
dopaminergic cell
All
Cholinergic
Dopaminergic
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare 32
Electrical responses in the retina
33
all hyperpolarize to light
all hyperpolarize to light
some hyperpolarize and some depolarize
some hyperpolarize some depolarize and some give action potentials
all give action potentials
Bipolar Cells
Receptors
Horizontal Cells
Amacrine Cell
Ganglion Cells
mudpuppy retina
(Necturus maculosus)
0
-50
oscilloscope
DC recording
epsp
copy American Physiological Association All rights reserved This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license For more information seehttpocwmiteduhelpfaq-fair-use Source Figure 2 and 3 from Werblin Frank S and John E Dowling Organization of the Retina of the MudpuppyNecturus macubsus II Intracellular Recording J Neurophysiol 32 (1969) 339 5 (2009) 1231-1246
Photoreceptor basics
1 All photoreceptors hyperpolarize to light
2 Depolarization of the photoreceptor releases glutamate
3 Photon absorption by the photopigment results in isomerization of the chromophore from 11-cis to all-trans This causes hyperpolarization thereby reducing neurotransmitter release
4 Two classes of bipolars are the ON and the OFF The synaptic junction of OFF bipolars is sign conserving that of the ON bipolar is sign inverting
5 The ON bipolar receptor is mGluR6 Its activation leads to closing of channels causing hyperpolarization
36
MIT OpenCourseWarehttpocwmitedu
904 Sensory Systems Fall 2013
For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use visit httpocwmiteduterms
Labeled and injected cholinergic amacrine cell
Images removed due to copyright restrictions
31
Please see lecture video or Figure 2 of Masland Richard H The functional architecture of the retina Scientific American 255 no 6 (1986) 102-11
cholinergic cell
All cell
dopaminergic cell
All
Cholinergic
Dopaminergic
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare 32
Electrical responses in the retina
33
all hyperpolarize to light
all hyperpolarize to light
some hyperpolarize and some depolarize
some hyperpolarize some depolarize and some give action potentials
all give action potentials
Bipolar Cells
Receptors
Horizontal Cells
Amacrine Cell
Ganglion Cells
mudpuppy retina
(Necturus maculosus)
0
-50
oscilloscope
DC recording
epsp
copy American Physiological Association All rights reserved This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license For more information seehttpocwmiteduhelpfaq-fair-use Source Figure 2 and 3 from Werblin Frank S and John E Dowling Organization of the Retina of the MudpuppyNecturus macubsus II Intracellular Recording J Neurophysiol 32 (1969) 339 5 (2009) 1231-1246
Photoreceptor basics
1 All photoreceptors hyperpolarize to light
2 Depolarization of the photoreceptor releases glutamate
3 Photon absorption by the photopigment results in isomerization of the chromophore from 11-cis to all-trans This causes hyperpolarization thereby reducing neurotransmitter release
4 Two classes of bipolars are the ON and the OFF The synaptic junction of OFF bipolars is sign conserving that of the ON bipolar is sign inverting
5 The ON bipolar receptor is mGluR6 Its activation leads to closing of channels causing hyperpolarization
36
MIT OpenCourseWarehttpocwmitedu
904 Sensory Systems Fall 2013
For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use visit httpocwmiteduterms
cholinergic cell
All cell
dopaminergic cell
All
Cholinergic
Dopaminergic
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare 32
Electrical responses in the retina
33
all hyperpolarize to light
all hyperpolarize to light
some hyperpolarize and some depolarize
some hyperpolarize some depolarize and some give action potentials
all give action potentials
Bipolar Cells
Receptors
Horizontal Cells
Amacrine Cell
Ganglion Cells
mudpuppy retina
(Necturus maculosus)
0
-50
oscilloscope
DC recording
epsp
copy American Physiological Association All rights reserved This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license For more information seehttpocwmiteduhelpfaq-fair-use Source Figure 2 and 3 from Werblin Frank S and John E Dowling Organization of the Retina of the MudpuppyNecturus macubsus II Intracellular Recording J Neurophysiol 32 (1969) 339 5 (2009) 1231-1246
Photoreceptor basics
1 All photoreceptors hyperpolarize to light
2 Depolarization of the photoreceptor releases glutamate
3 Photon absorption by the photopigment results in isomerization of the chromophore from 11-cis to all-trans This causes hyperpolarization thereby reducing neurotransmitter release
4 Two classes of bipolars are the ON and the OFF The synaptic junction of OFF bipolars is sign conserving that of the ON bipolar is sign inverting
5 The ON bipolar receptor is mGluR6 Its activation leads to closing of channels causing hyperpolarization
36
MIT OpenCourseWarehttpocwmitedu
904 Sensory Systems Fall 2013
For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use visit httpocwmiteduterms
Electrical responses in the retina
33
all hyperpolarize to light
all hyperpolarize to light
some hyperpolarize and some depolarize
some hyperpolarize some depolarize and some give action potentials
all give action potentials
Bipolar Cells
Receptors
Horizontal Cells
Amacrine Cell
Ganglion Cells
mudpuppy retina
(Necturus maculosus)
0
-50
oscilloscope
DC recording
epsp
copy American Physiological Association All rights reserved This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license For more information seehttpocwmiteduhelpfaq-fair-use Source Figure 2 and 3 from Werblin Frank S and John E Dowling Organization of the Retina of the MudpuppyNecturus macubsus II Intracellular Recording J Neurophysiol 32 (1969) 339 5 (2009) 1231-1246
Photoreceptor basics
1 All photoreceptors hyperpolarize to light
2 Depolarization of the photoreceptor releases glutamate
3 Photon absorption by the photopigment results in isomerization of the chromophore from 11-cis to all-trans This causes hyperpolarization thereby reducing neurotransmitter release
4 Two classes of bipolars are the ON and the OFF The synaptic junction of OFF bipolars is sign conserving that of the ON bipolar is sign inverting
5 The ON bipolar receptor is mGluR6 Its activation leads to closing of channels causing hyperpolarization
36
MIT OpenCourseWarehttpocwmitedu
904 Sensory Systems Fall 2013
For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use visit httpocwmiteduterms
all hyperpolarize to light
all hyperpolarize to light
some hyperpolarize and some depolarize
some hyperpolarize some depolarize and some give action potentials
all give action potentials
Bipolar Cells
Receptors
Horizontal Cells
Amacrine Cell
Ganglion Cells
mudpuppy retina
(Necturus maculosus)
0
-50
oscilloscope
DC recording
epsp
copy American Physiological Association All rights reserved This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license For more information seehttpocwmiteduhelpfaq-fair-use Source Figure 2 and 3 from Werblin Frank S and John E Dowling Organization of the Retina of the MudpuppyNecturus macubsus II Intracellular Recording J Neurophysiol 32 (1969) 339 5 (2009) 1231-1246
Photoreceptor basics
1 All photoreceptors hyperpolarize to light
2 Depolarization of the photoreceptor releases glutamate
3 Photon absorption by the photopigment results in isomerization of the chromophore from 11-cis to all-trans This causes hyperpolarization thereby reducing neurotransmitter release
4 Two classes of bipolars are the ON and the OFF The synaptic junction of OFF bipolars is sign conserving that of the ON bipolar is sign inverting
5 The ON bipolar receptor is mGluR6 Its activation leads to closing of channels causing hyperpolarization
36
MIT OpenCourseWarehttpocwmitedu
904 Sensory Systems Fall 2013
For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use visit httpocwmiteduterms
Photoreceptor basics
1 All photoreceptors hyperpolarize to light
2 Depolarization of the photoreceptor releases glutamate
3 Photon absorption by the photopigment results in isomerization of the chromophore from 11-cis to all-trans This causes hyperpolarization thereby reducing neurotransmitter release
4 Two classes of bipolars are the ON and the OFF The synaptic junction of OFF bipolars is sign conserving that of the ON bipolar is sign inverting
5 The ON bipolar receptor is mGluR6 Its activation leads to closing of channels causing hyperpolarization
36
MIT OpenCourseWarehttpocwmitedu
904 Sensory Systems Fall 2013
For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use visit httpocwmiteduterms
MIT OpenCourseWarehttpocwmitedu
904 Sensory Systems Fall 2013
For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use visit httpocwmiteduterms