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Abbreviations: EFE, Einstein field equations; DP, deceleration parameter; GTR, general theory of relativity; BD, brans-dicke; DE, dark energy.

IntroductionThe early universe is well described by homogeneous and an

isotropic cosmological model as it has only ordinary matter and gravity. Here the ordinary matter means, a matter with non negative pressure and ordinary gravity is based on the four-dimensional Einstein-Hilbert action. Recently observational data indicates that the discrepancy arises at late time, when the age of the universe is some billions years. In this context the Friedmann-Robertson- Walker model is a unique correspondence between the expansion rate and the distance scale. Although general theory of relativity (GTR) is the most suitable theory for describing universe as a whole, but still there are some physical phenomena which are to be addressed by GTR. For this purpose there is a need either to modify the theory or to introduce alternate theory which is suitable to address the universe in all aspects. During the investigations of research findings it have been noticed that many alternate/modified theories of gravity were proposed by cosmologists as and when required. Among all the available alternative theories, the scalar-tensor Brans-Dicke theory (BD)1 of gravity is the most promising existing theory which has very effectively solves the problems of early time inflation and late time accelerating behaviour of the universe.2 According to BD theory, the gravitational constant G is not a constant but it varies with space and time. The Brans-Dicke gravity also relates the gravitation constant G with scalar field φ along with relation 1Gφ −≅ ). The action principle for the Brans-Dicke gravity is given as

( )

31 4= ( )

161c R gd xν

νφ ωφ φ φπ

−+ − +Λ∫ℜ

The variation of for small changes of gµν leads to the field equations

( )4 2

1 8 1 1= ( ) 2;2 2R g R T g g

cδ

µν µν µν µ ν µν δ µν µνφ

π ω φ φ φ φ φ φφφ

− − − − − −

where Rµν is the Ricci curvature tensor, Tµν is the energy

momentum tensor, R is the curvature scalar,

is the Brans-Dicke dimensionless coupling constant, is the trace of energy momentum tensor and is wave operator. Also the law of conservation of momentum may be expressed as

( ); =0. 3kT µν

Here ‘semicolon’ indicates co-variant derivative and ‘comma’ indicates partial derivatives.

Similarly, the variation of φ leads to the following equation forφ :

( )22 = . 4Rµ

µφ φ φ φ φω

−

This latter equation can be simplified by substituting for R from the contracted form of Equation (2). We finally get

( )

4

8= , 5(2 3)

Tc

πφω+

Equation (5) leads to the anticipated scalar wave equation forφwith sources in matter. Because it contains a scalar fieldφ in addition to the metric tensor gµν , the BD theory is often referred to as the scalar-tensor theory of gravitation. BD theory is explained by a scalar functionφ and a constant coupling constantω , often known as the BD parameter. This can be obtained from general theory of relativity by letting ω→∞ and =constantφ .3

The recent cosmic observational results authenticate the fact that our universe is undergoing a late-time accelerated expansion phase.4–8 To find the reason behind this late-time accelerating expansion of the universe is one of the most challenging problems in modern Cosmology and Astrophysics. We also believes that an unknown form of energy, commonly known as ’Dark Energy’ (DE), is responsible for this phase and it constitutes near about 70% of the total universe. There are several proposals regarding DE, Cosmological Constant, Quintessence, Dark Energy9–14 being some of the competent candidates.

Viscosities play an important role in early stage evolution of the universe. Also it is well known that at early stage of the universe when

Phys Astron Int J. 2017;1(5):180‒187. 180©2017 Mishra et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially.

Viscous string cosmological models in alternative theory of gravity

Volume 1 Issue 5 - 2017

Mishra RK, Chand ADepartment of Mathematics, Deemed University, India

Correspondence: RK Mishra, Department of Mathematics, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Deemed University, Under MHRD, Government of India, Longowal-148 106, Punjab, India, Email

Received: October 28, 2017 | Published: December 07, 2017

Abstract

In present communication, the Bianchi type-III, viscous string cosmological models have been investigated in scalar-tensor Brans-Dicke gravity. To obtain an exact solution of the Einstein field equations (EFE), it is assumed that the viscosity is the power function of energy density and the deceleration parameter (DP) as a function of cosmic time with suitable relation i.e. 1/( )=[ ( )] na t sinh tα , here , 0nα ≠ are constants. It is observed that the power index has the important significance on the evolution of string cosmological models. It is also noticed that the string tension density ( )λ is increasing function of time whereas the energy density ( )ρ and the cosmological constant ( )Λ are decreasing with time and converges to a small value at late time. For better understanding of the model, we have also presented the kinematic and geometric properties of the models.

Keywords: brans-dicke gravity, cosmological constant, variable deceleration parameter

Physics & Astronomy International Journal

Review Article Open Access

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©2017 Mishra et al.

Citation: Mishra RK, Chand A. Viscous string cosmological models in alternative theory of gravity. Phys Astron Int J. 2017;1(5):180‒187. DOI: 10.15406/paij.2017.01.00031

neutrino decoupling occurred, the matter behaves like viscous fluid15 and coefficient of viscosity q decreases with time as universe expands. Recently viscous string cosmological models have been studied by several authors16–26 in the context of general relativity, also many authors27–32 had discussed bulk viscous string cosmological models in BD theory. Very recently33–40 have been investigated the Bianchi type viscous cosmic string cosmological models in BD theory.

Motivated from above mention research work, in present paper, we had studied the bulk viscous string cosmological models with time dependent q and cosmological constant Λ in scalar-tensor BD theory of gravity. This paper has been divided in five different sections, including the introduction presented in section 1. In section 2, the metric and field equations governing the cosmological models are described, section 3 deals with exact solution of field equations. Section 4, the physical and kinematic behavior of the models has been presented in both the cases. Finally results, discussion and conclusions are summarized in last section i.e. section 5.

Metric and field equationsIn present communication, we consider a spatially homogeneous

and an anisotropic Bianchi type-III space-time metric as given below

( )2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2= ( ) ( ) ( ) , 6sxds dt A t dx e B t dy C t dz−− + + +

Here potential A, B and C are the functions of cosmic time ' 't only andTµνis a constant.

The energy-momentum tensor Tµν for a cloud of strings in the presence of bulk viscous fluid containing one dimensional cosmic string is given by

( )=( ) , 7T p u u pg v vµν µ ν µν µ νρ λ+ + −

λ is the string tension density, p is effective pressure, ρ is the proper energy density for cloud strings with particles attached to them,

kx is the four-velocity vector and kx is a unit space-like vector along the direction of string. The vectors ku and kx satisfy the conditions

=1=k kk ku u x x− , =0k

ku x .

11 22 33 44

= , = = , = ,T p T T p Tλ ρ−

( )11 22 33 44= =3 8T T T T T p ρ λ⇒ + + + − −

Above ρ , λ and λ are the functions of cosmic time’t’ only. The particle density ( )pρ of the configuration is given as

( )= , 9pρ ρ λ+

The string tension density λ , may takes positive or negative values. It is also published by some authors41,42 that a negative value of λ represents the universe filled with no string, whereas positive value of p indicate the universe filled with string particles. Here the effective pressure p may be define as

( )= 3 , 10p p Hξ−

Where ξ is the bulk viscosity coefficient and H Hubble parameter.

For the metric given in equation (6) the field equation (2) may be expressed as:

( )2 2

12 2

( )= 8 ( ) , 112

A B AB s A B pA B AB A BA

φ ωφ φ πφ λφ φφ

−+ + − + + + + − − +Λ

( )

21

2( )= 8 , 12

2

C A CA A C pC A CA A C

φ ωφ φ πφφ φφ

−+ + + + + + − +Λ

( )

21

2( )= 8 , 13

2

B C BC B C pB C BC B C

φ ωφ φ πφφ φφ

−+ + + + + + − +Λ

( )

2 21

2 2( )= 8 , 14

2

AB BC CA s A B CAB BC CA A B CA

ωφ φ πφ ρφφ

−+ + − − + + + − +Λ

( )=0, 15A B

A B−

( )8 (3 )( ) = , 16

(3 2 )π ρ λ

φ φω− −

+ + ++

A B C pA B C

Where an over head dot denote derivatives with respect to cosmic time ( )V.

We may introduce cosmological parameters such as the spatial volume ( )V , the Hubble’s parameter ( )H , the expansion scalar ( )θ, the deceleration parameter ( )q , the anisotropy parameter ( )Am and the shear scalar ( )σ for the metric (6) connected as,

( )3= = , 17V a ABC

( ); 1 2 3= =3 = , 18kku H H H Hθ + +

Here 1 2 3= , = , =A B CH H HA B C

are the directional Hubble parameters in directions of ,x y and z axis respectively.

( )

2 2= = 1 . 19aa Hq

a H

− − +

( )

23

=1

1= , 203

im

i

HAH∆ ∑

( )

32 2 2

=1

1= 3 , 212 i

i

H Hσ

− ∑

Here = , = 1, 2, 3i i

H H H i∆ − .

Now we required the solution of above stated field equations 11-16. This is presented in next section.

Solution of the field equationsOn integrating equation (15), we have

( )0= , 22A l B

Here 0l is a constant of integration it can be taken as unity to avoid further complication, therefore

( )= . 23B A

Putting ‘ ’t into the field equations (11)-(14) and (16), we get following set of field equations,

( )

2 2 21

2 2 22 2 = 8 ( ) , 24

2

A A s A pA AA A

φ ωφ φ πφ λφ φφ

−+ − + + + − − +Λ

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Citation: Mishra RK, Chand A. Viscous string cosmological models in alternative theory of gravity. Phys Astron Int J. 2017;1(5):180‒187. DOI: 10.15406/paij.2017.01.00031

( )

21

2( )= 8 , 25

2

A C AC A C pA C AC A C

φ ωφ φ πφφ φφ

−+ + + + + + − +Λ

( )

2 2 21

2 2 22 (2 )= 8 , 26

2

A AC s A CAC A CA A

ωφ φ πφ ρφφ

−+ − − + + − +Λ

( )8 (3 )(2 )= . 27

(3 2 )A C pA C

π ρ λφ φω− −

+ ++

The field equations 24-27 have a system of four independent equations along with seven unknown parameters , , , , ,A C pλ ρ φ and Λ therefore we need at least three more constraints related to these parameters for explicit solution of this system of equations. For the explicit solution of above stated equations, we may apply following assumptions:

It is assumed that the bulk viscosity function ( )tξ is proportional to some power of energy density ρ (see,43,44 i.e.

( ), 28βξ ρ∝

( )0= , 29βξ ξ ρ

Here 0ξ is proportional constant and 0β≥ is a constant. Now with the help of equations (8), (25), (26) and (27) we get,

( )2

102

( )= 8 [ ] 302

A C AC A CA C AC A C

βφ ωφ φ πφ γρ ξ ρ θφ φφ

−+ + + + + + − − +Λ

In this context we have discuss two cases i.e. =0β and =1.β

Case 1: If =0β , then 0=ξ ξ

( )

21 1

02( )= 8 8 31

2

A C AC A CA C AC A C

φ ωφ φ πφ γρ πξ θφφ φφ

− −+ + + + + + − +Λ+

On subtracting equation (26) from equation (31), we have

( )2 2

2 1 102 2

( ) =8 (1 ) 8 32A C AC A A sA C AC A A A

φ ωφ φ πφ γ ρ πφ ξ θφ φφ

− −+ + − + − − + − +

On substituting the value of 18πρφ− from equation (32) into equation (26), we have expression for cosmological constant Λ as

( )2 2 2

10 2 2 2

(1 )= 8 (1 2 ) (1 ) (1 2 ) (1 ) 332

A C AC A A C sA C AC A CA A

φ ωφ φ φγ πφ ξ θ γ γ γ γ γ γφ φ φφ

−Λ − − + + + + − + + + − − + − +

Case 2: If =1β , then 0=ξ ξ ρ

( )

2 2 2

2 2 208 = [ ] 34

[ 1 ]A C A AC A sA C AC AA A

φ φ ωφ φπργ ξ θ φ φφ

+ + − − + − +− −

( )2 2 2 2 2

22 2 2 2 20

1 2= [ ] ( ) 2 ( ) 35[ 1 ] 2

A C A AC A s A AC s A CA C AC A A AC A CA A A

φ ωφ φ ωφ φγ ξ θ φ φ φφ φ

Λ + + − − + − + + + − − + +− −

The deceleration parameter q is taken as a function of cosmic time‘ ’t i.e.

( )2

2 2= = = ( )( ) 36aa H Hq b t say

a H

+ − −

As recent observations confirmed that the universe is expanding with an accelerating rate at present whereas it was decelerating at early time (see4,5,8). Theoretically, we may say that the value of scale factor ( )a t vary with cosmic time. Also rate of expansion measured by Hubble’s parameter H and the DP, H , since H and q are the

functions of the scale factor q , therefore the study of various models with time dependent DP indicate new sector in theoretical Cosmology. Moreover, time-dependent q dictates the expansion rate of the universe and also sign of the DP q , galaxy number variation may be increasing (decelerated expansion), or decreasing (accelerated expansion).45 Recent past several researchers including our research group38 have been studied many cosmological models of the universe with time varying q , in different context.46–53

Now, the general solution of equation (36) is derived by our research team,38 where we have defined 2= ( )= /q b t aa a− . The motivation to choose this type of DP is behind the fact that universe has an accelerating expanding phase at present time as observed by SNeIa supernova observations4,8 and decelerated expansion in the past but in present scenario DP must show signature flipping,5,54,55 so in general DP is not a constant but time variable so that above equation (36) may be re written as = ( ( ))b b a t in order to solve above equation, we may assume = ( ( ))b b a t as a is also time dependent function, this only possible when we should avoid singularities like Big-Bang and Big-Rip because both the function (cosmic time & scale factor) are increasing functions therefore after some simplification we get,

( )1

( )=(sinh( )) , 37na t tαWhere ( )a t is a scale factor. Hereα and n are positive constants.

The shear scalarσ is proportional to scalar expansion θ as suggested by,56 we may also taken as

( )= , 38mA C

Here m is non zero constant, which may takes care of the anisotropy of the space.

We consider the power law relation between scale factor ( )a t and BD scalar field G. As we know that the BD theory is a modification of Einstein’s GTR, where purely metric coupling of matter with gravity is preserved. Also the gravitational constant G is replaced with time dependent scalar fieldφ as ( )=18t Gφ π and this scalar field couples to gravity with a BD coupling constantω . It also passes the experimental tests from solar system57 and able to provide a dynamicity of the universe.58 In59 had investigated Newtonian Cosmology with aβφ∝.There is another investigation of Cosmology i.e aβφ∝ .

60–62 Since the field equations (11)–(14) and (16) contain a andφ and their derivatives, so without any loss of generality, we shall assume that the BD scalar fieldφ is some power ofφ . The power law relation between scale factor and scalar field φ has already been used by63 in the context of Robertson Walker Brans-Dicke models. Thus,

( )0= [ ( )] , 39ba tφ φ

Where 0φ is a proportionality constant and b is an ordinary constant. The assumption of a power law between the scalar field φ and the cosmological expansion factor ( )a t , it is possible to reduce the cosmological equations to quadrature for the scalar-tensor theory with cosmological constant.64–67 Now, from equations (17), (36) and (37), we have following expression for the metric potentials A, B and C,

( )3

(2 1)= =[ ( )] 40,m

n mA B sinh tα +

( )3

(2 1)=[sinh( )] , 41n mC tα +

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Citation: Mishra RK, Chand A. Viscous string cosmological models in alternative theory of gravity. Phys Astron Int J. 2017;1(5):180‒187. DOI: 10.15406/paij.2017.01.00031

The directional Hubble parameters may be expressed as

( )1 2

3= = coth( ), 42(2 1)

mH H tn m

α α+

( )33= coth( ), 43

(2 1)H t

n mα α+

The relation between scale factor ( )a t and red shift parameter z may be written as,

( )0( )1 = , 44

( )obs

emit

a tza t

λλ

+ ≡

Where 0( )a t is the present value of scale factor and it takes as unity. The scale factor ( )a t is stable under metric perturbation, so that redshift parameter in term of scale factor given as,

( )

11 1= , = 1 , = 1 [ ( )] 45

1 ( )na z z sinh t

z a tα

−⇒ − + ⇒ − +

+

13 5( ) ( )= 1 [ ...]3! 5!

nt tz t α αα

−− + + + +

The form of metric (4) after substituting the value of A , B and C ,

( )6

2 2 2 2 2 2(2 1) (2 1)= [ ( )] ( ) [ ( )] 46

mm

xn m n mds dt sinh t dx e dy sinh t dzα α−+ +− + + +

Also we can write the metric (4) in terms of red shift parameter as z as

( )6 6

2 2 2 2 2 22 1 2 1= [1 ] ( ) [1 ] 47

msx

m mds dt z dx e dy z dz− −

−+ +− + + + + +

The some parameters such as spatial volume, Hubble parameter, deceleration parameter ( )q , expansion scalar ( )θ , shear scalarσ and anisotropy parameter mA are expressed as

( )3

= =[sinh( )] , 48nV ABC tα

( )3=3 = coth( ), 49H t

nαθ α

( )2= 1 . ( )), 50q n sech tα− +

Also we have derived the relation between DP q and red shift z for our considerable model 1, which is given by

( )

2

2

(1 )= 1 , 511 (1 )

n

n

n zqz

+− +

+ +If =1n , then

( )2

11 ( 2) 2= [1 ] | |<1 522 2 2

z z z zq provided−+ +− +

Also the Maclaurin’s series expansion of q is,

( )2 31 1 1= [ ], 53

2 2 2q z z O z− + − +

For 1=2

n

( )1 3= [ ], 2 54

2 2zq provided zz+

− ≠−+

For present age of the universe 0 =13.78t Gyr with present value of DP 0 = 0.73q − ,

68 equation (50) yields the following relationship between the constants α and n :

( )1 0

0

1 1= 55qsecht n

α − +

From equation (50), we analyze that for q is negative for 1n≤ and changing sing positive to negative for >1n with corresponding value ofα . In Figure 1, we depict the variation between red shift parameter z with DP q , the two most important parameters in cosmology. It is

clear from concern that universe is accelerating for 1n≤ and show transition phase (i.e. early time deceleration to late time acceleration) for >1n . This type behavior of DP q indicates that the universe has decelerated in past and at present time undergoes an accelerating phase, which is good agreement with observational findings.

Figure 1 Plot of redshift parameter z versus deceleration parameter q .

( )2 21 3 ( 1)= [ ( )] . 56

3 (2 1)m coth t

n mασ α−

+

( )

2

2

2 3 2 1= [ ]= , 573 (2 1)

mm mA constant

m

+ +

+

Provided 12

m≠−

Above equation (57) indicates that mA is constant throughout evolution of the universe. This means universe never approaches to isotropy. Also =constantσ

θ, this agreed with Collins et al. [54] results.

Physical and kinematical properties of the model

In this section we discuss the some physical and kinematic properties of the model represented by equation (46). The string tension density ( )λ , the energy density ( )ρ , the particle density ( )pρ and the cosmological constant ( )Λ for =0,1β may be expressed as

Here

2 =sinh( )M tα 2 =sinh( )M tα ;1

= 2 1k m + ; 1 1 1= 6l bk bk mω+ − ; 2

2 1= 3 3;l b k m+ + 23 1=3 3.l m bk+ +

( )

6

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 20 2 11 1 1 1 22 2

1

8 = [3 {6 2 3 3 ( 1)} 3 ( 1) . ] 58

b mn nkM m m n mn m n bk m M nk m s n k M

n k

φπλ α α

−

− − − + − + − + − −

Viscous string cosmological models in alternative theory of gravity 184Copyright:

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Citation: Mishra RK, Chand A. Viscous string cosmological models in alternative theory of gravity. Phys Astron Int J. 2017;1(5):180‒187. DOI: 10.15406/paij.2017.01.00031

Case 1: =0β

Case 2: =1β

( )

62

2 20 2 1 1 2 3 11 22 20 1 11

( ) 9)8 = [ . ], 63{ (1 ) 3 }

b mn nkn M k bl nl lM s M

n M nkn k

φ απργ ξ

−

− ++ +

− +

( )

62

2 2 20 2 1 1 2 3 0 211 22 2 2 20 1 11 1

6

2 2 2 2 2 2 11 1 1 1 2

( ) 9)8 = [ . ] [3{ (1 ) 3 }

.{( 3)(2 1) ( 1)} 3 ( 1) . ], 64

b bmn nnk

p

m

nk

n M k bl nl l MM s Mn M nkn k n k

n m m bk m M nk m s n k M

φ α φπρ αγ ξ

α

−

−

− ++ + −

− +

− − − + − + − −

From Figure 2, we observe that the string tension density λ is an increasing function of time, which is always negative and approaches to zero at late time. As suggested by Letelier PS41 the string tension density λ may have positive or negative values, corresponding to >0λthe string dominant over particle whereas in case of <0λ the string disappear from universe. In our case the particles density dominate over the string tension density at present epoch. It is self exploratory from Figures 3 & 4 the energy density ρ and particle density =0β are decreasing function of cosmic time for both cases =0β and =1β .

Figure 2 Plot of string tension density λ versus time = 1b −. For = 1b − , =1ω, 0 =1φ .

Figure 3 Plot of energy density ρ versus time t . For =0,1β , =1ω , = 1b −, 0 0= =1φ ξ .

Figure 4 Plot of particle density pρ versus time t . For =0,1β , = 1b − , = 1b −, 0 0= =1φ ξ .

In Figure 5 we have plotted cosmological constant Λ with cosmic time t. It may be seen from figure that cosmological constant Λ is decreasing function of time and approaches to small value at late time. This type of behavior of Λ is good agreement with recent cosmic observations.

Figure 5 Plot of cosmological constant t versus time t . For =1ω , =1ω, = 1b − , 0 0= =1φ ξ .

( )

62 2 2

20 2 1 1 2 1 3 0 1122 2 11

{ ( ) 9} 248 = [ ] , 591 (1 )

b mn nkM k bl nl M l Ms M

nk nn k

φ α α παξπργ γ

−

− ++ + −

− −

( )

2 2 22 20 2 1 1 2 11 12 2 2 2

1 1

62

23 0 1121

{ ( ) 9} {3(1 ){( 3)(2 1) ( 1)}}8 = [ .

1

{ 3( 1)(1 )} 24(2 ) ] , 60

(1 )

b

n

p

m

nk

M k bl nl n m m bk mM M

n k n k

l m Ms M

nk n

φ α α γπρ

γ

α γ παξγ

γ

−

− + − − − − + −+

−

− − −+ + − −

−

( )

62 2 2

22 1 1 2 1 3 0 1122 2 11

{ ( ) 9} 248 = [ ] , 611 (1 )

b mn nkM k bl nl M l Mp s M

nk nn k

γ α α παξ γπγ γ

−

− ++ + −

− −

( )

2 2 2 22 2 2 20 1 2 1 1

12 21

62

2 21 11 1 2

1

24 (1 )( 1) = {9 6 3 9 9 ( ) 9 182

(3 3)9 3 (1 2 ) 3 (1 )} ] 62

b

n

m

nk

M M M b km m n n mn b k b n m mn n k

m bkm mbk bk s Mnk

πξ α ω γγ γ

αγ γ γ γ

−

−

+− Λ − − − + + + − + − +

+ +− + − + − − −

( )

6 62 2 2

2 2 2 21 1 2 3 11 11 2 1 22 2 2 20 1 11 1

( ) 9)= [ . ] [ (9 2) ( 6)] . 65{ ( 1) 3 }

m m

nk nkn k bl nl l MM s M m m bk b s Mn M nkn k n k

α α ωγ ξ

− −

− +Λ + + + + − + −

− −

Viscous string cosmological models in alternative theory of gravity 185Copyright:

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Citation: Mishra RK, Chand A. Viscous string cosmological models in alternative theory of gravity. Phys Astron Int J. 2017;1(5):180‒187. DOI: 10.15406/paij.2017.01.00031

We analyze from Figures 6 & 7 that the particle density is pρ is always greater than string density for =0β and =1β at =1n , also the energy density decreasing with time.

Figure 6 Plot of energy density ρ , particle density pρ and string tension density t versus time t . For =0β , =1ω , = 1b − , 0 0= =1φ ξ .

Figure 7 Plot of energy density ρ , particle density pρ and string tension density λ versus time t . For =1β , =1ω , = 1b − , 0 0= =1φ ξ .

In Figure 8 we have presented the variation| |

pρλ

with cosmic time t, the concern figure indicate that if 1n≤ then the particle density dominant over string tension density, but if >1n then the string density dominant over particle density at early time (deceleration phase) but for acceleration phase the particle density greater than string densityλ .

Figure 8 Plot of | |

pρλ

versus time =0,1β . For =0,1β , =1ω , = 1b − , 0 0= =1φ ξ .

Concluding remarksAs discussed in this paper the Bianchi-III space-time viscous

string cosmological models have been investigated in scalar-tensor BD theory of gravity with time dependent DP q and dynamical cosmological constant Λ . The exact solution of EFE have been obtained by assuming viscosity as a some power function of energy density ρ and the DP q as a time function along with suitable assumptions on scale factor

1

( )=[ ( )]na t sinh tα , here n andα are positive constants. We have presented a class of models with different choice of n and β . The main findings of the study are listed below:

As discussed in section 3, (see equation 48)) the universe starts evolving from zero volume at 0t→ and thereafter expanding continuously from early decelerating phase to present accelerating phase. As 0t→ , the expansion scalarθ→∞ (see equation (49)), which indicates the early inflationary phase of the universe. Therefore we can say that the universe grow up from Big-Bang.

It may also be pointed out that the universe was accelerating for1n≤ and show transition phase i.e. early deceleration phase to current

acceleration phase for >1n .

It is also observed form Figures 6 & 7 that for both the cases =0βand =1β , the string tension density λ is negative whereas particle density pρ is positive at early time. At late time both are converges to zero. Hence, the string disappears from universe.

The cosmological constant Λ is a decreasing function of time and it converges to a small positive value at late time (Figure 5). This type of behavior of cosmological constant Λ is supported by recent observations data.

AcknowledgmentsThe author(s) are highly thankful to the referees for their

constructive comments and suggestions to improve this manuscript.

Viscous string cosmological models in alternative theory of gravity 186Copyright:

©2017 Mishra et al.

Citation: Mishra RK, Chand A. Viscous string cosmological models in alternative theory of gravity. Phys Astron Int J. 2017;1(5):180‒187. DOI: 10.15406/paij.2017.01.00031

Conflicts of interestAuthors declare there is no conflict of interest.

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