VirusesNot livingHave DNA or RNA + protein coatMust reproduce inside a host cellHave receptors on their protein coat for

specific cells (ex: Helper T cells and HIV)

Review of Animal Kingdom

DomainsKingdoms

PhylaClasses

Domain Archaea

Prokaryotic cellsLive in extreme environmentsKingdom Archaebacteria

Domain Bacteria

ProkaryoticFamiliar forms of bacteriaKingdom Eubacteria

Domain Eukarya

All organisms with eukaryotic cellsIncludes all animals, plants, fungi and

protistsUnicellular or multicellularHeterotrophic or autotrophic

Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom FungiHeterotrophicUsually multicellular, but some are

unicellularCell walls made of chitinPredigest food outside the body and

absorb itMushrooms, yeasts, mold, mildew

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom PlantaeAutotrophicMulticellularCell walls made of celluloseTrees, flowering plants mosses, ferns,

conifers

Kingdom Protista

Kingdom ProtistaHodgepodge of groupsTaxonomists are working on thisHeterotrophic or AutotrophicUnicellular or MulticellularMostly aquaticInclude parasites that cause malaria and

leishmaniasis, algae, and some that exhibit characteristics of fungi

Kingdom Animalia

Kingdom AnimaliaHeterotrophicMulticellularAnimals of all types: sponges, jellyfish, worms,

mollusks, arthropods like insects, and vertebrates

Phylums studied are: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Arthropoda, Mollusca,Echinodermata & Chordata as well as the classes of vertebrates

Phylum Characteristics

Phylum Porifera

Types of cells grouped into a body with no symmetry or tissues

Sponges

Phylum Cnidaria

Two germ layersTissuesTwo body types:polyp

and medusaStinging cells

(nematocysts)Corals,

anemones,jellyfish

Phylum Platyhelminthes

FlatwormsSome parasitic, some free-livingAcoelomate, bilateral symmetryProtostome developmentGastrovascular cavity with one openingThree germ layersFlukes, tapeworms, Planaria

Phylum Nematoda

RoundwormsParasitic and free-living in soilCuticle shed periodicallyProtostome developmentThree germ layers, bilateral symmetryPseudocoelomate- body cavity partially lined

with mesodermAscaris was what we dissected adapted for

parasitism, well-developed reproductive systemSimple digestive tract with two openings

Phylum Mollusca

Snails, slugs, octopus, clams, squidThree germ layers true coelom-body cavity lined with mesodermNot segmented, bilateral symmetryRespiratory system, gills or across mantle cavityDigestive system with two openingsBoth open and closed circulatory systemsNerve ganglion, simple nervous systems (except

cephalopods)Dissected the clam

Phylum Arthropoda

Most successful phylumThree subgroups:crustaceans like lobster and shrimp,

insects & arachnids or spiders ticks and mitesExoskeletonThree germ layersCoelomFlight and other adaptationsJointed appendagesOpen circulatory systemExcretory adaptationsComplete digestive system

Phylum Echinidermate

Deuterostome developmentWater vascular systemInner skeleton of plates of calciumStarfish

Phylum Chordata

Two groups are not vertebrates:tunicates and lancelets

All chordates have: dorsal, hollow nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal pouches,and a post-anal tail

All classes of remaining chordates have vertebrae

All coelomates, three germ layers, well developed body systems

Vertebrates-Fish

Some fish groups have cartilage skeletonsMost have bony skeletonsClass Chondricthyes have cartilage

skeletons Class Osteichthyes has bony skeletonsGills and excretory system, lateral line,

swim bladder adapts them to an aquatic life

Sharks, walleye, tuna, manta rays

Vertebrates-Amphibians

Adapted for water and landMust be near water to reproduce Frogs, caecilians, salamandersMoist skinBreathe via skin and small lungsKidney and excretory systemSexual reproduction –external fertilizationClass Amphibia

Vertebrates-Reptiles

Dry scaly skinAmniote egg allows reproduction with no

water neededEctothermic-use heat from the

environment to warm themLizards, snakesClass ReptiliaHeat-sensing organs for finding prey

Vertebrates-Birds

Class AvesAll birds, including flightless birdsAir spaces, feathers, keel for flightEvolved from reptilesEndothermic- metabolism provides heat to

warm the body

Vertebrates-Mammals

Class MammaliaDiaphragmMammary glandsFur or hairEndothermicLarger brain than other classes of

vertebrates