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A virtual currency or virtual money has been defined : In 2012 by the European Central Bank as "a type of unregulated, digital money, which is issued and usually controlled by its developers, and used and accepted among the members of a specific virtual community". In 2013, Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN), defined virtual currency as "a medium of exchange that operates like a currency in some environments, but does not have all the attributes of real currency". In particular, virtual currency does not have legal tender status in any jurisdiction. In 2014, the European Banking Authority defined virtual currency as "a digital representation of value that is neither issued by a central bank or a public authority, nor necessarily attached to a fiat currency , but is accepted by natural or legal persons as a means of payment and can be transferred, stored or traded electronically" Categorization by currency flow Closed virtual currencies Virtual currencies have been called "closed", when they have no connection to the real economy, like currencies "in-online- games-only" such as World of Warcraft (WoW). While there may be a black market for exchanging WoW Gold against real world assets, it is expressly forbidden by the owner of WoW. Virtual currencies with currency flow into one direction This type of currency has been known for a long time in the form of customer incentive programs or loyalty programs. The first known coupon in history is attributed to inventor of Coca-Cola and the free drink coupons in 1887, followed by one-cent-off coupon in breakfast cereal boxes in 1895, both to drive sales. Coupons remained unchanged for 100 years until new technology enabling credit cards became more common in the 1980s. The latest incarnation drives the increase of internet commerce, online services, development of online communities

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A virtual currency or virtual money has been defined :

• In 2012 by the European Central Bank  as "a type of unregulated, digital money, which is issued and usually controlled by its developers, and used and accepted among the members of a specific virtual community".

• In 2013, Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN), defined virtual currency as "a medium of exchange that operates like a currency in some environments, but does not have all the attributes of real currency". In particular, virtual currency does not have legal tender status in any jurisdiction.

• In 2014, the European Banking Authority defined virtual currency as "a digital representation of value that is neither issued by a central bank or a public authority, nor necessarily attached to a fiat currency, but is accepted by natural or legal persons as a means of payment and can be transferred, stored or traded electronically"

•                         

•           Categorization by   currency flow

• Closed virtual currencies

• Virtual currencies have been called "closed", when they have no connection to the real economy, like currencies "in-online-games-only" such as World of Warcraft (WoW). While there may be a black market for exchanging WoW Gold against real world assets, it is expressly forbidden by the owner of WoW.

Virtual currencies with currency flow into one direction

• This type of currency has been known for a long time in the form of customer incentive programs or loyalty programs. The first known coupon in history is  attributed to  inventor of Coca-Cola and the free drink coupons in 1887, followed by  one-cent-off coupon in breakfast cereal boxes in 1895, both to drive sales. Coupons remained unchanged for 100 years until new technology enabling credit cards became more common in the 1980s. The latest incarnation drives the increase of internet commerce, online services, development of online communities and games. Here virtual or game currency can be bought, but not exchanged back into real money. The virtual currency is akin to a coupon. Examples are frequent flyer programs by various airlines, Microsoft Points, Nintendo Points, Facebook Credits, Ven (currency)and Amazon Coin.

Convertible virtual currencies

• A virtual currency that can be bought with and sold back for legal tender is called a convertible currency. It can be centralized as Linden Dollars, the online virtual currency of Second Life or decentralized, as for example bitcoin

• Bitcoin is the first decentralized digital currency. Trust in the currency is based on the "transaction ledger which is cryptographically verified, and jointly maintained by the currency's users". The Bitcoin Foundation claims that bitcoin was "designed to be fully 

decentralized with miners operating in all countries, and no individual having control over the network", and that bitcoin is “as virtual as the credit cards and online banking networks people use everyday”.

The money matrix

• Digital currency    is a particular form of currency that is electronically transferred and stored, i.e., distinct from physical currency, such as coins or banknotes. According to the European Central Bank, virtual currencies are "generally digital", although their enduring precursor, the coupon for example, is physical.

• A cryptocurrency is a digital currency using cryptography to secure transactions and to control the creation of new currency units

Regulation

• Virtual currencies pose challenges for central banks, financial regulators, departments or ministries of finance, as well as fiscal authorities and statistical authorities. Gareth Murphy, Central Bank of Ireland, described the regulatory challenges posed by virtual currencies as relating to:

• Economic statistics

• Monetary and exchange rate policy

• Tax leakage

• Payment systems and settlement infrastructure

• Consumer protection

• Anti-money laundering

• Impact of financial regulation on financial service providers.

Conclusions

• Given the widespread application of coupons, loyalty programs, gamed-based coins and tokens, ad views and personal information as a means of exchanging value, virtual currencies are becoming increasingly relevant in the lives of consumers. Moreover, the growth of smartphone ownership in recent years has helped increase the relevance and use of a variety of virtual currencies, allowing them to adapt to a rapidly changing digital world. Looking forward, their usage and application is positioned for further growth as a direct result of smartphone proliferation and the current trajectory of the mobile ecosystem.