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2n
d p
roo
fs
Vir
tual
co
rpo
ra a
s d
ocu
men
tati
on
res
ou
rces
:
Tra
nsl
atin
g t
rave
l in
sura
nce
do
cum
ents
(En
gli
sh-S
pan
ish
)*1
Glo
ria
Cor
pas
Pas
tor
and
Mir
iam
Seg
hiri
Un
iver
sida
d de
Mál
aga
(Spa
in)
�e
incl
usio
n o
f doc
umen
tati
on a
s a
core
sub
ject
in t
he c
urri
culu
m o
f Tra
nsl
a-ti
on a
nd
Inte
rpre
tati
on d
egre
es c
lear
ly u
nde
rlin
es it
s im
port
ance
to t
ran
slat
ors.
T
rain
ing
in t
his
disc
iplin
e is
con
side
red
esse
ntia
l for
a t
ran
slat
or g
iven
tha
t on
ly
su�
cien
t an
d co
nsc
ient
ious
wor
k on
doc
umen
tati
on w
ill a
llow
an
ade
quat
e tr
ansl
atio
n o
f a s
peci
alis
ed te
xt. �
e so
urce
s of
info
rmat
ion
tha
t may
be
utili
sed
by t
he t
ran
slat
or a
re e
xtre
mel
y va
ried
, ran
gin
g fr
om a
n o
ral c
onsu
ltat
ion
wit
h an
exp
ert t
o a
sear
ch u
sin
g sp
ecia
lised
glo
ssar
ies
and
dict
ion
arie
s. H
owev
er, i
n
the
�el
d of
tra
nsl
atio
n p
erha
ps t
he m
ost r
elev
ant d
ocum
enta
tion
act
ivit
y to
day
invo
lves
the
use
of t
he I
nter
net
an
d, c
lose
ly r
elat
ed to
thi
s, t
he c
ompi
lati
on a
nd
man
agem
ent o
f vir
tual
cor
pora
.
In t
his
chap
ter,
we
pres
ent a
sys
tem
atic
met
hodo
logy
for
corp
us c
ompi
lati
on
base
d on
ele
ctro
nic
res
ourc
es a
vaila
ble
on t
he I
nter
net
. �e
met
hodo
logy
is il
-lu
stra
ted
thro
ugh
the
crea
tion
of a
vir
tual
cor
pus
of t
rave
l in
sura
nce
in E
ngl
ish
and
Span
ish,
who
se r
epre
sent
ativ
enes
s is
sub
sequ
entl
y de
term
ined
by
usin
g a
com
pute
r pr
ogra
mm
e-ca
lled
ReC
or s
peci
�ca
lly d
esig
ned
for
this
pur
pose
. Fi-
nal
ly, s
ome
spec
i�c
exam
ples
of p
ossi
ble
uses
in d
irec
t an
d in
vers
e tr
ansl
atio
ns
of t
his
type
of d
ocum
ent a
re g
iven
.
Key
wo
rds:
Cor
pus
com
pila
tion
an
d re
pres
enta
tive
nes
s, s
peci
aliz
ed c
orpo
ra,
lega
l tra
nsl
atio
n.
* �
e re
sear
ch r
epor
ted
in t
his
pape
r ha
s be
en c
arri
ed o
ut i
n t
he f
ram
ewor
k of
the
R&
D
proj
ects
BFF
2003
-046
16 (
Span
ish
Min
istr
y of
Sci
ence
an
d Te
chn
olog
y/E
U E
RD
F, 2
003–
2006
) an
d H
UM
-892
(A
nda
lusi
an M
inis
try
of E
duca
tion
, Sci
ence
an
d Te
chn
olog
y, 2
006–
2009
).
2n
d p
roo
fs
76
Glo
ria
Cor
pas
Pas
tor
and
Mir
iam
Seg
hiri
1.
Intr
od
uct
ion
Sin
ce th
e to
uris
t in
dust
ry is
on
e of
the
prin
cipl
e dr
ivin
g fo
rces
beh
ind
the
Span
ish
econ
omy,
1 2 it
is h
ardl
y su
rpri
sin
g th
at t
here
is
a la
rge
dem
and
for
tran
slat
ion
s of
in
sura
nce
pol
icie
s in
the
tour
ism
sec
tor
both
from
Spa
nis
h in
to E
ngl
ish
and
from
E
ngl
ish
into
Spa
nis
h (c
f. A
CT
200
5).
Alt
houg
h th
is e
con
omic
rea
lity
cou
ld b
e tr
ansi
tory
, the
rig
hts
of E
urop
ean
con
sum
ers
to d
eman
d tr
ansl
atio
ns
of t
his
type
of
doc
umen
t un
der
the
ausp
ices
of
Eur
opea
n d
irec
tive
s2 3 on
in
sura
nce
mat
ters
an
d th
eir
resp
ecti
ve n
atio
nal
tra
nsp
osit
ion
s3 4 sho
uld
als
o be
tak
en i
nto
acco
unt.
�es
e di
rect
ives
rec
ogn
ise
the
righ
t of
the
par
ty t
akin
g ou
t in
sura
nce
to r
ecei
ve a
co
ntra
ct4 5 w
ritt
en n
ot o
nly
in t
he o
�ci
al la
ngu
age
of t
he m
embe
r st
ate
whe
re t
he
agre
emen
t is
mad
e, b
ut a
lso
in a
lan
guag
e w
hich
the
y m
ay s
peci
fy.
Subs
eque
nt
dire
ctiv
es, s
uch
as 2
002/
92/C
E,5 6 h
ave
also
incr
ease
d de
man
d fo
r tr
ansl
atio
ns
of a
ll th
e fo
rmal
doc
umen
ts th
at c
onst
itut
e th
e co
ntra
ct. I
n th
e fo
llow
ing
page
s, w
e sh
all
1.
Tour
ism
is
resp
onsi
ble
for
a hu
ge v
olum
e of
bus
ines
s in
the
int
ern
atio
nal
eco
nom
y w
ith
Eur
ope
occu
pyin
g a
priv
ilege
d po
siti
on a
t the
top
of th
e w
orld
sca
le. I
n 2
006
Eur
ope
gen
erat
ed
$6,4
66.2
bill
ion
in th
is s
ecto
r, e
quiv
alen
t to
10.3
% o
f the
wor
ld’s
gros
s do
mes
tic
prod
uct (
GD
P),
fo
reca
st t
o ri
se t
o 11
% b
y 20
11, a
ccou
ntin
g fo
r 8.
7% o
f to
tal e
mpl
oym
ent
(cf.
WT
TC
200
6a).
A
lso
see
stud
ies
by t
he W
TT
C c
once
rnin
g th
e U
nit
ed K
ingd
om (
2006
b),
Ire
lan
d (2
006c
) an
d Sp
ain
(20
06d
) fo
r a
mor
e de
taile
d an
alys
is o
f the
�gu
res
for
thes
e co
untr
ies
in t
his
sect
or.
2.
We
refe
r to
the
!ir
d E
C D
irec
tive
on
Non
-Lif
e In
sura
nce
(92
/49/
EE
C)
and
the
!ir
d E
C
Dir
ecti
ve o
n L
ife
Ass
ura
nce
(92
/96/
EE
C).
3.
�es
e tr
ansp
osit
ion
s, w
hich
are
pri
mar
ily a
imed
at
con
sum
er p
rote
ctio
n a
nd
fost
erin
g lin
-gu
isti
c pl
ural
ity
in E
urop
e, a
re g
iven
exp
ress
ion
, in
the
cas
e of
Spa
in,
in t
he L
ey 1
8/19
97,
de
13 d
e m
ayo,
de
mod
i"ca
cion
es d
el a
rtíc
ulo
8 d
e la
Ley
de
Con
trat
o d
e Se
guro
, par
a g
aran
tiza
r la
plen
a u
tili
zaci
ón d
e to
da
s la
s le
ngu
as
o"ci
ales
en
la
red
acci
ón d
e lo
s co
ntr
atos
, (B
OE
, 14t
h M
ay
1997
); in
the
case
of t
he U
nit
ed K
ingd
om, i
n S
tatu
tory
In
stru
men
t 20
04, n
.º 3
53. I
nsu
rers
(R
eor-
gan
isat
ion
an
d W
ind
ing
Up
) R
egu
lati
ons
2004
; an
d, �
nal
ly, i
n th
e ca
se o
f the
Rep
ublic
of I
rela
nd,
in
the
Insu
ran
ce A
ct 2
000.
4.
�e
poli
cy (
póli
za, i
n S
pan
ish)
is t
he d
ocum
ent
whi
ch g
ives
phy
sica
l for
m t
o th
e in
sura
nce
co
ntra
ct. I
n a
ddit
ion
, it
is w
here
the
obl
igat
ion
s an
d ri
ghts
of
both
the
insu
rer
and
the
insu
red
pers
on a
re s
et o
ut, w
here
the
pers
ons
or o
bjec
ts th
at a
re in
sure
d ar
e de
�n
ed a
nd
the
guar
ante
es
and
com
pen
sati
on i
n t
he c
ase
of d
amag
e ar
e es
tabl
ishe
d. I
t al
so r
epre
sent
s th
e fo
rmal
isat
ion
an
d cu
lmin
atio
n o
f th
e w
hole
pro
cess
of
cont
ract
ing
the
insu
ran
ce. A
s a
resu
lt, i
n m
any
case
s th
e in
sura
nce
pol
icy
may
be
refe
rred
to a
s th
e co
ntr
ato
(con
trac
t) (
cf. L
ey 5
0/19
80; I
nsu
ran
ce A
ct
2000
; !e
Fin
anci
al S
ervi
ces
and
Mar
kets
Act
200
0).
5.
We
refe
r sp
eci�
cally
to D
irec
tive
200
2/92
/EC
of
the
Eu
rope
an P
arli
amen
t an
d o
f th
e C
oun
cil
of 9
Dec
embe
r 20
02 o
n i
nsu
ran
ce m
edia
tion
. In
Art
icle
13
of t
his
dire
ctiv
e, u
nde
r “I
nfo
rmat
ion
co
ndi
tion
s”, i
t is
spec
i�ed
that
“All
info
rmat
ion
to b
e pr
ovid
ed to
cus
tom
ers
in a
ccor
dan
ce w
ith
Art
icle
12
shal
l be
com
mun
icat
ed: (
a) o
n p
aper
or
on a
ny o
ther
dur
able
med
ium
ava
ilabl
e an
d ac
cess
ible
to th
e cu
stom
er; (
b) in
a c
lear
an
d ac
cura
te m
ann
er, c
ompr
ehen
sibl
e to
the
cust
omer
;
V
irtu
al c
orpo
ra a
s do
cum
enta
tion
res
ourc
es
77
pres
ent
a sy
stem
atic
met
hodo
logy
for
the
cre
atio
n o
f a
virt
ual
corp
us o
f tr
avel
in
sura
nce
in
En
glis
h a
nd
Span
ish
bas
ed o
n e
lect
ron
ic r
esou
rces
ava
ilabl
e on
the
In
tern
et. �
e re
pres
enta
tive
nes
s of
thi
s co
rpus
will
sub
sequ
entl
y be
det
erm
ined
by
usi
ng
a co
mpu
ter
prog
ram
me
spec
i�ca
lly d
esig
ned
for
this
pur
pose
.
2.
Co
rpo
ra i
n t
ran
slat
ion
tra
inin
g
�e
adva
ntag
es o
f us
ing
corp
ora
in t
ran
slat
ion
hav
e be
en s
how
n b
y va
riou
s st
udie
s (c
f. L
avio
sa 1
998;
Bow
ker
2002
; Bow
ker
and
Pear
son
200
2; Z
anet
tin
et a
l. 20
03, a
mon
gst
othe
rs).
Som
e of
the
pri
nci
pal a
dvan
tage
s of
usi
ng
them
are
the
ir
obje
ctiv
ity,
the
ir r
eusa
bilit
y an
d m
ult
iple
usa
ge o
f a
sin
gle
reso
urce
. In
add
itio
n,
they
are
use
r-fr
ien
dly
and
allo
w a
cces
s to
an
d m
anag
emen
t of
hug
e qu
anti
ties
of
info
rmat
ion
in a
lmos
t no
tim
e. F
urth
erm
ore,
we
mus
t con
side
r th
at t
he d
evel
op-
men
t of
our
cur
rent
in
form
atio
n s
ocie
ty h
as b
roug
ht a
bout
a d
eman
d th
at d
id
not
exi
st p
revi
ousl
y fo
r te
xts
wri
tten
in a
var
iety
of l
angu
ages
. Tog
ethe
r w
ith
eco
-n
omic
glo
balis
atio
n, t
his
has
resu
lted
in a
gro
win
g in
tere
st6 7 in
the
use
of b
ilin
gual
an
d m
ult
ilin
gual
cor
pora
by
rese
arch
ers
wor
kin
g in
the
�el
ds o
f au
tom
atic
an
d as
sist
ed t
ran
slat
ion
, la
ngu
age
teac
hin
g, t
erm
inol
ogy
and
spec
ialis
ed l
angu
age,
n
atur
al l
angu
age
proc
essi
ng
and
info
rmat
ion
rec
over
y as
wel
l as
, mor
e re
cent
ly,
in t
rain
ing
and
docu
men
tati
on a
s ap
plie
d to
tra
nsl
atio
n.
On
this
last
sub
ject
, des
pite
the
rem
it o
f the
Eur
opea
n p
roje
ct L
ET
RA
C7 8 (
Lan
-
guag
e E
ngi
nee
rin
g fo
r T
ran
slat
ors
Cu
rric
ula
), t
he u
se o
f co
rpor
a ha
s on
ly r
eally
co
me
to t
he a
tten
tion
of
rese
arch
ers
wor
kin
g in
the
�el
d of
tra
nsl
atio
n t
rain
ing
rela
tive
ly r
ecen
tly.
Exa
mpl
es o
f st
udie
s th
at s
tan
d ou
t ar
e: K
enny
(20
01)
on t
he
subj
ect
of li
tera
ry t
ran
slat
ion
bas
ed o
n p
aral
lel c
orpo
ra i
n G
erm
an a
nd
En
glis
h;
(c)
in a
n o
�ci
al l
angu
age
of t
he M
embe
r St
ate
of t
he c
omm
itm
ent
or i
n a
ny o
ther
lan
guag
e ag
reed
by
the
part
ies.”
6.
�er
e ha
s be
en s
uch
a !o
od o
f co
mpi
lers
in E
urop
e th
at w
e ar
e fo
rced
to
list
only
som
e of
th
e m
ore
impo
rtan
t exa
mpl
es: A
CL
(A
ssoc
iati
on fo
r C
ompu
tati
onal
Lin
guis
tics
); E
CI
(Eu
rope
an
Cor
pus
Init
iati
ve);
LD
C (
Lin
guis
tic
Dat
a C
onso
rtiu
m);
IC
AM
E (
Inte
rnat
ion
al C
ompu
ter
Arc
hiv
e
of M
oder
n a
nd
Med
ieva
l E
ngl
ish
); A
CL
/DC
I (A
ssoc
iati
on f
or C
ompu
tati
onal
Lin
guis
tics
Dat
a
Col
lect
ion
In
itia
tive
) an
d E
LR
A (
Eu
rope
an L
angu
age
Res
ourc
es A
ssoc
iati
on).
7.
See
<ht
tp:/
/ww
w.ia
i.un
i-sb
.de/
docs
/D3.
pdf>
. In
the
ir �
nal
rep
ort,
whi
ch w
as p
rese
nted
to
the
Eur
opea
n C
omm
issi
on D
G X
II, t
he L
ET
RA
C p
roje
ct s
tres
sed
the
impo
rtan
ce o
f int
rodu
c-in
g th
e fo
llow
ing
elem
ents
to
the
curr
icu
lum
of
tran
slat
ion
deg
rees
: ap
plie
d IT
, te
rmin
olog
y m
anag
emen
t pr
ogra
mm
es,
CA
T a
nd
AT
sys
tem
s, I
CTs
an
d lin
guis
tic
engi
nee
rin
g as
wel
l as
le
avin
g ti
me
for
publ
ishi
ng
prog
ram
mes
, the
Int
ern
et, c
ontr
olle
d la
ngu
ages
, pro
ject
man
age-
men
t, tr
ansl
atio
n m
emor
ies
and
corp
us li
ngu
isti
cs.
2n
d p
roo
fs
78
Glo
ria
Cor
pas
Pas
tor
and
Mir
iam
Seg
hiri
Cor
pas
Pas
tor
(200
1, 2
003b
, 20
04a,
b a
nd
c) o
n l
egal
an
d m
edic
al t
ran
slat
ion
s ba
sed
on m
ult
ilin
gual
cor
pora
com
pile
d fr
om t
he I
nter
net
; an
d Sá
nch
ez-G
ijón
(2
003a
: NP
) on
the
sub
ject
of
virt
ual a
d h
oc c
orpo
ra f
or s
cien
ti�c
tra
nsl
atio
ns
in
the
En
glis
h-Sp
anis
h la
ngu
age
pair
. Oth
er e
xam
ples
of s
tudi
es a
re: B
ern
ardi
ni a
nd
Zan
etti
n (
2000
); B
owke
r an
d Pe
arso
n (
2002
); Z
anet
tin
, Ber
nar
din
i an
d St
ewar
t (2
003)
on
the
pos
sibi
litie
s o#
ered
by
corp
ora
for
spec
ialis
ed l
angu
age
teac
hin
g.
Tw
o st
udie
s th
at d
eal w
ith
the
pote
ntia
l use
of c
orpo
ra in
lan
guag
e te
achi
ng,
nat
u-ra
l lan
guag
e pr
oces
sin
g an
d tr
ansl
atio
n a
re A
ston
(20
01)
and
Gra
nge
r an
d Pe
tch-
Tys
on (
2003
). F
inal
ly, i
n th
e R
&D
pro
ject
des
crib
ed in
Cor
pas
Pas
tor
(200
3a)
the
corp
us w
as u
sed
as a
fun
dam
enta
l doc
umen
tati
on r
esou
rce
for
the
tran
slat
ion
of
lega
l tex
ts –
this
new
ven
ue o
f res
earc
h w
as fu
rthe
r de
velo
ped
som
e ye
ars
late
r by
Se
ghir
i (20
06).
Bot
h re
sear
cher
s an
d te
ache
rs a
re i
n a
gree
men
t ov
er t
he i
mpo
rtan
ce o
f co
rpor
a in
tra
nsl
atio
n t
rain
ing
and
prac
tice
. Som
e au
thor
s ha
ve g
one
even
fur
-th
er a
nd
spec
i�ca
lly i
ndi
cate
vir
tual
cor
pora
(cf
. Pe
arso
n 1
998;
Ber
nar
din
i an
d Z
anet
tin
200
0; C
orpa
s P
asto
r 20
01 a
nd
2004
a; Z
anet
tin
200
2a a
nd
b; S
ánch
ez-
Gijó
n 2
003a
an
d b)
as
one
of th
e tr
ansl
ator
’s m
ost i
mpo
rtan
t aid
s w
hen
face
d w
ith
a sp
ecia
lised
text
. By
virt
ual
cor
pus
we
refe
r to
a c
orpu
s co
mpi
led
from
ele
ctro
nic
so
urce
s ex
clus
ivel
y in
ord
er to
car
ry o
ut a
spe
ci�
c tr
ansl
atio
n in
any
dir
ecti
on (
di-
rect
, inv
erse
or
indi
rect
8 ).9 It
s pr
inci
pal o
bjec
tive
is to
con
stru
ct a
rel
iabl
e re
sour
ce
quic
kly
and
at m
inim
al c
ost,
base
d on
text
s m
ined
from
the
Inte
rnet
, to
sati
sfy
the
tran
slat
or’s
docu
men
tati
on n
eeds
.V
irtu
al c
orpo
ra m
ay a
lso
be r
efer
red
to a
s ad
hoc
(C
orpa
s P
asto
r 20
01: 1
64;
Sán
chez
-Gijó
n 2
003a
: 3),
dis
posa
ble
(Zan
etti
n 2
002a
), d
o-it
-you
rsel
f/D
IY (Z
anet
tin
20
02a)
, dom
ain
-spe
ci"
c (C
orpa
s P
asto
r 20
04a:
226
), w
eb (
Flet
cher
200
4), e
lect
ron
-
ic (
Cor
pas
Pas
tor
2001
; Var
anto
la 2
003)
, eph
emer
al (
Cor
pas
Pas
tor
2004
a: 2
26),
pr
ecis
ion
(V
aran
tola
199
7); a
nd
spec
ial
purp
ose
(Jen
nif
er P
ears
on 1
998;
Sán
chez
- G
ijón
200
3a).
Tran
slat
ors
turn
to th
e In
tern
et in
sea
rch
of s
olut
ion
s to
info
rmat
ion
an
d do
c-um
enta
tion
pro
blem
s be
caus
e th
ey a
re n
ot o
nly
tra
nsl
atin
g be
twee
n l
angu
ages
(f
or w
hich
a g
ood
dict
ion
ary,
whe
ther
on
line
or n
ot,
wou
ld s
u�ce
), b
ut a
lso
betw
een
dis
cour
se c
omm
unit
ies
or c
ult
ures
. In
thi
s co
ntex
t, th
e co
mpi
lati
on o
f co
rpor
a an
d th
e In
tern
et a
ppea
r to
be
two
of t
he m
ost
impo
rtan
t do
cum
enta
tion
re
sour
ces
in th
e pr
acti
ce a
nd
rese
arch
of s
peci
alis
ed tr
ansl
atio
n. W
hen
faci
ng
this
8.
A “
dire
ct t
ran
slat
ion”
is
tran
slat
ion
don
e di
rect
ly f
rom
the
ori
gin
al i
nto
tran
slat
or’s
na-
tive
lan
guag
e, w
itho
ut a
n in
term
edia
ry t
ext;
an “
inve
rse
tran
slat
ion”
, als
o ca
lled
“oth
er t
ongu
e tr
ansl
atio
n (
OT
T)”
, is
a tr
ansl
atio
n fr
om th
e tr
ansl
ator
’s n
ativ
e la
ngu
age
into
an
othe
r la
ngu
age;
�
nal
ly, a
n “
indi
rect
tra
nsl
atio
n”, a
lso
den
omin
ated
“m
edia
ted
tran
slat
ion”
, is
a tr
ansl
atio
n d
one
via
an in
term
edia
ry t
ran
slat
ion
in a
thi
rd la
ngu
age,
not
dir
ectl
y fr
om t
he o
rigi
nal
.
V
irtu
al c
orpo
ra a
s do
cum
enta
tion
res
ourc
es
79
kin
d of
ass
ign
men
t, th
e m
ain
pro
blem
tha
t tr
ansl
ator
s co
me
up a
gain
st i
s th
at a
co
rpus
for
the
part
icu
lar
spec
ialit
y is
not
ava
ilabl
e fo
r co
nsu
ltat
ion
on
the
Inte
rnet
or
, if o
ne
alre
ady
exis
ts, i
t o*
en d
oes
not
cov
er a
ll th
e in
form
atio
n r
equi
rem
ents
of
the
sour
ce t
ext.
In o
ther
wor
ds, “
one
prob
lem
wit
h th
ese
typi
cally
sm
all a
nd
do-
mai
n s
peci
�c c
orpo
ra is
the
lim
ited
ran
ge o
f to
pics
an
d te
xt t
ypes
for
whi
ch t
hey
are
avai
labl
e” (
Zan
etti
n 2
002a
: NP
). F
aced
wit
h th
is s
itu
atio
n, t
ran
slat
ors
have
no
alte
rnat
ive
othe
r th
an to
com
pile
the
ir o
wn
vir
tual
cor
pora
for
the
spec
i�c
tran
s-la
tion
tha
t has
bee
n c
omm
issi
oned
in e
ach
cas
e.It
is a
lso
impo
rtan
t to
tak
e in
to a
ccou
nt t
hat
any
set
of t
exts
doe
s n
ot, i
n a
nd
of it
self
, con
stit
ute
a co
rpus
. In
ord
er f
or a
col
lect
ion
of
text
s to
be
con
side
red
a co
rpus
in
the
str
ict
sen
se o
f th
e te
rm, i
t m
ust
mee
t a
set
of c
lear
des
ign
cri
teri
a
and
abid
e by
a s
peci
�c
com
pila
tion
pro
toco
l so
that
the
col
lect
ion
may
be
deem
ed
repr
esen
tati
ve o
f the
�el
d of
spe
cial
isat
ion
or
the
part
icu
lar
type
of d
ocum
ent t
hat
is b
ein
g tr
ansl
ated
.
3.
Gu
idel
ines
fo
r co
rpu
s cr
eati
on
In t
his
sect
ion
we
will
out
line
the
desi
gn p
aram
eter
s th
at t
he c
reat
ion
of a
vir
tual
co
rpus
dem
ands
. Fo
llow
ing
this
we
will
pro
pose
a c
ompi
lati
on p
roto
col
in t
he
form
of g
uide
lines
. �is
con
sist
s of
four
dis
tin
ct p
hase
s: (
1) lo
cati
ng
and
acce
ssin
g re
sour
ces,
(2)
dow
nlo
adin
g da
ta (
3) te
xt fo
rmat
tin
g an
d (4
) da
ta s
tora
ge.
3.1
Des
ign
cri
teri
a
Bef
ore
mov
ing
on t
o de
al s
peci
�ca
lly w
ith
how
the
doc
umen
tati
on r
esou
rces
n
eces
sary
to
crea
te a
vir
tual
cor
pus
are
loca
ted,
it
is e
ssen
tial
for
the
tra
nsl
ator
-co
mpi
ler
to �
rst
of a
ll es
tabl
ish
a s
et o
f cl
ear
desi
gn c
rite
ria.
In
thi
s ca
se, t
he o
b-je
ctiv
e is
to
crea
te a
cor
pus
of t
rave
l in
sura
nce
pol
icie
s in
Spa
nis
h a
nd
En
glis
h
com
pile
d ex
clus
ivel
y fr
om t
ouri
sm l
aw r
esou
rces
ava
ilabl
e on
the
Int
ern
et. �
is
bilin
gual
cor
pus
mus
t be
diat
opic
ally
res
tric
ted
due
to t
he la
rge
num
ber
of c
oun
-tr
ies
in w
hich
bot
h E
ngl
ish
an
d Sp
anis
h a
re o
�ci
al l
angu
ages
. In
ord
er t
o ill
us-
trat
e th
e m
etho
dolo
gy p
ut f
orw
ard,
the
cor
pus
will
be
rest
rict
ed t
o le
gisl
atio
n in
fo
rce
(whe
ther
it b
e co
mm
unit
ary,
nat
ion
al o
r fr
om a
uton
omou
s au
thor
itie
s) a
nd
to t
he f
orm
al e
lem
ents
of
the
cont
ract
(pr
inci
pally
in
sura
nce
quo
tes,
pro
posa
l fo
rms,
cer
ti�c
ates
of
insu
ran
ce a
nd
insu
ran
ce p
olic
ies9 )10
that
hav
e be
en d
raw
n
9.
An
othe
r do
cum
ent
is t
he d
upl
icad
o d
e la
pól
iza
(a
dupl
icat
e of
the
pol
icy)
, whi
ch is
dra
wn
up
in w
riti
ng
by th
e in
sure
r if
req
uest
ed b
y th
e pe
rson
who
take
s ou
t the
insu
ran
ce, t
he in
sure
d
2n
d p
roo
fs
80
G
lori
a C
orpa
s P
asto
r an
d M
iria
m S
eghi
ri
up i
n S
pain
, the
Rep
ublic
of
Irel
and
and
the
Un
ited
Kin
gdom
(Sc
otla
nd,
Wal
es,
En
glan
d an
d N
orth
ern
Ire
lan
d).
In a
ddit
ion
, it
will
be
nec
essa
ry t
o co
mpi
le a
co
mpa
rabl
e co
rpus
, mad
e up
of t
wo
subc
orpo
ra, o
ne
in S
pan
ish
and
the
othe
r in
E
ngl
ish,
whi
ch w
ill i
ncl
ude
the
orig
inal
tex
ts o
f th
e to
uris
m c
ontr
acts
. �is
will
be
a te
xtua
l cor
pus,
i.e.
a fu
ll-te
xt c
orpu
s, s
ince
it w
ill in
clud
e co
mpl
ete
text
s, a
nd
a sp
ecia
lised
cor
pus,
in
the
sen
se t
hat
it i
ncl
udes
spe
ci�
c te
xt t
ypes
dea
ling
wit
h co
mm
unic
atio
n b
etw
een
spe
cial
ists
an
d se
mi-
spec
ialis
ts o
r la
ymen
.A
tra
vel i
nsu
ran
ce c
orpu
s co
mpi
led
in a
ccor
dan
ce w
ith
thes
e de
sign
cri
teri
a w
ill b
e es
sent
ially
un
bala
nce
d,10
11 s
ince
qu
alit
y ta
kes
prio
rity
ove
r qu
anti
ty (
Cor
pas
Pas
tor
2004
a: 2
36)
in t
his
type
of v
irtu
al c
orpu
s w
hich
has
bee
n c
ompi
led
ad h
oc.
It is
, how
ever
, ext
rem
ely
hom
ogen
ous
give
n t
hat
it h
as b
een
cre
ated
for
a s
peci
�c
purp
ose.
3.2
Com
pila
tion
pro
toco
l
On
ce t
he p
relim
inar
y de
sign
par
amet
ers
have
bee
n e
stab
lishe
d th
e tr
ansl
ator
-co
mpi
ler
shou
ld fo
llow
a p
roto
col f
or t
he c
reat
ion
of
the
corp
us c
ompr
isin
g fo
ur
stag
es w
hich
will
now
be
desc
ribe
d.
3.2.
1 L
ocat
ing
and
acc
essi
ng
reso
urc
es
�e
�rs
t sta
ge o
f the
pro
toco
l con
sist
s of
loca
tin
g an
d ac
cess
ing
info
rmat
ion
ava
il-ab
le o
n t
he I
nter
net
. In
ord
er t
o do
thi
s th
e tr
ansl
ator
-com
pile
r w
ill h
ave
to d
e-ve
lop
and/
or p
ut h
is/h
er k
now
ledg
e of
ele
ctro
nic
res
ourc
es in
to p
ract
ice.
On
ce t
he
typ
e of
ele
ctro
nic
cor
pus
has
bee
n d
esig
ned
th
e qu
esti
on o
f ac
cess
to
th
e re
leva
nt d
ocu
men
ts a
rise
s. V
ario
us p
ossi
bilit
ies
exis
t fo
r ac
cess
ing
thes
e te
xts.
Acc
ordi
ng
to A
uste
rmü
hl (
2001
: 52
et s
eq.)
, th
ere
are
basi
cally
th
ree
typ
es
of s
earc
hes
th
at m
ay b
e ca
rrie
d ou
t on
th
e In
tern
et:
inst
itu
tion
al s
earc
hes
, ca
r-ri
ed o
ut o
n th
e w
eb s
ites
of i
nter
nat
ion
al o
rgan
isat
ion
s an
d in
stit
utio
ns;
them
atic
sear
ches
, nor
mal
ly c
arri
ed o
ut u
sin
g di
rect
orie
s an
d, la
stly
, key
wor
d s
earc
hes
us-
ing
a se
arch
en
gin
e.
pers
on o
r th
e be
ne�
ciar
y. �
e in
sure
r is
obl
iged
to
prov
ide
a du
plic
ate
or c
opy
of t
he p
olic
y if
th
e or
igin
al is
mis
laid
, the
cop
y m
ust b
e id
enti
cal a
nd
have
the
sam
e va
lidit
y as
the
ori
gin
al. I
n
addi
tion
, the
re is
als
o a
docu
men
t kn
own
as
the
bole
tín
de
adh
esió
n (
a jo
inin
g fo
rm),
a d
ocu-
men
t whi
ch g
ives
pro
of o
f the
insu
ran
ce a
nd
has
not
bee
n in
clud
ed h
ere
beca
use
it o
nly
app
lies
to li
fe in
sura
nce
pol
icie
s.
10.
Un
laba
ced
bec
ause
of
the
dist
ribu
tion
of
lan
guag
es o
n t
he I
nter
net
. Acc
ordi
ng
to t
he “
Top
Ten
Lan
guag
es U
sed
in t
he W
eb (
Nov
embe
r 20
07)”
pub
lishe
d by
Int
ern
et W
orld
Sta
ts (
http
://
ww
w.in
tern
etw
orld
stat
s.co
m/s
tats
7.ht
m),
the
Spa
nis
h la
ngu
age
repr
esen
ts 9
.0 %
of
all t
he I
n-
tern
et u
sers
in t
he w
orld
, whi
le E
ngl
ish
repr
esen
ts 3
0.1
%.
V
irtu
al c
orpo
ra a
s do
cum
enta
tion
res
ourc
es
81
We
shal
l beg
in w
ith
an
inst
itu
tion
al s
earc
h,11
12 o
ne
of th
e m
ost p
rodu
ctiv
e ty
pes
of s
earc
h fo
r co
nst
ruct
ing
corp
ora.
�is
is
due
not
on
ly t
o th
e gr
eat
quan
tity
of
docu
men
ts t
hat
thes
e ty
pes
of in
stit
utio
ns,
org
anis
atio
ns
or a
ssoc
iati
ons
stor
e on
th
e In
tern
et to
day,
but
als
o be
caus
e th
ey c
an b
e as
sum
ed to
be
of a
hig
h s
tan
dard
in
ter
ms
of b
oth
qua
lity
and
relia
bilit
y be
caus
e th
e w
rite
rs a
re s
peci
alis
ts i
n t
he
�eld
. �is
inst
itut
ion
al s
earc
h w
ill b
e m
ain
ly, t
houg
h n
ot e
xclu
sive
ly, c
arri
ed o
ut
from
inst
itut
ion
al, r
egu
lato
ry a
nd
legi
slat
ive
sour
ces.
In o
rder
to lo
cate
legi
slat
ion
th
e w
eb s
ites
an
d w
eb p
ages
tha
t fol
low
may
be
used
.In
ter
ms
of o
�ci
al o
rgan
ism
s an
d in
stit
utio
ns,
legi
slat
ive
info
rmat
ion
can
be
take
n f
rom
the
hea
dqu
arte
rs o
f th
e A
BI
(Ass
ocia
tion
of
Bri
tish
In
sure
rs),
1213 t
he
AB
TA
(A
ssoc
iati
on o
f B
riti
sh T
rave
l A
gen
ts)13
14 o
r th
e F
SA (
Fin
anci
al S
ervi
ces
Au
-
thor
ity)
1415 f
or t
he U
nit
ed K
ingd
om a
nd
Irel
and.
For
Spa
in,
info
rmat
ion
can
be
min
ed f
rom
the
Mes
a d
el T
uri
smo,
1516 p
arti
cula
rly
the
sect
ion
cal
led
“leg
isla
ción
ge
ner
al”
whi
ch in
clud
es r
egu
lato
ry la
ws
and
law
s sp
eci�
cally
rel
ated
to
the
tour
-is
m s
ecto
r.A
not
her
outs
tan
din
g w
eb s
ite
is t
hat
of t
he W
TO
(W
orld
Tou
rism
Org
anis
a-
tion
)1617 w
hich
con
tain
s on
e of
the
pri
nci
pal d
ocum
enta
tion
res
ourc
es f
or le
gisl
a-ti
ve m
ater
ial,
Lex
tou
r.17
18 �
is is
the
WT
O’s
data
base
of
tour
ism
legi
slat
ion
whi
ch
has
links
to
web
sit
es,
data
base
s, a
nd
exte
rnal
ser
vers
con
cern
ed w
ith
tou
rism
le
gisl
atio
n s
et u
p by
par
liam
ents
, go
vern
men
tal
orga
nis
atio
ns,
un
iver
siti
es a
nd
prof
essi
onal
ass
ocia
tion
s. W
e ha
ve a
lso
take
n i
nfo
rmat
ion
fro
m o
ther
dat
abas
es
to o
btai
n c
omm
unit
ary
legi
slat
ion
, suc
h a
s th
e w
ell r
espe
cted
Wes
tlaw
.1819 H
owev
er,
11.
On
num
erou
s oc
casi
ons,
it
may
be
nec
essa
ry t
o pe
rfor
m a
key
wor
d se
arch
to
�n
d th
e n
ames
of
mor
e or
gan
isat
ion
s to
be
used
in
the
in
stit
utio
nal
sea
rch.
�is
can
usu
ally
be
per-
form
ed b
y in
trod
ucin
g de
scri
ptor
s to
geth
er w
ith
Boo
lean
tec
hniq
ues
in a
sea
rch
engi
ne
such
as
Goo
gle.
For
exa
mpl
e, i
ntro
duci
ng
orga
nis
mo
OR
tu
rism
o, o
rgan
ism
o A
ND
tu
rism
o O
R “
or-
gan
ism
o tu
ríst
ico”
will
incr
ease
the
num
ber
of n
ames
of o
rgan
isat
ion
s co
nn
ecte
d w
ith
tour
ism
, w
hose
web
sit
es c
an t
hen
be
visi
ted
in o
rder
to
extr
act
info
rmat
ion
tha
t m
ay b
e su
itab
le f
or
incl
usio
n in
the
tra
vel i
nsu
ran
ce c
orpu
s.
12.
Ava
ilabl
e at
<ht
tp:/
/ww
w.a
bi.o
rg.u
k>.
13.
Ava
ilabl
e at
<ht
tp:/
/ww
w.a
bta.
com
>.
14.
Ava
ilabl
e at
<ht
tp:/
/ww
w.fs
a.go
v.u
k/co
nsu
mer
>.
15.
Ava
ilabl
e at
<ht
tp:/
/ww
w.m
esad
eltu
rism
o.co
m>
.
16.
Ava
ilabl
e at
<ht
tp:/
/ww
w.w
orld
-tou
rism
.org
>.
17.
Ava
ilabl
e at
<ht
tp:/
/ww
w.w
orld
-tou
rism
.org
/doc
/S/l
exto
ur.h
tm>
.
18.
Ava
ilabl
e at
<ht
tp:/
/web
2.w
estl
aw.c
om/s
ign
on/d
efau
lt.w
l?bh
cp=
1>.
2n
d p
roo
fs
82
Glo
ria
Cor
pas
Pas
tor
and
Mir
iam
Seg
hiri
our
mos
t si
gni�
cant
sou
rce
has
been
EU
R-L
ex,19
20 t
he p
orta
l to
Eur
opea
n U
nio
n
law
, whi
ch is
cur
rent
ly t
he b
est d
atab
ase
for
Eur
opea
n U
nio
n la
w.
Pra
ctic
ally
all
the
docu
men
ts in
volv
ed in
the
proc
ess
of m
akin
g a
cont
ract
for
trav
el in
sura
nce
may
be
foun
d on
the
web
sit
es o
f the
big
insu
ran
ce c
ompa
nie
s. In
ad
diti
on, a
ltho
ugh
less
fre
quen
tly,
the
web
sit
es o
f nu
mer
ous
onlin
e tr
avel
age
n-
cies
con
tain
the
tex
ts o
f th
eir
polic
ies,
whi
ch t
hey
sell
on f
rom
var
ious
insu
ran
ce
com
pan
ies,
for
thei
r cu
stom
ers’
info
rmat
ion
. Sim
ilar
rich
sou
rces
of i
nfo
rmat
ion
ar
e al
so t
he w
eb s
ites
of
inte
rnat
ion
al i
nsu
ran
ce c
ompa
nie
s su
ch a
s M
ond
ial
As-
sist
ance
2021 o
r E
uro
p A
ssis
tan
ce,21
22 B
riti
sh a
nd
Iris
h in
sura
nce
com
pan
ies
such
as
AT
Bel
l In
sura
nce
Bro
kers
Ltd
,2223 R
oyal
an
d S
un
Alli
ance
2324 o
r L
loyd
s of
Lon
don
;2425 o
r Sp
anis
h in
sura
nce
com
pan
ies,
suc
h as
Alli
anz,
2526 M
AP
FR
E26
27 o
r O
caso
,2728 t
o m
en-
tion
on
ly a
few
of t
he m
ost r
epre
sent
ativ
e ex
ampl
es.
�e
nex
t st
ep is
to
mov
e on
to
mak
ing
them
atic
sea
rch
es28
29 u
sin
g w
ell k
now
n
dir
ecto
ries
. In
thi
s ca
se, a
pro
blem
wit
h lo
cati
ng
info
rmat
ion
may
ari
se a
s a
resu
lt
of t
he s
truc
ture
of
the
dire
ctor
ies
them
selv
es w
hich
can
eve
n h
inde
r th
e pr
oces
s of
doc
umen
tati
on e
xtra
ctio
n.
Spec
ialis
t di
rect
orie
s st
and
out
as e
xcel
lent
res
ourc
es f
or l
ocat
ing
com
mu-
nit
ary,
nat
ion
al a
nd
auto
nom
ous
legi
slat
ion
, esp
ecia
lly w
hen
the
res
ourc
es t
hey
cont
ain
are
als
o ev
alu
ated
an
d co
mm
ente
d up
on. �
is is
the
case
for
the
com
pila
-ti
on o
f th
e Sp
anis
h su
bcor
pus,
usi
ng
the
sect
ion
cal
led
“Dre
t” in
the
“In
dice
s” o
f
19.
Ava
ilabl
e at
<ht
tp:/
/eur
-lex
.eur
opa.
eu>
.
20.
Ava
ilabl
e at
<ht
tp:/
/ww
w.m
ondi
al-a
ssis
tan
ce.c
om/e
n/a
bout
us/h
omep
age.
htm
>.
21.
Ava
ilabl
e at
<ht
tp:/
/ww
w.e
urop
-ass
ista
nce
.es/
>.
22.
Ava
ilabl
e at
<ht
tp:/
/ww
w.a
tbel
l.co.
uk>
.
23.
Ava
ilabl
e at
<ht
tp:/
/ww
w.r
oyal
sun
allia
nce
.com
/roy
alsu
n>
.
24
. A
vaila
ble
at <
http
://w
ww
.lloy
ds.c
om>
.
25.
Ava
ilabl
e at
<ht
tp:/
/ww
w.a
llian
z.es
>.
26.
Ava
ilabl
e at
<ht
tp:/
/ww
w.m
apfr
e.co
m/p
map
fre/
es/i
nde
x.ht
ml>
.
27.
Ava
ilabl
e at
<ht
tp:/
/ww
w.o
caso
.es>
.
28.
As
wit
h th
e in
stit
utio
nal
sea
rch,
the
the
mat
ic s
earc
h m
ay b
e co
mpl
emen
ted
by a
key
wor
d se
arch
if
it i
s n
eces
sary
to
augm
ent
the
nam
es o
f th
emat
ic d
irec
tori
es c
onn
ecte
d to
the
par
-ti
cula
r sp
ecia
lisat
ion
tha
t is
bei
ng
sear
ched
. For
exa
mpl
e, t
o lo
cate
lega
l dir
ecto
ries
we
wou
ld
nor
mal
ly g
o to
Goo
gle
and
by u
sin
g de
scri
ptor
s co
mbi
ned
wit
h B
oole
an o
pera
tors
int
rodu
ce
prod
ucti
ve s
earc
h eq
uati
ons
such
as
“dir
ecto
rio
jurí
dic
o” o
r d
irec
tori
o A
ND
jurí
dic
o.
V
irtu
al c
orpo
ra a
s do
cum
enta
tion
res
ourc
es
83
the
Un
iver
sita
t d
e B
arce
lon
a29
30 a
nd
the
Un
iver
sita
t A
utò
nom
a d
e B
arce
lon
a.30
31 �
e di
rect
orie
s of
!e
Arg
us
Cle
arin
ghou
se31
32 a
nd
Sear
ch t
he
Law
3233 (
part
icu
larl
y th
e se
ctio
n “
Trav
el”)
are
sim
ilarl
y us
efu
l for
the
En
glis
h su
bcor
pus.
In g
ener
al, t
hem
atic
sea
rche
s ba
sed
on in
dice
s or
dir
ecto
ries
are
the
mos
t pro
-du
ctiv
e fo
r ex
trac
tin
g le
gisl
atio
n r
athe
r th
an i
nsu
ran
ce c
ontr
acts
. In
ord
er t
o do
th
is it
is n
eces
sary
to
take
a f
urth
er s
tep
and
carr
y ou
t a
key
wor
d s
earc
h. F
or t
his
type
of
sear
ch a
gen
eric
sea
rch
en
gin
e su
ch a
s G
oogl
e m
ay b
e us
ed. A
ccor
din
g to
a
grea
t num
ber
of a
nal
ysts
Goo
gle
is th
e be
st s
earc
h e
ngi
ne
in te
rms
of th
e qu
alit
y of
sea
rch
resu
lts
(cf.
Rad
ev e
t al.
2005
: 580
).A
lon
gsid
e vi
sits
to
insu
ran
ce c
ompa
nie
s’ w
eb s
ites
, ke
y w
ord
sear
ches
hav
e pr
oved
to
be (
cf. S
eghi
ri 2
006)
the
eas
iest
an
d qu
icke
st w
ay t
o re
cove
r th
e do
cu-
men
ts t
hat
mak
e up
in
sura
nce
con
trac
ts. �
e be
st r
esu
lts
will
be
obta
ined
fro
m
sear
ch e
ngi
nes
if k
now
ledg
e of
the
faci
litie
s th
ey o
#er
is u
tilis
ed. A
s w
ell a
s de
�n
-in
g th
e se
arch
app
ropr
iate
ly, t
echn
ique
s su
ch a
s us
ing
Boo
lean
ope
rato
rs, t
run
ca-
tion
an
d ph
rase
sea
rche
s sh
ould
be
con
side
red.
On
this
poi
nt, i
t is
clea
rly
esse
ntia
l to
est
ablis
h de
scri
ptor
s. A
pra
ctic
al e
xam
ple
(cf.
Tabl
es 1
an
d 233
)34 is
giv
en t
o il-
lust
rate
how
sea
rche
s ar
e m
ade
to lo
cate
the
tex
ts t
hat
will
com
pris
e th
e co
rpus
. In
ord
er t
o do
thi
s, t
he t
ext
type
s an
d th
e �
eld
of in
sura
nce
in w
hich
the
des
ired
in
form
atio
n is
to b
e fo
und
(tra
vel i
nsu
ran
ce)
are
take
n a
s de
scri
ptor
s an
d B
oole
an
sear
ch t
echn
ique
s ar
e ap
plie
d us
ing
the
user
fri
endl
y in
terf
ace
o#er
ed b
y, f
or in
-st
ance
, Goo
gle’s
adv
ance
d se
arch
.3435
29.
Ava
ilabl
e at
<ht
tp:/
/ww
w.b
ib.u
b.es
/bub
/int
ern
et.h
tm>
.
30.
Ava
ilabl
e at
<ht
tp:/
/ww
w.b
ib.u
ab.e
s/in
tern
et.h
tm>
.
31.
Ava
ilabl
e at
<ht
tp:/
/ww
w.c
lear
ingh
ouse
.net
>.
32.
Ava
ilabl
e at
<ht
tp:/
/ww
w.s
earc
h-th
e-la
w.c
om>
.
33.
In th
is ta
ble
only
the
desc
ript
ors
that
hav
e pr
oduc
ed th
e gr
eate
st n
umbe
r of
doc
umen
ts fo
r th
e te
xt ty
pe w
e re
quir
ed in
the
two
spec
i�c
lan
guag
es (
En
glis
h an
d Sp
anis
h) a
re s
how
n. H
ow-
ever
, it s
hou
ld b
e po
inte
d ou
t tha
t in
rea
lity
a va
st n
umbe
r of
sea
rch
crit
eria
wer
e us
ed a
nd
here
w
e ha
ve o
nly
sho
wn
a s
ampl
e by
way
of i
llust
rati
on.
34.
In o
rder
to
min
e th
e Sp
anis
h co
ntra
ctu
al d
ocum
ents
, th
e ve
rsio
n o
f G
oogl
e fo
r Sp
ain
(<
http
://w
ww
.goo
gle.
es>
) w
as u
sed.
By
sele
ctin
g th
e op
tion
“pá
gin
as d
e E
spañ
a” it
is
poss
ible
to
�lt
er o
ut a
ny d
ocum
ents
tha
t co
me
from
oth
er S
pan
ish
spea
kin
g co
untr
ies.
�e
sam
e pr
o-ce
dure
may
be
follo
wed
to
sear
ch f
or i
nfo
rmat
ion
in
En
glis
h, i
.e. t
he u
ser
goes
to
the
vers
ion
of
Goo
gle
for
the
Un
ited
Kin
gdom
(<
http
://w
ww
.goo
gle.
co.u
k>)
and
for
Irel
and
(<ht
tp:/
/ww
w.
goog
le.ie
>)
and
sele
cts
the
opti
ons
“pag
es f
rom
the
UK
” an
d “p
ages
fro
m I
rela
nd”
res
pect
ivel
y in
ord
er t
o av
oid
the
pres
ence
of
docu
men
ts t
hat
com
e fr
om o
ther
cou
ntri
es.
Occ
asio
nal
ly,
how
ever
, thi
s �
lter
ing
will
not
be
su�
cien
t so
tha
t, in
add
itio
n t
o se
arch
ing
by c
ount
ry, i
t m
ay
be n
eces
sary
in c
ases
of
doub
t as
to
the
orig
in o
f a
docu
men
t lo
cate
d by
usi
ng
Goo
gle,
to
refe
r to
the
dom
ain
in o
rder
to v
erif
y th
eir
sour
ce. �
e kn
owle
dge
that
the
dom
ain
s .e
s fo
r Sp
ain
, .u
k
2n
d p
roo
fs
84
Glo
ria
Cor
pas
Pas
tor
and
Mir
iam
Seg
hiri
Tab
le 1
. D
escr
ipto
rs fo
r th
e �
ndi
ng
of t
he fo
rmal
ele
men
ts o
f tra
vel i
nsu
ran
ce c
ontr
acts
(S
pan
ish)
.
Tex
t ty
pe
Des
crip
tors
Sea
rch
eq
uat
ion
Pól
iza
Póliz
a, s
egur
o tu
ríst
ico,
as
iste
nci
a en
via
je35
póliz
a A
ND
“se
guro
turí
stic
o”pó
liza
AN
D “
asis
ten
cia
en v
iaje
”
Solic
itud
Solic
itud
de
póliz
a, s
egur
o tu
ríst
ico,
asi
sten
cia
en v
iaje
so
licit
ud A
ND
pól
iza
AN
D “
segu
ro tu
ríst
ico”
Solic
itud
AN
D p
óliz
a A
ND
“as
iste
nci
a en
vi
aje”
Pro
pues
ta
Pro
pues
ta, p
ropo
sici
ón,
segu
ro tu
ríst
ico,
asi
sten
cia
en v
iaje
póliz
a A
ND
pro
pues
ta O
R p
ropo
sici
ón “
se-
guro
turí
stic
o”pó
liza
AN
D p
ropu
esta
OR
pro
posi
ción
“as
is-
ten
cia
en v
iaje
s”
Car
ta d
e G
aran
tía
Car
ta d
e ga
rant
ía, s
egur
o tu
ríst
ico,
asi
sten
cia
en v
iaje
“car
ta d
e ga
rant
ía”
AN
D “
asis
ten
cia
en v
iaje
”“c
arta
de
gara
ntía
” A
ND
“se
guro
turí
stic
o”
Tab
le 2
. D
escr
ipto
rs fo
r th
e �
ndi
ng
of t
he fo
rmal
ele
men
ts o
f tra
vel i
nsu
ran
ce c
ontr
acts
(E
ngl
ish)
Tex
t ty
pe
Des
crip
tors
Sea
rch
eq
uat
ion
Polic
yPo
licy,
tra
vel i
nsu
ran
cepo
licy
AN
D “
trav
el in
sura
nce
”
Quo
teQ
uote
, tra
vel i
nsu
ran
ceQ
uote
AN
D p
olic
y A
ND
“tr
avel
insu
ran
ce”
Pro
posa
l For
mP
ropo
sal F
orm
, tra
vel i
nsu
ran
ce“p
ropo
sal f
orm
” A
ND
pol
icy
AN
D “
trav
el
insu
ran
ce”
Cer
ti�
cate
of
Insu
ran
ceC
erti
�ca
te o
f In
sura
nce
, In
sura
nce
Cer
ti�
cate
, tra
vel
insu
ran
ce
“cer
ti�
cate
of i
nsu
ran
ce O
R“i
nsu
ran
ce c
erti
�cat
e” A
ND
pol
icy
for
the
Un
ited
Kin
gdom
an
d .ie
for
Irel
and
will
ther
efor
e be
of u
se. I
n a
ddit
ion
pag
es in
Spa
nis
h w
ith
the
dom
ain
.ar
indi
cati
ng
Arg
enti
na,
or
.mx
indi
cati
ng
Mex
ico
and
page
s in
En
glis
h w
ith
the
dom
ain
.au
in
dica
tin
g A
ustr
alia
or
.us
indi
cati
ng
the
Un
ited
Sta
tes
will
be
auto
mat
ical
ly
rule
d ou
t bec
ause
the
y ar
e n
ot a
ppro
pria
te fo
r ou
r co
rpus
.
35.
We
refe
r m
ain
ly t
o se
guro
tu
ríst
ico
or t
rave
l in
sura
nce
in
acc
ord
ance
wit
h t
he
pos
itio
n
take
n b
y A
uri
oles
(cf
. Au
riol
es M
artí
n (
2005
[20
02])
y a
nd
Au
riol
es M
artí
n e
t al
. (20
04)
be-
caus
e w
e be
lieve
it to
mor
e ac
cura
te th
an th
e Sp
anis
h c
alqu
e, a
sist
enci
a e
n v
iaje
of t
he
orig
inal
E
ngl
ish
, si
nce
tra
vel
assi
stan
ce i
s on
ly o
ne
pos
sibl
e pa
rt o
f tr
avel
in
sura
nce
wh
ich
may
als
o in
clu
de c
over
age
for
hol
iday
can
cella
tion
or
med
ical
att
enti
on, t
o ci
te o
nly
som
e of
th
e m
ost
com
mon
exa
mpl
es. F
or a
wid
er p
ersp
ecti
ve o
n t
his
qu
esti
on s
ee t
he
tril
ingu
al (
Span
ish
-En
g-lis
h-I
tali
an)
clas
si�
cati
on o
f tr
avel
insu
ran
ce p
olic
ies
in r
elat
ion
to
cove
rage
out
lined
by
Seg-
hir
i (20
06: 2
79–2
81).
V
irtu
al c
orpo
ra a
s do
cum
enta
tion
res
ourc
es
85
�e
mai
n d
i�cu
lty
wit
h k
ey w
ord
sear
ches
cen
tres
on
the
choi
ce o
f the
mos
t pre
-ci
se d
escr
ipto
rs fo
r th
e in
ten
ded
sear
ch, g
iven
that
wit
hout
this
a la
rge
amou
nt o
f ir
rele
vant
info
rmat
ion
will
be
retu
rned
. It i
s up
to th
e tr
ansl
ator
-com
pile
r to
�lt
er
out a
ll th
is “
noi
se”
from
eac
h o
f the
pag
es t
hat w
ill b
e in
clud
ed in
the
cor
pus.
3.2.
2 D
own
load
ing
dat
a
Whe
n t
he d
ocum
ents
hav
e be
en lo
cate
d an
d ac
cess
ed, t
he n
ext
stag
e is
to
dow
n-
load
the
dat
a. U
sual
ly, t
his
stag
e is
per
form
ed m
anua
lly, a
ltho
ugh
occ
asio
nal
ly it
is
pos
sibl
e to
aut
omat
e th
e ta
sk w
hen
dea
ling
wit
h a
grou
p of
web
pag
es w
hich
ha
ve b
een
acc
esse
d us
ing
the
prog
ram
me
GN
U W
get,
3636 w
hich
allo
ws
dow
nlo
ad-
ing
in b
atch
es.
�is
dow
nlo
adin
g ph
ase
may
be
ham
pere
d by
the
in
here
nt s
truc
ture
of
the
Inte
rnet
itse
lf. O
n th
e on
e ha
nd,
we
are
face
d w
ith
a m
ark-
up la
ngu
age
or H
TM
L,
in o
ther
wor
ds, t
he i
nfo
rmat
ion
is o
rgan
ised
in
hyp
erte
xt n
odes
whi
ch a
re o
*en
di
�cu
lt t
o ac
cess
. �is
is
usu
ally
as
a re
sult
of
the
cont
ent
bein
g in
appr
opri
atel
y la
belle
d or
bec
ause
the
loca
tion
of
the
info
rmat
ion
is d
i�cu
lt t
o se
e on
the
pag
e.
On
the
oth
er h
and,
the
wid
e va
riet
y of
for
mat
s th
at t
he in
form
atio
n m
ay a
ppea
r in
sho
uld
als
o n
ow b
e co
nsi
dere
d.
3.2.
3 T
ext
form
atti
ng
In t
he c
ases
of
both
legi
slat
ion
an
d co
ntra
cts
rela
ted
to t
rave
l in
sura
nce
a n
otic
e-ab
le p
redi
lect
ion
for
HT
ML
(.h
tml)
an
d P
DF
(.pd
f) e
xist
s. �
e �
rst
of t
hese
doe
s n
ot i
nvol
ve m
any
prob
lem
s in
ter
ms
of c
onve
rsio
n s
ince
the
in
form
atio
n m
ay
sim
ply
be c
opie
d an
d pa
sted
into
a te
xt d
ocum
ent.
Goo
gle
will
als
o al
low
the
ma-
jori
ty o
f PD
F do
cum
ents
to b
e se
en in
.htm
l for
mat
, the
reby
per
mit
tin
g th
e sa
me
proc
edur
e to
be
carr
ied
out.
Whe
n t
his
is n
ot p
ossi
ble,
con
vers
ion
pro
gram
mes
su
ch a
s So
lid
Con
vert
er37
37 m
ay b
e us
ed. H
ence
, thi
s th
ird
stag
e of
dow
nlo
adin
g is
co
mpl
eted
by
wha
t m
ight
be
calle
d n
orm
alis
atio
n,
sin
ce a
ll th
e do
cum
ents
will
be
con
vert
ed t
o an
ASC
II o
r pl
ain
tex
t fo
rmat
. In
oth
er w
ords
, the
y ar
e st
ripp
ed
36.
�is
fre
e so
*w
are
toge
ther
wit
h it
s in
stru
ctio
n m
anu
al m
ay b
e do
wn
load
ed f
rom
the
fol
-lo
win
g w
eb s
ite:
<ht
tp:/
/ww
w.g
nu.o
rg/s
o*w
are/
wge
t/>
.
37.
A t
rial
ver
sion
of
Soli
d C
onve
rter
may
be
dow
nlo
aded
fre
e of
cha
rge
from
<ht
tp:/
/ww
w.
solid
pdf.c
om>
. Giv
en t
hat
it is
a f
ree
tria
l ver
sion
, it
has
a nu
mbe
r of
lim
itat
ion
s: it
on
ly f
unc-
tion
s fo
r a
two
wee
k pe
riod
an
d pe
rmit
s co
nver
sion
of a
max
imum
of t
en p
ages
per
doc
umen
t, al
thou
gh it
is p
ossi
ble
to c
onve
rt a
com
plet
e te
xt o
ver
a nu
mbe
r of
ope
rati
ons
by s
peci
fyin
g a
di#
eren
t set
of p
ages
eac
h ti
me.
�er
e ar
e ot
her
free
pro
gram
s av
aila
ble
onlin
e lik
e P
df
to W
ord
con
vert
er 3
.0
(<ht
tp:/
/ww
w.g
eom
undo
s.co
m/d
esca
rgas
/baj
ar-p
df-t
o-w
ord-
conv
erte
r-30
_233
.ht
ml>
),
PD
F
Con
vert
er
(<ht
tp:/
/ww
w.fr
eepd
fcon
vert
.com
/con
vert
_pdf
_to_
sour
ce.a
sp>
) or
E
asy
PD
F t
o W
ord
Con
vert
er (
<ht
tp:/
/ww
w.p
df-t
o-ht
ml-
wor
d.co
m/
>),
for
inst
ance
.
2n
d p
roo
fs
86
G
lori
a C
orpa
s P
asto
r an
d M
iria
m S
eghi
ri
of t
he H
TM
L o
r co
de o
f an
y ot
her
kin
d, in
acc
orda
nce
wit
h th
e cl
ean
-tex
t po
licy
de
scri
bed
by S
incl
air
(199
1: 2
1).
3.2.
4 D
ata
sto
rage
�e
last
sta
ge is
to s
tore
the
data
. �is
con
sist
s of
sto
rin
g th
e do
cum
ents
that
hav
e be
en d
own
load
ed a
nd
corr
ectl
y id
enti
fyin
g an
d ar
ran
gin
g th
em.
On
e po
ssib
le
way
of d
oin
g th
is is
thr
ough
the
use
of s
ub-�
les
depe
ndi
ng
on w
heth
er t
he d
ocu-
men
ts a
re i
n t
heir
ori
gin
al f
orm
at o
r in
ASC
II f
orm
at.
�es
e su
b-�
les
are
then
su
bdiv
ided
acc
ordi
ng
to t
he la
ngu
age,
text
typ
es a
nd
text
form
ats
of t
he c
orpu
s.In
thi
s st
udy,
we
have
ext
ract
ed t
wo
subc
orpo
ra f
rom
the
mu
lti-
lingu
al T
u-
rico
r co
rpus
of
trav
el a
nd
tour
ism
law
, whi
ch is
des
crib
ed a
nd
fully
doc
umen
ted
at t
he w
ebsi
te h
ttp
://t
uri
cor.
com
. �e
two
subc
orpo
ra a
re a
bili
ngu
al c
ompa
rabl
e co
rpus
whi
ch c
onsi
sts
of a
Spa
nis
h su
bcor
pus
wit
h 25
9 te
xts38
38 (
1,83
7,86
9 w
ords
) an
d an
En
glis
h su
bcor
pus
wit
h 30
2 do
cum
ents
(3,
202,
118
wor
ds).
4.
Det
erm
inin
g c
orp
us
rep
rese
nta
tive
nes
s
Des
pite
rep
eate
d re
fere
nce
by
the
expe
rts
to t
he q
ual
ity
of b
ein
g “r
epre
sent
ativ
e”,
con
stit
utin
g a
“sam
ple”
an
d so
for
th a
s di
stin
guis
hin
g fe
atur
es o
f co
rpor
a as
op-
pose
d to
oth
er k
inds
of
text
ual
col
lect
ion
s, t
here
app
ears
to
be n
o co
nse
nsu
s on
th
is c
ruci
al is
sue.
�e
size
of t
he c
orpu
s is
a d
ecis
ive
fact
or in
det
erm
inin
g w
heth
er t
he s
ampl
e is
rep
rese
ntat
ive
in r
elat
ion
to
the
nee
ds o
f th
e re
sear
ch p
roje
ct (
cf. L
avid
200
5).
38.
On
the
subj
ect o
f the
legi
slat
ive
docu
men
ts th
at fo
rm p
art o
f the
cor
pus
(17
text
s in
En
glis
h an
d 2
text
s in
Spa
nis
h) i
t is
im
port
ant
to p
oint
out
tha
t tr
avel
in
sura
nce
is
not
reg
ula
ted
by
subs
tant
ive
legi
slat
ion
. In
stea
d it
com
es u
nde
r th
e re
gula
tion
s th
at a
pply
to
all i
nsu
ran
ce o
ther
th
an li
fe in
sura
nce
thr
ough
var
ious
com
mun
itar
y di
rect
ives
suc
h as
73/
239/
EE
C, 7
3/24
0/E
EC
, 76
/580
/EE
C, 7
8/47
3/ E
EC
, 84/
641/
EE
C, 8
7/34
3/ E
EC
, 87/
344/
EE
C, 8
8/35
7/E
EC
, 90/
618/
EE
C,
92/4
9/E
EC
, 95
/26/
EE
C,
2000
/26/
EC
, 20
00/6
4/E
C a
nd
2002
/13/
EC
. In
Spa
in,
trav
el i
nsu
ran
ce
cont
ract
s ar
e al
so c
urre
ntly
reg
ula
ted
by th
e L
ey 5
0/19
80, d
e 8
de
octu
bre,
de
Con
trat
o d
e Se
guro
, [A
ct 5
0/19
80,
8th
Oct
ober
, In
sura
nce
Con
trac
ts]
as w
ell a
s th
e L
ey 3
0/19
95,
de
8 d
e n
ovie
mbr
e,
de
ord
enac
ión
y s
upe
rvis
ión
de
los
Segu
ros
Pri
vad
os [
Act
30/
1995
, 8t
h N
ovem
ber,
Pla
nn
ing
and
Supe
rvis
ion
of P
riva
te I
nsu
ran
ce].
In
Ire
lan
d, in
sura
nce
con
trac
ts a
re r
egu
late
d by
the
Insu
ran
ce
Act
, 20
00,
as w
ell
as t
he E
uro
pean
Com
mu
nit
ies
(Non
-Lif
e In
sura
nce
) F
ram
ewor
k R
egu
lati
ons,
1994
(S.
I. N
o. 3
59 o
f 19
94).
In
the
Un
ited
Kin
gdom
, the
y ar
e re
gula
ted
by t
he F
inan
cial
Ser
v-
ices
an
d M
arke
ts A
ct 2
000
(Sta
tuto
ry I
nst
rum
ent
2003
N.º
147
6), s
peci
�cal
ly A
men
dm
ent,
Nº.
2, O
rder
200
3. I
n r
elat
ion
to
polic
ies,
the
cen
tral
doc
umen
t in
thi
s ty
pe o
f ag
reem
ent,
it w
as
poss
ible
to
incl
ude
101
docu
men
ts (
1,00
0,06
7 w
ords
) in
the
Spa
nis
h po
licie
s co
mpo
nen
t an
d 17
6 do
cum
ents
(1,
903,
661
wor
ds)
in t
he p
olic
ies
com
pon
ent
in E
ngl
ish.
�e
rem
ain
der
of t
he
form
al e
lem
ents
of t
he c
ontr
act a
re in
clud
ed in
the
res
t of t
he c
orpu
s.
V
irtu
al c
orpo
ra a
s do
cum
enta
tion
res
ourc
es
87
How
ever
, ev
en t
oday
the
con
cept
of
repr
esen
tati
ven
ess
is s
till
surp
risi
ngl
y im
-pr
ecis
e co
nsi
deri
ng
its
acce
ptan
ce a
s a
cent
ral
char
acte
rist
ic t
hat
dist
ingu
ishe
s a
corp
us f
rom
any
oth
er k
ind
of c
olle
ctio
n.39
39 A
s B
iber
, w
ho i
s on
e of
the
mos
t pr
oli�
c w
rite
rs o
n th
e su
bjec
t of c
orpu
s re
pres
enta
tive
nes
s, e
mph
asis
es, “
a co
rpus
is
not
sim
ply
a co
llect
ion
of
text
s. R
athe
r, a
cor
pus
seek
s to
rep
rese
nt a
lan
guag
e or
som
e pa
rt o
f a la
ngu
age”
(B
iber
et a
l. 19
98: 2
46).
Nev
erth
eles
s, a
t the
sam
e ti
me
Bib
er r
emai
ns
con
scio
us o
f th
e di
�cu
ltie
s in
volv
ed i
n c
ompi
ling
a co
rpus
tha
t co
uld
be
de�
ned
as
“rep
rese
ntat
ive”
(cf
. Bib
er e
t al.
1998
: 246
–247
).It
is th
eref
ore
com
mon
plac
e to
com
e up
aga
inst
que
stio
ns
over
the
min
imum
nu
mbe
r of
text
s n
eede
d to
gua
rant
ee th
at a
sam
ple
is s
cien
ti�c
ally
val
id, a
s w
ell a
s de
bate
s ov
er h
ow to
spe
cify
a s
u�ci
ent n
umbe
r of
text
s an
d nu
mbe
r of
wor
ds fo
r a
corp
us (
San
ahuj
a an
d Si
lva
2001
).�
ere
have
bee
n m
any
atte
mpt
s to
set
the
size
, or
at le
ast e
stab
lish
a m
inim
um
num
ber
of t
exts
, fro
m w
hich
a s
peci
alis
ed c
orpu
s m
ay b
e co
mpi
led.
Som
e of
the
m
ost
impo
rtan
t ar
e th
ose
put
forw
ard
by H
eaps
(19
78),
4040 Y
oun
g-M
i (1
995)
an
d Sá
nch
ez P
érez
an
d C
anto
s G
ómez
(19
97).
How
ever
, sub
sequ
entl
y, s
ome
of t
hese
au
thor
s, s
uch
as
Can
tos
(Yan
g et
al.
2000
: 21)
, rec
ogn
ised
som
e sh
ortc
omin
gs i
n
thes
e w
orks
, sug
gest
ing
that
the
y m
ight
be
attr
ibut
ed t
o th
e us
e of
Zip
f’s
law
.4141
Zip
f’s
law
4242 c
an g
ive
us a
n i
dea
of t
he b
read
th o
f vo
cabu
lary
use
d, b
ut i
t is
not
lim
ited
to
a pa
rtic
ula
r or
app
roxi
mat
e nu
mbe
r be
caus
e th
is w
ill d
epen
d on
how
th
e co
nst
ant i
s de
term
ined
(B
raun
200
5 [1
996]
an
d C
arra
sco
Jim
énez
200
3: 3
).
39.
�er
e ar
e a
surp
risi
ng
num
ber
of r
esea
rch
proj
ects
tha
t, w
hils
t en
deav
ouri
ng
to c
ompi
le a
“r
epre
sent
ativ
e” c
orpu
s, h
ardl
y se
em t
o to
uch
on t
his
con
cept
. Usu
ally
, it
is n
otic
eabl
e th
at t
he
avai
labi
lity
of m
ater
ial
in t
he p
arti
cula
r �
eld
of s
tudy
det
erm
ines
the
�n
al s
ize
of t
he c
orpu
s (G
iou
li y
Pip
erid
is 2
002)
.
40
. In
deed
, out
of
this
wor
k ca
me
the
rule
kn
own
as
Hea
ps’ l
aw. B
oth
Zip
f’s
and
Hea
ps’ l
aws
are
used
to g
rasp
the
var
iabi
lity
of c
orpo
ra: H
eaps
’ law
is a
n e
mpi
rica
l law
whi
ch e
xam
ines
the
re
lati
onsh
ip b
etw
een
voc
abu
lary
siz
e, o
r in
oth
er w
ords
, the
num
ber
of d
i#er
ent
wor
ds (
type
s)
and
the
tota
l num
ber
of w
ords
in a
text
(to
ken
s). I
n th
is w
ay a
seq
uent
ial i
ncr
ease
of v
ocab
ula
ry
in r
elat
ion
to
text
typ
e ca
n b
e ob
serv
ed. �
e pr
ogra
mm
e R
eCor
has
bee
n v
alid
ated
usi
ng
this
la
w (
cf. S
eghi
ri 2
006:
399
–403
).
41.
Con
scio
us o
f th
ese
de�
cien
cies
, Yan
g et
al.
(200
0) a
ttem
pted
to
over
com
e th
em b
y ta
kin
g a
new
app
roac
h: a
mat
hem
atic
al t
ool c
apab
le o
f pr
edic
tin
g th
e re
lati
onsh
ip b
etw
een
lin
guis
tic
elem
ents
in a
text
(ty
pes)
an
d th
e si
ze o
f the
cor
pus
(tok
ens)
. How
ever
, at t
he e
nd
of th
eir
stud
y,
the
auth
ors
re!e
cted
on
som
e of
its
limit
atio
ns,
“th
e cr
itic
al p
robl
em is
, how
ever
, how
to d
eter
-m
ine
the
valu
e of
tole
ran
ce e
rror
for
posi
tive
pre
dict
ion
s” (
Yan
g et
al.
2000
: 30)
.
42.
For
a h
isto
rica
l pe
rspe
ctiv
e on
how
Zip
f’s
law
was
dev
elop
ed s
ee M
orei
ro G
onzá
lez
(200
2).
2n
d p
roo
fs
88
G
lori
a C
orpa
s P
asto
r an
d M
iria
m S
eghi
ri
Num
erou
s st
udie
s ha
ve b
een
bas
ed o
n th
e la
w, b
ut th
e co
ncl
usio
ns
they
rea
ch
do n
ot s
peci
fy, n
ot e
ven
thr
ough
the
use
of
grap
hs, t
he n
umbe
r of
tex
ts t
hat
are
nec
essa
ry to
com
pile
a c
orpu
s fo
r a
part
icu
lar
spec
ialis
ed �
eld
(Alm
ahan
o G
üeto
20
02: 2
81).
A p
ossi
ble
solu
tion
cou
ld b
e to
an
alys
e th
e le
xica
l den
sity
of a
cor
pus
in r
ela-
tion
to th
e in
crea
se in
doc
umen
tary
mat
eria
l in
clud
ed. I
n o
ther
wor
ds, i
f the
rat
io
betw
een
the
act
ual
num
ber
of d
i#er
ent
wor
ds i
n a
tex
t an
d th
e to
tal
num
ber
of
wor
ds (
type
s/to
ken
s) is
an
indi
cato
r of
lexi
cal d
ensi
ty o
r ri
chn
ess,
it m
ay b
e po
s-si
ble
to c
reat
e a
form
ula
tha
t ca
n r
epre
sent
lexi
cal d
ensi
ty a
s th
e co
rpus
incr
ease
s on
a d
ocum
ent
by d
ocum
ent
basi
s: o
nce
a c
erta
in n
umbe
r of
tex
ts h
ave
been
in
clud
ed, t
he n
umbe
r of
typ
es d
oes
not
incr
ease
in p
ropo
rtio
n t
o th
e nu
mbe
r of
w
ords
the
cor
pus
cont
ain
s.�
is f
orm
ula
may
mak
e it
pos
sibl
e to
det
erm
ine
the
min
imum
siz
e th
at a
co
rpus
mus
t re
ach
for
it t
o be
gin
to
be r
epre
sent
ativ
e. W
ith
the
help
of
grap
hs,
it s
hou
ld b
e po
ssib
le t
o es
tabl
ish
whe
ther
the
cor
pus
is r
epre
sent
ativ
e an
d ap
-pr
oxim
atel
y ho
w m
any
docu
men
ts a
re n
eces
sary
to
achi
eve
this
. �is
the
ory
has
beco
me
a pr
acti
cal r
ealit
y in
the
sha
pe o
f a
so*
war
e ap
plic
atio
n, R
eCor
,4343 w
hich
en
able
s ac
cura
te e
valu
atio
n o
f cor
pus
repr
esen
tati
ven
ess.
It s
hou
ld b
e m
ade
clea
r th
at t
he
met
hod
for
eva
luat
ing
the
hom
ogen
eity
of
a ve
ry s
pec
ialis
ed c
orpu
s as
sum
es t
hat
th
e ta
rget
pop
ula
tion
is k
now
n a
nd
avai
l-ab
le t
o th
e re
sear
cher
. �is
cle
arly
invo
lves
car
efu
l des
ign
of
the
corp
us in
ter
ms
of c
omp
onen
ts,
text
typ
es t
o be
in
clu
ded,
dia
syst
emat
ic l
imit
s (d
iaph
asic
, di
-as
trat
ic, d
iach
ron
ic a
nd
diat
opic
), a
s w
ell a
s ty
pe
of c
orpu
s (c
ompa
rabl
e, p
aral
lel,
etc.
), n
um
ber
and
stat
us o
f la
ngu
ages
, tex
t do
cum
enta
tion
for
DT
Ds
and
hea
d-
ers,
inte
r al
ia.
On
ce t
he q
uest
ion
of
qual
ity
is e
nsur
ed i
n t
erm
s of
cor
pus
desi
gn a
nd
docu
-m
ent s
elec
tion
, thi
s pr
ogra
mm
e ca
n b
e us
ed to
det
erm
ine
a po
ster
iori
whe
ther
the
size
rea
ched
by
a gi
ven
cor
pus
is s
u�ci
entl
y re
pres
enta
tive
of t
his
part
icul
ar s
ecto
r of
the
tour
ist i
ndu
stry
. For
furt
her
info
rmat
ion
, the
tech
nol
ogy
and
the
theo
reti
cal
pres
uppo
siti
ons
behi
nd
the
ReC
or P
rogr
amm
e ar
e ex
plai
ned
in
det
ail
in S
eghi
ri
(200
6), C
orpa
s P
asto
r an
d Se
ghir
i (20
06a,
200
6b, 2
007a
, 200
7b a
nd
fort
hcom
ing)
.
4.1
�
e R
eCor
inte
rfac
e
ReC
or’s
inte
rfac
e is
sim
ple,
intu
itiv
e an
d us
er-f
rien
dly
(see
Fig
ure
1).
Fir
stly
, an
in-
put �
le m
ay b
e se
lect
ed; t
his
cou
ld b
e an
yth
ing
from
a p
arti
cula
r cl
ause
in a
pol
icy
43.
ReC
or is
an
acr
onym
der
ived
fro
m t
he f
unct
ion
it w
as d
esig
ned
for:
the
rep
rese
ntat
iven
ess
of c
orpo
ra.
V
irtu
al c
orpo
ra a
s do
cum
enta
tion
res
ourc
es
89
to th
e en
tire
cor
pus.
�er
e is
als
o an
opt
ion
: “F
iltr
o d
e en
tra
da
”, w
hic
h �
lter
s out
all
thos
e w
ords
that
the
user
wan
ts to
exc
lude
from
the
anal
ysis
, lik
e ad
dres
ses,
pro
p-er
nam
es o
r ev
en H
TM
L t
ags,
in t
he
case
th
at t
he
corp
us h
as n
ot b
een
“cl
ean
ed”.
Nex
t, t
hre
e ou
tput
�le
s ar
e cr
eate
d. �
e �
rst,
“A
nál
isis
est
ad
ísti
co”
or s
tati
stic
al
anal
ysis
, col
late
s th
e re
sult
s fro
m tw
o di
stin
ct a
nal
yses
; �rs
tly,
wit
h th
e �
les o
rder
ed
alph
abet
ical
ly b
y n
ame
and
seco
nd
ly w
ith
th
e �
les
in r
ando
m o
rder
. �e
docu
-m
ent
that
app
ears
is
stru
ctu
red
into
�ve
col
um
ns
wh
ich
sh
ow t
he
num
ber
of
typ
es,
the
num
ber
of t
oken
s, t
he
rati
o be
twee
n t
he
num
ber
of d
i#er
ent
wor
ds
and
the
tota
l nu
mbe
r of
wor
ds (
typ
es/t
oken
s), t
he
num
ber
of w
ords
th
at a
ppea
r on
ly o
nce
(V
1) a
nd
the
num
ber
of w
ords
that
app
ear
only
twic
e (V
2). �
e se
con
d ou
tput
�le
, “P
alab
ras
ord
. alf
a.”,
gen
erat
es tw
o co
lum
ns;
the
�rs
t sh
ows
the
wor
ds
in a
lph
abet
ical
ord
er w
ith
thei
r co
rres
pon
din
g nu
mbe
r of
occ
urr
ence
s ap
pea
rin
g in
the
seco
nd
colu
mn
. �e
sam
e in
form
atio
n is
sh
own
in th
e th
ird
�le
, “P
alab
ras
ord
. fr
ec.”,
but
th
is t
ime
the
wor
ds a
re o
rder
ed a
ccor
din
g to
th
eir
freq
uen
cy, o
r in
oth
er w
ords
, by
thei
r ra
nk.
�e
appl
icat
ion
als
o al
low
s th
e us
er t
o w
ork
wit
h
grou
ps o
f up
to te
n w
ords
(n
-gra
ms)
4444 a
nd
phra
seol
ogy,
as
wel
l as
allo
win
g nu
m-
bers
to
be �
lter
ed o
ut.
44
. In
thi
s st
udy
we
used
the
2.1
ver
sion
of R
eCor
. We
are
curr
entl
y w
orki
ng
on a
new
ver
sion
(R
eCor
3.0
) w
hich
has
an
im
prov
ed c
apac
ity
for
wor
kin
g w
ith
mu
ltip
le a
nd
very
lar
ge �
les
quic
kly
and
also
allo
ws
phra
seol
ogic
al u
nit
s to
be
iden
ti�e
d on
the
basi
s of
an
alys
is o
f n-g
ram
s (n
≥ 1
an
d n
≤ 1
0) o
f the
cor
pus.
Fig
ure
1.
�e
ReC
or in
terf
ace
2n
d p
roo
fs
90
G
lori
a C
orpa
s P
asto
r an
d M
iria
m S
eghi
ri
4.2
G
raph
ical
rep
rese
ntat
ion
of d
ata
�e
prog
ram
me
illus
trat
es t
he le
vel o
f re
pres
enta
tive
nes
s of
a c
orpu
s in
a s
impl
e gr
aph
form
, whi
ch s
how
s lin
es t
hat
grow
exp
onen
tial
ly a
t �
rst
and
then
sta
bilis
e as
the
y ap
proa
ch z
ero.
4545
In t
he �
rst
pres
enta
tion
of
the
corp
us g
ener
ated
by
the
prog
ram
me
in g
raph
fo
rm –
Est
ud
io g
rá"
co A
– th
e nu
mbe
r of
�le
s se
lect
ed is
sho
wn
on
the
hori
zont
al
axis
, whi
le th
e ve
rtic
al a
xis
show
s th
e ty
pe/t
oken
rat
io. �
e re
sult
s of
two
di#
eren
t op
erat
ion
s ar
e sh
own
, on
e w
ith
the
�le
s or
dere
d al
phab
etic
ally
(th
e re
d lin
e), a
nd
the
othe
r w
ith
the
�le
s in
trod
uced
at
ran
dom
(th
e bl
ue li
ne)
. In
thi
s w
ay t
he p
ro-
gram
me
doub
le-c
heck
s to
ver
ify
that
the
ord
er in
whi
ch t
he t
exts
are
intr
oduc
ed
does
not
hav
e re
perc
ussi
ons
on t
he r
epre
sent
ativ
enes
s of
the
cor
pus.
Bot
h op
-er
atio
ns
show
an
exp
onen
tial
dec
reas
e as
the
num
ber
of t
exts
sel
ecte
d in
crea
ses.
H
owev
er, a
t th
e po
int
whe
re b
oth
the
red
and
blue
lin
es s
tabi
lise,
it is
pos
sibl
e to
st
ate
that
the
cor
pus
is r
epre
sent
ativ
e, a
nd
at p
reci
sely
thi
s po
int
it i
s po
ssib
le t
o se
e ap
prox
imat
ely
how
man
y te
xts
will
pro
duce
thi
s re
sult
.A
t th
e sa
me
tim
e an
othe
r gr
aph
is g
ener
ated
– E
stu
dio
grá
"co
B –
in
whi
ch
the
num
ber
of t
oken
s is
sho
wn
on
the
hor
izon
tal a
xis.
�is
gra
ph c
an b
e us
ed t
o de
term
ine
the
tota
l num
ber
of w
ords
tha
t sh
ould
be
set
for
the
min
imum
siz
e of
th
e co
llect
ion
.O
nce
thes
e st
eps
have
bee
n ta
ken
, it i
s po
ssib
le to
che
ck w
heth
er t
he n
umbe
r of
trav
el in
sura
nce
doc
umen
ts th
at h
ave
been
ass
embl
ed in
the
two
lan
guag
es in
-vo
lved
– E
ngl
ish
and
Span
ish
– is
su�
cien
t to
enab
le u
s to
a�
rm t
hat o
ur c
orpu
s is
rep
rese
ntat
ive.
See
Fig
ures
2 a
nd
3 be
low
whi
ch s
how
the
rep
rese
ntat
iven
ess
of
the
two
lan
guag
es in
volv
ed.
�e
resu
lts
gen
erat
ed b
y R
eCor
allo
w u
s to
con
clud
e th
at th
e Sp
anis
h su
bcor
-pu
s of
tra
vel
insu
ran
ce (
cf. F
igur
e 2)
can
be
con
side
red
repr
esen
tati
ve f
rom
140
do
cum
ents
an
d 1
mill
ion
wor
ds o
nwar
ds, w
here
as t
he E
ngl
ish
subc
orpu
s n
eeds
al
mos
t do
uble
the
num
ber
of d
ocum
ents
(27
5) a
nd
wor
ds (
2.5
mill
ion
) in
ord
er
to r
each
rep
rese
ntat
iven
ess
(cf.
Figu
re 3
). �
e re
sult
s re
mai
n la
rgel
y th
e sa
me
even
w
hen
the
an
alys
is i
s pe
rfor
med
on
a t
wo-
wor
d ba
sis
(2-g
ram
s). I
n o
ther
wor
ds,
the
En
glis
h su
bcor
pus
of tr
avel
insu
ran
ce (
cf. F
igur
e 5)
mus
t con
tain
twic
e th
e to
-ta
l num
ber
of d
ocum
ents
an
d to
ken
s th
at a
re n
eces
sary
for
the
Span
ish
subc
orpu
s to
be
deem
ed r
epre
sent
ativ
e (c
f. Fi
gure
4).
45.
It s
hou
ld b
e n
oted
her
e th
at 0
(=
zero
) is
un
achi
evab
le b
ecau
se o
f the
exi
sten
ce in
the
text
of
vari
able
s th
at a
re im
poss
ible
to
cont
rol s
uch
as a
ddre
sses
, pro
per
nam
es o
r nu
mbe
rs, t
o n
ame
only
som
e of
the
mor
e fr
eque
ntly
en
coun
tere
d.
V
irtu
al c
orpo
ra a
s do
cum
enta
tion
res
ourc
es
91
Furt
herm
ore,
the
quan
tita
tive
dat
a pr
oduc
ed b
y R
eCor
per
mit
s us
to c
oncl
ude
that
, de
spit
e th
e ab
sen
ce o
f su
bsta
ntiv
e le
gisl
atio
n o
n i
nsu
ran
ce i
n t
he t
ouri
sm
indu
stry
in
eit
her
of t
he l
egal
sys
tem
s in
volv
ed,
Span
ish
tra
vel
insu
ran
ce d
ocu-
men
ts te
nd
to b
e m
ore
hom
ogen
ous
than
the
En
glis
h te
xt fo
rms.
In
oth
er w
ords
, it
is p
ossi
ble
to in
fer
that
tha
t the
Spa
nis
h d
ocum
ents
pre
sent
sup
er-,
mac
ro-
and
mic
rost
ruct
ures
that
are
ver
y si
mila
r to
eac
h o
ther
in a
ddit
ion
to u
sin
g a
nar
row
er
term
inol
ogic
al r
ange
.
Fig
ure
2.
Rep
rese
ntat
iven
ess
of t
he S
pan
ish
trav
el in
sura
nce
sub
corp
us (
1-gr
am)
Fig
ure
3.
Rep
rese
ntat
iven
ess
of t
he E
ngl
ish
trav
el in
sura
nce
sub
corp
us (
1-gr
am)
2n
d p
roo
fs
92
Glo
ria
Cor
pas
Pas
tor
and
Mir
iam
Seg
hiri
5.
Usi
ng
th
e co
rpu
s to
tra
nsl
ate
A w
ell-
con
stru
cted
vir
tual
cor
pus
faci
litat
es d
iver
se s
tudi
es o
n tr
ansl
atio
n a
s bo
th
prod
uct
and
proc
ess.
Fur
ther
mor
e, o
ne
of t
he m
ost
prom
isin
g us
es o
f co
rpor
a is
in
tra
nsl
atio
n t
each
ing
and
lear
nin
g to
tra
nsl
ate.
Rep
rese
ntat
ive
virt
ual
cor
pora
Fig
ure
5.
Rep
rese
ntat
iven
ess
of t
he E
ngl
ish
trav
el in
sura
nce
sub
corp
us (
2-gr
ams)
Fig
ure
4.
Rep
rese
ntat
iven
ess
of t
he S
pan
ish
trav
el in
sura
nce
sub
corp
us (
2-gr
ams)
V
irtu
al c
orpo
ra a
s do
cum
enta
tion
res
ourc
es
93
prov
ide
tran
slat
ors
(tra
iner
s, t
rain
ees
and
prof
essi
onal
s) w
ith
a �
rst-
rate
doc
u-m
enta
tion
res
ourc
e fo
r re
nde
rin
g so
urce
text
s (S
Ts)
into
the
tar
get l
angu
age.
In a
ddit
ion
, the
com
pila
tion
of
a vi
rtua
l co
rpus
cal
ls f
or a
tho
roug
h u
nde
r-st
andi
ng
of e
lect
ron
ic r
esou
rces
, sea
rch
ski
lls a
nd
data
min
ing
tech
niq
ues
from
th
e In
tern
et,
ther
eby
prom
otin
g th
e de
velo
pmen
t of
the
tra
nsl
ator
-com
pile
r’s
heur
isti
c su
b-co
mpe
ten
ce.
Mor
eove
r, w
hen
a c
orpu
s ha
s be
en a
ppro
pria
tely
de
sign
ed a
nd
impl
emen
ted,
we
can
ass
ume
that
the
com
pile
r ha
s ca
rrie
d ou
t a
prel
imin
ary
eval
uati
on o
f in
form
atio
n r
esou
rces
, in
ord
er t
o en
sure
the
ove
rall
qual
ity
of t
he t
extu
al c
olle
ctio
n. E
valu
atio
n a
nd
sele
ctio
n o
f th
e do
cum
ents
to
be
incl
uded
in
a g
iven
cor
pus
will
usu
ally
spe
ed u
p th
e tr
ansl
atio
n a
nd/
or r
evis
ion
pr
oces
s. A
s a
resu
lt,
tran
slat
ors
can
dev
ote
extr
a ti
me
to d
ecis
ion
-mak
ing
and
prob
lem
-sol
vin
g an
d fo
cus
on t
hese
mor
e de
man
din
g ta
sks,
in
stea
d of
rep
eat-
edly
rev
iew
ing
the
refe
ren
ce m
ater
ial.
Hen
ce,
usin
g co
rpor
a as
an
aid
may
als
o en
han
ce p
oten
tial
use
rs’ o
vera
ll co
mpe
ten
ce a
s tr
ansl
ator
s.
5.1
Sour
ce te
xt s
ampl
es
Com
para
ble
corp
ora
are
part
icu
larl
y us
efu
l for
mee
tin
g tr
ansl
ator
s’ i
nfo
rmat
ion
n
eeds
. In
the
follo
win
g su
bsec
tion
s w
e w
ill il
lust
rate
the
valu
e of
cor
pora
for
�n
d-in
g in
form
atio
n o
n t
erm
inol
ogy,
phr
aseo
logy
, con
cept
s an
d di
scou
rse
for
dire
ct
and
inve
rse
tran
slat
ion
of a
n e
xtra
ct fr
om a
trav
el in
sura
nce
pol
icy.
In o
rder
to d
o th
is, w
e ha
ve s
elec
ted
two
extr
acts
fro
m t
rave
l in
sura
nce
pol
icie
s, o
ne
in E
ngl
ish
an
d th
e ot
her
in S
pan
ish
as
sour
ce te
xt (
ST)
sam
ples
.
Ext
ract
1 (
ST):
4646
Impo
rtan
t
�is
is
your
tra
vel
insu
ran
ce p
olic
y. I
t co
ntai
ns
deta
ils o
f co
ver,
co
ndi
tion
s an
d ex
clus
ion
s re
lati
ng
to e
ach
insu
red
pers
on a
nd
is t
he
basi
s on
whi
ch a
ll cl
aim
s w
ill b
e se
ttle
d.
46
. �
e ex
trac
t com
es fr
om a
trav
el in
sura
nce
pol
icy
from
the
Bri
tish
insu
ran
ce c
ompa
ny D
irec
t
Tra
vel I
nsu
ran
ce: <
http
://w
ww
.dir
ect-
trav
el.c
o.uk
/FA
Q/W
ordi
ngs/
polic
ywor
ding
0105
06.p
df>
.
2n
d p
roo
fs
94
G
lori
a C
orpa
s P
asto
r an
d M
iria
m S
eghi
ri
Ext
ract
2 (
ST):
4747
CO
ND
ICIO
NE
S G
EN
ER
AL
ES
Art
ícu
lo P
relim
inar
.-E
l C
ontr
ato
de S
egur
o.-E
l pr
esen
te C
ontr
ato
de S
egur
o se
rig
e po
r lo
dis
pues
to e
n l
a L
ey 5
0/19
80, d
e 8
de o
ctub
re,
de C
ontr
ato
de s
egur
o, e
n l
a L
ey 3
0/19
95, d
e 8
de N
ovie
mbr
e, d
e O
r-de
nac
ión
y S
uper
visi
ón d
e lo
s Se
guro
s P
riva
dos.
5.2
Doc
umen
tati
on n
eeds
Eve
n t
wo
shor
t ST
fra
gmen
ts li
ke t
hose
cho
sen
in 5
.1 o
#er
abu
nda
nt e
vide
nce
to
argu
e in
favo
ur o
f the
use
of c
ompa
rabl
e co
rpor
a in
the
actu
al tr
ansl
atio
n p
roce
ss.
We
are
mai
nly
con
cern
ed w
ith
the
term
inol
ogic
al a
nd
phra
seol
ogic
al n
eeds
of
tran
slat
ors,
the
ext
ract
ion
of
con
cept
ual
or d
omai
n i
nfo
rmat
ion
, an
d th
e co
m-
pari
son
of t
extu
al a
nd
disc
ours
e fe
atur
es in
the
sou
rce
and
targ
et la
ngu
ages
.
5.2.
1 T
erm
inol
ogy
and
Ph
rase
olog
y
�e
�rs
t pr
oble
m t
hat
a t
ran
slat
or m
ay c
ome
up a
gain
st i
s h
ow t
o tr
ansl
ate
the
term
tra
vel
insu
ran
ce p
olic
y (c
f. E
xtra
ct 1
). O
n t
his
poi
nt it
sh
ould
be
not
ed t
hat
th
e te
rm s
egu
ro t
urí
stic
o h
as a
lon
g tr
adit
ion
in o
ur
lega
l sys
tem
sin
ce t
he
publ
i-ca
tion
in 1
964
of t
he
Span
ish
Pre
sid
enti
al D
ecre
e 33
04/6
4 on
in
sura
nce
con
tra
cts
for
fore
ign
tou
rist
s. H
owev
er, t
his
all
chan
ged
wh
en t
he
text
of t
he
Cou
nci
l Dir
ec-
tive
84/
641/
EE
C o
f 10
Dec
emb
er 1
984
amen
din
g, p
arti
cula
rly
as
rega
rds
tou
rist
as-
sist
ance
, th
e F
irst
Dir
ecti
ve (
73/2
39/E
EC
) on
th
e co
-ord
inat
ion
of
law
s, r
egu
lati
ons
and
ad
min
istr
ativ
e pr
ovis
ion
s re
lati
ng
to t
he
taki
ng-
up
an
d p
urs
uit
of
the
busi
nes
s
of d
irec
t in
sura
nce
oth
er t
han
lif
e a
ssu
ran
ce w
as t
ran
spos
ed t
o th
e Sp
anis
h l
egal
sy
stem
th
rou
gh t
he
Min
iste
rial
Ord
er o
f 27
Jan
uar
y 19
88 w
hic
h d
escr
ibes
cov
er-
age
of a
ssis
tan
ce w
hil
e tr
avel
lin
g a
s p
art
of p
riva
te i
nsu
ran
ce. �
is m
inis
teri
al o
r-de
r em
ploy
ed t
he
term
tra
vel
ass
ista
nce
wh
ich
was
tra
nsl
ated
int
o Sp
anis
h w
ith
the
o�ci
ally
acc
epte
d n
eolo
gica
l cal
que
asi
sten
cia
en
via
je. S
ince
th
en, t
his
neo
-lo
gica
l ca
lqu
e fr
om i
nter
nat
ion
al/E
uro
En
glis
h h
as b
een
in
corp
orat
ed i
nto
the
Span
ish
leg
al s
yste
m a
nd
has
sup
plan
ted
the
orig
inal
seg
uro
tu
ríst
ico,
wh
ich
is
mu
ch m
ore
corr
ect
give
n t
hat
tra
vel a
ssis
tan
ce is
on
ly o
ne
pos
sibl
e pa
rt o
f tra
vel
insu
ran
ce c
over
age.
Oth
er a
spec
ts w
hic
h m
ay b
e co
vere
d in
clu
de c
over
age
for
47.
�e
extr
act
com
es f
rom
a t
rave
l in
sura
nce
pol
icy
from
Agr
upa
ción
Ast
es,
Segu
ro T
urí
stic
o pu
blis
hed
on t
he w
eb s
ite
of t
he t
rave
l ag
ents
, C
ond
or V
acac
ion
es S
.A:
<ht
tp:/
/ww
w.s
peci
al-
tour
s.co
m/�
cher
os/S
egur
o_E
urop
a_E
S.pd
f>.
V
irtu
al c
orpo
ra a
s do
cum
enta
tion
res
ourc
es
95
can
cella
tion
of
the
hol
iday
or
med
ical
ass
ista
nce
, to
men
tion
on
ly s
ome
of t
he
mos
t fr
equ
ent.
�e
Span
ish
cor
pus
also
con
tain
s tw
o sy
non
yms
for
the
term
tra
vel
insu
r-
ance
: se
guro
tu
ríst
ico
and
segu
ro d
e a
sist
enci
a e
n v
iaje
, al
thou
gh t
he f
requ
ency
w
ith
whi
ch t
hey
appe
ar v
arie
s.A
s m
ay b
e se
en, s
egu
ro t
urí
stic
o (c
f. Fi
gure
6)
prod
uces
on
ly 1
5 co
nco
rdan
c-es
,4848 a
s co
mpa
red
wit
h 2
6 fo
r se
guro
de
asi
sten
cia
en
via
je (
cf. F
igur
e 7)
. It
shou
ld
be p
oint
ed o
ut t
hat
asi
sten
cia
en
via
je a
ppea
rs 1
07 t
imes
. �
is c
lear
ly d
emon
-st
rate
s th
e pr
efer
ence
in S
pan
ish
for
the
En
glis
h c
alqu
e w
hen
dra
win
g up
this
type
of
doc
umen
t as
wel
l as
the
in!u
ence
of E
ngl
ish
as
the
lingu
a fr
anca
par
exc
elle
nce
(o
*en
ref
erre
d to
as
“int
ern
atio
nal
lega
l En
glis
h”)
and
its
impa
ct o
n le
gisl
atio
n in
th
e �
eld
of t
rave
l in
sura
nce
in p
enin
sula
r Sp
anis
h.
Sim
ilar
prob
lem
s ar
ise
for
tran
slat
ors
whe
n fa
ced
wit
h tr
ansl
atin
g E
l Con
trat
o
de
Segu
ro (
cf. E
xtra
ct 2
) in
to E
ngl
ish
as
ther
e ap
pear
s to
be
two
poss
ibili
ties
: as-
sura
nce
con
trac
t or
insu
ran
ce c
ontr
act.
A s
earc
h fo
r co
ntr
act
in t
he c
orpu
s re
veal
s a
pref
eren
ce in
En
glis
h fo
r co
ntr
act
of in
sura
nce
(cf
. Fig
ure
8). I
n a
ddit
ion
, whe
n it
ap
pear
s in
this
par
ticu
lar
posi
tion
in th
e te
xt, a
�xe
d ex
pres
sion
(!
is i
s yo
ur
con
-
trac
t of
in
sura
nce
) ca
n b
e id
enti
�ed
whi
ch s
hou
ld b
e re
prod
uced
in t
ran
slat
ion
.
Fig
ure
6.
Con
cord
ance
s fo
r ‘s
egur
o tu
ríst
ico’
48
. �
e an
alys
is o
f con
cord
ance
s w
as c
arri
ed o
ut u
sin
g W
ordS
mit
h To
ols
4.0.
2n
d p
roo
fs
96
G
lori
a C
orpa
s P
asto
r an
d M
iria
m S
eghi
ri
�e
nex
t pr
oble
m t
hat
cou
ld a
rise
for
the
tra
nsl
ator
is
how
to
tran
slat
e th
e E
ngl
ish
cove
r, c
ond
itio
ns
and
exc
lusi
ons
(cf.
Ext
ract
1)
into
Spa
nis
h. A
sea
rch
in
the
Span
ish
corp
us fo
r th
e lit
eral
tra
nsl
atio
n c
ond
icio
nes
, cob
ertu
ras
y ex
clu
sion
es
show
s on
ly o
ne
con
cord
ance
. On
this
poi
nt it
is im
port
ant t
o re
mem
ber
that
lega
l
Fig
ure
8.
Con
cord
ance
s fo
r ‘c
ontr
act’
Fig
ure
7.
Con
cord
ance
s fo
r ‘s
egur
o de
asi
sten
cia
en v
iaje
’
V
irtu
al c
orpo
ra a
s do
cum
enta
tion
res
ourc
es
97
lan
guag
e is
cha
ract
eris
ed n
ot o
nly
by
its
prec
isio
n, b
ut a
lso
by it
s fo
rmu
laic
an
d ex
trem
ely
con
serv
ativ
e st
yle.
�e
tran
slat
or s
hou
ld b
e aw
are
of t
he a
bun
dan
ce o
f ve
rbos
e an
d o*
en r
edun
dant
phr
aseo
logi
cal u
nit
s an
d ot
her
�xe
d ex
pres
sion
s an
d th
e ar
chai
c or
con
vent
ion
al fo
rms
that
thes
e te
xts
cont
ain
, o*
en w
ith
the
sole
pur
-po
se o
f mak
ing
them
app
ear
mor
e gr
andi
ose.
Fin
ally
, the
Spa
nis
h c
orpu
s re
veal
ed
that
the
term
exc
lusi
ones
is a
lway
s fo
und
as p
art o
f the
phr
aseo
logi
cal u
nit
lím
ites
y ex
clu
sion
es (
or, e
lse,
as
gara
ntí
as,
lím
ites
y e
xclu
sion
es),
as
can
be
infe
rred
by
the
resu
lts
pres
ente
d by
the
pro
gram
whe
n w
riti
ng
excl
usi
ones
(cf
. Fig
ure
9).
Fig
ure
9.
Con
cord
ance
s fo
r ‘e
xclu
sion
es’
Fig
ure
10
. C
onco
rdan
ces
for
‘con
diti
ons’
2n
d p
roo
fs
98
G
lori
a C
orpa
s P
asto
r an
d M
iria
m S
eghi
ri
A s
imila
r pr
oble
m m
ay b
e en
coun
tere
d by
the
tra
nsl
ator
whe
n t
ran
slat
ing
CO
ND
ICIO
NE
S G
EN
ER
AL
ES
(cf.
Ext
ract
2)
into
En
glis
h. A
sea
rch
in th
e co
rpus
fo
r co
nd
itio
ns
show
s th
at i
n E
ngl
ish
the
con
stru
ctio
n G
ener
al T
erm
s an
d C
ond
i-
tion
s (c
f. Fi
gure
10)
wit
h ca
pita
l let
ters
is p
refe
rred
in m
ost c
ases
.
5.2.
2 C
once
ptu
al i
nfo
rmat
ion
In E
ngl
ish
the
polic
ies
alw
ays
refe
r to
the
insu
red
per
son
(cf
. Ext
ract
1),
whe
reas
th
e Sp
anis
h le
gal s
yste
m r
ecog
nis
es v
ario
us �
gure
s. A
s a
resu
lt, i
t m
ay b
e be
ne�
-ci
al t
o di
stin
guis
h be
twee
n t
he a
segu
rad
o (t
he in
sure
d pe
rson
), t
he t
omad
or (
the
pers
on w
ho t
akes
out
the
in
sura
nce
) an
d th
e be
ne"
ciar
io (
the
ben
e�ci
ary
of t
he
insu
ran
ce).
�e
ase
gura
do
is t
he p
erso
n (
eith
er p
hysi
cal o
r le
gal)
who
is e
xpos
ed
to a
par
ticu
lar
risk
, eit
her
to h
is p
erso
n o
r hi
s pr
oper
ty o
r as
sets
. In
oth
er w
ords
, th
e a
segu
rad
o is
the
sub
ject
of
the
cont
ract
whe
ther
in h
is p
erso
n (
in t
he c
ase
of
life
insu
ran
ce o
r pe
nsi
ons
for
exam
ple)
or
his
prop
erty
(in
the
cas
e of
hou
se i
n-
sura
nce
or
insu
ran
ce a
gain
st �
re a
mon
gst o
ther
s). �
e to
mad
or is
the
pers
on w
ho
take
s ou
t th
e in
sura
nce
an
d pa
ys t
he p
rem
ium
s, b
ut m
ay n
ot n
eces
sari
ly b
e th
e be
ne�
ciar
y. �
e be
ne"
ciar
io i
s th
e pe
rson
spe
ci�e
d in
the
pol
icy
as t
he r
ecip
ient
of
the
ass
ista
nce
or
com
pen
sati
on c
over
ed b
y th
e in
sura
nce
.�
e co
rpus
may
the
refo
re a
lso
be u
sed
to c
lari
fy c
once
pts
and,
as
a re
sult
, id
enti
fy w
hich
per
son
is b
ein
g re
ferr
ed t
o in
Spa
nis
h. H
ence
, a s
earc
h in
the
cor
-pu
s ba
sed
on t
he e
xpre
ssio
n in
sure
d p
erso
n (
cf. F
igur
e 11
) sh
ows
de�
nit
ion
s su
ch
as “
Insu
red
pers
on, y
ou, y
our
– ea
ch p
erso
n w
ho a
n in
sura
nce
pre
miu
m h
as b
een
pa
id fo
r as
sho
wn
on
the
pol
icy
sche
dule
”.It
may
, the
refo
re, b
e co
ncl
uded
tha
t th
e E
ngl
ish
term
in
sure
d p
erso
n s
hou
ld
be t
ran
slat
ed a
s A
segu
rad
o w
ith
a ca
pita
l le
tter
as
illus
trat
ed b
y th
e in
form
atio
n
show
n fr
om th
e co
rpus
(cf
. Fig
ure
12).
�e
opti
on p
erso
na
ase
gura
da
, wit
h 20
oc-
curr
ence
s, m
ay b
e ru
led
out i
n fa
vour
of A
segu
rad
o or
Ase
gura
dos
wit
h 5,
692
and
646
occu
rren
ces
resp
ecti
vely
.In
the
case
of t
he S
pan
ish
frag
men
t (cf
. Ext
ract
2),
the
mai
n p
robl
em is
roo
ted
in t
he d
i�cu
ltie
s of
ren
deri
ng
the
legi
slat
ion
in t
ran
slat
ion
: Ley
50/
1980
, d
e 8
de
octu
bre,
de
Con
trat
o d
e se
guro
, en
la
Ley
30/
1995
, d
e 8
de
Nov
iem
bre,
de
Ord
e-
nac
ión
y S
upe
rvis
ión
de
los
Segu
ros
Pri
vad
os. H
ere
it m
ay b
e he
lpfu
l to
rem
embe
r th
at a
ltho
ugh
ther
e is
no
subs
tant
ive
com
mun
itar
y le
gisl
atio
n o
n t
he s
ubje
ct o
f tr
avel
in
sura
nce
, th
e co
ntra
ct m
ay b
e su
bjec
t to
the
nat
ion
al r
egu
lati
ons
of t
he
coun
trie
s th
at t
he p
arti
es m
akin
g th
e ag
reem
ent
com
e fr
om.
If t
he c
usto
mer
w
ants
an
ada
ptat
ion
of
the
tran
slat
ion
to
the
Bri
tish
leg
al s
yste
m, t
he t
ran
slat
or
can
use
the
cor
pus
to �
nd
the
info
rmat
ion
nec
essa
ry t
o pe
rfor
m t
his
task
. �
e re
sult
s of
a s
earc
h in
the
En
glis
h su
bcor
pus
(cf.
Figu
re 1
3) fo
r la
w (
legi
slat
ion
was
al
so s
earc
hed,
but
pro
duce
d n
o oc
curr
ence
s) s
how
a s
ubst
anti
al d
i#er
ence
fro
m
the
way
that
legi
slat
ion
is e
xpre
ssed
in S
pan
ish.
Whe
reas
in S
pan
ish
ther
e is
muc
h
V
irtu
al c
orpo
ra a
s do
cum
enta
tion
res
ourc
es
99
mor
e pr
ecis
ion
, in
En
glis
h a
mor
e ge
ner
ic m
ean
s of
exp
ress
ion
is p
refe
rred
, wit
h
refe
ren
ce m
ade
sole
ly t
o E
ngl
ish
Law
an
d n
o m
enti
on o
f th
e sp
eci�
c re
gula
tion
s th
at a
pply
. In
add
itio
n, o
n th
e su
bjec
t of l
egis
lati
on, i
t may
be
seen
that
in E
ngl
ish
th
e op
enin
g fo
rmu
la, L
aw a
ppli
cabl
e, d
oes
not
coi
nci
de w
ith
the
Span
ish
Art
ícu
lo
prel
imin
ar. �
is q
uest
ion
will
be
deal
t wit
h in
the
follo
win
g se
ctio
n (
cf. 5
.2.3
).
Fig
ure
11
. D
e�n
itio
n o
f ‘in
sure
d pe
rson
’
Fig
ure
12
. C
onco
rdan
ces
for
‘ase
gura
do’
2n
d p
roo
fs
100
G
lori
a C
orpa
s P
asto
r an
d M
iria
m S
eghi
ri
5.2.
3 T
extu
al c
onve
nti
ons
Fin
ally
, the
pre
limin
ary
docu
men
tati
on w
ork
invo
lves
car
ryin
g ou
t se
arch
es f
o-cu
sin
g on
the
typ
olog
y of
the
tex
t to
be
tran
slat
ed. I
n t
his
case
our
inte
ntio
n w
as
to �
nd
typi
cal o
pen
ing
form
ula
s in
the
trav
el in
sura
nce
pol
icie
s in
Spa
nis
h eq
uiv-
alen
t to
the
En
glis
h Im
port
ant
(cf.
Ext
ract
1).
We
ther
efor
e se
arch
ed f
or c
onco
r-da
nce
s in
Spa
nis
h ba
sed
on Im
port
ante
. �e
resu
lts
show
that
the
typi
cal o
pen
ing
form
ula
for
thi
s se
ctio
n i
n S
pan
ish
is n
ot I
mpo
rtan
te b
ut M
UY
IM
PO
RT
AN
TE
w
ith
the
who
le s
eque
nce
in c
apit
al le
tter
s (c
f. Fi
gure
14)
.In
th
e ca
se o
f th
e Sp
anis
h t
ext
(cf.
Ext
ract
2),
th
e ty
pica
l op
enin
g fo
rmu
la
con
sist
s of
a p
relim
inar
y ar
ticl
e (A
rtíc
ulo
Pre
lim
inar
) w
hic
h c
onta
ins
refe
ren
ces
to t
he
rele
vant
legi
slat
ion
. How
ever
, th
e co
rpus
sh
ows
that
th
e E
ngl
ish
con
ven
-ti
on h
as i
ts o
wn
op
enin
g fo
rmu
la i
n t
rave
l in
sura
nce
pol
icie
s, L
aw a
ppli
cabl
e,
wh
ich
, fu
rth
erm
ore,
gen
eral
ly a
ppea
rs i
n t
he
last
par
agra
ph o
f th
e p
olic
y an
d th
eref
ore
con
stit
utes
a c
losi
ng
form
ula
rat
her
th
an t
he
open
ing
form
ula
fou
nd
in S
pan
ish
.
Fig
ure
13
. C
onco
rdan
ces
for
‘law
’
V
irtu
al c
orpo
ra a
s do
cum
enta
tion
res
ourc
es
101
5.3
Targ
et te
xt s
ampl
es
On
ce a
ll th
e n
eces
sary
in
form
atio
n h
as b
een
gat
here
d fr
om t
he t
rave
l in
sura
nce
co
rpus
, the
tran
slat
or is
in a
pos
itio
n to
o#
er a
tran
slat
ion
of b
oth
ext
ract
s. It
is e
s-se
ntia
l to
take
into
acc
ount
all
the
poin
ts th
at h
ave
been
out
lined
so
far
give
n th
eir
impo
rtan
ce w
hen
it c
omes
to s
egm
enti
ng
and
reor
gan
isin
g th
e in
form
atio
n in
the
targ
et te
xt (
TT
). �
e fo
llow
ing
are
sugg
este
d tr
ansl
atio
ns
of E
xtra
cts
1 an
d 2.
Ext
ract
1 (
TT
):
MU
Y I
MP
OR
TA
NT
EE
sta
es s
u pó
liza
de a
sist
enci
a en
via
je.
En
ella
se
incl
uyen
las
ga
rant
ías,
lím
ites
y e
xclu
sion
es d
e lo
s A
segu
rado
s y
a pa
rtir
de
las
cual
es
podr
á ef
ectu
arse
cua
lqui
er r
ecla
mac
ión
.
Ext
ract
2 (
TT
):
Gen
eral
Ter
ms
and
Con
diti
ons
�is
is y
our
trav
el in
sura
nce
con
trac
t.L
aw a
pplic
able
: �is
pol
icy
is s
ubje
ct to
Spa
nis
h la
w.
Fig
ure
14
. C
onco
rdan
ces
for
‘impo
rtan
te’
2n
d p
roo
fs
102
Glo
ria
Cor
pas
Pas
tor
and
Mir
iam
Seg
hiri
6.
Co
ncl
usi
on
We
wou
ld li
ke to
beg
in o
ur c
oncl
udin
g re
mar
ks b
y qu
otin
g Z
anet
tin
(200
2a: N
P):
Rec
ent
rese
arch
in
tra
nsl
atio
n s
tudi
es h
as s
tres
sed
the
cont
ribu
tion
whi
ch c
or-
pora
of
elec
tron
ic t
exts
can
bri
ng
to t
ran
slat
ors.
By
usin
g ap
prop
riat
e so
*w
are
tran
slat
ors
can
loo
k up
wor
ds i
n a
mat
ter
of s
econ
ds, a
nd
high
light
pat
tern
s by
so
rtin
g co
ntex
ts a
roun
d se
arch
wor
ds. I
f a c
orpu
s is
app
ropr
iate
ly d
esig
ned
, it c
an
prov
ide
relia
ble
evid
ence
of
auth
enti
c lin
guis
tic
beha
viou
r an
d te
xt-s
truc
turi
ng
conv
enti
ons
by h
igh
light
ing
recu
rren
t pat
tern
s. T
erm
inol
ogic
al a
nd
collo
cati
onal
in
form
atio
n c
an b
e es
peci
ally
use
ful.
As
we
have
see
n, i
t is
pos
sibl
e to
mee
t a
larg
e pa
rt o
f th
e tr
ansl
ator
’s do
cum
enta
-ti
on n
eeds
thr
ough
the
com
pila
tion
an
d/or
man
agem
ent
of c
ompa
rabl
e vi
rtu
al
corp
ora.
As
a re
sult
, tra
nsl
ator
s ga
in a
gre
at d
eal t
hrou
gh b
ecom
ing
both
cor
pus
com
pile
rs a
nd
user
s. �
e he
uris
tic
task
s n
eces
sary
in s
elec
tin
g sy
stem
s to
be
used
fo
r m
inin
g th
e in
form
atio
n, a
s w
ell a
s th
e pa
ralle
l tas
k of
�n
din
g th
e in
form
atio
n
that
will
be
take
n f
rom
the
Int
ern
et,
are
an a
uthe
ntic
exe
rcis
e in
app
lied
docu
-m
enta
tion
. Sim
ult
aneo
usly
, thi
s le
ads
to th
e de
velo
pmen
t of d
ocum
enta
tion
com
-pe
ten
ce a
nd,
as
a re
sult
, lin
guis
tic-
text
ual c
ompe
ten
ce fo
r th
e tr
ansl
ator
.A
t th
e sa
me
tim
e, a
wel
l pla
nn
ed v
irtu
al c
orpu
s th
at c
ompl
ies
wit
h ap
prop
ri-
ate
desi
gn c
rite
ria
and
whi
ch i
s re
pres
enta
tive
in
ter
ms
of t
he t
ype
of t
arge
t te
xt
that
is
requ
ired
may
con
trib
ute
to t
he d
evel
opm
ent
of t
ran
slat
ors’
ove
rall
com
-pe
ten
ce. �
e pr
epar
ator
y ta
sks
invo
lved
in
sel
ecti
ng
and
eval
uati
ng
info
rmat
ion
so
urce
s le
ad to
obv
ious
sav
ings
in te
rms
of t
ime
and
e#or
t th
at a
llow
the
tra
nsl
a-to
r to
foc
us o
n o
ther
issu
es t
hat
requ
ire
mor
e at
tent
ion
, suc
h as
tak
ing
deci
sion
s or
eva
luat
ing
di#
eren
t tra
nsl
atio
n o
ptio
ns.
In t
his
arti
cle
we
have
foc
used
on
the
use
of
virt
ual
corp
ora
as t
he d
ocu-
men
tati
on r
esou
rce
par
exce
llen
ce in
spe
cial
ist t
ran
slat
ion
trai
nin
g. H
owev
er, t
he
met
hodo
logy
beh
ind
corp
us c
ompi
lati
on is
not
alw
ays
very
cle
ar a
nd
all t
oo o
*en
th
e av
aila
bilit
y of
doc
umen
ts o
n t
he I
nter
net
is t
he c
ruci
al c
rite
rion
whi
ch d
eter
-m
ines
the
siz
e of
the
col
lect
ion
of
text
s. A
s a
resu
lt, i
f th
e co
llect
ion
of
text
s is
to
qual
ify
as a
“co
rpus
” an
d be
con
side
red
as r
epre
sent
ativ
e of
a p
arti
cula
r �
eld,
it is
es
sent
ial t
hat
it c
onfo
rms
to c
lear
des
ign
par
amet
ers
that
are
set
out
fro
m t
he b
e-gi
nn
ing
follo
wed
by
a sp
eci�
c co
mpi
lati
on p
roto
col.
�is
pro
toco
l is
divi
ded
into
fo
ur d
isti
nct
pha
ses:
(a)
loca
tin
g an
d ac
cess
ing
reso
urce
s; (
b) d
own
load
ing
data
; (c
) te
xt fo
rmat
tin
g; a
nd
(d)
data
sto
rage
.C
orpu
s re
pres
enta
tive
nes
s m
ay a
lso
be m
easu
red
a p
oste
rior
i us
ing
ReC
or, a
co
mpu
ter
prog
ram
me
that
cal
cula
tes
the
min
imum
num
ber
of d
ocum
ents
an
d w
ords
that
sho
uld
be
incl
uded
in s
peci
alis
ed la
ngu
age
corp
ora,
in o
rder
that
they
V
irtu
al c
orpo
ra a
s do
cum
enta
tion
res
ourc
es
103
may
be
con
side
red
repr
esen
tati
ve. I
t sh
ould
be
poin
ted
out
that
it is
not
pos
sibl
e to
est
ablis
h th
e m
inim
um n
umbe
r of
doc
umen
ts fo
r a
give
n c
orpu
s a
pri
ori,
as th
e si
ze w
ill d
epen
d on
the
lan
guag
e an
d te
xt ty
pes
invo
lved
, as
wel
l as
on th
e re
stri
c-ti
ons
of a
par
ticu
lar
spec
ialis
ed �
eld
and
any
othe
r di
asys
tem
atic
lim
itat
ion
s.V
irtu
al c
ompa
rabl
e co
rpor
a, c
onst
ruct
ed i
n a
ccor
dan
ce w
ith
the
pro
toco
l ou
tlin
ed i
n t
his
stud
y, a
re e
xtre
mel
y us
efu
l for
the
stu
dy o
f di
scou
rse
wit
hin
the
�e
ld o
f sp
ecia
lisat
ion
un
der
exam
inat
ion
, the
way
thi
s di
scou
rse
man
ifes
ts i
tsel
f in
the
res
pect
ive
docu
men
ts a
s w
ell a
s th
e fo
rms
thes
e te
xts
take
in p
ract
ice.
�is
ut
ility
may
be
seen
fro
m a
mon
olin
gual
an
d m
onoc
ult
ural
per
spec
tive
as
wel
l as
from
the
poin
t of v
iew
of t
ran
slat
ion
, com
pari
son
an
d in
terl
ingu
isti
c an
d in
terc
ul-
tura
l med
iati
on. A
s a
resu
lt, t
he v
irtu
al c
orpu
s m
ay b
e vi
ewed
as
a hi
ghly
e#
ecti
ve
tool
in s
peci
alis
ed tr
ansl
atio
n tr
ain
ing
sin
ce it
pro
mot
es a
uton
omou
s pr
oces
ses
of
teac
hin
g-le
arn
ing
by e
stab
lishi
ng
appr
opri
ate
mec
han
ism
s fo
r sp
ecia
lisat
ion
an
d di
vers
i�ca
tion
for
the
tran
slat
or. I
n a
ddit
ion
, it
enco
urag
es t
he s
tudy
of t
exts
tha
t st
uden
ts h
ave
tran
slat
ed w
ith
the
obje
ctiv
e of
cor
rect
ing
and
valid
atin
g tr
ansl
atio
n
assi
gnm
ents
, as
wel
l as
man
y ot
her
poss
ible
use
s th
at a
re s
till
to b
e di
scov
ered
.
Ref
eren
ces
AC
T. 2
005.
Pri
mer
est
ud
io d
e m
erca
do
de
los
serv
icio
s d
e tr
adu
cció
n p
rofe
sion
al e
n E
spañ
a d
e la
Aso
ciac
ión
de
Em
pres
as
de
Tra
du
cció
n (
AC
T).
Mad
rid:
AC
T.A
lmah
ano
Güe
to, I
. 200
2. E
l co
ntr
ato
de
viaj
e co
mbi
nad
o en
ale
mán
y e
spañ
ol: L
as
con
dic
ion
es
gen
eral
es. U
n e
stu
dio
ba
sad
o en
cor
pus.
PhD
�es
is. M
álag
a: U
niv
ersi
dad
de M
álag
a.A
ston
, G. (
ed.)
. 200
1. L
earn
ing
wit
h C
orpo
ra. B
olon
ia: C
LUE
B.
Aur
iole
s M
artí
n, A
. 200
5 [2
002]
. In
trod
ucc
ión
al
Der
ech
o T
urí
stic
o (D
erec
ho
Pri
vad
o d
el T
uri
s-
mo)
. Mad
rid:
Tec
nos
. A
urio
les
Mar
tín
, A.,
Ben
avid
es V
elas
co, P
. G. a
nd
Gon
zále
z Fe
rnán
dez,
M. B
. 200
4. C
ontr
ata
-
ción
Tu
ríst
ica
. Tec
hnic
al d
ocum
ent
BFF
2003
-046
16 M
CY
T/T
I-D
T-2
004-
1. 1
–12.
<ht
tp:/
/tu
rico
r.co
m/p
riva
da/d
ocum
ento
s/T
I-D
T-2
004-
1.pd
f>. [
14/0
3/20
07].
Aus
term
üh
l, F.
200
1. E
lect
ron
ic T
ools
for
Tra
nsl
ator
s. M
anch
este
r: S
t. Je
rom
e.B
ern
ardi
ni,
S. a
nd
Zan
etti
n, F
. (ed
s). 2
000.
I co
rpor
a n
ella
did
atti
ca d
ella
tra
du
zion
e. C
orpu
s U
se
and
Lea
rnin
g to
Tra
nsl
ate.
Bol
onia
: CLU
EB
.B
iber
, D.,
Con
rad,
S. a
nd
Rep
pen
, R. 1
998.
Cor
pus
Lin
guis
tics
: In
vest
igat
ing
Lan
guag
e St
ruct
ure
and
Use
. Cam
brid
ge: C
ambr
idge
Un
iver
sity
Pre
ss.
Bow
ker,
L.
2002
. C
ompu
ter-
Aid
ed T
ran
slat
ion
Tec
hn
olog
y: A
Pra
ctic
al I
ntr
odu
ctio
n.
Ott
awa:
U
niv
ersi
ty o
f Ott
awa
Pre
ss.
Bow
ker,
L. a
nd
Pear
son
, J. 2
002.
Wor
kin
g w
ith
Spe
cial
ized
Lan
guag
e: A
pra
ctic
al g
uid
e to
usi
ng
corp
ora
. Lon
don
: Rou
tled
ge.
Bra
un, E
. 200
5 [1
996]
. “E
l cao
s or
den
a la
lin
güís
tica
. La
ley
de Z
ipf.”
In
Cao
s fr
acta
les
y co
sas
rara
s, E
. Bra
un (
ed.)
. Mex
ico
D.F
.: Fo
ndo
de
Cu
ltur
a E
con
ómic
a. <
http
://o
meg
a.ilc
e.ed
u.m
x:30
00/s
ites
/cie
nci
a/vo
lum
en3/
cien
cia3
/150
/htm
/cao
s.ht
m>
[14
/03/
2007
].
2n
d p
roo
fs
104
G
lori
a C
orpa
s P
asto
r an
d M
iria
m S
eghi
ri
Car
rasc
o Ji
mén
ez, R
. C. 2
003.
La
ley
de
Zip
f en
la B
ibli
otec
a M
igu
el d
e C
erva
nte
s. A
lican
te: U
ni-
vers
idad
de
Alic
ante
. <ht
tp:/
/ww
w.d
lsi.u
a.es
/asi
gnat
uras
/aa/
Zip
f.pdf
> [
14/0
3/20
07].
CO
RIS
/CO
DIS
. 20
06.
“Pro
gett
azio
ne
e co
stru
zion
e di
un
Cor
pus
di I
talia
no
Scri
tto.
” C
O-
RIS
/CO
DIS
. B
olog
na:
C
ILT
A.
<ht
tp:/
/cor
pus.
cilt
a.un
ibo.
it:8
080/
cori
s_it
aPro
gett
.htm
l>
[14/
03/2
007]
.C
orpa
s P
asto
r, G
. 200
1. “
Com
pila
ción
de
un c
orpu
s ad
hoc
par
a la
en
señ
anza
de
la t
radu
cció
n
inve
rsa
espe
cial
izad
a.” T
ran
s: R
evis
ta d
e T
rad
uct
olog
ía 5
: 155
–184
.C
orpa
s P
asto
r, G
. (ed
.) 2
003a
. Rec
urs
os d
ocu
men
tale
s y
técn
icos
par
a l
a t
rad
ucc
ión
del
dis
curs
o
jurí
dic
o (e
spañ
ol, a
lem
án, i
ngl
és, i
tali
ano,
ára
be).
Gra
nad
a: C
omar
es.
Cor
pas
Pas
tor,
G. 2
003b
. “D
iseñ
o de
un
tip
olog
izad
or p
ara
la t
radu
cció
n ju
rídi
ca: D
el c
orpu
s al
pro
toti
po t
extu
al.”
In R
ecu
rsos
doc
um
enta
les
y té
cnic
os p
ara
la
tra
du
cció
n d
el d
iscu
rso
jurí
dic
o (e
spañ
ol,
alem
án,
ingl
és,
ital
ian
o, á
rabe
), G
. Cor
pas
Pas
tor
(ed.
), 3
3–58
. Gra
nad
a:
Com
ares
.C
orpa
s P
asto
r, G
. 200
4a. “
Loc
aliz
ació
n d
e re
curs
os y
com
pila
ción
de
corp
us v
ía I
nter
net
: Apl
i-ca
cion
es p
ara
la d
idác
tica
de
la t
radu
cció
n m
édic
a es
peci
aliz
ada.”
In
Man
ual
de
doc
um
en-
taci
ón y
ter
min
olog
ía p
ara
la
tra
du
cció
n e
spec
iali
zad
a,
C.
Gon
zalo
Gar
cía
and
V.
Gar
cía
Yebr
a (e
ds),
223
–257
. Mad
rid:
Arc
o/L
ibro
s.
Cor
pas
Pas
tor,
G. 2
004b
. “�
e Tu
rico
r P
roje
ct: W
ork
in P
rogr
ess.”
Rev
ista
Eu
rope
a d
e D
erec
ho
de
la N
aveg
ació
n M
arít
ima
y A
ren
onáu
tica
xx
: 1–1
4. <
http
://t
uric
or.c
om/p
df/c
orpa
s200
4b.
pdf>
[14
/03/
2007
].C
orpa
s P
asto
r, G
. 200
4c. “
La
trad
ucci
ón d
e te
xtos
méd
icos
esp
ecia
lizad
os a
tra
vés
de r
ecur
sos
elec
trón
icos
y c
orpu
s vi
rtua
les.”
In
La
s pa
labr
as
del
tra
du
ctor
. A
cta
s d
el I
I C
ongr
eso
Inte
r-
nac
ion
al «
El e
spañ
ol, l
engu
a d
e tr
adu
cció
n»,
20
y 21
de
may
o, T
oled
o 20
04, L
. Gon
zále
z an
d P.
Her
núñ
ez (
eds)
, 137
–164
. Bru
ssel
s: C
omis
ión
Eur
opea
/ESL
ET
RA
. <ht
tp:/
/ww
w.tu
rico
r.co
m/p
df/c
orpa
s200
4c.p
df>
[14
/03/
2007
].C
orpa
s P
asto
r, G
. an
d Se
ghir
i, M
. 200
6a.
El
con
cept
o d
e re
pres
enta
tivi
dad
en
la
Lin
güís
tica
del
Cor
pus:
Apr
oxim
acio
nes
teó
rica
s y
met
odol
ógic
as.
Tec
hnic
al d
ocum
ent
BFF
2003
-046
16
MC
YT
/TI-
DT
-200
6-1.
C
orpa
s P
asto
r, G
. an
d Se
ghir
i, M
. 20
06b.
“R
ecur
sos
docu
men
tale
s pa
ra l
a tr
aduc
ción
de
se-
guro
s tu
ríst
icos
en
el
par
de l
engu
as i
ngl
és-e
spañ
ol.”
In I
nve
stig
ació
n y
tra
du
cció
n:
Un
a
mir
ada
al p
rese
nte
en
la la
bor
inve
stig
ador
a y
en
el e
jerc
icio
de
la p
rofe
sión
de
la li
cen
ciat
ura
Tra
du
cció
n e
In
terp
reta
ción
, E. P
osti
go P
inaz
o (e
d.).
Mál
aga:
Un
iver
sida
d de
Mál
aga.
Cor
pas
Pas
tor,
G. a
nd
Segh
iri,
M. 2
007a
. “Sp
ecia
lized
Cor
pora
for
Tra
nsl
ator
s: A
Qu
anti
tati
ve
Met
hod
to D
eter
min
e R
epre
sent
ativ
enes
s.” T
ran
slat
ion
Jour
nal
11
(3).
< h
ttp:
//tr
ansl
atio
n-
jour
nal
.net
/jou
rnal
/41c
orpu
s.ht
m>
[14
/03/
2007
].C
orpa
s P
asto
r, G
. an
d Se
ghir
i, M
. 200
7b. “
Det
erm
inac
ión
del
um
bral
de
repr
esen
tati
vida
d de
un
cor
pus
med
iant
e el
alg
orit
mo
N-C
or.”
Pro
cesa
mie
nto
del
Len
guaj
e N
atu
ral 3
9: 1
65–1
72.
<ht
tp:/
/ww
w.s
epln
.org
/rev
ista
SEP
LN
/rev
ista
/39/
20.p
df>
[14
/03/
2007
].C
orpa
s P
asto
r, G
. an
d Se
ghir
i, M
. For
thco
min
g. E
l co
nce
pto
de
repr
esen
tati
vid
ad e
n l
ingü
ísti
ca
de
corp
us:
Apr
oxim
acio
nes
teó
rica
s y
con
secu
enci
as
para
la t
rad
ucc
ión
. Mál
aga:
Ser
vici
o de
P
ublic
acio
nes
de
la U
niv
ersi
dad.
Cou
nci
l Dir
ecti
ve 7
3/24
0/E
EC
of
24 J
uly
197
3 ab
olis
hin
g re
stri
ctio
ns
on f
reed
om o
f es
tabl
ish-
men
t in
the
bus
ines
s of
dir
ect i
nsu
ran
ce o
ther
tha
n li
fe a
ssur
ance
.C
oun
cil D
irec
tive
76/
580/
EE
C o
f 29
Jun
e 19
76 a
men
din
g D
irec
tive
73/
239/
EE
C o
n t
he c
oor-
din
atio
n o
f la
ws,
reg
ula
tion
s an
d ad
min
istr
ativ
e pr
ovis
ion
s re
lati
ng
to t
he t
akin
g up
an
d pu
rsui
t of t
he b
usin
ess
of d
irec
t in
sura
nce
oth
er t
han
life
ass
uran
ce.
V
irtu
al c
orpo
ra a
s do
cum
enta
tion
res
ourc
es
105
Cou
nci
l D
irec
tive
78/
473/
EE
C o
f 30
May
197
8 on
the
coo
rdin
atio
n o
f la
ws,
reg
ula
tion
s an
d ad
min
istr
ativ
e pr
ovis
ion
s re
lati
ng
to C
omm
unit
y co
-in
sura
nce
.C
oun
cil D
irec
tive
84/
641/
EE
C o
f 10
Dec
embe
r 19
84 a
men
din
g, p
arti
cula
rly
as r
egar
ds t
ouri
st
assi
stan
ce, t
he F
irst
Dir
ecti
ve (
73/2
39/E
EC
) on
the
coo
rdin
atio
n o
f la
ws,
reg
ula
tion
s an
d ad
min
istr
ativ
e pr
ovis
ion
s re
lati
ng
to t
he t
akin
g-up
an
d pu
rsui
t of
the
bus
ines
s of
dir
ect
insu
ran
ce o
ther
tha
n li
fe a
ssur
ance
.C
oun
cil D
irec
tive
87/
343/
EE
C o
f 22
Jun
e 19
87 a
men
din
g, a
s re
gard
s cr
edit
insu
ran
ce a
nd
sure
-ty
ship
insu
ran
ce, F
irst
Dir
ecti
ve 7
3/23
9/E
EC
on
the
coo
rdin
atio
n o
f law
s, r
egu
lati
ons
and
adm
inis
trat
ive
prov
isio
ns
rela
tin
g to
the
tak
ing-
up a
nd
purs
uit
of t
he b
usin
ess
of d
irec
t in
sura
nce
oth
er t
han
life
ass
uran
ce.
Cou
nci
l D
irec
tive
87/
344/
EE
C o
f 22
Jun
e 19
87 o
n t
he c
oord
inat
ion
of
law
s, r
egu
lati
ons
and
adm
inis
trat
ive
prov
isio
ns
rela
tin
g to
lega
l exp
ense
s in
sura
nce
.C
oun
cil D
irec
tive
90/
618/
EE
C o
f 8
Nov
embe
r 19
90, a
men
din
g, p
arti
cula
rly
as r
egar
ds m
otor
ve
hicl
e lia
bilit
y in
sura
nce
, �rs
t C
oun
cil D
irec
tive
73/
239/
EE
C a
nd
seco
nd
Cou
nci
l Dir
ec-
tive
88/
357/
EE
C o
n t
he c
oord
inat
ion
of
law
s, r
egu
lati
ons
and
adm
inis
trat
ive
prov
isio
ns
rela
tin
g to
dir
ect i
nsu
ran
ce o
ther
tha
n li
fe a
ssur
ance
.C
oun
cil D
irec
tive
92/
49/E
EC
of 1
8 Ju
ne
1992
on
the
coo
rdin
atio
n o
f law
s, r
egu
lati
ons
and
ad-
min
istr
ativ
e pr
ovis
ion
s re
lati
ng
to d
irec
t in
sura
nce
oth
er th
an li
fe a
ssur
ance
an
d am
endi
ng
Dir
ecti
ves
73/2
39/E
EC
an
d 88
/357
/EE
C (
thir
d n
on-l
ife
insu
ran
ce D
irec
tive
).C
oun
cil
Dir
ecti
ve 9
2/96
/EE
C o
f 10
Nov
embe
r 19
92 o
n t
he c
oord
inat
ion
of
law
s, r
egu
lati
ons
and
adm
inis
trat
ive
prov
isio
ns
rela
tin
g to
dir
ect
life
assu
ran
ce a
nd
amen
din
g D
irec
tive
s 79
/267
/EE
C a
nd
90/6
19/E
EC
(th
ird
life
assu
ran
ce D
irec
tive
).D
irec
tive
200
0/26
/EC
of
the
Eur
opea
n P
arlia
men
t an
d of
the
Cou
nci
l of
16
May
200
0 on
the
ap
prox
imat
ion
of t
he la
ws
of t
he M
embe
r St
ates
rel
atin
g to
insu
ran
ce a
gain
st c
ivil
liabi
lity
in r
espe
ct o
f the
use
of m
otor
veh
icle
s an
d am
endi
ng
Cou
nci
l Dir
ecti
ves
73/2
39/E
EC
an
d 88
/357
/EE
C.
Dir
ecti
ve 2
000/
64/E
C o
f th
e E
urop
ean
Par
liam
ent
and
of t
he C
oun
cil
of 7
Nov
embe
r 20
00
amen
din
g C
oun
cil D
irec
tive
s 85
/611
/EE
C, 9
2/49
/EE
C, 9
2/96
/EE
C a
nd
93/2
2/E
EC
as
re-
gard
s ex
chan
ge o
f in
form
atio
n w
ith
thir
d co
untr
ies.
Dir
ecti
ve 2
002/
13/E
C o
f the
Eur
opea
n P
arlia
men
t an
d of
the
Cou
nci
l of 5
Mar
ch 2
002
amen
d-in
g C
oun
cil D
irec
tive
73/
239/
EE
C a
s re
gard
s th
e so
lven
cy m
argi
n r
equi
rem
ents
for
non
-lif
e in
sura
nce
un
dert
akin
gs.
Dir
ecti
ve 2
002/
92/E
C o
f th
e E
urop
ean
Par
liam
ent
and
of t
he C
oun
cil o
f 9
Dec
embe
r 20
02 o
n
insu
ran
ce m
edia
tion
.E
urop
ean
Par
liam
ent
and
Cou
nci
l D
irec
tive
95/
26/E
C o
f 29
Jun
e 19
95 a
men
din
g D
irec
tive
s 77
/780
/EE
C a
nd
89/6
46/E
EC
in th
e �
eld
of c
redi
t in
stit
utio
ns,
Dir
ecti
ves
73/2
39/E
EC
an
d 92
/49/
EE
C in
the
�el
d of
non
- lif
e in
sura
nce
, Dir
ecti
ves
79/2
67/E
EC
an
d 92
/96/
EE
C in
the
�el
d of
life
ass
uran
ce, D
irec
tive
93/
22/E
EC
in t
he �
eld
of in
vest
men
t �
rms
and
Dir
ecti
ve
85/6
11/E
EC
in th
e �
eld
of u
nde
rtak
ings
for
colle
ctiv
e in
vest
men
t in
tran
sfer
able
sec
urit
ies
(Uci
ts),
wit
h a
view
to r
ein
forc
ing
prud
enti
al s
uper
visi
on.
Firs
t C
oun
cil
Dir
ecti
ve 7
3/23
9/E
EC
of
24 J
uly
197
3 on
the
coo
rdin
atio
n o
f la
ws,
reg
ula
tion
s an
d ad
min
istr
ativ
e pr
ovis
ion
s re
lati
ng
to t
he t
akin
g-up
an
d pu
rsui
t of
the
bus
ines
s of
di-
rect
insu
ran
ce o
ther
tha
n li
fe a
ssur
ance
.Fl
etch
er, W
. H. 2
004.
“Fa
cilit
atin
g th
e C
ompi
lati
on a
nd
Dis
sem
inat
ion
of
Ad-
Hoc
Web
Cor
-po
ra.”
In !
e F
ith
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tern
atio
nal
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nce
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d L
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, G. A
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a C
orpa
s P
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r an
d M
iria
m S
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ri
er.c
om/F
acili
tati
ng_
Com
pila
tion
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isse
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el d
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Un
a pr
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sta
teór
i-co
-met
odol
ógic
a pa
ra l
a ge
ner
ació
n d
e ca
tego
rías
sig
ni�
cati
vas
en e
l ca
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del
An
ális
is
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” E
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iscu
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Mu
ltid
isci
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Col
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Inve
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es e
n E
stu
dio
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iscu
rso.
La
Pla
ta,
6 al
8 d
e se
ptie
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e d
e 20
01. B
uen
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Air
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Aso
ciac
ión
Lat
inoa
mer
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a de
Est
udio
s de
l D
iscu
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Un
iver
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enta
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107
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Cor
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ther
tha
n l
ife
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ran
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nd
layi
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dow
n p
rovi
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fac
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he e
#ec
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espa
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glés
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l-
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asp
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cata
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iseñ
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Com
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a
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s of
tra
vel
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ran
ce c
ontr
acts
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ran
slat
or e
du
cati
on. M
an-
ches
ter:
St.
Jero
me.
