Virtual Cities of the Future and Past - MIT Libraries · GSD Studio Culture: 75% of Student effort focused on one studio problem 100 Studios per year at the GSD Focus on representing,

Virtual Cities of the Future and Past

Paul Cote

Geographic Information Systems Specialist

Harvard University Graduate School of Design

Harvard University

Graduate School of Design

Harvard

University

Graduate

School of

Design

Harvard University


250 Architecture 50 Urban Planning

100 Urban Design 100 Landscape

500 Design Students

Harvard University


GSD Studio Culture:

75% of Student effort focused on one studio problem

100 Studios per year at the GSD

Focus on representing, understanding, modifying and evaluating places: Appearance & performance

Many Many Models are Made!!!

An intense replica of the greater world of design

A Knowledge Engine

Harvard University


Studio Information Lifecycle

Synthesis / Study:MapsDigital 3D ModelsPhysical 3D ModelsSimulation Models

Presentation Materials:Maps3D ModelsAnimationsDocument ationSources / Bibliography

Start Semester Finish

Bulk of Knowledge is

Lost

End of Term

Small Fraction

Suited for Re-Use Many Mysterious

Presentation

Documents

Collect Information:Site Photos

GIS Data

CAD Data

Documents

Process Understanding

Harvard University


Paul Cote, 2008

Information & IdeasInformation & Ideas

About Places & About Places &

ProcessesProcesses

(In(In--House or Internet)House or Internet)

Discover, Obtain,

Transform, Organize

Ideas & Information

Finance, Phasing

Groundplan

Alternatives:

Performance

& Impacts

Visualize / StudyVisualize / StudyAuthor / Modify Author / Modify Evaluate:Evaluate:Compile Data /Compile Data /

Create Schema:Create Schema:

Information Lifecycle in Site StudiesInformation Lifecycle in Site Studies

Programmatic

Capacity

Information Information

InfrastructureInfrastructure

Narrative,Narrative,

Graphics,Graphics,

VideoVideo

Resources, Resources,

Understanding,Understanding,

ProceduresProcedures

Collaborate /Collaborate /

Share: Share:

Communicate: Communicate:

Coherence with

Context

Streetscape, Shadows

Views

Regulation

Buildings

Vegetation

Circulation

Landform

Exchange: between specialized tools

Exchange: Individuals & Enterprises to Shared Infrastructure

Harvard University


AutoCAD

Tree Pro Master CAM

RevItAgency/Firm Knowledge

Base

7

ArcGISRhino

Public GIS Agency/Firm

Knowledge Base

Maya, 3D Studio,V-Ray

Revit Ecotect

Paul Cote November 13 , 2008

Synthesize / StudySynthesize / StudyAuthor / Modify Author / Modify Evaluate / Evaluate /

ShareShareCompile Data /Compile Data /

Create Schema:Create Schema:

Adobe

It Takes a Village of Specialized

Tools

Many Specialized Tools

One-Way, Lossy Exchanges

Harvard University


GSD Handbook

for Site Modeling in Context

Paul Cote NOMA Boston October 7

2010 8

http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/gis/manual/workflow2/index.htm

http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/gis/manual/workflow2/index.htm

Harvard University


Virtual Cities as a Mirror with Memory


2010 9

Harvard University


The most authoritative information about an urban

situation are collected and maintained by a host of

administrative departments that employ a variety of

data models and tools

Collaboration of Administrative Domains

Paul Cote,

June 23 200910

Public WorksPhotogrammetry

Tax Assessor

Permitting and Inspection

Planning & Design Review

State / Federal Emergency Planning and

Response

Harvard University


11

Understanding

Collaboration of Administrative Domains

Harvard University


Collaboration of Territorial Domains

1/29/2011 12

Harvard University

Graduate School of Design 13

Town ATown /

Campus B

Understanding

Collaboration of Territorial Domains

Harvard University


• Past Situation

• Current Situation

• Possible Scenarios

• Planned Scenario

• If these alternate views of the city are expressed in common terms, much might be learned about urban mechanics and the probable consequences of decisions.

Memory and Intelligence

Paul Cote,

June 23 200914

Harvard University


Necessity for

Shared Semantic Models


2010 15

Harvard University


One-Way, Lossy Exchanges

16

Domain / Tool B(e.g. CAD

/ BIM)

Inputs Outputs

Domain/ Tool A

(e.g. GIS, RDBMS)

!&$@#Outputs Inputs

Semantic Trash Bin

Harvard University


Coherent Spatial / Semantic Models

Paul Cote,

June 23 200917

Real World Concepts:

e.g. Observations, Prescriptions, Rules

“The building meets the terrain along this line.”

Kolbe & Groeger CityGML

Critical Entities

Relationships

Conceptual Information Model

e.g. UML (Unified Modeling Language)


Harvard University


Coherent Conceptual & Data Models

Paul Cote,

June 23 200918



Technical Implementation

Binary Binary

Data Data

StorageStorage

Programs & Programs &

Business Business

LogicLogic

e.g. Software tools:Proprietary or Open

Inputs

Outputs

Bu

sine

ss Pro

cesse

s

Harvard University


Inputs

Outputs

Kolebe and Groeger: CityGML

DomainTool A

DomainTool B

Inputs

Outputs

See: Stadler & Kolbe: Spatio-Semantic Coherence in the Integration of 3D City Models

Round Trip with Coherent Semantics

Shared Conceptual Models &

Exchanges

http://www.itc.nl/ISSDQ2007/proceedings/Session 1 Geo-Information Theory/Paper Stadler.pdf



Harvard University


Community Based Standards Development

• Engineers

• Tool Makers

• Content Creators

• Service Providers

• Users

• Understanding

• Consensus

• Foundation Standards

• Information Structure

• Service Protocols

Communities Industry Consortium International Standards

Organization

ParticipationParticipation

Assured Stable EnvironmentAssured Stable Environment

Lots of Interoperable Content!Lots of Interoperable Content!

• Application Standards • Application Standards

Harvard University

Graduate School of Design Paul Cote, 2008 21

Community Based Standards Development

GML

HTTPhypertext transfer

protocol

Standards Organizations Encodings Service Protocols

WMSweb map service

WFSweb feature service

WCSweb coverage service

SQLstructured query

language

Harvard University


Some KML, KMZ Collada Examples


2010 22

Harvard University


The Virtual City Collective: A Forum on the Web


2010 23

http://groups.google.com/group/virtual-city-collective

http://groups.google.com/group/virtual-city-collective/index.htm






Harvard University


The Google Earth Train Set


2010 24

Harvard University


The Greenline Station Workshop


2010 25

Harvard University

Graduate School of Design Paul Cote NOMA Boston October 7

2010 26

Executive Office of Transportation:

College Avenue Station Plan

Harvard University


Executive Office of Transportation College Avenue Station Plan


2010 27

Harvard University


Executive Office of Transportation

College Avenue Station Elevation


2010 28

Harvard University


GSD6447: Virtual Cities as Public Infrastructure

http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/pbcote/courses/archive/2010/gsd6447/index.htm

http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/pbcote/courses/archive/2010/gsd6447/index.htm

Harvard University


Seaport Sandbox: A Cybernetic View of Studio

https://sites.google.com/site/sbseaport/

https://sites.google.com/site/sbseaport/

Harvard University


Toward Deeper Semantic Coherence

Harvard University


CityGML: Shared, Open, Coherent

Paul Cote,

June 23 200932


UML (Unified Modeling Language)

Exchange Encoding

GML3

Images from CityGML Spec

Real World Concepts:


Harvard University

Graduate School of Design Paul Cote,

NCFMT 200733

CityGML: Objects May Honor Specific Levels of Detail

Image from OGC CityGML Discussion paper, Kolbe, Groeger, Czerwinski

Harvard University

Graduate School of Design Paul Cote, NCFMT 2007 34

First Component Sub-Models of City GML

Image from OGC CityGML Discussion paper, Kolbe, Groeger, Czerwinski

Harvard University


The GSD Metropolitan Model Repository:

A Simple Relational Schema

For Temporally Deep City Models

http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/gis/manual/metromodel/index.htm

http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/gis/manual/metromodel/index.htm

Harvard University


Scalable Infrastructure for 3d Cities

Paul Cote, 2008 36

Harvard University


Granularity and Identifiers

Goals:

Provide a way of uniquely identifying parts of

buildings at multiple levels of detail across diverse

territorial domains

Provide for retrieval of past, present and future

views of the city through simple SQL queries on a

simple relational database schema

Support check-out and off-line modification of parts

of the model without possibility of ID conflicts on

check-in.

1/29/2011 37

Harvard University


Existing GIS Layers: Parcels

Parcel Attributes

Shape Polygon

Territory Brookline

Parcel_ID Brk_P189-24-29

Owner Mobil Oil Co

Year Built 1971

Address 333 Boylston St

Stories 1

Each town in the metro area has a parcels layer that forms a decent

source of information about buildings. We alter the parcel ID by

appending a 3 character territory code and an _P so that the parcel

IDs are assured to be unique within a multi_town schema.

*

Harvard University


Existing Layers: Building Footprints

Footprint Attributes

Shape Polygon

Unique ID 9498754

Each town has a building footprints layer established

from a photogrammetric survey

*

Harvard University


40

New Table: Abstract Buildings

Abstract Buildings

Territory Cambridge

Building Cam_P364234_B0

Owner Harvard

Built Date 1870

Demo

Date

Null

Address 49 Quincy St

Stories 5

The Parcels table can form a table of information about

buildings. Unique Building IDs are created from Parcel IDs.

This table has no geometry associated with it. Any building

associated with a parcel are designated Building 0. This

lumping is inaccurate, but sufficient for an initial buildings

table.

B0

Cam_P364234

1/29/2011 40

Harvard University


41

New Layer: Building Massing Parts

Building Massing Parts

Part_ID Cam_P364234_B0_M1

Owner Null

Built

Date

1998

Demo

Date

Null

Address Null

Stories 2

B0_M0

Cam_P364234

Where individual building parts vary in terms of their attributes, they may be

distinguished with unique IDs and individual build and demo dates, etc. The

Building Massing Part IDs are formed by appending a Massing Part ID to the

Building ID.

B0_M1

1/29/2011 41

Harvard University


42

3d Building Massing Parts Table



Owner Null

Built

Date

1998

Demo

Date

Null

Address Null

Built Yes

Stories 2

B0_M0

B0_M1

The Massing Parts Layer forms a complete model of every building in the

metro area at a low level of detail (CityGML LOD2). Building parts may have

more specific attributes from their parent Abstract Buildings.

1/29/2011 42

*CityGML LOD 1 Buildings

Harvard University


43

3d Building Skin Models

Building Skin Parts

Shape Multipatch / COLADa

Model Sketchup or Collada

Blob

Part_ID Cam_P364234_B0_S0

Owner Null

Build

Date

1870

Demo

Date

Null

Built Yes

B0_S0

Cam_P364234

Using a 3D authoring tool, models of building exterior skins can be

encapsulated as sketchup or collada models and placed into relational tables

as georeferenced objects. Like Massing Parts, Skin Parts have unique IDs

linking them to abstract buildings and may have more specific attributes.

1/29/2011 43

*CityGML Generic City Object or External

Link

Harvard University


44

3d Building Skin Parts

Cam_P364234

Building Skin Parts

Shape Multipatch / COLLADA


Blob


Owner Null

Buid

Date

2001

Demo

Date

Null

Built Yes

B0_S1

Skin parts and massing parts for a given building may have independent dates.

The Model field holds a Binary Large Object that can be downloaded to a 3d

authoring tool for editing.

1/29/2011 44

Harvard University


45

NullYear

Demo

Abstract Buildings

5Stories

49 Quincy StAddress

1870Year Built

HarvardOwner

Cam_P364234_B0Building

CambridgeTerritory

Relational Queries Create Views Based on Dates or

Scenarios

Building Skin Parts

Shape Multipatch


Blob


Owner Null

Built 2001

Demo Null

Built Yes



Owner Null

Built 1998

Demo Null

Address Null

Stories 2

1/29/2011 45

0

11

n

Harvard University


46

Current Built View

1/29/2011 46

Harvard University


47

1998 Historic View

1/29/2011 47

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Handling Fictitious Future

Urban Design Schemes

1/29/2011 48

Harvard University


49

Built and Unbuilt Schemes

Building Skin Parts

Shape Multipatch


Blob


Owner Null

Built

Date

2001

Demo

Date

Null

Built Yes

Cam_P364223_B0_S0

The Built attribute is set to Yes for buildings that were actually built. Unbuilt

buildings can be represented in the schema to allow experimentation with

proposed scenarios.

1/29/2011 49

Harvard University


50

Built and Unbuilt Schemes

Building Skin Parts

Shape Multipatch


Blob


Owner Null

Built

Date

2001

Demo

Date

Null

Built No

Cam_P364223_B0_S1

The Built attribute is set to Yes for buildings that were actually built. Unbuilt

buildings can be represented in the schema to allow experimentation with

proposed scenarios.

1/29/2011 50

Harvard University


Design Scenario TablesIn order to create custom scenarios you must be able to turn on unbuilt buildings and to turn off other buildings that would otherwise render. This is accomplished by creating Schemes and entering part-specific rendering instructions in the Scheme_Parts table. Because the Part IDs are distinct for Massing and Skin part models, the Scheme Parts table can refer to either type of part.

Building Skin Parts

Part_ID Name Built

Cam_P364223_B0_S1 Flipped Unbuilt

Cam_P364223_B0_S0 Gund Hall built

… …


Part_ID Name

Cam_P364223_B0_M0 Gund Hall

Brk_P189-24-29_B0_M1 …

… …

Scheme Parts

Part_ID Render Scheme-

ID

Cam_P364223_B0_S1 Yes 1

Cam_P364223_B0_S0 No 1

Schemes

Sheme-

ID

Name

1 Flipped Gund Hall

2 Tank

1/29/2011 51

1

0n

nn

Harvard University


Building Model Management

SchemaAbstract Buildings

Building ID

Attributes…

Massing Parts

Building ID

Part ID

Attributes…

Skin Parts

Building ID

Part ID

Attributes…

Schemes

Scheme ID

Name

Scheme Parts

Scheme_ID

Part ID

Render

1

n

1

n

n

n

1 n

1

1

1/29/2011 52

Harvard University


53

Unbuilt Scheme: Turn Gund Hall Around

1/29/2011 53

Harvard University


View From Proposed Design Scheme

1/29/2011 54

Harvard University


References

City Geography Markup LanguageKolbe and Groger, 2008

SPATIO-SEMANTIC COHERENCE IN THE INTEGRATION OF 3D CITY MODELSStadler and Kolbe

Collada: 3D Asset Exchange Schema Khronos Group

Town of Brookline Model Management SystemCote, 2007

Public Infrastructure for Virtual CitiesCote, 2006

Integration of CAD, GIS, and Building Information Models in Open Web ServicesCote, 2007

Building Interior Spaces Data Model for GISPenobscott Bay Media, BISDM.org

1/29/2011 55

http://www.citygml.org/









http://www.khronos.org/collada/

http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/pbcote/research/brookline

http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/pbcote/research/metromodel/metromodel.pdf

http://portal.opengeospatial.org/files/?artifact_id=21622


http://www,bisdm.org/

Harvard University


Lets Get it Together!

1/29/2011

56

Understanding

• Understand Open Exchange Specifications• Target our conceptual and data models for open

exchange• Participate in standards development• Demand open exchange capabilities in our tools

Harvard University


Credits and ReferencesFind these links at

www.gsd.harvard.edu/pbcote/talks/2010/geodesign_pbcote.pdf

City Geography Markup LanguageKolbe and Groger, 2008

SPATIO-SEMANTIC COHERENCE IN THE INTEGRATION OF 3D CITY

MODELSStadler and Kolbe

Collada: 3D Asset Exchange Schema Khronos Group

Town of Brookline Model Management SystemCote, 2007

Public Infrastructure for Virtual CitiesCote, 2006

Integration of CAD, GIS, and Building Information Models in Open Web

ServicesCote, 2007

Building Interior Spaces Data Model for GIS

Penobscott Bay Media, BISDM.org

1/29/2011 57












http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/pbcote/research/brookline

http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/pbcote/research/metromodel/metromodel.pdf



http://www,bisdm.org/

Harvard University

Graduate School of Design Paul Cote NOMA Boston October 7

2010 58

Building Information Modeling Community:

• International Alliance for Interoperability -- BuildingSmart (Consortium of

Owners, Engineers & Architects)

• IFC (Semantic and Exchange Standard for Building Information Models)

• National BIM Standard (social and institutional construction of BIM)

• Open Floor Plan Toward a simple standard for exchanging georeferenced

floorplans

• OASIS

Geospatial Information Infrastructure Community:

• Open Geospatial Consortium (Architecture for Interoperable Web Services

spanning diverse semantic schema)

• CityGML: Semantic and Exchange Standard for City & Landscape Models

• Web Services Architecture for CAD, GIS and BIM (edited by Yours Truly)

Game Development Community

• Khronos Group (Gaming Community Consortium)

• COLLADA (exchange standard for high-quality digital objects, includes

materiality, lighting, physical behavior)

Efforts to Develop Web Standards for Encoding and Exchanging City Models

http://www.iai-international.org/

http://www.iai-international.org/Model/files/20040318_Ifc2x_ModelImplGuide_V1-7.pdf

http://www.facilityinformationcouncil.org/bim/

http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&ct=res&cd=1&ved=0CEYQFjAA&url=http://portal.opengeospatial.org/files/?artifact_id=36530&ei=xYqqS7_WBce0tgeo_7XfBQ&usg=AFQjCNHcPv3vcl3R7hlvml_SvuuE32aobA&sig2=5DjLTZBQrcZNMbzMGEdcCA

http://www.opengeospatial.org/ogc



http://portal.opengeospatial.org/modules/admin/license_agreement.php?suppressHeaders=0&access_license_id=3&target=http://portal.opengeospatial.org/files/index.php?artifact_id=28802


http://www.khronos.org/


